Global biodiversity: status of the earth's living resources ; a report
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| Other Authors: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Chapman & Hall
1992
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| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 585 S. zahlr. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0412472406 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Global Biodiversity
e
Status of the Earth s Living Resources
A Report compiled by
the
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Editor: Brian Groombridge
rrarn I r Arm f /il 1 LHJL^KJ
ljuMD rrwp111
WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE
in collaboration with
The Natural History Museum, London
and in association with
IUCN - The World Conservation Union
UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme
WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature
and the
World Resources Institute
US Wr UNEP WWF +
With project sponsorship from
Overseas Development Administration, UK
and additional support from
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands
The Ministry of the Environment, Denmark
and
The World Bank
E5
CHAPMAN amp; HALL
London • Glasgow • New York • Tokyo • Melbourne • Madras
Contents
How to Use this Book viii
World Conservation Monitoring Centre ix
Acknowledgements x
Preface xii
Biodiversity - An Overview xiii
Part 1 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
SYSTEMATICS AND DIVERSITY
1 GENETIC DIVERSITY I
9 The nature and origin of genetic variation 1
Measuring genetic variation 1
The interpretation of variation 3
The environment and the distribution of genetic variation 3
Conclusion 6
2 SYSTEMATICS AND DIVERSITY 7
Biological classification 7
Phylogenetic relationships and their estimation 7
From hierarchy to classification 7
Taxonomic nomenclature and its regulation 9
Major features of the hierarchy of life 10
Systematics and the measurement of biodiversity 11
3 SPECIES CONCEPTS 13
What is a species? 13
Early species concepts 13
Evolutionary theory and polytypic species 13
The biological species concept 14
The phylogenetic species concept IS
Species in practice IS
Conclusion 16
4 SPECIES INVENTORY 17
Current status 17
Prediction from the existing partial inventory 20
Other approaches to predicting patterns 23
Uncharted realms of species richness 26
Sampling the hyper-diverse but poorly known 31
New data on tropical insects and what they convey 32
Prospects for improved species richness estimates 36
SPECIES DIVERSITY
5 SPECIES DIVERSITY: AN INTRODUCTION 40
A brief history of diversity 40
Measuring biological diversity 41
The global distribution of species richness 43
Species and energy 45
Explanations and hypotheses 46
iii
6 MICROORGANISMS 47
Taxonomic scope 47
Assessment of diversity 47
Species concepts in microorganisms 47
Extent of genetic diversity 49
Regions and habitats of maximum diversity 49
Role of microorganisms in biodiversity maintenance SO
Role of microorganisms in biosphere junctions SI
Potential contribution of microorganisms to sustainable development SI
The need for diversity amongst microorganisms 52
Ex situ conservation of microorganisms S2
The taxonomic challenge S2
7 LOWER PLANT DIVERSITY 55
Bi^ophytes 55
Lichens 55
Algae 57
8 HIGHER PLANT DIVERSITY 64
The groups of higher plants 64
The distribution of higher plants 65
9 NEMATODES 88
Nematode diversity 88
The ecological importance of nematodes 90
10 DEEP-SEA INVERTEBRATES 93
Deep-sea communities 93
Ocean trenches 95
Hydrothermal vents 98
Cold seeps 100
11 SOIL MACROFAUNA 103
Soil and soil fauna 103
Patterns of species richness 105
General patterns of diversity 113
12 FISHES 116
The diversity of fishes 116
Freshwater fishes: species richness and endemism 116
Subterranean fishes 121
Coral reef fishes 122
13 ffiGHER VERTEBRATES 136
The groups of higher vertebrates 136
The distribution of higher vertebrates 137
14 ISLAND SPECIES 147
Plants on oceanic islands 148
Land snails 149
nr CENTRES OF SPECIES DIVERSITY 154
Introduction 154
Methods of determining areas of conservation priority 154
Centres of plant diversity 157
Centres of avian endemism 161
iv
SPECIES LOSS
16 SPECIES EXTINCTION
How species become vulnerable to extinction
A brier history of extinctions
Extinctions in recent history
Current and future extinction rates
17 THREATENED SPECIES
What is a threatened species?
Globally threatened animals
Aquatic habitats
Threatened species on islands: plants
Threatened species on islands: birds
HABITATS AND ECOSYSTEMS
18 GLOBAL HABITAT CLASSIFICATION
Ecosystem mapping
Estimating rates of change of ecosystems
19 BIODIVERSITY AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Modelling global climate change
Effects of climate change on vegetation zones and biodiversity
20 TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS
What are tropical moist forests?
