Extensive air showers: high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects ; a tutorial, reference manual and data book
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| 100 | 1 | |a Grieder, Peter K. F. |d 1928-2022 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)125931565 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Extensive air showers |b high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects ; a tutorial, reference manual and data book |c Peter K. F. Grieder |
| 264 | 1 | |a Heidelberg, Neckar [u.a.] |b Springer | |
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| _version_ | 1804141306171097088 |
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| adam_text | 2.10.4 ARRAY ACCEPTANCE AND DETECTION EFFICIENCY 58 CONTENTS PARTI 1
INTRODUCTION, FACTS AND PHENOMENOLOGY 3 1. 1 HADRON INITIATED AIR
SHOWERS 3 1.2 GAMMA RAY AND ELECTRON INITIATED AIR SHOWERS 17 1.2.1
GAMMA RAY SHOWERS 17 1.2.2 ELECTRON INITIATED SHOWERS 23 1.2.3
PRE-SHOWERING EFFECT 24 1.3 NEUTRINO INITIATED AIR SHOWERS 24 1.4 DUST
GRAIN HYPOTHESIS 27 REFERENCES 29 2 SHOWER DETECTION METHODS AND BASIC
EVENT RECONSTRUCTION 33 2.1 INTRODUCTION 33 2.2 PARTICLE DETECTOR ARRAYS
34 2.3 AIR CHERENKOV DETECTOR ARRAYS 38 2.4 AIR FLUORESCENCE DETECTORS
39 2.5 RADIO EMISSION DETECTION 41 2.6 RADAR RANGING AND DETECTION 42
2.7 ACOUSTIC DETECTION 46 2.8 HYBRID DETECTOR SYSTEMS AND COUPLED
EXPERIMENTS 48 2.8.1 SURFACE EXPERIMENTS 48 2.8.2 SPECIAL DETECTOR
SYSTEMS 49 2.8.3 COUPLED SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND EXPERIMENTS 50 2.9
DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY ACCESSIBLE SHOWER PARAMETERS 51 2.10 BASIC
SHOWER RECONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE 52 2.10.1 ARRIVAL DIRECTION 54 2.10.2
SHOWER CORE LOCATION 56 2.10.3 SHOWER SIZE, ENERGY AND AGE DETERMINATION
57 BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/995795932
DIGITALISIERT DURCH PREFACE 2.11 DETECTOR RESPONSE TO AIR SHOWER
PARTICLES AND TRANSITION EFFECTS . 61 2.11.1 INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS 61
2.11.2 COMPARISON OF DETECTOR RESPONSES 62 2.11.3 RESPONSE OF DEEP WATER
CHERENKOV DETECTORS 67 2.11.4 RESPONSE OF PLASTIC SCINTILLATION
DETECTORS 70 REFERENCES 72 HADRONIC INTERACTIONS AND CASCADES 77 3.1
INTRODUCTION 77 3.2 HADRONIC CROSS SECTIONS 81 3.2.1 (N - N) AND (IT -
N) CROSS SECTIONS AND ENERGY DEPENDENCE 82 3.2.2 (N * AIR) AND (TT *
AIR) CROSS SECTIONS AND ENERGY DEPENDENCE, GLAUBER CONCEPT 83 3.2.3 (AT
- A), (A - A), (N - A) AND (K - A) CROSS SECTIONS AND ENERGY DEPENDENCE
85 3.3 INTERACTION MEAN FREE PATH 88 3.4 PROJECTILE AND TARGET
FRAGMENTATION 89 3.5 SECONDARY PARTICLE MULTIPLICITY 95 3.5.1 PARTICLE
PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF SECONDARIES 95 3.5.2 ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF
MULTIPLICITY 97 3.5.3 PROJECTILE AND TARGET MASS DEPENDENCE OF SECONDARY
PARTICLE MULTIPLICITY 100 3.5.4 MULTIPLICITY DISTRIBUTION 100 3.6
KINEMATIC ASPECTS OF SECONDARIES, LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE MOMENT
CONTENTS 3.11.3 CATALOGUE OF MODERN SHOWER AND INTERACTION MODELS, AND
EVENT GENERATORS 129 3.12 HADRON CASCADES 133 3.12.1 PHENOMENOLOGY OF
HADRON CASCADE PROCESS 133 3.12.2 ANALYTICAL TREATMENT OF HADRON
