Plant carbohydrates: 1 Intracellular carbohydrates
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| Other Authors: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
1982
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| Series: | Encyclopedia of plant physiology
13,A |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 918 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540110607 0387110607 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plant carbohydrates |n 1 |p Intracellular carbohydrates |c ed. by F. A. Loewus ... |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Encyclopedia of plant physiology |v N.S., 13A | |
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| adam_text | Contents
I. Monomeric and Oligomeric Sugars and Sugar Derivatives —
Occurrence, Metabolism, Function
1 Aldo (and Keto) Hexoses and Uronic Acids
D.S. Feingold (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction ............................. 3
1.1 Historical ............................ 3
1.2 Sugar Nucleotides and Carbohydrate Interconversions in Plants..... 6
1.3 Sugar Nucleotides Isolated from Plants to Date............ 6
2 Phosphorylation of Free Sugars..................... 11
2.1 Hexokinase ........................... 12
2.2 D-Galactokinase and L-Arabinokinase................ 13
2.3 D-Glucuronokinase ........................ 13
2.4 D-Galacturonokinase ....................... 14
3 Formation of Nucleotide Sugars (Pyrophosphorylases)........... 14
3.1 UDP-D-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase................. 16
3.2 ADP-D-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase................. 20
3.3 GDP-D-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase................. 20
3.4 TDP-D-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase................. 21
3.5 Utilization of a-D-Galactopyranosyl Phosphate............ 21
3.6 GDP-D-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase ................ 22
3.7 UDP-iV-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine Pyrophosphorylase .......... 22
3.8 ADP-jV-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine Pyrophosphorylase .......... 23
3.9 GDP-L-Fucose Pyrophosphorylase ................. 23
3.10 UDP-D-Glucuronate Pyrophosphorylase............... 23
3.11 UDP-D-Galacturonate Pyrophosphorylase .............. 24
3.12 Nucleoside Diphosphate Pentose Pyrophosphorylases ......... 25
3.13 Other Nucleotide Sugar Pyrophosphorylase Activities ......... 25
3.14 Other Transglycosylation Reactions Responsible for the Formation of
Nucleotide Sugars ........................ 26
3.15 Degradation of Nucleotide Sugars.................. 27
3.15.1 ADP-D-Glucose Phosphorylase................ 27
3.15.2 Hydrolysis of Nucleotide Sugars by Phosphodiesterase...... 28
4 Nucleotide Sugar Epimerases...................... 30
4.1 UDP-D-Glucose-4-Epimerase.................... 30
4.2 UDP-D-Xylose-4-Epimerase .................... 34
4.2.1 Possible Origin of L-Arabinofuranosyl Moieties......... 35
4.3 UDP-D-Glucuronate-4-Epimerase.................. 37
4.4 Biosynthesis of L-Galactose in Plants (GDP-D-Mannose-3.5-Epimerase) 37
4.5 GDP-D-Glucose-2-Epimerase.................... 38
5 Biosynthesis of Deoxysugars in Plants.................. 39
5.1 L-Rhamnose and L-Fucose..................... 40
5.2 UDP-Digitoxose ......................... 43
6 Biosynthesis of Uronic Acid in Plants (D-Glucuronic Acid)......... 43
6.1 UDP-D-Glucose Dehydrogenase .................. 43
VIII Contents
7 De Novo Synthesis of UDP-D-Xylose; UDP-D-Glucuronate Decarboxylase . . 49
7.1 UDP-D-Glucuronate Decarboxylase ................. 49
8 Miscellaneous Topics (Not Treated Above)................ 53
8.1 Nucleotide Sugars Involving D-Fructose and D-Ribose......... 53
8.1.1 UDP-D-Fructose....................... 53
8.1.2 ADP-D-Ribose (5) ...................... 54
8.2 Control of Nucleotide Sugar Synthesis and Utilization......... 55
9 Possible Evolutionary Significance of Carbohydrate Interconversion Pathways 55
References ................................ 58
2 Polyhydroxy Acids: Relation to Hexose Phosphate Metabolism
J.E. Gander (With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction ............................. 77
2 Overview of the Role of Hexoses, Pentoses and Polyhydroxy Acids in
Metabolic Systems of Plants ...................... 77