The global area of tropical moist forest
Factors involved in changes in forest cover
Management practices in tropical forests
Case studies
21 GRASSLANDS
The world area of grassland
Origins and floral diversity of grasslands
The 20th century impact on grasslands
Case studies
22 WETLANDS
Global extent and distribution of wetlands
Regional extent and distribution of wetlands
Values and threats
Loss of wetlands
Conservation of wetlands
23 CORAL REEFS
Occurrence of reefs
Values and threats
24 MANGROVES
The mangrove habitat
Value of mangroves -
Threats to mangrove habitats
Part 2 USES AND VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY
USES OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
25 PLANT USE
Food plants 331
Timber 342
Rattans 350
Medicinal plants 350
Ornamental plants 353
26 ANIMAL USE
Introduction 359
Food: terrestrial animals 359
Food: fisheries 365
Non-food uses 374
Domestic livestock 389
VALUING BIODIVERSITY
27 BIODIVERSITY AND ECONOMICS
Valuing the environment 407
Loss of biodiversity as an economic process 409
Current uses of diverse resources 411
Community use of wildlife resources 411
Ecotourism 413
Existence values 415
The valuation of diverse ecosystems 417
The value of tropical forests 417
The value of wetlands 421
Preserving future options 425
The value of diversity in providing insurance: crop yields 426
Sources of yield variability 429
Crop insurance: the response to increased agricultural risk 430
The value of agricultural genetic diversity 432
The value of biodiversity in the production of pharmaceuticals 434
Part 3 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF BIODIVERSITY
NATIONAL POLICIES AND INSTRUMENTS
28 NATIONAL LEGISLATION
The protection of wild flora 441
The protection of wild fauna 442
Limitations of species legislation 444
The protection of natural habitats 444
29 PROTECTED AREAS
National protected area systems 447
International protected area systems 459
INTERNATIONAL POLICIES AND INSTRUMENTS
30 MULTILATERAL TREATIES
Multilateral treaties 479
vi
31 INTERNATIONAL POLICY AND LEGAL ASSISTANCE 490
Funding 490
International obligations: protected areas 494
Intellectual property rights for biotechnology 495
Regulated trading in wildlife products 499
Regional seas programme 501
32 INTERNATIONAL AID 506
International development assistance 506
Bilateral development assistance 507
Multilateral development assistance 509
International assistance in forest management 514
The tropical forestry action plan (TFAP) 514
The international tropical timber agreement (ITTA) 518
Debt purchase 522
33 MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES 528
International fisheries management commissions 528
Antarctica: the evolution of an international resource management regime 534
BIODIVERSITY CONVENTION
34 CURRENT PRACTICES IN CONSERVATION 543
In situ conservation of threatened plant species 545
In situ conservation of crops and wild relatives of crops 546
Institutions involved in ex situ conservation of plants 549
Techniques for ex situ plant conservation 557
In situ conservation of animals 561
Ex situ conservation of animals 563
Ex situ conservation of animal genetic resources 571
Ex situ conservation of microbial diversity 571
35 THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 576
Background 576
The biodiversity convention 576
The biodiversity country studies and unmet financial needs 579
Future data needs: networking and global monitoring 581
GLOSSARY 585
vii
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| spelling | Global biodiversity status of the earth's living resources ; a report compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre in collab. with The Natural History Museum, London ... ; editor: Brian Groombridge 1. ed. London Chapman & Hall 1992 XVIII, 585 S. zahlr. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 gnd rswk-swf Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 s DE-604 Groombridge, Brian (DE-588)126672547 edt World Conservation Monitoring Centre Sonstige (DE-588)5069838-2 oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019110453&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Global biodiversity status of the earth's living resources ; a report Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4131912-6 |
| title | Global biodiversity status of the earth's living resources ; a report |
| title_auth | Global biodiversity status of the earth's living resources ; a report |
| title_exact_search | Global biodiversity status of the earth's living resources ; a report |
| title_full | Global biodiversity status of the earth's living resources ; a report compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre in collab. with The Natural History Museum, London ... ; editor: Brian Groombridge |
| title_fullStr | Global biodiversity status of the earth's living resources ; a report compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre in collab. with The Natural History Museum, London ... ; editor: Brian Groombridge |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global biodiversity status of the earth's living resources ; a report compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre in collab. with The Natural History Museum, London ... ; editor: Brian Groombridge |
| title_short | Global biodiversity |
| title_sort | global biodiversity status of the earth s living resources a report |
| title_sub | status of the earth's living resources ; a report |
| topic | Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Artenreichtum |
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