History of life insurance: in its formative years ; compiled from approved sources
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chicago
American Conservation Co.
1936
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 844 S. Ill. |
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| 100 | 1 | |a O'Donnell, Terence |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a History of life insurance |b in its formative years ; compiled from approved sources |c by Terence O'Donnell |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chicago |b American Conservation Co. |c 1936 | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
BOOK I Page
CHAPTER I................................. 13
The Primal Instincts of Self-Preservation and Providence for
Offspring—Right to Own Property and to Testate Grounded Both
in Natural and Civil Law—Land Tenures in Ancient Civilized
Society—Feudalism and the Right of Infeftment—Abuses of Ten-
antry—Social Effects of the Reformation in England—Transition
of the Guilds—Advent of the Industrial Revolution and Genesis of
Friendly Societies in England.
CHAPTER ri.............................................. 32
Wills and the Right to Estate—Importance of Family Succession—*
Succession by Adoption—Wills in Comparison with Policies—
Essential Qualities of Each—The Oldest Will of Record—George
Washington s Will—-Crying of the Wills—Some Curious Wills—
Concluding Comparison.
BOOK II
CHAPTER 1................................................ 52
Community of Modern Culture with Classic Origins—Burial So-
cities of Greece and Rome: The Eranoi or Thiasoi of Greece and
the Collegia Funeraticia of Rome—Associations for the Citizens
and the High Soldiery of the Roman Empire—-Other Ancient
Insurance Practices.
CHAPTER II............................................... 61
Medieval Guilds—English Origin—Religious and Secular Functions
—Their Application of the Principle of Contributorship—“The
Gilde of Noblemen in Cambridge”—An Ancient Guild of Exeter—
St. Catherine s Guild of Coventry—Conviviality of the Gatherings.
CHAPTER III............................................ 71
Preliminary Definitions of Insurance—The Protective Idea in the
Natural Order—Appeal of Life Insurance to the Noblest Human
Instincts—Legacy of Marine Traditions in Life Insurance—The
Rhodian Sea Law and the Contribution Principle—Laws of Oleron
and Wisbuy—Assignable Dates of Origin of the First Policies:
Florence, Barcelona, London—Early Chroniclers of Insurance
Practice: Le Guidon, Straccha, Malynes—Effect of the Medieval
Concept of Usury.
CHAPTER IV.............................................. 95
Influence of the Lombard Merchants in London—The “Broke
Policy,” 1547, Most Ancient Insurance Contract of Record in Eng-
land—First English Statute Relating to Marine Insurance—“Prop-
osition for Blowing a Man and a Boat Over London Bridge,” 1643
—Anticipation of Friendly Societies During the Reign of Elizabeth
—Annuities and the Hey-Day of the Annuity Shark.
CHAPTER V............................................... 109
The Ulpian Life Table, Pioneer Venture in Annuity Calculations—-
Definition of Annuities—Pascal and Fermat, and the Doctrine of
Chances—Christian Huyghens, Dutch Proponent of the Law of
Probabilities-—Its Adaptation by John De Witt, Grand Pensionary
Page
of Holland—Jan Hudde—Edmund Halley and the Breslau Table—
Abraham De Moivre and His “Doctrine of Chances.”
CHAPTER VI.............................................. 132
Bills of Mortality: Their Origin—The London Bills—Method of
Collecting Information—Their Rise from Plague Conditions—The
Plagues of London—The Black Death—Great Plague of 1664-1665
—Curious Remedies for the Plague.
CHAPTER VII........................................... 146
John Graunt, Pioneer in Vital Statistics in Great Britain—His
“Natural and Political Observations on the Bills of Mortality,”
London—His Work in Connection with the Dublin Bills—Proce-
dure for Collecting Information on the Bills.
CHAPTER VIII.......................................... 159
Lorenzo Tonti, Originator of Tontines—The French Tontines—
Inequalities of Survivorship—Giant Debacle of the Caisse Lafarge
—Tontines of England and Ireland—Tontines in America—Tonti’s
Unfortunate Imprisonment and Unknown End.