3 Reactions and Functions of the Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway, and
Properties of Glucose 6-Phosphate and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenases . 79
4 Glucose 6-Phosphate-myo-Inositol Glucuronate Pathway and Metabolism of
Phytic Acid.............................. 85
5 Biosynthesis, Metabolic Reactions and Proposed Metabolic Functions of
L-Ascorbate ............................. 87
6 L-(+)-Tartaric Acid and Oxalic Acid Metabolism ............ 92
7 Concluding Remarks ......................... 94
References ................................ 95
3 Amino Sugars - Plants and Fungi
L. Beevers (With 3 Figures)
1 Introduction ............................. 103
2 Nomenclature............................. 103
3 Methods of Detection......................... 104
4 Occurrence.............................. 105
4.1 Amino Sugars in Fungal Cell Walls ................. 105
4.2 Mannans............................. 106
4.3 Amino Sugars in Algal Cell Walls.................. 106
4.4 Glycoproteins........................... 106
4.4.1 Fungi............................ 106
4.4.2 Higher Plants ........................ 107
4.4.3 Membrane Glycoproteins in Higher Plants............ 108
5 Glycolipids.............................. 109
5.1 Lipid Intermediates in Glycoprotein Biosynthesis ........... 109
5.2 Glycosphingolipids......................... Ill
6 Amino Sugar Biosynthesis ....................... Ill
6.1 Glucosamine 6-Phosphate...................... Ill
6.1.1 Hexokinases......................... 112
6.2 Formation of iV-Acetylglucosamine-6-Phosphate............ 113
6.3 Conversion of GlcNAc-6-Phosphate to GlcNAc-1-Phosphate...... 113
6.4 Amino Sugar Nucleotides...................... 114
7 Galactosamine ............................ 115
8 Glycosidases ............................. 116
8.1 Higher Plants........................... 116
8-2 Fungi .............................. 116
References ................................ U7
Contents [X
4 Branched-Chain Sugars
E. Beck (With 12 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................ 124
2 Branched-Chain Monosaccharides of Green Plants............. 125
2.1 D-Hamamelose .......................... 125
2.1.1 Elucidation of the Structure.................. 125
2.1.2 Occurrence of Free D-Hamamelose............... 126
2.1.3 Biosynthesis of D-Hamamelose................. 126
2.1.4 Natural Derivatives of D-Hamamelose.............. 129
2.1.5 Biological Degradation of D-Hamamelose............ 131
2.2 D-Apiose (3-C-Hydroxymethyl)-D-Glycero-Aldotetrose)......... 132
2.2.1 Elucidation of the Structure.................. 132
2.2.2 D-Apio D-Furanose as Glycosidic Component of Plant Cell Wall
Polysaccharides and of Phenolic Plant Constituents........ 133
2.2.3 Biosynthesis of UDP-D-Apiose................. 135
2.2.4 Transfer of the D-Apiosyl-Residue ............... 139
2.2.5 Metabolism of D-Apiose.................... 139
3 Branched-Chain Monosaccharides of Microorganisms........... 140
3.1 Methyl-Branched Monosaccharides ................. 145
3.1.1 CDP-L-Vinelose (Cytidine-6-Deoxy-3-C-(Methyl)-2-0-Methyl-
L-Talose) .......................... 145
3.1.2 L-Noviose (6-Deoxy-3-O-Carbonyl-5-C-Methyl-4-O-Methyl-
L-Lyxohexose)........................ 146
3.1.3 L-Mycarose (2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-Methyl-L-Ribohexose) ....... 146
3.1.4 L-Cladinose (2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-Methyl-3-0-Methyl-L-Ribohexose . . 147
3.2 C-(Hydroxyethyl)-and C-(Oxoethyl)-Branched Monosaccharides..... 147
3.2.1 D-Aldgarose......................... 147
3.2.2 The Branched-Chain Sugars of the Quinocycline Antibiotics .... 147
3.3 C-Hydroxymethyl- and C-Formyl-Branched Monosaccharides: The Sugars
of the L-Streptose Family...................... 149
4 Conclusion: Physiological Problems Originating from the Branched Carbon
Skeleton............................... 150
References ................................ 151
5 Sugar Alcohols
R.L. BlELESKI
1 Introduction ............................. 158
1.1 General Comments on Polyols ................... 158
1.2 Summary of Earlier Reviews .................... 160
2 Occurrence.............................. 161
2.1 General Information........................ 161
2.2 Mannitol............................. 162
2.3 Sorbitol ............................. 165
