Gene control:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York, NY [u.a.]
Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group
2010
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 430 S Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9780815365136 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Gene control
Autor: Latchman, David S.
Jahr: 2010
Contents in Brief
1 Levels of Gene Control 1
2 Structure of Chromatin 29
3 Role of Chromatin Structure in Gene Control 55
4 The Process of Transcription 95
5 Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control 133
6 Post-transcriptional Processes 175
7 Post-transcriptional Regulation 201
8 Gene Control and Cellular Signaling Pathways 243
9 Gene Control in Embryonic Development 273
10 Control of Cell-type-specific Gene Expression 303
11 Gene Regulation and Cancer 333
12 Gene Regulation and Human Disease 363
13 Conclusions and Future Prospects 383
Contents in Detail
Preface
Acknowledgments
vu
viii
1
1 Levels of Gene Control
Introduction 1
1.1 Protein content varies among different
cell types 1
Specific methods can be used to study the
expression of individual proteins in tissues
and cells 1
General methods can be used for studying
the overall protein composition of tissues
and cells 2
1.2 The mRNA content varies among
different cell types 6
Specific methods can be used to study the
expression of individual mRNAs in different
tissues and cells 6
General methods can be used to study the
overall population of mRNAs expressed in
different tissues and cells 7
1.3 The DNA content of different cell types is
generally the same 9
Specific methods can be used to study
individual genes in different tissues and cells 10
General methods can be used to study the
total DNA in different tissues and cells 10
Exceptional cases do exist in which changes to
the DNA occur in specific tissues or cell types 13
1.4 Transcriptional or post-transcriptional
control? 15
Studies of nuclear RNA suggest that gene
transcription is regulated 16
Pulse labeling studies directly demonstrate
transcriptional control 18
Nuclear run-on assays allow transcriptional
control to be demonstrated for a wide range
of genes 19
Polytene chromosomes provide further
evidence for transcriptional control 21
Transcriptional control can operate at the
level of chromatin structure and at the level
of production of the primary RNA transcript 22
1.5 Small RNAs and the regulation of gene
expression 23
miRNAs are processed from a single-stranded
precursor which folds to form a double-
stranded hairpin loop 24
Many siRNAs are processed from a double-
stranded precursor 25
Conclusions 27
Key concepts 27
Further reading 28
29
29
2 Structure of Chromatin
Introduction
Regulation of transcription in eukaryotes
is much more complex than in
prokaryotes 29
2.1 Commitment to the differentiated state
and its stability 30
Cells can remain committed to a particular
differentiated state even in the absence of its
phenotypic characteristics 30
Cells can become committed to a particular
differentiated state prior to actual phenotypic
differentiation 31
2.2 The nucleosome 33
The nucleosome is the basic unit of
chromatin structure 33
Nucleosome structure or position can be
altered by chromatin-remodeling processes 36
2.3 Histone modifications and histone
variants 37
Histones are subject to a variety of post-
translational modifications 37
Histone variants are encoded by distinct
genes to those encoding the standard histone
isoforms 43
2.4 The 30 nm chromatin fiber 44
The 30 nm fiber represents a further
compaction of the beads-on-a-string
structure *4
Histone HI and post-translational
modifications of the other histones are
involved in the formation of the 30 nm fiber 45
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
XI
2.5 Structural and functional domains in
chromatin 47
The 30 nm fiber is further compacted
by looping 47
Locus-control regions regulate the chromatin
structure of a large region of DNA 48
Insulators block the inappropriate spread of
particular chromatin structures 50
Heterochromatin is a very tightly packed
form of chromatin 51
The chromosome is the visible result of
chromatin compaction 52
Conclusions 52
Key concepts 53
Further reading 54
3 Role of Chromatin Structure in
Gene Control 55
Introduction 55
3.1 Changes in chromatin structure in active
or potentially active genes 56
Active DNA is organized in a nucleosomal
structure 56
Active or potentially active chromatin shows
enhanced sensitivity to DNasel digestion 57
3.2 Alterations in DNA methylation in active
or potentially active genes 59
Decreased DNA methylation is associated
with active or potentially active genes 59
DNA methylation plays a key role in