CHAPTER IX.......!.................................. 177
Policy on the Life of William Gybbons, 1536: First of Record in
England—Efforts of the Underwriters to Avoid the Risk—First
Mention of Life Assurance as Provision for a Family, about 1622—
Earliest Associated Project: The Society of Assurance for Widows
and Orphans—The Mercers’ Company Scheme for Granting Life
Annuities, 1698—Dr. William Assheton, Propagandist for Clergy
Benefit Associations—The Hand-in-Hand, First Registered Life
Office in England—The Sun Fire and Life Office, and its Projec-
tor, John Povey—The British Mercury and Historical Register,
First Insurance Newspaper.
CHAPTER X........................................... 195
Foundation of “The Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance
Office” in 1705—Charter from Queen Anne in 1706—Naivete of the
Amicable Actuaries—Hit-or-Miss Physical Examination of Candi-
dates for Membership—Hypothetical Computation of Its Life
Tables—The “Little Goes.”
CHAPTER XI............................................ 208
Second Phase of the Theory of Probabilities—Men Who Furthered
Its Development—Jean Bernouilli—Leonard Euler—Thomas Simp-
son—Louis Buff on—The Elder and Younger De Parcieux—James
Hodgson—Dr. Richard Price—Condorcet—Laplace.
CHAPTER XII......................................... 225
Birth of the Joint Stock Company Idea—Bradly and Billingsley,
Corporation Lobbyists—“The Lord Onslow’s Insurance” and
“Chetwynd’s Bubble,” Nicknames of the Royal Exchange Assur-
ance and the London Assurance—How Dutch Caution Delayed
the Birth of Joint Stock Companies a Century.
CHAPTER XIII...........................................
Formation of the Equitable Assurance Society of England—Simp-
son and Dodson, Co-Founders—Comparative Premiums as Then
247
Page
Used—Fortunate Freedom from Frauds—A Government Imposi-
tion with a Parallel in Our Later Times.
CHAPTER XIV............................................ 259
Era of the Bonanzas and Bubble Annuity Companies—Gambling
in Insurances in Walpole’s Time—Curious Perversions of the In-
surance Idea—Insurance and the Lotteries—The Chevalier D’Eon
and Gambles as to His Sex—Trial Concerning D’Eon—Lord Mans-
field’s Decision.
CHAPTER XV............................................ 274
Act of Parliament, 1777, to Outlaw Fraudulent Annuities—John
Julius Angerstein, Purveyor of ‘Julians’—The Imperial Annuity
and Pension Society—Baron Maseres’ Annuity Plan—Formation of
the Westminster and Pelican Assurance Societies.
CHAPTER XVI........................................... 283
Slow Birth of English Assurance Companies—Difficult Accouche-
ment of the “Globe”—High Mortality Among the New Companies
—Improvement in the Public Health of England—Legal Decisions.
CHAPTER XVII................................,......... 295
Government Annuities in England—Faulty Tables, and Consequent
Loss to the Government—Moses Wing and John Finlaison—New
Annuity Act—Jobbing in Old Lives.
CHAPTER XVIII......................................... 302
Resentment Against Establishment of New Companies—A “Provi-
dential” Brake on Formation of Some of the Latter—Committee
for Revising Laws Relating to Joint Stock Companies—Instances of
Deception—Law Requiring Publication of Company Prospectuses.
CHAPTER XX............................................. 317
Men Who Advanced Actuarial Science—Napier—Briggs—Oughtred
—Wallis—Dr. Price—Descartes—Morgan—Euler—Tetens—Baily—
Barrett—Finlaison—Milne—Gray—Hendry—Davies—Gompertz—
Babbage—Edmonds—Ansell—De Morgan—Orchard—Makeham—
Miscellaneous.
CHAPTER XXI. ......................................... 356
Mortality Tables and Their Origin—“Sir Isaac Newton’s Tables”—
The Northampton Table—The Carlisle Table—Farr’s English Life
Tables 1, 2 and 3—The Seventeen Offices’ Mortality Table—The
Twenty British Offices’ Table—American Experience Table—
Ansell’s Tables and Miscellaneous.
