Physics and chemistry of the earth's interior: Crust, mantle and core
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New Delhi
Springer (India)
2009
|
| Edition: | 1. Aufl. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV,189 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9788184891966 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Physics and chemistry of the Earth s interior
Autor: Gupta, Alok K
Jahr: 2009
1. Geophysical and Experimental Petrological Studies of the Earth s Interior
Alok K. Gupta, Mrigank Mauli Dwivedi and William S. Fyfe..........................................1
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................2
1.2 The Crust........................................................................................................................3
1.2.1 The Continental Crust.................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Oceanic Crust..............................................................................................................6
1.3 Mantle............................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 Peridotite with Compositions Similar to Chondritic Meteorite as a Possible
Mantle Material..........................................................................................................6
1.3.2 Various Seismic Discontinuities within the Mantle....................................................8
1.3.3 Experimental Studies on Peridotites and Meteorites.................................................15
1.3.4 Mantle Heterogeneity................................................................................................17
1.3.5 Water Content in the Mantle.....................................................................................18
1.3.6 The D Layer............................................................................................................20
1.4 Core of the Earth..........................................................................................................23
1.5 References....................................................................................................................24
2. Modelling of Metamorphic Textures with CSpace: Evidence of Pan-African
High-grade Reworking in the Eastern Ghats Belt, India
Pulak Sengupta andSomnath Dasgupta .........................................................................29
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................30
2.2 The Chilka Lake Anorthosite Complex (CLAC).........................................................30
2.3 Reaction Textures and Phase Compositions................................................................31
2.3.1 Sample #2K-28.........................................................................................................31
2.3.2 Sample #CM10-2b....................................................................................................32
2.4 Modelling of Reaction Textures with CSpace Programme.........................................33
2.4.1 Theory.......................................................................................................................33
2.4.2 Application of the CSpace Programme to Meta-anorthosite of the CLAC..............34
2.5 Discussion....................................................................................................................36
2.6 References....................................................................................................................37
Appendix 1.........................................................................................................................38
Appendix 2.........................................................................................................................39
3. Orogenic Processes in Collisional Tectonics with Special Reference to the
Himalayan Mountain Chain: A Review of Theoretical and Experimental
Models
Nibir Mandal, Atin Kumar Mitra andSantanu Bose ....................................................41
3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................42
3.2 Orogens and their Tectonic Structures........................................................................43
3.2.1 Orogen Topography.................................................................................................43
3.2.2 Geological Setting....................................................................................................44
3.2.3 Ductile Deformational Structures and Strain............................................................45
3.2.4 Large-scale Fault Systems........................................................................................51
3.3 Crustal Flow in Orogens.............................................................................................52
3.3.1 Surface Velocity.......................................................................................................52
3.3.2 Deep-crustal Flow....................................................................................................54
3.4 Orogenic Wedge Models.............................................................................................57
3.4.1 Preamble...................................................................................................................57
3.4.2 Coulomb Wedge Models..........................................................................................57
3.4.3 Plastic Models..........................................................................................................60
3.4.4 Viscous Wedge Model.............................................................................................60
3.5 Discussion...................................................................................................................62
3.5.1 Orogenic Structures and Tectonic Modelling..........................................................62
3.5.2 Problem of Basement Shortening.............................................................................62
3.5.3 Exhumation Processes and Orogenic Models..........................................................63
3.6 Concluding Remarks...................................................................................................63
3.7 References...................................................................................................................64
4. Some Remarks on Melting and Extreme Metamorphism of Crustal Rocks
Michael Brown and Fawna JKorhonen........................................................................67
4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................68
4.2 Melting at the Extremes of the Metamorphic P-rRealm............................................68
4.3 Sources of Heat for High-Grade Crustal Metamorphism and Melting........................69
4.4 Microstructures Indicative of the Former Presence of Melt in Residual High-
grade Metamorphic Rocks..........................................................................................70
4.5 The Mechanism of Melt Extraction and Ascent in Continental Crust.........................70
4.6 The Melting Process in Crustal Rocks........................................................................71
4.6.1 The Initiation of Melting..........................................................................................71
4.6.2 Wet Melting.............................................................................................................71