2.4 Other Hexitols .......................... 167
2.5 The Tetritols and Pentitols ..................... 168
2.6 The Heptitols and Octitols ..................... 171
2.7 Other Polyols........................... 171
2.8 The Heterosides.......................... 172
2.9 Phosphate Esters ......................... 173
3 Methods of Study........................... 174
3.1 General ............................. 174
3.2 Preparations of Extracts ...................... 174
3.3 Fractionation of the Extract..................... 174
3.4 Use of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Procedures........ 175
3.5 Methods of Estimation....................... 76
X Contents
4 Metabolism of Polyols......................... 176
4.1 General ............................. 176
4.2 Photosynthetic Production of Polyols................. 176
4.3 Metabolism of Polyols and Sugars.................. 177
4.4 Enzymes of Polyol Metabolism ................... 178
4.5 Uptake of Polyols......................... 180
5 Physiology and Role in Nature..................... 180
5.1 Sugar Interconversion ....................... 180
5.2 Polyols as Redox Agents...................... 181
5.3 Osmoregulation.......................... 181
5.4 Cryoprotection .......................... 182
5.5 Transport and Storage....................... 183
6 Future Directions of Research ..................... 185
7 Conclusion.............................. 187
References ................................ 187
6 Cyclitols
F.A. Loewus and D.B. Dickinson (With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction ............................. 193
2 Nomenclature and Stereochemistry ................... 193
3 Occurrence.............................. 195
4 Formation.............................. 200
5 Metabolic Processes.......................... 201
6 Physiological Roles .......................... 204
7 Concluding Remarks ......................... 207
References ................................ 208
7 Sucrose and Other Disaccharides
G. AVIGAD
1 Introduction ............................. 217
2 Sucrose ............................... 218
2.1 Introduction............................ 218
2.2 Enzymes of Sucrose Biosynthesis .................. 220
2.2.1 General........................... 220
2.2.2 Sucrose Synthase....................... 222
2.2.3 Sucrose Phosphate Synthase.................. 229
2.2.4 Sucrose Phosphatase ..................... 231
2.2.5 Assay of Sucrose-Synthesizing Enzymes............. 232
2.3 Sucrose Hydrolases (Invertases)................... 233
2.3.1 General........................... 233
2.3.2 The Enzymes ........................ 234
2.3.3 Level and Location of Invertase in Tissues ........... 237
2.3.4 Invertase Inhibitors...................... 240
2.3.5 Sucrose and the Synthesis of /J-Fructofuranans.......... 240
2.4 Subcellular Site of Sucrose Synthesis................. 241
2.4.1 The Compartment ...................... 241
2.4.2 Carbon Fluxes in Leaves ................... 243
2.4.3 Carbon Fluxes in Storage Tissues ............... 245
2.5 Source of Carbon for Sucrose Synthesis ............... 246
2.5.1 Gluconeogenesis from Phosphoglycerate............. 246
2.5.2 Photorespiration Intermediates................. 247
2.5.3 Pyruvate and Related Intermediates .............. 249
2.5.4 Utilization of Storage Reserves................. 250
Contents
XI
2.5.5 Metabolic Controls .................... 251
2.5.6 13C-Discrimination .................... 252
2.6 Sucrose Translocation....................... 255
2.7 Intracellular Compartmentation of Sucrose.............. 255
2.8 Sucrose-Starch Transformation................... 258
2.8.1 General Considerations................... 258
2.8.2 Photosynthetic Tissues....... . 959
2.8.3 Rice........................... 260
2.8.4 Maize .......................... 261
2.8.5 Wheat, Barley and Sorghum ................ 262
2.8.6 Potato Tubers....................... 262
2.9 Sucrose as a Source of Nucleoside Diphosphate Glycosyls ....... 263
2.10 Utilization of Exogenous Sucrose.................. 266
2.11 Sucrose and Environmental Stress.................. 267
2.11.1 Water Stress ....................... 267
2.11.2 Illumination and Irradiance................. 268
2.11.3 Frost........................... 268
.4 High Temperature................ 269
.5 NH4+........................... 269
.6 Metal Toxicity ...................... 269
2.1
2.
2.1
2.