CASCADES 137 REFERENCES 139 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS AND
PHOTON-ELECTRON CASCADES 147 4.1 INTRODUCTION 147 4.2 DEFINITION OF
FREQUENTLY USED TERMS 150 4.2.1 SCREENING ENERGY 150 4.2.2 RADIATION
LENGTH IN MATTER 151 4.2.3 CRITICAL ENERGY OF ELECTRONS 154 4.2.4
SCATTERING ENERGY 155 4.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS RELEVANT FOR
CASCADE AND SHOWER DEVELOPMENT 155 4.3.1 BREMSSTRAHLUNG BY ELECTRONS 155
4.3.2 ELECTRON PAIR PRODUCTION 157 4.3.3 COULOMB SCATTERING OF ELECTRONS
158 4.3.4 IONIZATION AND EXCITATION BY ELECTRONS 159 4.3.5 COMPTON
EFFECT 160 4.4 MISCELLANEOUS EM-INTERACTIONS OF LESSER OR NO RELEVANCE
FOR CASCADES 162 4.4.1 PHOTO-ELECTRIC EFFECT 162 4.4.2 PHOTONUCLEAR
REACTIONS 162 4.4.3 PHOTON-PHOTON INTERACTIONS 164 4.4.4 CHERENKOV AND
TRANSITION RADIATION, RADIO AND FLUORESCENCE EMISSION 165 4.4.5
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 166 4.4.6 INVERSE COMPTON SCATTERING 167 4.4.7
POSITRON ANNIHILATION 167 4.5 PROCESSES UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS 168
4.5.1 LANDAU-POMERANCHUK-MIGDAL (LPM) EFFECT 169 4.5.2 MAGNETIC
BREMSSTRAHLUNG, MAGNETIC PAIR PRODUCTION AND PRE-SHOWERING 171 4.
PREFACE 4.6.8 SOLUTIONS OF THE DIFFUSION EQUATIONS: APPROXIMATION A ..
183 4.6.9 COMMENTS TO APPROXIMATION B 190 4.6.10 THREE-DIMENSIONAL
TREATMENT AND ENERGY FLOW DISTRIBUTION 190 4.6.11 LATERAL SPREAD OF
ELECTRONS AND PHOTONS 191 4.6.12 ADDITIONAL RESULTS OF CLASSICAL CASCADE
THEORY 194 4.6.13 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DESCRIPTIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
CASCADES USING MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS 194 4.6.14 SPECIAL LONGITUDINAL
SHOWER PROFILES 195 4.7 EXPRESSIONS FOR PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 196 4.7.1
LONGITUDINAL DEVELOPMENT, SHOWER SIZE AND AGE 196 4.7.2 LATERAL
DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES, NKG-FUNCTION AND SHOWER AGE 198 REFERENCES
200 MUON AND NEUTRINO INTERACTIONS 205 5.1 INTRODUCTION 205 5.2 MUONS
206 5.2.1 MUON PRODUCTION: MAIN CHANNELS 206 5.2.2 PHOTOPRODUCTION OF
MUON PAIRS 207 5.2.3 MUON ENERGY LOSSES, OVERVIEW 208 5.2.4 IONIZATION
LOSSES OF MUONS 210 5.2.5 MUON BREMSSTRAHLUNG 211 5.2.6 DIRECT ELECTRON
PAIR PRODUCTION BY MUONS 214 5.2.7 DIRECT MUON PAIR PRODUCTION BY MUONS,
MUON TRIDENT EVENTS 219 5.2.8 PHOTONUCLEAR INTERACTIONS OF MUONS 219
5.2.9 SUMMARY OF MUON REACTION PROBABILITIES AND ENERGY LOSS 222 5.2.10
RECENT WORK AND DEVELOPMENTS 224 5.3 NEUTRINOS 226 5.3.1 NEUTRINO
PRODUCTION 226 5.3.2 NEUTRINO REACTIONS 227 5.3.3 NEUTRINO CROSS
SECTIONS 228 5.3.4 PREDICTED HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINO CROSS SECTIONS 231
5.3. CONTENTS 6.3.1 GENERAL COMMENTS AND HISTORIE ASPECTS 247 6.3.2
ENERGY SPECTRUM OF NUCLEONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE 248 6.3.3 ATTENUATION OF
SHOWER RATE 249 6.3.4 ABSORPTION OF SHOWER PARTICLES 249 6.3.5 SPECTRAL
ASPECTS OF PARTICLE ABSORPTION AND RATE ATTENUATION 250 6.3.6 METHODS OF
MEASUREMENT 251 6.4 ALTITUDE AND ZENITH ANGLE DEPENDENCE 252 6.4.1
ALTITUDE DEPENDENCE 252 6.4.2 ZENITH ANGLE DEPENDENCE 254 6.5
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 255 6.5.1 INTRODUCTION 255 6.5.2 BAROMETRIC
PRESSURE DEPENDENCE 256 6.5.3 AIR TEMPERATURE, DENSITY AND HUMIDITY