4.6.3 Hydrate-breakdown Melting....................................................................................72
4.6.4 Implications for the Trace Element Chemistry of Melts, and for Zircon and
Monazite Chronology in High-grade Metamorphic Rocks......................................73
4.7 Phase Equilibria Modelling of Pelite and Aluminous Greywacke..............................74
4.7.1 Methodology............................................................................................................74
4.7.2 Modelling Melting of a Pelite Protolith Composition..............................................75
4.7.3 Modelling Melting of a Peraluminous Greywacke Protolith Composition..............78
4.7.4 Limitations of the Modelling....................................................................................80
4.8 Importance of Melt Loss for Achieving Temperatures of UHTM..............................81
4.8.1 The Effect of Melt Loss on the Thermal Evolution..................................................81
4.8.2 An Example: Interpretation of UHT Metamorphic Rocks from the Basement
of the Peruvian Andes..............................................................................................81
4.9 Directions for Future Research....................................................................................82
4.10 References.................................................................................................................83
5. Closure Temperature, Cooling Age and High Temperature
Thermochronology
Jibamitra Ganguly and MassimUano Throne ................................................................. 89
5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................90
5.2 Closure Temperature and Mineral Age.......................................................................91
5.2.1 General Concept........................................................................................................91
5.2.2 Dodson Formulation.................................................................................................92
5.2.3 Extension of Dodson Formulation by Ganguly and Tirone......................................93
5.2.4 Effects of Modal Abundance and Nature of Matrix Phase........................................94
5.2.5 Effect of Diffusion Anisotropy.................................................................................95
5.3 Thermochronology.......................................................................................................95
5.3.1 Resetting of Bulk Mineral Age.................................................................................95
5.3.2 Spatial Variation of Age Within a Crystal................................................................95
5.4 Selection of Mineral Grains for Dating........................................................................97
5.5 Conclusions..................................................................................................................98
5.6 References....................................................................................................................98
6. Thermobarometry Gone Astray
Eric J. Essene.................................................................................................................101
6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................102
6. 2 Empirical Thermobarometers....................................................................................102
6.2.1 Chlorite Thermometry.............................................................................................102
6.2.2 Hornblende Barometry............................................................................................108
6.2.3 Ti as a Thermobarometer in Silicates......................................................................110
6.2.4 Phengite Barometry.................................................................................................113
6.2.5 Transformations in Clay Minerals..........................................................................117
6.2.6 Transformations in Carbonaceous Materials...........................................................118
6.3 Thermobarometers in the System CaO-Zr02-Ti02-Si02 (CazrtiQ)...........................119
6.3.1 Rutile Thermobarometer.........................................................................................119
6.3.2 Zircon Thermobarometer........................................................................................121
6.3.3 Quartz Ti Thermometer (TitaniQ)...........................................................................123
6.3.4 Sphene Thermobarometer.......................................................................................125
6.3.5 Partition of Ti and Zr Between Sphene and Rutile.................................................126
6.3.6 Partition of Si and Ti Between Quartz and Zircon..................................................126
6.3.7 Partition of Zr and Ti Between Zircon and Rutile...................................................126
6.4 Other Empirical Thermometers for Trace Elements..................................................127
6.5 Discussion..................................................................................................................127
6.6 References..................................................................................................................128
7. On Fluids in the Dynamic Earth
M.Santosh......................................................................................................................135
7.1 Introduction................................................................................................................136
7.2 Evidence for Ancient Fluid Pathways........................................................................136
7.3 Evidence for Ongoing Fluid Processes......................................................................137
7.4 Plumes as Gigantic Pipes to Transport Fluids............................................................137
7.5 Entrance and Exit of Fluids........................................................................................138
7.6 Movement of Volatiles...............................................................................................139
7.7 References..................................................................................................................141
8. Laboratory Measurements of Ultrasonic Wave Velocities of Crustal Rocks at
High Pressures and Temperatures: Penological Structure of Izu-Bonin-
Mariana Arc Crust
Masahiro Ishikawa and Makoto Arima ........................................................................143
8.1 Introduction................................................................................................................144
8.2 Experimental Techniques of Ultrasonic Wave Velocity Measurements....................144
8.2.1 Pulse Transmission Technique................................................................................145
8.2.2 Pulse Reflection Technique with Pure-Mode Transducers.....................................145
8.2.3 Pulse Reflection Technique with Dual Mode Transducers.....................................146
8.3 Constraints on Crustal Composition of IBM Island Arc............................................146
8.3.1 Parent Magma Paradox...........................................................................................147
8.3.2 Velocity Structure...................................................................................................147