2.1
2.11.9 Salt and Ion Concentration.................269
2.1
2.1
2.1
.7 Potassium Deficiency....................269
CO2 and SO2.......................269
.10 Infection and Symbiosis ..................270
.11 Low O, .........................271
1.12 Boron .......................... 271
3 a,a-Trehalose (O-a-D-Glucopyranosyl-a-0-D-Glucopyranoside) ....... 271
3.1 Occurrence............................ 271
3.2 Metabolism ........................... 273
3.2.1 Synthesis......................... 273
3.2.2 Degradation ....................... 274
3.2.3 Metabolic Pattern..................... 275
4 Other Nonreducing Disaccharides and Related Glycosides......... 276
4.1 Disaccharides........................... 276
4.2 Monoglycosides of Polyhydroxy Alcohols and Acids ......... 276
4.2.1 Monoglycoside-Alditols .................. 276
4.2.2 Glycosyl Glyceric Acids .................. 278
4.2.3 Glycoside-Cyclitols .................... 278
5 Maltose ............................... 279
5.1 General............................. 279
5.2 Occurrence............................ 280
5.3 Mechanism of Formation ..................... 282
5.4 Mechanism of Utilization ..................... 283
5.5 Patterns of Metabolism in Leaves.................. 284
5.6 Utilization of Maltose as an External Source of Carbohydrate ..... 287
6 Reducing Disaccharides ........................ 288
6.1 Introduction........................... 288
6.2 Disaccharides from Storage Oligosaccharides............. 289
6.2.1 Melibiose......................... 289
6.2.2 Isomelibiose (Umbelliferobiose)............... 291
6.2.3 Planteobiose ....................... 291
6.2.4 Isolychnobiose ...................... 291
6.2.5 Turanose......................... 291
6.2.6 Gentiobiose........................ 292
6.3 Disaccharides as Products of Polysaccharide Degradation ....... 292
6.3.1 /?-Glucosides ....................... 292
6.3.2 Mannosides........................ 293
Xn Contents
6.3.3 Galactosides......................... 294
6.3.4 Lactose........................... 294
6.3.5 Arabinosides......................... 295
6.3.6 Xylosides .......................... 295
6.3.7 Fructobioses......................... 295
6.3.8 Hexuronides......................... 295
6.3.9 Chitobiose.......................... 296
6.4 Reducing Disaccharides Produced by Glycoside Hydrolase-Catalyzed Trans-
glycosylations........................... 296
6.4.1 D-Glucosides......................... 296
6.4.2 D-Galactosides........................ 297
6.4.3 /?-Fructofuranosides...................... 297
6.5 Disaccharides in Plant Glycosides.................. 297
References ................................ 300
8 Oligosaccharides Based on Sucrose (Sucrosyl Oligosaccharides)
O. Kandler and H. Hopf (With 16 Figures)
1 Introduction .............................348
2 Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Sucrosyl Oligosaccharides.....348
3 Occurrence of Sucrosyl Oligosaccharides and Their Distribution in Higher Plants 353
3.1 Raffinose Series.......................... 353
3.2 Lolium Trisaccharide........................ 356
3.3 Umbelliferose........................... 356
3.4 Lychnose and Isolychnose Series................... 357
3.5 Planteose Series.......................... 358
3.6 Kestoses (Fructosylsucroses) Series (Fructan) ............. 360
3.7 Gentianose............................ 362
4 Biosynthesis of Sucrosyl Oligosaccharides................. 363
4.1 The Biosynthesis of the Raffinose Series ............... 363
4.2 Biosynthesis of Lolium Trisaccharide................. 365
4.3 Biosynthesis of Umbelliferose.................... 365
4.4 Biosynthesis of the Lychnose and Isolychnose Series.......... 366
4.5 Biosynthesis of the Planteose Series ................. 367
4.6 Biosynthesis of the Kestoses (Fructosylsucroses) Series (Fructan)..... 367
4.7 Biosynthesis of Gentianose ..................... 368
5 Degradation of Sucrosyl Oligosaccharides ................ 368
6 Function of Sucrosyl Oligosaccharides.................. 369
6.1 Storage.............................. 369
6.2 Translocation........................... 372
6.3 Frosthardiness .......................... 374
7 Concluding Remarks ......................... 376
References ................................ 379
9 Glycosy lation of Heterosides (Glycosides)
G. Franz
1 Introduction ........................... 384
2 O-Glycosides............................. 335
2.1 Phenolic Glycosides ....................... 385
2.1.1 Simple Phenolic Glycosides .................. 385
2.1.2 Flavonoid Glycosides..................... 386
2.1.3 Coumarin Glycosides................ 387
2.1.4 Anthraquinone Glycosides................... 387
Contents XU
2.2 Glycosides of Terpenoids...................... 387
2.2.1 Monoterpene Glycosides ................... 387
2.2.2 Steryl Glycosides....................... 388
2.2.3 Cardiac (Digitalis) Glycosides ................. 388
2.2.4 Glycosylated Steroid Alkaloids................. 389
3 C-Glycosides........................... 389
4 Conclusion.............................. 390
References ............................... 390
II. Macromolecular Carbohydrates - Occurrence, Metabolism, Function
10 Biosynthesis of Starch and Its Regulation
J. Preiss (With 2 Figures)
1 Pertinent Enzymatic Reactions..................... 397
