Tsetse biology and ecology: their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wallingford [u.a.]
CABI Publ.
1999
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 568 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0851993001 9780851993003 |
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| 020 | |a 9780851993003 |9 978-0-85199-300-3 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)246025764 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV025152987 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Leak, Stephen G. A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Tsetse biology and ecology |b their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis |c S. G. A. Leak |
| 264 | 1 | |a Wallingford [u.a.] |b CABI Publ. |c 1999 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 568 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Trypanosoma |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Trypanosomiasis |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Glossina |2 cabt | |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-019799159 | ||
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| _version_ | 1804142202149928960 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TSETSE BIOLOGY AND
ECOLOGY
Their Role in the Epidemiology
and Control of Trypanosomosis
SGA J^EAK
International Livestock Research Institute
Nairobi
Kenya
CABI Publishing
in association with the
International Livestock Research Institute
Contents
List of Figures and Tables xvi
Foreword xx
Acknowledgements xxiii
Part I Tsetse Biology and Ecology 1
1 Introduction 3
2 Classification and Anatomy 7
2 1 Classification 7
211 Relationships between subgeneric
classification and habitat 12
2 2 Anatomy 13
3 Biology 17
3 1 Life Cycle 17
3 2 Spermatogenesis, Copulation and Fertilization 18
3-3 Larval Development 19
3 4 Larviposition and Pupariation 20
34 1 Control of pupariation 20
3-4 2 Puparial metabolism and duration
of the interlarval period 21
34 3 Eclosion of adults from puparia 23
4 Physiology 25
4 1 Processing of the Bloodmeal 26
411 The role of saliva 26
412 The role of digestive enzymes 26
413 Water balance and excretion 29
414 Metabolism, nutrition and digestion -
adaptation of the metabolism of the
bloodmeal to the reproductive cycle of
female tsetse flies 31
vi
Contents
415 The role of symbiotic organisms
Metabolism — Adaptation to the Environment
and Mode of Life
421 Proline metabolism
422 Maturation of the adult - development
of thoracic musculature
423 Energy reserves for flight and survival
Reproductive Physiology
431 The reproductive cycle
4 32 The regulation of ovulation - hormonal
and nervous control
4 3-3 Larval nutrition
434 Temperature and larviposition
Pheromones and Hormones
441 Pheromones
442 Hormones
The Nervous System
451 Neurosecretions
452 Sense organs
Pteridines
Genetics of Tsetse Flies
Chromosome Number and Polymorphism
Sex Determination
Genetic Variation in Tsetse Populations
531 Visible traits
Genetic Influence on Vectorial Capacity
Sampling Tsetse Populations
Sampling Methods
611 Fly-rounds
612 Traps
Trap Efficiency - Electric Nets
Repellency of Humans
Factors Affecting Tsetse Population Samples
641 Intrinsic variability
642 Climatic and seasonal variation
643 Siting of sampling devices
644 Nutritional and reproductive status
Estimation of Population Size
651 Mark-release-recapture
652 Removal trapping
Ecology - Distribution and Habitats
Traditional Ideas Regarding Tsetse Habitat
Factors Affecting Distribution and Habitats
Contents vii |
721 Climatic factors determining tsetse
distribution 81
722 Desiccation as a cause of mortality and
limit to population growth 84
723 Effect of humans 86
724 Other influences on distribution - disease 89
725 Migration and distribution of tsetse in
wind fields 90
7 3 Quantitative Methods for the Determination
of Distribution and Abundance 91
7 4 Descriptions of Habitats and Distribution 92
741 Vegetation types 92
742 Distribution and habitats of the
morsitans group 95
743 Distribution and habitats of the
palpalis group 97
744 Distribution and habitats of the fusca
group 98
7 5 Larviposition and Larviposition Sites 100
7 5-1 General requirements and features of
larviposition sites 100
752 Larviposition sites of the morsitans group 101
753 Larviposition sites of the palpalis group 102
754 Larviposition sites of the fusca group 103
8 Behavioural Ecology 104
8 1 Mating 104
8 2 The Following Swarm 105
8 3 Vision 106
8 4 Feeding Behaviour 107