DEPENDENCE 257 6.6 DATA ON ATTENUATION AND ABSORPTION, ALTITUDE AND
ZENITH ANGLE DEPENDENCE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 258 6.6.1 GENERAL DATA ON
SHOWER RATE ATTENUATION AND SHOWER PARTICLE ABSORPTION 258 6.6.2 DATA ON
ALTITUDE DEPENDENCE 266 6.6.3 DATA ON ZENITH ANGLE DEPENDENCE 271 6.6.4
DATA ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 277 6.6.5 MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS AND
FITS 282 6.7 EQUAL INTENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS 284 6.7.1 INTRODUCTION 284
6.7.2 METHOD OF EQUAL INTENSITY CUTS 285 6.7.3 DATA OF EQUAL INTENSITY
DISTRIBUTIONS AND PRIMARY MASS EFFECTS 288 6.7.4 MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSIONS AND FITS 296 REFERENCES 297 DEPTH OF SHOWER MAXIMUM AND
ELONGATION RATE 303 7.1 INTRODUCTION 303 7.2 METHODS OF X MAX
DETERMINATION 304 7. II PREFACE 7.4.4 PARTICLE SHOWER FRONT CURVATURE
330 7.4.5 FLUCTUATIONS OF THE PARTICLE SHOWER FRONT 331 7.5 HYBRID
SIGNATURES OF Z MAX 333 7.5.1 ARRIVAL DELAY BETWEEN CHERENKOV LIGHT AND
PARTICLE FRONT 333 7.6 AIR FLUORESCENCE TRACKING OF SHOWER DEVELOPMENT
AND Z MAX 334 7.7 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS 336 7.8 ELONGATION AND ELONGATION
RATE 338 7.8.1 ORIGINAL LINSLEY DEFINITION AND INTERPRETATION 338 7.8.2
EXTENSION OF THE ELONGATION THEOREM 339 7.9 DATA SUMMARY OF X MAX , ITS
FLUCTUATIONS, CR(X M AX), AND THE ELONGATION RATE 340 7.9.1 DATA ON
DEPTH OF SHOWER MAXIMUM, X MAX 340 7.9.2 DATA ON FLUCTUATIONS OF DEPTH
OF SHOWER MAXIMUM, OR(X MAX ) 346 7.9.3 DATA ON ELONGATION RATE, ER W
350 7.10 MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS AND FITS 353 7.10.1 AIR CHERENKOV
RELATED EXPRESSIONS 353 7.10.2 PARTICLE RELATED EXPRESSIONS 354
REFERENCES 354 LATERAL STRUCTURE OF SHOWERS AND ENERGY FLOW 359 8.1
INTRODUCTION 359 8.2 SHOWER DEVELOPMENT AND PARTICLE SPREAD 360 8.3
RADIAL DEPENDENCE OF PARTICLE COMPOSITION AND PARTICLE ENERGY .. 363 8.4
ENERGY RELEASE OF PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE 366 8. CONTENTS 8.11
EFFECTS OF SHOWER FRONT STRUCTURE, TIME DISPERSION AND DELAYED PARTICLES
ON DENSITY MEASUREMENTS 392 8.12 LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF AIR CHERENKOV
PHOTONS 392 8.13 MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS AND FITS 393 REFERENCES 395 9
TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF SHOWERS AND FRONT CURVATURE 399 9.1 INTRODUCTION
399 9.2 BASIC DEFINITIONS OF TIMING OBSERVABLES 401 9.3 EARLY WORK,
BASIC RESULTS AND FRONT CURVATURE 402 9.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS, TIMING
AND CURVATURE 402 9.3.2 SIMULATIONS AND PRIMARY MASS SIGNATURES 404 9.4
RECENT EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND SIMULATIONS 408 9.5 SPECIAL ANALYSIS
METHODS 412 9.6 TIME DISPERSION AND DELAYED PARTICLE EFFECTS ON DENSITY
MEASUREMENTS 413 REFERENCES 417 10 DERIVED SHOWER AND INTERACTION
PARAMETERS, REFINED EVENT RECONSTRUCTION 419 10.1 INTRODUCTION 419 10.2
PRIMARY ENERGY ESTIMATION 422 10.2.1 ENERGY RELATED OBSERVABLES 422
10.2.2 ENERGY ESTIMATION USING DEEP WATER CHERENKOV DETECTORS 425 10.2.3
ENERGY ESTIMATION USING UNSHIELDED SCINTILLATION DETECTORS 431 10.2.4
ENERGY ESTIMATION USING THE MUON OR TRUNCATED MUON NUMBER (SIZE) 438
10.2.5 ENERGY ESTIMATION USING ATMOSPHERIC CHERENKOV, FLUORESCENCE AND