regulating chromatin structure 62
DNA methylation patterns can be propagated
stably through cell divisions 62
DNA methylation recruits inhibitory proteins
that produce a tightly packed chromatin
structure 64
3.3 Modification of histones in the chromatin
of active or potentially active genes 66
Acetylation 66
Methylation 68
Ubiquitination and sumoylation 72
Phosphorylation 73
3.4 Interaction of different histone
modifications, DNA methylation,
and RNAi 74
The different histone modifications interact
functionally with one another 74
Histone modifications interact with DNA
methylation to regulate chromatin structure 75
RNAi can induce alterations in chromatin
structure 76
3.5 Changes in chromatin structure in the
regulatory regions of active or potentially
active genes 78
DNasel-hypersensitive sites can be identified
in active or potentially active genes 78
DNasel-hypersensitive sites frequently
correspond to regulatory DNA sequences 80
DNAsel-hypersensitive sites represent areas
which are either nucleosome-free or have an
altered nucleosomal structure 81
Chromatin remodeling can be produced by
proteins capable of displacing nucleosomes
or altering their structure 82
The SWI-SNF and NURF chromatin-
remodeling complexes are recruited to the
DNA by a variety of different mechanisms 84
3.6 Other situations in which chromatin
structure is regulated 85
In female mammals one of the two
X chromosomes is inactivated 86
The active and inactive X chromosomes
have a different chromatin structure 86
The XIST regulatory RNA is specifically
transcribed on the inactive X chromosome 87
Genomic imprinting involves the specific
inactivation of either the maternally or
paternally inherited copy of specific genes 88
Imprinting involves changes in chromatin
structure 90
Conclusions 92
Key concepts 93
Further reading 93
4 The Process of Transcription 95
Introduction 95
4.1 Transcription by RNA polymerases 95
Transcription by RNA polymerase I is
relatively simple 96
Transcription by RNA polymerase III is
more complex than for RNA polymerase I 96
Transcription by RNA polymerase II is much
more complex than transcription by RNA
polymerases I and III 99
Transcription by the three different
polymerases has a number of common
features 101
Transcription takes place in defined regions
of the nucleus 105
4.2 Transcriptional elongation
and termination 107
Transcriptional elongation requires further
phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II 107
XII
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Termination of transcription occurs
downstream of the polyadenylation signal 109
4.3 The gene promoter 110
The 70 kDa heat-shock protein gene contains
a typical promoter for RNA polymerase II 111
The hsp70 gene promoter contains several
DNA sequence motifs which are found in a
variety of other gene promoters 112
The heat-shock element is found only in
heat-inducible genes 112
Other response elements are found in the
promoters of genes with different patterns
of expression 114
The proteins binding to short DNA sequence
elements can be characterized by a variety
of techniques 116
Promoter regulatory elements act by binding
factors which either affect chromatin structure
and/or influence transcription directly 120
4.4 Enhancers and silencers 121
Enhancers are regulatory sequences that act
at a distance to increase gene expression 121
Many enhancers have cell-type- or
tissue-specific activity 123
Proteins bound at enhancers can interact
with promoter-bound factors and/or alter
chromatin structure 125
Silencers can act at a distance to inhibit
gene expression 128
Conclusions 130
Key concepts 131
Further reading 132
5 Transcription Factors and
Transcriptional Control 133
Introduction 133
5.1 DNA binding by transcription factors 135
The helix-turn-helix motif is found in a
number of transcription factors which
regulate gene expression during embryonic
development 136
The helix-turn-helix domain found in
homeodomain proteins is a DNA-binding
domain 137
In the POU domain transcription factors,
the homeodomain forms part of a larger
DNA-binding motif 139
The two-cysteine-two-histidine (Cys2His2)
zinc finger is found in multiple copies in many
transcription factors 141
The nuclear receptors contain two copies of
a multi-cysteine zinc finger distinct from the
Cys2His2 zinc finger 143
The leucine zipper is a dimerization domain
which allows DNA binding by the adjacent
basic domain 147
In some transcription factors, the basic
DNA-binding domain is found associated with
a helix-loop -helix dimerization domain 148
Dimerization between factors provides
an additional level of regulation 149
Other domains can also mediate DNA
binding 150
5.2 Activation of transcription 152