841 Host location 107
842 Host effects/preferences 109
843 Feeding-related activity 109
844 Biting response - 110
845 Feeding process 110
8 5 Bloodmeal Collection and Identification 111
851 Precipitin test :Ill
852 Inhibition test 113
853 Serological identification of reptile
feeds of Glossina 113
854 Complement fixation test 113
855 ELISA 114
856 Direct ELISA 115
857 New developments 116
858 General 116
viii
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-6
Contents
Natural Hosts
861 Natural hosts of the morsitans group
862 Natural hosts of the palpalis group
863 Natural hosts of the fusca group
864 General
Frequency of Feeding - Hunger Cycles
871 Nutritional state, fat/haematin
concentrations and behaviour
Resting Behaviour
881 General features of resting sites
882 Daytime resting sites
883 Night-time resting sites
Landing Behaviour
Activity
8 10 1 Effect of light on activity
8 10 2 Effect of season on activity
8 10 3 Effect of olfactory and visual stimuli
on activity
8 10 4 Effect of climate (weather) on activity
8 10 5 Spontaneous activity and circadian rhythms
8 10 6 Activity of pregnant flies
Population Dynamics
Availability
Dispersal within a Habitat
921 Theoretical models and analysis of dispersal
Population Regulation
931 Ageing of tsetse flies
Density-dependent and Density-independent
Mortality
941 Predators and parasites
Survival and Mortality Rates
95 1 Saunders s probabilistic method
9 5-2 Van Sickle s method - the Euler-Lotka
equation
9-5 3 Challier and Turner s method
954 Climate and mortality (Rogers et al )
95 5 Effect of sampling bias on estimates
of mortality
956 Size and mortality
95 7 Feeding-related mortality
Population Growth Rates
961 Hargrove s model
962 Williams s model
Fly Movement and Distribution within Habitats
Contents
10 Odour Attractants 168
10 1 Odours in Host Breath 170
10 1 1 Carbon dioxide 170
10 1 2 Acetone 170
10 1 3 l-Octen-3-ol (octenol) 170
10 2 Odours in Host Skin Secretions 171
10 3 Odours in Host Urine 171
10 4 Combinations of Attractants 173
10 5 Behaviour of Tsetse in Response to Odours 174
10 5-1 Responses to odours and visual targets 175
10 6 General Field Observations 176
Part n Epidemiology 179
11 Host-Parasite Interactions 181
11 1 Origins of the Host-Parasite Relationship 181
11 2 Development of Trypanosomes in Tsetse 182
11 3 Factors Influencing Trypanosome Infection
Rates in Tsetse 188
11 3 1 Sex and infection 190
11 3 2 Trypanosome infection rates and
temperature 191
11 3 3 Age of fly at time of infective feed 193
11 3-4 Influence of species of tsetse fly 196
11 4 Mechanisms Determining Susceptibility to
Trypanosome Infection 197
11 4 1 Numbers of trypanosomes extruded
during feeding 199
11 4 2 Host-related factors 200
11 5 Establishment of Trypanosome Infections 200
11 5 1 Role of the peritrophic membrane 201
11 5 2 Role of lectins and rickettsia-like organisms 206
11 6 Genetics and Trypanosome Infection Rates in Tsetse 213
11 6 1 Sex - genetic exchange between
trypanosomes in tsetse 214
11 7 Effects of Trypanosome Infections on Tsetse 215
11 7 1 Biochemical and physiological changes
associated with trypanosome development
in tsetse 215
11 7 2 Effect of trypanosome infections on feeding
success and behaviour 216
11 7 3 Competition for energy metabolites 217
11 7 4 Altered feeding behaviour in other
haematophagous vectors 218
Contents
11 7 5 Effect of trypanosome infections on
survival of tsetse 219
11 7 6 Effects of host trypanosome infections on
tsetse feeding success 221
11 8 Interactions with Vertebrate Hosts 222
11 8 1 Relationships between trypanosome
infection in wild animals and in tsetse 222
11 8 2 Trypanosome infections in wild animals 224
12 Epidemiology of Human Sleeping Sickness 228
12 1 Discovery of Cause of Human Sleeping Sickness
and Means of Transmission 228
12 2 Extent of the Disease: Epidemiological Questions
Related to its Distribution 231
12 3 Sources of Confusion 232
12 3 1 Identity of the parasite 232
12 32 Evolutionary origins of the parasites 233
12 3 3 Geographical spread of sleeping sickness 234
12 4 Epidemiological Differences between
T b rhodesiense and T b gambiense Sleeping
Sickness 237
12 5 Basic Reproductive Rate for Trypanosomosis ( R^):
its Epidemiological Significance 239
12 6 Tsetse-related Aspects of Epidemiology of Human
Sleeping Sickness 241
12 7 Reservoir Hosts, Infections in Wild Animals and
Problems of Distinguishing T b rhodesiense and
T b gambiense 242
12 7 1 Reservoirs for T b rhodesiense 242
12 1 2 Reservoirs for T b gambiense 246