1.1 Suggestive Evidence for the Major Route to Starch Formation..... 397
1.2 Sucrose Conversion to Starch in Reserve Tissues........... 399
2 Regulation of Starch Synthesis..................... 400
2.1 General Considerations...................... 400
2.2 Regulation of Leaf and Algal ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylases by
3-P-Glycerate and Orthophosphate................. 400
2.3 Are the Allosteric Phenomena Operative in Vivo? .......... 403
3 Properties of the Starch Biosynthetic Enzymes.............. 405
3.1 ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylase .................. 405
3.1.1 Enzyme from Higher Plants, Green Algae and Blue-Green Bacteria 405
3.1.2 Native and Subunit Molecular Weight of ADPglucose
Pyrophosphorylase...................... 407
3.1.3 ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylases of Nonphotosynthetic Plant
Tissues........................... 407
3.2 Properties of Starch Synthase (ADPglucose: (1 - 4)-a-D-Glucan 4-a-
Glucosyltransferase)........................ 408
3.2.1 Starch Bound and Soluble Starch Synthases .......... 408
3.2.2 Requirements for Activity .................. 409
3.2.3 Multiple Forms of Soluble Starch Synthase........... 410
4 Branching (Q) Enzyme ((l- 4)-a-Glucan 6-Glycosyl Transferase) ..... 411
4.1 Mechanism of Action....................... 411
4.2 Multiple Forms of Plant Branching Enzymes ............ 412
4.3 A Possible Function for the Multiple Forms of Starch Synthases and
Branching Enzymes........................ 413
References ................................ 413
11 Reserve Polysaccharides Other Than Starch in Higher Plants
H. Meier and J.S.G. Reid (With 8 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 418
2 Cell Wall Storage Polysaccharides in Seeds ............... 419
2.1 Occurrence and Classification ................... 419
2.2 The Mannan Group ....................... 419
2.2.1 Pure Mannans ...................... 420
2.2.2 Glucomannans ....................... 422
2.2.3 Galactomannans ...................... 423
2.2.4 Other Mannans....................... 428
2.3 The Xyloglucans......................... 429
2.3.1 Distribution ........................ 429
2.3.2 Structures ......................... 430
2.3.3 Metabolism......................... 431
Contents
2.4 The Galactans.......................... 431
2.5 Others ............................. 433
3 Nonstarch Storage Polysaccharides of. Vegetative Tissues ......... 435
3.1 Occurrence and Classification ................... 435
3.2 The Fructan Group........................ 435
3.2.1 Fructans of the Dicotyledons................. 435
3.2.2 Fructans of the Monocotyledons ............... 441
3.3 The Mannan Group ....................... 451
3.3.1 Occurrence and Chemistry .................. 451
3.3.2 Cytology, Deposition, and Mobilization ............ 456
3.4 Other Polysaccharides with a Possible Reserve Function........ 457
4 Biological Functions ......................... 457
4.1 Cell Wall Storage Polysaccharides in Seeds.............. 458
4.2 Nonstarch Storage Polysaccharides in Vegetative Tissue........ 460
References ................................ 461
12 Reserve Carbohydrates of Algae, Fungi, and Lichens
D.J. Manners and R.J. Sturgeon (With 1 Figure)
1 Introduction............................. 472
1.1 Starch and Glycogen-Type Reserve Polysaccharides.......... 473
1.2 (l-3)-£-D-Glucans ........................ 474
1.3 Other Types of Reserve Carbohydrate................ 475
2 Reserve Carbohydrates of Marine Algae................. 475
2.1 a-D-Glucans........................... 475
2.1.1 Floridean Starch ...................... 475
2.1.2 Starches .......................... 479
2.2 0-D-Glucans........................... 481
2.2.1 Laminarin ......................... 481
2.2.2 Eisenan .......................... 486
2.3 Fructans............................. 487
2.4 Xylans ............................. 487
2.5 Other Polysaccharides....................... 489
3 Reserve Carbohydrates of Freshwater Algae............... 489
3.1 a-D-Glucans........................... 490
3.1.1 Starches .......................... 490
3.1.2 Amylopectin and Phytoglycogen Type............. 492
3.2 0-D-Glucans........................... 494
3.2.1 Paramylon ......................... 494
3.2.2 Leucosin (Chrysolaminarin).................. 496
3.3 Other Polysaccharides....................... 496
4 Reserve Carbohydrates in Fungi.................... 496
4.1 a-D-Glucans........................... 496
4.1.1 Glycogen Type ....................... 496
4.1.2 Other (l- 4)-and (l- 6)-a-D-Glucans............. 501
4.1.3 (l-»4)-a-D-Glucans ..................... 501
4.1.4 (l- 3)-a-D-Glucans ..................... 502
4.1.5 Nigeran .......................... 503
4.2 0-D-Glucans.......................... 504
4.2.1 (1 - 3H?-D-Glucans ..................... 504
4.3 Other Polysaccharides.......................505
5 Reserve Carbohydrates of Lichens...................506
5.1 a-D-Glucans...........................506
5.2 /J-D-Glucans..................... 507
References ............................... 507
Contents
XV
13 Plant Glycoproteins
R.R. Selvendran and M.A.O Neill (With 11 Figures)
1 Introduction............................ 515
2 Natural Occurrence of Glycoproteins.................. 516
3 Isolation, Fractionation, and Purification ................ 516