Activation domains can be identified by
domain-swap experiments 152
Several different classes of activation
domain exist 154
How is transcription activated? 155
Activators can interact with TFIID 156
Activators can interact with TFIIB 157
Activators can interact with the mediator
and SAGA complexes 157
Activators can interact with co-activators 158
Activators can interact with modulators
of chromatin structure 160
Activators have a multitude of targets 161
5.3 Repression of transcription 162
Repressors can act indirectly by inhibiting
the positive effect of activators
Repressors can act directly by inhibiting
the assembly or activity of the basal
transcriptional complex
5.4 Regulation at transcriptional
elongation 166
Regulation of transcription can occur at the
elongation stage, as well as at initiation
Factors which regulate transcriptional
elongation target the C-terminal domain
of RNA polymerase II 168
5.5 Regulation of transcription by RNA
polymerases I and III 169
Transcription by RNA polymerases I and III
can be regulated by alterations in chromatin
structure 17^
Transcription by RNA polymerases I and III
can be regulated by altering the expression
or activity of components of the basal
transcriptional complex
Regulation of transcription by RNA
polymerase III can involve specific
transcription factors binding to RNA as well
as to DNA m
Conclusions 17
Key concepts *
Further reading *
162
164
166
170
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
XIII
6 Post-transcriptional Processes 175
Introduction 175
6.1 Capping 175
The capping process modifies the 5 end
of the RNA transcript 175
The cap enhances translation of the mRNA
by the ribosome 176
6.2 Polyadenylation 178
The polyadenylation process modifies
the 3 end of the RNA transcript 178
Polyadenylation enhances the stability
of the mRNA 178
6.3 RNA splicing 180
RNA splicing removes intervening sequences
and joins exons together 180
Specific RNAs and proteins catalyze the
process of RNA splicing 180
6.4 Coupling of transcription and RNA
processing within the nucleus 185
Transcriptional initiation and elongation
are coupled to post-transcriptional
processes 185
Post-transcriptional processes can interact
with one another 186
6.5 RNA transport 187
RNA transport is coupled to other post-
transcriptional processes 187
6.6 Translation 189
Translation of the mRNA takes place on
cytoplasmic ribosomes 189
Translational initiation involves initiation
factors binding to the cap 190
Translational elongation involves base-pairing
of triplet codons in the mRNA with tRNA
anticodons 191
Translational termination occurs at specific
stop codons 194
6.7 RNA degradation 195
RNA degradation occurs in both the nucleus
and the cytoplasm 195
RNA degradation in the cytoplasm involves
prior de-adenylation and decapping of
the mRNA 196
Conclusions 198
Key concepts 198
Further reading 199
7 Post-transcriptional Regulation 201
Introduction 201
7.1 Alternative RNA splicing 202
RNA splicing can be regulated 202
Alternative splicing represents a major
regulatory process which supplements
transcriptional control 202
Alternative RNA splicing involves specific
splicing factors that promote or inhibit the
use of specific splice sites 209
Factors regulating alternative splicing have
been identified by genetic and biochemical
methods 210
The processes of transcription and alternative
splicing interact with one another 214
Alternative RNA splicing is a very widely
used method of supplementing
transcriptional control 215
7.2 RNA editing 217
Some cases of RNA editing involve a change
from a C to a U residue 217
Other cases of RNA editing involve a change
from an A to an I residue 217
7.3 Regulation of RNA transport 219
Specific proteins can regulate the transport of
individual mRNAs from nucleus to cytoplasm 219
RNA transport processes can also regulate
the location of individual mRNAs within the
cytoplasm 221
7.4 Regulation of RNA stability 223
Gene regulation can involve alterations in
RNA stability 223
Specific sequences in the mRNA are involved
in the regulation of its stability 223
RNA stability changes supplement
transcriptional control in cases where a
rapid response is required 225
7.5 Regulation of translation 226
Translational control occurs in specific
situations such as fertilization 226
Translational control can involve either
modifications in the cellular translational
apparatus or specific proteins which
recognize sequences in the target RNA 226
Translational control can be produced by
modifications in the cellular translation
apparatus 227
Translational control can be produced by
proteins binding to specific sequences in
the RNA itself 230
Translational control frequently occurs when