12 8 Human-Fly Contact 248
12 8 1 Adaptation of tsetse to peridomestic sites
and the effect of changing feeding habits
on disease transmission 249
12 8 2 Personal contact or impersonal contact
between humans and tsetse 249
12 9 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Sleeping Sickness 252
12 10 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Sleeping Sickness 252
12 11 Epidemiology of Sleeping Sickness in West Africa 253
12 11 1 Coted Ivoire 254
12 11 2 Nigeria 255
12 12 Epidemiology of Sleeping Sickness in Central Africa 256
12 12 1 Democratic Republic of the Congo
(formerly the Belgian Congo/Zaire) 256
12 13 Epidemiology of Sleeping Sickness in Southern Africa 262
Contents xi
12 13 1 Malawi and Zambia 262
12 13 2 Botswana 263
12 14 Epidemiology of Sleeping Sickness in East Africa 264
12 14 1 Uganda 264
12 14 2 Kenya 270
12 14 3 Tanzania 273
12 14 4 Ethiopia 276
12 15 Disease Control - Chemotherapy 277
13 Epidemiology of Trypanosomosis in Domestic
Livestock 279
13 1 Distribution of Cattle and their Origins in Africa 280
13 1 1 Origin of the N Dama breed 283
13 12 Hamitic Longhorn ^ 283
13 13 Shorthorns 284
13 1 4 Zebu 286
13 1 5 Sanga 286
13-2 Aspects of the Epidemiology of Bovine
Trypanosomosis 287
132 1 Patterns of disease incidence - the
vivax-mio 288
132 2 The influence of trypanocidal drugs on
trypanosome infection type 289
132 3 Livestock management practices and
trypanosomosis 290
13 3 Cattle Trypanosomosis in West Africa - Nigeria 291
13 4 Pathology of Trypanosomosis in Livestock 292
13 4 1 The chancre 292
13 4 2 Anaemia 293
13 4 3 Effect on fertility 294
13 5 Trypanotolerance and Trypanotolerant Cattle 294
13 5 I Comparisons between trypanotolerant
and susceptible cattle 294
13-52 The mechanisms of trypanotolerance 296
135 3 Exploitation of trypanotolerant cattle 296
13 5 4 Tsetse challenge and trypanotolerance 298
1355 Some factors affecting the expression
of trypanotolerance 300
13 6 Effects of Trypanosomosis on Livestock Production 304
13-7 Mechanical Transmission 306
13 7 1 Field evidence for or against mechanical
transmission 307
137 2 Experimental evidence for or against
mechanical transmission 308
13 7 3 General observations 308
xii Contents
137 4 Trypanosome transmission outside Africa 310
13-7 5 Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma
theileri 311
138 Diagnosis 312
13 8 1 Diagnosis of infections in the vertebrate host 312
13-8 2 Identification of trypanosome infections
in tsetse 318
14 Estimation of Disease Risk: Models of Disease
Transmission 324
14 1 The Berenil Index 324
14 2 Trypanosomosis Risk and Factors Affecting
Tsetse Challenge 325
14 2 1 Components of tsetse challenge 326
14 2 2 Measurement of risk of human sleeping
sickness 331
14 3 Modelling Trypanosomosis Transmission -
Theoretical Considerations 332
14 3 1 Rogers model (Rogers, 1988b) 334
14 3 2 Milligan s transmission model 337
14 3-3 Other models for trypanosome transmission 337
14 4 Models for Other Vector-borne Parasitic Diseases 339
14 4 1 Malaria 339
14 4 2 Onchocercosis 340
14 5 Remote Sensing for Quantifying or Predicting
Trypanosomosis Risk 341
Part El Vector Control 343
15 Insecticidal Spraying 345
15 1 Insecticides 345
15 2 Ground spraying 348
15 2 1 Knapsacks 348
15 2 2 Mistblowers 349
15 2 3 Unimogs 350
15-3 Aerial Spraying 351
15 3 1 Aerial spraying of residual insecticides
with fixed-wing aircraft 351
1532 Aerial spraying of non-residual contact
ultra-low-volume insecticides 352
15 3 3 Helicopter spraying 353
16 Traps and Targets 355
16 1 General Principles 355
16 2 Early Examples of the Use of Traps and Targets to
Control Tsetse Populations 356
Contents
Recent Developments
Insecticides
16 4 1 Insecticide impregnation and
re-impregnation of targets
16 4 2 Types of fabric - target-insecticide
interactions
16 4 3 Persistence of insecticides on traps
and targets
Trap and Target Design
16 5 1 Trap/target colour
16 5-2 Response of tsetse to pattern and
orientation of targets
16 53 Flanking netting
Experimental Trials
16 6 1 Traps and targets^with insecticides
16 6 2 Traps without insecticides
Rates of Dispersal (Reinvasion) in Relation to Rates
of Population Decline
Prospects for the Future
xiii
17 Application of Insecticides to Livestock 371
17 1 Pour-on Insecticides 371
17 1 1 General principles of the technique 371
17 1 2 Early attempts to use the pour-on technique 372
17 1 3 Later developments resulting in revival of
the technique 373
17 1 4 Recent examples of pour-on trials 374