3.1 Methods of Extraction: Practical Considerations ........... 516
3.2 Isolation and Purification ..................... 520
4 Composition of Glycoproteins..................... 521
5 Structural Studies .......................... 534
5.1 Types of Peptide-Carbohydrate Linkages .............. 534
5.2 Structural Studies of the Carbohydrate Groups............ 536
6 Some of the Better-Defined Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans ....... 536
6.1 Lectins (or Phytoagglutinins).................... 537
6.1.1 Soybean Agglutinin (SBA) .................. 537
6.1.2 Lectins from Some Phaseolus vulgaris Species.......... 540
6.1.3 Lima Bean Agglutinin .................... 541
6.1.4 Sainfoin Agglutinin ..................... 543
6.1.5 Broad Bean Lectin...................... 545
6.1.6 Potato Lectin........................ 545
6.2 Enzymes............................. 547
6.2.1 Stem Bromelain....................... 547
6.2.2 Ficin............................ 549
6.2.3 Horseradish Peroxidase.................... 550
6.2.4 Invertases ......................... 551
6.3 Storage Proteins ......................... 552
6.3.1 7S Protein of Soybean.................... 552
6.3.2 Kidney Bean Glycoproteins.................. 555
6.3.3 Vicilin and Legumin..................... 556
6.4 Toxins ............................. 557
6.4.1 Ricin D .......................... 557
6.5 Intracellular Proteoglycans and Glycoprotein-Polysaccharide Complexes 559
6.5.1 Intracellular Hydroxypyroline-Rich Proteoglycan of Suspension-
Cultured Tobacco Cells ................... 559
6.5.2 Glycoproteins and Glycoprotein-Polysaccharide Complexes from the
Leaves of Higher Plants ................... 560
6.5.3 Arabinogalactan-Proteins from Higher Plants.......... 561
6.6 Plant Cell Wall Glycoproteins................... 562
7 Glycoprotein Biosynthesis....................... 564
8 Comparison of Higher Plant Glycoprotein Structure with Those of Micro-
Organisms and Animals........................ 565
8.1 TV-Glycosidic Linkages ...................... 565
8.2 0-Glycosidic Linkages Through the Hydroxyl Group of Hydroxypyroline
or Hydroxylysine......................... 567
8.3 O-Glycosidic Linkage Through the Hydroxyl Group of Serine and
Threonine............................ 567
9 Concluding Remarks......................... 568
References ................................ 569
14 Membrane Glycoproteins
D.J. Bowles
1 The Membrane as a Molecular Milieu ................. 584
2 Structure and Mechanisms of Biosynthesis................ 585
2.1 Structure ............................ 585
2.2 Mechanisms of Biosynthesis .................... 586
Contents
2.2.1 Use of Model Systems.................... 586
2.2.2 Synthesis of Integral Membrane Proteins............ 586
2.2.3 Cotranslational Glycosylation................. 587
2.2.4 Post-Translational Glycosylation ............... 588
2.2.5 Synthesis of Peripheral Membrane Proteins........... 588
2.2.6 Synthesis of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Membrane Proteins . . 589
2.2.7 Summary of Mechanisms of Biosynthesis............ 589
3 Intracellular Transport ........................590
3.1 General Principles ........................590
3.2 Regulation............................590
3.2.1 Secretion Signals ......................591
3.2.2 Retention Signals ......................592
4 Plant Membrane Glycoproteins ....................593
4.1 Distribution...........................593
4.1.1 Cell Surface........................ 593
4.1.2 Intracellular Membranes: GA, ER and Tonoplast........ 594
4.1.3 Chloroplasts and Mitochondria................ 594
4.1.4 Microbodies: Glyoxysomes and Peroxisomes .......... 595
4.1.5 Other Membranes...................... 595
4.2 Structure and Mechanisms of Biosynthesis.............. 596
4.3 Intracellular Transport ...................... 596
5 Future Perspectives.......................... 596
References ................................ 597
15 Glycolipids and Other Ghcosides
A.D. Elbein (With 6 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 601
2 Methods Used in the Isolation and Purification of Glycolipids....... 602
3 Glycosyl Diglycerides......................... 602
3.1 Mono- and Digalactosyl Diglycerides................ 603
3.2 Sulfoquinovosyl Diglyceride.................... 606
4 Cerebrosides............................. 607
5 Phytoglycolipids........................... 608
6 Steryl Glucosides........................... 609
7 Lipid-Linked Saccharides....................... 610
References ................................ 611
16 Steryl Ghcosides
M. Axelos and C. Peaud-Lenoel (With 1 Figure)
1 Introduction............................. 613
2 Presence and Structure of Glycosylated Sterols in Plants ......... 613
3 Organ and Cellular Localization of Steryl Glucosides........... 615
4 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Steryl Glucosides and Acylated Steryl
Glucosides ............................. 616
5 The Intracellular Location of UDPGlc: Sterol Glucosyl Transferase and Steryl
Glucoside Acylase .......................... 621
6 Distribution of Steryl Glucosides and Acylated Steryl Glucosides as a Probe
of Functions............................. 622
7 Steryl Glucosides and Acylated Steryl Glucosides in Plant Membranes ... 623