a rapid response is required but also occurs
for the genes encoding some transcription
factors 235
7.6 Post-transcriptional inhibition of gene
expression by small RNAs 235
Small RNAs can inhibit gene expression
post-transcriptionally 235
XIV
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Small RNAs can induce mRNA degradation 236
Small RNAs can repress mRNA translation 237
miRNAs regulate gene expression at
multiple levels 240
Conclusions 241
Key concepts 241
Further reading 242
8 Gene Control and Cellular
Signaling Pathways 243
Introduction 243
Transcription factors can be regulated by
controlling their synthesis or by controlling
their activity 243
Multiple mechanisms regulate transcription
factor activity 245
8.1 Regulation of transcription factor activity
by ligands which enter the cell 246
Transcription factors can be activated by direct
binding of ligands which enter the cell 246
Members of the nuclear receptor family of
transcription factors are activated by binding
of the appropriate ligand 246
Following ligand-mediated activation, the
glucocorticoid receptor can repress as well
as activate gene transcription 249
The HSF is activated by stressful stimuli and
induces the transcription of genes encoding
protective proteins 251
8.2 Regulation of transcription factor activity
by phosphorylation induced by
extracellular signaling molecules 252
Transcription factors can be phosphorylated
by receptor-associated kinases 252
Transcription factors can be phosphorylated
by kinases activated by specific intracellular
second messengers such as cyclic AMP 252
Transcription factors can be phosphorylated
by signaling cascades consisting of several
protein kinases 254
Transcription factor activity can be regulated
by phosphorylation of an inhibitor} protein:
the NFkB/IkB system 255
8.3 Regulation of transcription factor activity
by other post-translational modifications 257
Acetylation 257
Methylation 258
Ubiquitination and sumoylation 259
8.4 Regulation of transcription factor activity
by signals which regulate precursor
processing 260
Transcription factors can be activated by
cleavage of a precursor which contains an
inhibitory region 260
Transcription factors can be activated by
cleavage of a membrane-bound precursor 260
Cleavage of a transcription factor can convert
it from an activator to a repressor 262
Cleavage of a lipid link can be used to
activate a transcription factor 262
8.5 Regulation of post-transcriptional
processes by cellular signaling
pathways 263
The PI3-kinase/Akt system plays a key role in
regulating gene expression in response to
growth factors or insulin 263
Akt regulates RNA splicing by
phosphorylating splicing factors 264
Akt regulates mRNA translation via the TOR
kinase, which phosphorylates proteins
involved in translation 264
Akt/TOR can also stimulate mRNA translation
by enhancing the transcription of genes
encoding RNAs and proteins involved in
protein synthesis 265
A variety of kinases inhibit translation by
phosphorylating eIF2 266
Individual kinases can produce multi-level
regulation of gene expression 267
Conclusions 268
Key concepts 271
Further reading 272
273
273
273
274
276
9 Gene Contro! in Embryonic
Development
Introduction
Regulation of mRNA translation occurs
following fertilization
Transcriptional control processes activate
the embryonic genome
The Oct4 and Cdx2 transcription factors
regulate the differentiation of ICM and
trophectoderm cells
9.1 Regulation of gene expression in
pluripotent ES cells 277
ES cells can differentiate into a wide variety
of cell types 277
Several transcription factors are specifically
expressed in ES cells and together can
reprogram differentiated cells to an
ES-cell-like phenotype 279
ES-cell-specific transcription factors can
activate or repress the expression of their
target genes 279
ES-cell-specific transcription factors regulate
genes encoding chromatin-modifying enzymes
and miRNAs 281
The REST transcription factor plays a key role
in down-regulating the expression of
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
xv
ES-cell-specific transcription factors during
differentiation 282
ES cells have an unusual pattern of histone
methylation 282
The polycomb complex regulates histone
methylation in ES cells 284
Polycomb protein complexes regulate the
expression of miRNA genes in ES cells 286
Chromatin structure in ES cells is regulated
by multiple effects on histones 286
9.2 Role of gene regulation in the
development of Drosophila melanogaster 288
A gradient in expression of the Bicoid
transcription factor defines the anterior-
posterior axis in the early Drosophila embryo 288
Bicoid activates a cascade of genes encoding