17 1 5 Control of biting and nuisance flies 377
17 1 6 Advantages and disadvantages compared
with other methods 377
17 2 Repellents 379
17 2 1 Repellency of pour-on insecticides 379
17 2 2 Early experiments using repellents 380
17 2 3 Recent experiments and experiences with
insecticidal repellents 381
17 3 Impregnated Ear-tags and Tapes 382
17 3 1 Experimental use of ear-tags for control
of tsetse flies 382
17 32 Control of biting and nuisance flies 383
17 4 Ivermectin 383
18 Non-insecticidal Methods of Tsetse Control 386
18 1 Bushclearing 386
18 2 Elimination of Wild Animal Hosts 388
18 2 1 Field operations 389
18 3 Biological Control - Natural Enemies 391
xiv Contents
18 31 Hymenopteran and dipteran parasites
18 32 Parasitic mites
18 33 Helminth parasites
18 3 4 Fungi
18 3-5 Bacteria
18 4 Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)
18 4 1 Technical and biological aspects of SIT
18 4 2 Methods of sterilization
18 4 3 Field trials
18 5 Chemosterilization
18 5 1 Autosterilization
18 6 Insect Growth Regulators
18 7 Juvenile-hormone Mimic (Pyriproxyfen)
18 8 Genetic Control
18 8 1 Hybrid sterility
19 General Issues Relating to the Successful Use of
Tsetse Control Techniques 406
191 Problem of Reinvasion of Tsetse Flies into Cleared
Areas 406
192 Resistance to Insecticides 408
193 Environmental Impact of Tsetse Control Using
Insecticides 409
19 3 1 Direct effects 409
19 3-2 Indirect effects 412
19-4 Tsetse Control and Land Use 413
195 Economics of Tsetse Control 414
19-6 Losses Due to Trypanosomosis 416
197 Community Participation in Tsetse Control 416
198 Public and Private Goods and Privatization of
Animal Health Care 418
199 Conclusions 419
Part IV Control of Trypanosomosis 421
20 Control of Trypanosomosis in Domestic Livestock 423
20 1 Chemotherapy 424
20 2 Chemoprophylaxis 424
20 3 Drug Resistance 425
20 31 Reports of drug resistance 427
20 3 2 Mechanisms of drug resistance 428
20 4 Effects of Anti-trypanosomal Drugs for Cattle on
Tsetse Flies 428
20 5 Natural Immune Status 430
20 6 Vaccines and Immunological Strategies for
Trypanosomosis Control 431
Contents xvj
20 6 1 Immunological control of vectors 432
20 6 2 Immunization of hosts to prevent
development of trypanosome infections in
tsetse 432
References 433
Glossary 548
Index 551
|
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| author | Leak, Stephen G. A. |
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| author_sort | Leak, Stephen G. A. |
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| id | DE-604.BV025152987 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:28:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0851993001 9780851993003 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-019799159 |
| oclc_num | 246025764 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-188 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-188 DE-20 |
| physical | XXIII, 568 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
| publishDateSort | 1999 |
| publisher | CABI Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Leak, Stephen G. A. Verfasser aut Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis S. G. A. Leak Wallingford [u.a.] CABI Publ. 1999 XXIII, 568 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Trypanosoma cabt Trypanosomiasis cabt Glossina cabt HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019799159&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Leak, Stephen G. A. Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis Trypanosoma cabt Trypanosomiasis cabt Glossina cabt |
| title | Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis |
| title_auth | Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis |
| title_exact_search | Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis |
| title_full | Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis S. G. A. Leak |
| title_fullStr | Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis S. G. A. Leak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis S. G. A. Leak |
| title_short | Tsetse biology and ecology |
| title_sort | tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis |
| title_sub | their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis |
| topic | Trypanosoma cabt Trypanosomiasis cabt Glossina cabt |
| topic_facet | Trypanosoma Trypanosomiasis Glossina |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019799159&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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