RADIO EMISSION 440 10.3 PRIMARY MASS ESTIMATION 441 10.3.1 MASS RELATED
OBSERVABLES 441 10.3.2 BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN P AND FE SHOWERS AND
KINEMATICALL PREFACE 10.4.3 AGE PARAMETER DETERMINATION, DATA AND
IMPLICATIONS 464 10.5 ADDITIONAL AND HIDDEN PARAMETERS 470 10.5.1 HEIGHT
OF FIRST INTERACTION 470 10.5.2 HADRONIC INTERACTION PARAMETERS 474
REFERENCES 475 11 PRIMARY COSMIC RADIATION AND ASTROPHYSICAL ASPECTS 479
11.1 INTRODUCTION 479 11.2 NATURE OF THE PRIMARY RADIATION 480 11.2.1
BRIEF SUMMARY 480 11.2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEI 482 11.3 LOW ENERGY
PRIMARY RADIATION 482 11.3.1 HADRONIC SPECTRA AND COMPOSITION 483 11.3.2
ELECTRONS (NEGATRONS AND POSITRONS) {E + , E~) 484 11.3.3 ANTIMATTER 488
11.4 GAMMA RADIATION 491 11.4.1 DIFFUSE GAMMA RADIATION 492 11.4.2 GAMMA
RAY POINT SOURCES 495 11.5 ESTABLISHED AND PREDICTED NEUTRINO SPECTRA
496 11.5.1 ATMOSPHERIC BACKGROUND 497 11.5.2 MODEL PREDICTIONS 499
11.5.3 NEUTRINO INDUCED AIR SHOWERS 500 11.6 HIGH ENERGY ALL-PARTICLE
PRIMARY SPECTRUM 502 11.6.1 INTRODUCTION 502 11.6.2 DERIVED ALL-PARTICLE
SPECTRUM: EARLY WORK 504 11.6.3 DERIVED ALL-PARTICLE SPECTRUM: RECENT
WORK 507 11.6.4 COMMENTS ON PRIMARY ENERGY SPECTRA 524 11.6.5
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS AND FITS 525 11.7 HIGH ENERGY PRIMARY
COMPOSITION 528 11.7.1 INTRODUCTION 528 11.7.2 DERIVED PRIMARY MASS
COMPOSITION 529 11.7.3 MEAN LOGARITHMIC MASS, (LN(A)) 538 11.8 GAMMA RAY
INITIATED SHOWERS 543 11.8. CONTENTS XXI 11.10 TIME VARIATION OF SHOWER
INTENSITY 562 11.10.1 INTRODUCTION 562 11.10.2 SOLAR TIME AND SIDEREAL
TIME 564 11.10.3 COMPTON-GETTING EFFECT 565 11.11 ORIGIN AND PROPAGATION
568 11.11.1 ORIGIN OF PRIMARY RADIATION 568 11.11.2 CONVENTIONAL
ACCELERATION MECHANISMS 568 11.11.3 TOP-DOWN MODELS 571 11.11.4
CORRELATION OF ULTRAHIGH ENERGY EVENTS WITH LIKELY ASTROPHYSICAL SOURCE
OBJECTS 571 11.11.5 GREISEN-ZATSEPIN-KUZMIN (GZK) CUTOFF AND PROPAGATION
OF HADRONS IN SPACE 573 11.11.6 PROPAGATION OF GAMMA RAYS IN SPACE 575
REFERENCES 577 INDEX 589 PART II 12 COMMON SHOWER PROPERTIES,
OBSERVABLES AND DATA 613 12.1 GENERAL COMMENTS 613 12.2 SHOWER SIZE OR
NUMBER SPECTRUM 614 12.2.1 INTRODUCTION 614 12.2.2 PROBLEMS WITH SIZE
MEASUREMENTS 617 12.2.3 SHOWER SIZE SPECTRA, EARLY EPOCH 621 12.2.4
SHOWER SIZE SPECTRA, RECENT EPOCH 626 12.2.5 MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
AND FITS 636 12.3 MUON SIZE OR NUMBER SPECTRA 638 12.3.1 INTRODUCTION
638 12.3.2 MUON SIZE SPECTRA, EARLY EPOCH 639 12.3.3 MUON SIZE SPECTRA,
RECENT EPOCH 641 12.3.4 MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS AND FITS 642 12.4
SHOWER DENSITY SPECTRA 646 12.4.1 INTRODUCTION 646 12.4.2
PHENOMENOLOGICAL - THEORETICAL ASPECTS 648 12.4.3 CHARGED PARTICLE
DENSITY SPECTRA 650 12.4.4 MUON DENSITY SPECTRA 659 12.4. XXII PREFACE
12.5.4 ENERGY LOSS OF SHOWERS AND ENERGY LOSS SPECTRA 665 12.5.5
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT AND ENERGY LOSS SPECTRA 666 12.5.6 AIR CHERENKOV
PHOTON DENSITY AND ENERGY LOSS 667 12.5.7 MEASUREMENTS AND DATA OF
P{XXX), Q{XXX) AND SHOWER ENERGY LOSS SPECTRA 667 12.5.8 MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSIONS AND FITS 674 REFERENCES 678 13 HADRONS 683 13.1 INTRODUCTION
683 13.1.1 EARLY WORK 684 13.1.2 EMULSION CHAMBERS 685 13.1.3 RECENT