other transcription factors, producing a
segmented pattern of Eve gene expression 289
The Bicoid system involves both transcriptional
and post-transcriptional regulation 290
Homeodomain transcription factors specify
segment identity in the Drosophila embryo 291
Protein-protein interactions control the effect
of homeodomain-containing transcription
factors on gene expression 292
9.3 Role of homeodomain factors in
mammalian development 292
Homeodomain transcription factors are also
found in mammals 292
Mammalian Hox genes are expressed in
specific regions of the developing embryo 293
Transcription of individual Hox genes is
regulated by gene-specific regulatory regions 294
Hox gene transcription is also dependent on
the position of the gene in the Hox gene
cluster 295
Hox gene expression is also regulated at the
post-transcriptional level by specific miRNAs 296
Differential regulation of different Hox genes
by Sonic Hedgehog controls the differentiation
of cells in the neural tube 296
Regulation of Hox gene expression by Sonic
Hedgehog is also involved in limb formation 298
Conclusions 299
Key concepts 300
Further reading 301
10 Control of Cell-type-specific
Gene Expression 303
Introduction 303
10.1 Regulation of gene expression in skeletal
muscle cells 305
The MyoD protein can induce muscle cell
MyoD is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription
factor which is able to regulate gene
expression 306
MyoD is regulated by controlling both its
synthesis and its activity 307
Other muscle-specific transcription factors
can induce muscle cell differentiation 308
MEF2 is a downstream regulator of muscle-cell
specific gene transcription 310
10.2 Regulation of gene expression in
neuronal cells 313
Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors are
also involved in neuronal differentiation 313
The REST transcription factor represses the
expression of neuronal genes 315
Neuronal cells express specific alternative
splicing factors 317
Translational control plays a key role in
synaptic plasticity in neuronal cells 319
miRNAs play a key role in the regulation of
neuronal gene expression 320
10.3 Regulation of yeast mating type 322
Yeast cells can be a or a in mating type 322
Mating-type switching is controlled by
regulating the transcription of the HO gene 323
The SBF transcription factor activates HO
transcription only in the Gl phase of the
cell cycle 323
The Ash-1 transcription factor represses HO
transcription in daughter cells 324
The a and a gene products are homeodomain-
containing transcription factors 324
The ccl and a2 proteins interact with the
MCM1 transcription factor to respectively
activate a-specific genes and repress
a-specific genes 325
The al factor plays a key role in repressing
haploid-specific genes in diploid cells 326
The yeast mating-type system offers insights
of relevance to multicellular organisms 327
Conclusions 329
Key concepts 330
Further reading 331
3 3 3
.»«* ,.j «j
differentiation
305
11 Gene Regulation ap,d Cancer
Introduction 333
11.1 Gene regulation and cancer 333
Oncogenes were originally identified in
cancer-causing viruses 333
Cellular proto-oncogenes are present in the
genome of normal cells 334
Cellular proto-oncogenes can cause cancer
when they are over-expressed or mutated 336
XVI
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Viruses can induce elevated expression
ofoncogenes 337
Proto-oncogene expression can also be
enhanced by cellular mechanisms 338
A variety of cellular mechanisms mediate
enhanced expression of proto-oncogenes in
different cancers 338
11.2 Transcription factors as oncogenes 340
The Fos and Jun oncogene proteins are cellular
transcription factors which can cause cancer
when over-expressed 340
The v-erbA oncogene protein is a mutant form
of the cellular thyroid hormone receptor 342
Other transcription factor-related oncogenes
are over-expressed due to chromosomal
translocations 344
Chromosomal translocations can also produce
novel oncogenic fusion proteins involving
transcription factors 345
11.3 Anti-oncogenes 348
Anti-oncogenes encode proteins which
restrain cellular growth 348
The p53 protein is a DNA-binding
transcription factor 349
The retinoblastoma protein interacts with
other proteins to regulate transcription 352
Other anti-oncogene proteins also regulate
transcription 354
11.4 Regulation of gene expression: the
relationship of cancer and normal cellular
function 356
Oncogenes and anti-oncogenes interact to
regulate the expression of genes encoding
proteins which control cellular growth 356
Oncogenes and anti-oncogenes interact to
regulate the expression of RNAs and proteins
involved in mRNA translation 358
Oncogenes and anti-oncogenes interact to