8 Steryl Glucosides as Intermediary Sugar Carriers............. 625
9 Miscellaneous Activities of Steryl Glucosides in Plants.......... 626
References ................................ 626
Contents XVII
III. Physiological Processes
17 Transport of Sugar
E. Komor (With 5 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 635
2 Classification of Sugar Transport Across Membranes........... 635
2.1 Passive Transport (Diffusion) ................... 636
2.2 Mediated Diffusion........................ 636
2.3 Active Transport......................... 639
3 Energy Input for Active Sugar Transport ................ 644
3.1 Equilibrium Shift by Substrate Conversion.............. 644
3.2 Primary Active Transport ..................... 645
3.3 Secondary Active Transport.................... 645
3.3.1 Proton-Symport in Plants................... 646
3.3.2 Proton-Translocating ATPases on Plasmalemma and Tonoplast . . 650
3.3.3 Sugar Uptake Driven by Sugar Efflux ............. 652
4 Kinetic Properties of Sugar Transport Systems.............. 653
4.1 Sugar Transport at Net and Steady-State Conditions ......... 653
4.2 The Sugar Accumulation Ratio................... 655
4.3 Effect of Metabolic Inhibitors on Transport Kinetics ......... 656
4.4 Influence of Proton-Gradient and Membrane Potential on Kinetics . . . 657
5 Transport Proteins.......................... 660
6 Regulation of Sugar Transport..................... 662
6.1 Induction and Repression..................... 662
6.2 Transport Regulation by Direct Effectors .............. 662
7 Relevance of Sugar Transport Systems for Plant Cells........... 664
8 Concluding Remarks......................... 666
References ................................ 666
18 Secretion of Nectar
N. FlNDLAY
1 Introduction............................. 677
2 Route of Transport.......................... 677
2.1 Apoplastic Transport....................... 677
2.2 Symplastic Transport....................... 678
3 Sites of Membrane Transport ..................... 679
3.1 At the Phloem.......................... 679
3.2 To the Exterior.......................... 679
3.2.1 Modifications Increasing the Secreting Surface ......... 679
3.2.2 Protoplast Specialization................... 679
4 Metabolism............................. 68°
4.1 Sugar Interconversion....................... 680
4.2 Energy Metabolism........................ 681
4.3 Phosphatases........................... 681
4.4 Sugar Transport ......................... 682
References ................................ 682
19 Storage of Sugars in Higher Plants
J. Willenbrink (With 3 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 684
2 Functional Anatomy of Storage Tissues................. 684
3 Translocation of Sucrose to the Storage Organs ............. 685
4 Storage of Sugars in Fruits ...................... 686
XVIII Contents
5 Storage of Sucrose in Sugarcane .................... 688
6 Storage of Sucrose in Roots and Beets ................. 688
7 Transfer of Sucrose into the Vacuole .................. 692
8 Remobilization of Sugars from the Storage Compartment......... 694
9 Concluding Remarks......................... 694
References ................................ 695
20 Storage of Starch
C.F. Jenner
1 Introduction............................. 700
2 Occurrence of Starch......................... 700
2.1 Global Data........................... 700
2.2 Measurement of Starch ...................... 700
2.2.1 Occurrence - Dry Fruits ................... 701
2.2.2 Occurrence - Fleshy Organs ................. 703
3 Patterns of Accumulation....................... 705
3.1 Temporal ............................ 705
3.2 Ontogenetic Patterns ....................... 706
3.2.1 Inception.......................... 706
3.2.2 Acceleration ........................ 707
3.2.3 The Grand Phase of Accumulation .............. 708
3.2.4 Termination ........................ 711
4 Distribution of Starch......................... 712
4.1 Within Storage Organs ...................... 712
4.1.1 Vegetative Organs...................... 712
4.1.2 Seeds ........................... 713
4.2 Between Storage Organs...................... 713
5 Plastids............................... 714
5.1 Origin and Development...................... 714
5.2 Developmental Homologies .................... 715
5.3 Biochemical Attributes of Plastids ................. 716
5.3.1 Nucleic Acids........................ 716
5.3.2 Enzymes.......................... 716
5.4 Stability of Amyloplast Membranes................. 718
6 Granules .............................. 718
6.1 Morphology........................... 718
6.2 Initiation of Granules....................... 718
6.3 Growth of Granules ....................... 719
6.3.1 Growth and Lamellae .................... 720
6.3.2 Mechanism of Growth.................... 722
6.3.3 Growth and Changes in Composition ............. 722
6.3.4 Granule Size and Composition ................ 723
7 Metabolism of Starch......................... 723
7.1 Substrates and Precursors ..................... 723
7.2 Pathways of Synthesis....................... 724
7.3 Degradation of Starch....................... 725
7.4 The Turnover of Starch...................... 726
7.5 Distribution of 14C.................... . . . . 727
8 Regulatory Mechanisms........................ 727
8.1 Intracellular Controls....................... 728