WORK 687 13.1.4 COMMENTS ON DATA PRESENTATION 687 13.2 LATERAL
DISTRIBUTION AND STRUCTURE FUNCTION 688 13.2.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS,
EARLY WORK 688 13.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS, RECENT WORK 691 13.2.3
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS AND FITS 695 13.3 ENERGY SPECTRA AND RELATED
DATA 699 13.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS, EARLY WORK 700 13.3.2 EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS, RECENT WORK 705 13.4 TEMPORAL PROPERTIES 707 13.4.1 GENERAL
COMMENTS 707 13.4.2 SIMULATION RESULTS 709 13.4.3 EXPERIMENTAL
EXPLOITATION AND DATA 710 13.5 CHARGE TO NEUTRAL RATIO 711 13.6 HADRON
CONTENT AND COMPOSITION 715 13.6.1 LOW ENERGY HADRONS 716 13.6.2 MEDIUM
AND HIGH ENERGY HADRONS 718 13.6.3 ANTINUCLEONS 721 13.6.4 PIONS, KAONS
AND CHARMED PARTICLES 723 13.7 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS 723 13.7.1
SINGLE-CORE SHOWERS AND LEADING PARTICLES 723 13.7.2 MULTI-CORE SHOWERS
725 13.7. CONTENTS XXIII 14.3 ENERGY AND MOMENTUM SPECTRA 767 14.4
TEMPORAL PROPERTIES AND MUON FRONT CURVATURE 774 14.5 CHARGE RATIO AND
GEOMAGNETIC CHARGE SEPARATION 779 14.6 HEIGHT OF ORIGIN, CORE ANGLE
DISTRIBUTION AND ( M * R SS ) PRODUCT 783 14.6.1 GENERAL COMMENTS ON
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 783 14.6.2 RECONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE 787 14.7
MULTI-MUON EVENTS AND MUON FAMILIES 790 14.8 MUON FLUCTUATIONS 793 14.9
GENETICS OF MUONS 794 REFERENCES 798 15 ELECTRONS AND PHOTONS 803 15.1
INTRODUCTION 803 15.2 LATERAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS 806 15.2.1
CLASSICAL THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS 806 15.2.2 LAGUTIN
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 808 15.2.3 SIMULATED LATERAL DISTRIBUTIONS 809
15.2.4 EXPERIMENTAL LATERAL DISTRIBUTIONS 810 15.3 ENERGY SPECTRA,
ENERGY FLOW AND RELATED DATA 822 15.3.1 SIMULATED PHOTON-ELECTRON
SPECTRA 822 15.3.2 MEASURED PHOTON-ELECTRON SPECTRA 824 15.4
PHOTON-ELECTRON AND CHARGE RATIO, GEOMAGNETIC EFFECTS 828 15.5 TEMPORAL
PROPERTIES 831 REFERENCES 832 16 ATMOSPHERIC CHERENKOV RADIATION 835
16.1 INTRODUCTION 835 16.2 PHENOMENOLOGY AND THEORY OF SINGLE PARTICLE
CHERENKOV RADIATION 837 16.2.1 FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL PROCESS 837 16.2.2
RADIATION YIELD AND SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION 840 16. V PREFACE 16.4 GAMMA
RAY INITIATED SHOWERS AND HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY 857 16.4.1
GENERAL COMMENTS 857 16.4.2 CHERENKOV IMAGING TECHNIQUE 859 16.5 OPTICAL
BACKGROUND, ATMOSPHERIC LIGHT SCATTERING, ABSORPTION AND ATTENUATION 862
16.5.1 OPTICAL BACKGROUND 862 16.5.2 ATMOSPHERIC LIGHT SCATTERING,
ABSORPTION AND ATTENUATION 862 16.6 EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND INTERPRETATION
864 16.6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND INSTRUMENTAL ASPECTS AND DETECTABILITY 864
16.6.2 LATERAL AND ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION, STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS 865 16.6.3
TEMPORAL PROPERTIES, PULSE SHAPE AND LIGHT FRONT CURVATURE 871 16.6.4
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CHERENKOV AND PARTICLE OBSERVABLES 872 16.6.5