regulate the expression of microRNAs 359
Conclusions 360
Key concepts 361
Further reading 362
Introduction 363
12.1 Transcription and human disease 363
DNA-binding transcription factors 363
DNA-binding sites for specific transcription
factors 364
Transcriptional co-activators 366
Components of the basal transcriptional
complex 367
Factors involved in transcription by RNA
polymerases I and III 367
375
12.2 Chromatin structure and human disease 367
DNA methylation 367
Histone-modifying enzymes 368
Chromatin-remodeling complexes 369
12.3 Post-transcriptional processes and
human disease 370
RNA splicing 370
RNA translation 373
12.4 Infectious diseases and cellular gene
expression 373
12.5 Gene regulation and therapy of human
disease 375
Therapy could be achieved by altering the
expression of transcription factors
Therapy could be achieved by altering the
activity of transcription factors 376
Therapy could be achieved by targeting
proteins which alter chromatin structure 378
Therapy could be achieved using designer
zinc fingers to alter gene transcription 378
Therapy could be achieved by modulating
RNA splicing 379
Conclusions 381
Key concepts 381
Further reading 382
13 Conclusions and future
Prospects 383
Conclusions and future prospects 383
Transcription factors interact with one
another to regulate transcription
Transcription factors can repress gene
expression as well as activating it 384
DNA-binding transcription factors interact
with co-activators/co-repressors and with
regulators of chromatin structure 384
Histone modifications play a central role in
the regulation of chromatin structure
Co-activators/co-repressors link together
different signaling pathways by interacting
with multiple transcription factors
Gene regulation is highly complex and
involves both transcriptional and post-
transcriptional regulation
RNA molecules play a central role in
regulating gene expression 387
Alterations in regulatory RNAs and proteins
cause human disease 388
Regulatory networks control gene expression 388
Further reading 390
383
385
386
386
Glossary
Index
391
409
|
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| author | Latchman, David S. 1956- |
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| author_sort | Latchman, David S. 1956- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV025608129 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)600766164 (DE-599)BVBBV025608129 |
| discipline | Biologie |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV025608129 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:37:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780815365136 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020203111 |
| oclc_num | 600766164 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-29T DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-29T DE-703 |
| physical | XVI, 430 S Ill. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Latchman, David S. 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)120416859 aut Gene control by David Latchman New York, NY [u.a.] Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group 2010 XVI, 430 S Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Genregulation (DE-588)4122166-7 gnd rswk-swf Regulation (DE-588)4049075-0 gnd rswk-swf Genexpression (DE-588)4020136-3 gnd rswk-swf Eukaryoten (DE-588)4070991-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Genexpression (DE-588)4020136-3 s Regulation (DE-588)4049075-0 s Eukaryoten (DE-588)4070991-7 s DE-604 Genregulation (DE-588)4122166-7 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020203111&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Latchman, David S. 1956- Gene control Genregulation (DE-588)4122166-7 gnd Regulation (DE-588)4049075-0 gnd Genexpression (DE-588)4020136-3 gnd Eukaryoten (DE-588)4070991-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4122166-7 (DE-588)4049075-0 (DE-588)4020136-3 (DE-588)4070991-7 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Gene control |
| title_auth | Gene control |
| title_exact_search | Gene control |
| title_full | Gene control by David Latchman |
| title_fullStr | Gene control by David Latchman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gene control by David Latchman |
| title_short | Gene control |
| title_sort | gene control |
| topic | Genregulation (DE-588)4122166-7 gnd Regulation (DE-588)4049075-0 gnd Genexpression (DE-588)4020136-3 gnd Eukaryoten (DE-588)4070991-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Genregulation Regulation Genexpression Eukaryoten Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020203111&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT latchmandavids genecontrol |