8.3.3 Linking Seismic Velocity to Lithology...................................................................148
8.3.4 Arc Crustal Lithology.............................................................................................148
8.3.5 Sub-mono Lithology..............................................................................................149
8.4 References.................................................................................................................150
9. Seismic Imaging of the Mantle Discontinuities Beneath India: From Archean
Cratons to Himalayan Subduction Zone
Shyam S. Rai, K. Suryaprakasam and V. K. Gaur.......................................................153
9.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................154
9.2 Geological and Geophysical Framework..................................................................155
9.3 Data and Methodology..............................................................................................156
9.4 Discussion.................................................................................................................158
9.4.1 Lehmann Discontinuity..........................................................................................158
9.4.2 410 km Discontinuity.............................................................................................158
9.4.3 475 km Discontinuity.............................................................................................158
9.4.4 660 km Discontinuity.............................................................................................159
9.4.5 Mantle Transition Zone Thickness.........................................................................159
9.5 Conclusion.................................................................................................................159
9.6 References.................................................................................................................160
10. Models for Constraining Thermal Structure of the Indian Crust
R, N.Singh ....................................................................................................................163
10.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................164
10.2 The Heat Conduction Equation...............................................................................164
10.3 Steady Thermal Models.........................................................................................165
10.4 Transient Thermal Models......................................................................................166
10.4.1 Evolution of Initial Thermal Fields......................................................................166
10.4.2 Basal Heating.......................................................................................................167
10.4.3 Reordering of Heat Sources.................................................................................168
10.4.4 Transient Uplift/Erosion Effects...........................................................................168
10.4.5 Effects of Fluid Transport....................................................................................169
10.5 Applications to the Indian Regions.........................................................................169
10.6 Summary.................................................................................................................171
10.7 References...............................................................................................................171
11. Convection in the Earth s Mantle
AjayManglik.................................................................................................................175
11.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................176
11.2 Governing Equations...............................................................................................176
11.3 Analytical Solutions................................................................................................178
11.4 Numerical Modelling .............................................................................................178
11.5 Applications to Mantle Dynamics...........................................................................178
11.5.1 Effect of Viscosity Variations..............................................................................178
11.5.2 Whole Versus Layered Mantle Convection..........................................................179
11.5.3 Effect of Boundary Layers...................................................................................180
11.5.4 Plume Mode of Convection..................................................................................180
11.6 Summary.................................................................................................................182
11.7 References...............................................................................................................182
12. Post-perovskite Phase: Findings, Structure and Property
TakehikoYagi______________________________________________________185
12.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................186
12.2 Stability of Silicate Perovskite and the Discovery of Post-perovskite Phase..........186
12.3 Structure of Post-perovskite....................................................................................187
12.4 Properties of Post-perovskite...................................................................................188
12.5 References...............................................................................................................189
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| spelling | Physics and chemistry of the earth's interior Crust, mantle and core Ed. by. Alok K. Gupta ... 1. Aufl. New Delhi Springer (India) 2009 XIV,189 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geophysik (DE-588)4020252-5 gnd rswk-swf Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Geophysik (DE-588)4020252-5 s DE-604 Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 s Gupta, Alok Krishna edt HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020156688&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Physics and chemistry of the earth's interior Crust, mantle and core Geophysik (DE-588)4020252-5 gnd Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020252-5 (DE-588)4020198-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Physics and chemistry of the earth's interior Crust, mantle and core |
| title_auth | Physics and chemistry of the earth's interior Crust, mantle and core |
| title_exact_search | Physics and chemistry of the earth's interior Crust, mantle and core |
| title_full | Physics and chemistry of the earth's interior Crust, mantle and core Ed. by. Alok K. Gupta ... |
| title_fullStr | Physics and chemistry of the earth's interior Crust, mantle and core Ed. by. Alok K. Gupta ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physics and chemistry of the earth's interior Crust, mantle and core Ed. by. Alok K. Gupta ... |
| title_short | Physics and chemistry of the earth's interior |
| title_sort | physics and chemistry of the earth s interior crust mantle and core |
| title_sub | Crust, mantle and core |
| topic | Geophysik (DE-588)4020252-5 gnd Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geophysik Geochemie Aufsatzsammlung |
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