CHERENKOV DENSITY SPECTRA 874 16.6.6 MISCELLANEOUS DATA 874 REFERENCES
874 17 ATMOSPHERIC FLUORESCENCE 879 17.1 INTRODUCTION 879 17.2
FLUORESCENCE AND ITS DETECTION IN E.A.S 882 17.2.1 BASICS AND EARLY WORK
882 17.2.2 RECENT FLUORESCENCE STUDIES, YIELD 885 17.3 OPTICAL
BACKGROUND, ATMOSPHERIC SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION 892 17.3.1 GENERAL
BACKGROUND 892 17.3.2 NIGHT SKY LUMINOSITY 893 17.3.3 LIGHT SCATTERING
IN THE ATMOSPHERE 894 17.3.4 LIGHT ABSORPTION AND ATTENUATION IN THE
ATMOSPHERE 895 17.3.5 CHERENKOV BACKGROUND 896 17.3.6 RELATIVE
CONTRIBUTIONS OF FLUORESCENCE AND CHERENKOV LIGHT TO DETECTOR SIGNAL 897
17.4 SHOWER DETECTION AND EVENT RECONSTRUCTION 900 17.4. CONTENTS XXV 18
RADIO EMISSION AND DETECTION 913 18.1 INTRODUCTION 913 18.2 RADIO BURST
GENERATION PROCESSES 914 18.3 EARLY WORK 915 18.3.1 INITIAL SEARCH FOR
RADIO BURSTS AND PRODUCTION MECHANISMS 915 18.3.2 DISCOVERY OF RADIO
BURSTS 916 18.4 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND THEORIES OF RADIO
EMISSION 917 18.4.1 NEGATIVE CHARGE EXCESS AND CHERENKOV RADIO EMISSION
. 917 18.4.2 GEOMAGNETIC CHARGE SEPARATION 919 18.4.3 GEOELECTRIC CHARGE
SEPARATION 922 18.4.4 TRANSITION RADIATION 924 18.4.5 GEO-SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION 925 18.4.6 COMMENTS ON COHERENCE 927 18.4.7 POLARIZATION OF
THE RADIATION 927 18.5 EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND PHENOMENOLOGY 928 18.5.1
BACKGROUND 928 18.5.2 MEASUREMENTS AND EMPIRICAL RELATIONS 929 18.5.3
PULSE CHARACTERISTICS AND FREQUENCY SPECTRUM 936 18.6 RECENT WORK 936
18.7 CONCLUDING COMMENTS AND OUTLOOK 943 REFERENCES 945 19 CORRELATIONS
AND MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS 949 19.1 INTRODUCTION 949 19.2 ELECTRON-MUON
CORRELATIONS 950 19.2.1 GENERAL COMMENTS . 950 19.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA
AND SIMULATION RESULTS 950 19.3 ELECTRON-HADRON AND MUON-HADRON
CORRELATIONS 957 19.4 MISCELLANEOUS CORRELATIONS 966 19.4.1 HADRON
RELATED CORRELATIONS 966 19.4.2 MUON ENERGY - CORE DISTANCE CORRELATIONS
969 19.4.3 MUON/ELECTRON - CORE DISTANCE CORRELATIONS 969 19.4. XXVI
PREFACE 20 AIR SHOWER SIMULATIONS 989 20.1 INTRODUCTION 989 20.2 MONTE
CARLO METHODS 991 20.2.1 SIMULATION STRATEGY .- 991 20.2.2 PROGRAM
ARCHITECTURE 996 20.2.3 PROGRAM RELIABILITY, OVERALL TESTS AND
SIMULATION SUPERVISION ROUTINES 1002 20.3 ENERGY SPLITTING, THINNING AND
HYBRID METHODS 1004 REFERENCES 1006 21 DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONS 1009
21.1 GENERAL COMMENTS 1009 21.2 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND QUANTITIES 1010
REFERENCES 1033 A EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATIONS 1035 A.I EAS ARRAYS AND
COSMIC RAY GROUND FACILITIES 1035 A.I.I LISTS OF ARRAY AND FACILITY
SITES 1035 A. 1.2 LAYOUTS OF SELECTED AIR SHOWER ARRAYS OF PAST AND
PRESENT 1040 A.2 COSMIC RAY UNDERGROUND INSTALLATIONS OF PAST AND
PRESENT 1064 A.2.1 UNDERGROUND MUON AND NEUTRINO DETECTORS 1064 A.2.2
LAYOUTS OF MAJOR UNDERGROUND DETECTORS ASSOCIATED WITH AIR SHOWER ARRAYS
1066 REFERENCES 1067 B MISCELLANEOUS RELATIONS, TABLES, LISTS AND
CONSTANTS 1071 B.I ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION RELATED CONSTANTS AND
PARAMETERS .... 1071 B.2 BETHE-BLOCH IONIZATION LOSS FORMULA 1072 B.3
THE ATMOSPHERE 1073 B.3.1 CHARACTERISTIC DATA AND RELATIONS 1073 B.3.2