8.2 Supply of Substrate........................ 730
8.2.1 The Seed.......................... 730
8.2.2 Fruits, Roots, and Tubers .................. 731
8.2.3 Control by Transport of Substrate............... 731
8.3 Growth of Storage Organs..................... 732
Contents XIX
9 Environmental Influence ....................... 733
9.1 Irradiance............................ 733
9.2 Temperature........................... 734
9.3 Water Deficit .......................... 734
9.4 Mineral Nutrition ........................ 735
10 Summary and Conclusions ...................... 735
References ................................ 737
21 Control by External and Internal Factors Over the Mobilization of Reserve
Carbohydrates in Higher Plants
P. Halmer and J.D. Bewley (With 18 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 748
2 Seeds................................ 748
2.1 Starch in Cereals......................... 749
2.1.1 Gibberellins and a-Amylase Synthesis by the Barley Aleurone Layer 750
2.1.2 Gibberellins and the Synthesis of Other Carbohydrases in Barley
Grains........................... 753
2.1.3 Gibberellin-Induced Enzymes in Other Cereal Grains....... 754
2.2 Starch in Legumes ........................ 755
2.2.1 Control by the Axis ..................... 756
2.3 Mannans in Seed Endosperms ................... 762
2.3.1 Legumes.......................... 762
2.3.2 Lettuce........................... 764
2.3.3 Umbellifers and Palms.................... 767
2.4 Other Cell Wall Polysaccharides .................. 768
2.5 Raffinose-Oligosaccharides..................... 768
3 Tubers, Roots, and Bulbs....................... 770
3.1 Fructans in Jerusalem Artichoke Tubers, and Other Roots and Bulbs . . 770
3.2 Starch in Potato Tubers...................... 773
4 Starch in Leaves........................... 777
5 Fleshy Fruits ............................ 781
5.1 Starch.............................. 781
5.2 Cell Wall Polysaccharides ..................... 781
6 Thermogenesis in Aroids ....................... 782
7 Changes in Stems, Roots, and Leaves Associated with Environmental Stresses 783
8 Starch in Organogenesis........................ 784
References ................................ 786
Author Index .............................. 795
Species Index .............................. 887
Subject Index .............................. 895
|
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| author2 | Loewus, Frank A. |
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| genre | (DE-588)4014986-9 Enzyklopädie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Enzyklopädie |
| id | DE-604.BV025778220 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:19:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540110607 0387110607 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-019382412 |
| oclc_num | 310800282 |
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| owner | DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-384 DE-703 DE-12 DE-29T |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-384 DE-703 DE-12 DE-29T |
| physical | XXII, 918 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1982 |
| publishDateSearch | 1982 |
| publishDateSort | 1982 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Encyclopedia of plant physiology |
| series2 | Encyclopedia of plant physiology |
| spelling | Plant carbohydrates 1 Intracellular carbohydrates ed. by F. A. Loewus ... Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1982 XXII, 918 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Encyclopedia of plant physiology N.S., 13A Encyclopedia of plant physiology ... Kohlenhydrate (DE-588)4164517-0 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4014986-9 Enzyklopädie gnd-content Kohlenhydrate (DE-588)4164517-0 s Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s DE-604 Loewus, Frank A. edt Loewus, Frank A. Sonstige oth Tanner, Widmar 1938- Sonstige (DE-588)137137230 oth Aspinall, Gerald O. 1924- Sonstige (DE-588)124604978 oth (DE-604)BV000031465 1 Encyclopedia of plant physiology 13,A (DE-604)BV000001458 13,A HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019382412&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Plant carbohydrates Encyclopedia of plant physiology Kohlenhydrate (DE-588)4164517-0 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164517-0 (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4014986-9 |
| title | Plant carbohydrates |
| title_auth | Plant carbohydrates |
| title_exact_search | Plant carbohydrates |
| title_full | Plant carbohydrates 1 Intracellular carbohydrates ed. by F. A. Loewus ... |
| title_fullStr | Plant carbohydrates 1 Intracellular carbohydrates ed. by F. A. Loewus ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant carbohydrates 1 Intracellular carbohydrates ed. by F. A. Loewus ... |
| title_short | Plant carbohydrates |
| title_sort | plant carbohydrates intracellular carbohydrates |
| topic | Kohlenhydrate (DE-588)4164517-0 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kohlenhydrate Pflanzen Enzyklopädie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019382412&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000031465 (DE-604)BV000001458 |
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