STANDARD AND REAL ATMOSPHERES 1077 B.3.3 SPECIAL ATMOSPHERES AND THEIR
VARIATIONS 1077 B. CONTENTS XXVII E LIST OF COSMIC RAY CONFERENCES 1093
INDEX 1095
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Grieder, Peter K. F. 1928-2022 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)125931565 |
| author_facet | Grieder, Peter K. F. 1928-2022 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Grieder, Peter K. F. 1928-2022 |
| author_variant | p k f g pkf pkfg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV025574444 |
| classification_rvk | UO 9500 |
| ctrlnum | (DE-599)BVBBV025574444 |
| discipline | Physik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV025574444 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:13:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540769408 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-019101646 |
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| publisher | Springer |
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| spelling | Grieder, Peter K. F. 1928-2022 Verfasser (DE-588)125931565 aut Extensive air showers high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects ; a tutorial, reference manual and data book Peter K. F. Grieder Heidelberg, Neckar [u.a.] Springer txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Polarlicht (DE-588)4130058-0 gnd rswk-swf Polarlicht (DE-588)4130058-0 s DE-604 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019101646&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Grieder, Peter K. F. 1928-2022 Extensive air showers high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects ; a tutorial, reference manual and data book Polarlicht (DE-588)4130058-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4130058-0 |
| title | Extensive air showers high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects ; a tutorial, reference manual and data book |
| title_auth | Extensive air showers high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects ; a tutorial, reference manual and data book |
| title_exact_search | Extensive air showers high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects ; a tutorial, reference manual and data book |
| title_full | Extensive air showers high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects ; a tutorial, reference manual and data book Peter K. F. Grieder |
| title_fullStr | Extensive air showers high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects ; a tutorial, reference manual and data book Peter K. F. Grieder |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extensive air showers high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects ; a tutorial, reference manual and data book Peter K. F. Grieder |
| title_short | Extensive air showers |
| title_sort | extensive air showers high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects a tutorial reference manual and data book |
| title_sub | high energy phenomena and astrophysical aspects ; a tutorial, reference manual and data book |
| topic | Polarlicht (DE-588)4130058-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polarlicht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019101646&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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