CHAPTER XXII.......................................... 380
Story of Endowments—¿500 Endowment on Life of Child in 1572—
Endowments Run Wild in Queen Anne’s Reign—Clergy Mutuals
and Their Endowment Features—First Endowment Policy Issued
in the United States—Summary of the Situation of Life Insurance
in Great Britain and Ireland at the Close of Formative Period.
CHAPTER XXIII..........................................
Life Insurance Beginnings in France—The First Real Life Insur-
ance Company in France, The Compagnie Royale d’Assurances
391
Page
sur la Vie—That Company’s Advanced Publicity Methods and
Policy Written on the Life of Victor Hugo—The New Royale,
Union, France and Phénix-—Other Later French Companies—
French Parallels of Friendly Societies—Bureaux Des Prévoyances.
CHAPTER XXIV............................................. 403
Life Insurance Beginnings in Germany—Foundation of the Gotha
—Other Pioneer German Companies—Efficient Management—Im-
possible Demands Culminating in Withdrawal of Foreign Compa-
nies from Germany—German Equivalents of Friendly Societies—
Government Insurance—Austrian Beginnings—Life Insurance in
the Papal States.
BOOK III
CHAPTER 1................................................ 428
Development of Life Insurance in America—Boston and Philadel-
phia Share Pioneer Honors—Massachusetts Hospital Life Insur-
ance Company—Public Insurance Office, Philadelphia—Presbyter-
ian Ministers’ Fund—Episcopalian Clergy Benefit Societies—
Insurance Company of North America, and Its Brief Adventure in
Life Insurance—Pennsylvania Company for Insurance on Lives—
Other Pioneer Companies.
CHAPTER II.......*.....................,................. 444
The Period of Participation—First American Mutual Companies—
New England Mutual Life—The Nautilus, Later the New York
Life—Beginnings of Mutual Life of New York—New England
Mutual Life—Origin of Part-Note Premium Plan—Other Features
of the New England Mutual Life Operation—Later Companies—
Unsound Companies—Revival of the “Mixed” Plan—Progress from
1850-1857—The Concluding Phase of the Second Era of Life In-
surance Development in the United States—Effects of the Panic of
1857—Later New Companies.
CHAPTER III.............................................. 473
Elizur Wright, Father of American Life Insurance—Son of a Fam-
ily of Ohio Pioneers—Yale Days and a Poor Student’s Means of
Acquiring an Education—His Professorship in Western Reserve
College—-Visits England as a Book Peddler and Interviews Joshua
Milne of the Sun Life and Fire Office—-Meetings with Literary
Notables—Fateful Visit to the Royal Exchange Assurance Auction
Block—His Return Home as an Announced Reformer in the Field
of Life Insurance—Epochal Recommendations to the Massachu-
setts Legislature—Extraordinary Chance that Furthered Wright’s
Insurance Bill—His Career as Insurance Commissioner of Massa-
chusetts—Rewards of Genius—Publishing Ventures and Tract
Authorship.
CHAPTER IV............................................... 499
Other Actuaries Who Contributed to Life Insurance Development
in America—Nathaniel Bowditch—Professor Charles Gill—Shep-
pard Homans—David Parks Fackler—Formation of the Actuarial
Society of America—Officers and Charter Members.
CHAPTER V................................................
Factors Bringing About the Era of “Frenzied Finance”—The “Big
Three”—The Mutual Life—The Equitable—Winston and Hyde—
530
Page
Wright in the Role of Nemesis—Continuing the Fight for Cash-
Surrender Values—Casualties Among Early American Companies
—Inception of Cash Dividends to Policyholders.
CHAPTER VI.............................................. 549
Tonti and His Ideas Revived in America on a Grand Scale—Varia-
tions Introduced by Hyde into the Usual Tontine Plan—Tontine
Fund of the Equitable—Enormous Lapse Rate of the Tontine—
How It Enabled the Equitable to Ride Out the Panic of 1877—-
“Blue Book” Invasion of Europe—Effect of the Tontine on Rival
Companies—Pitiless Publicity of the White and Black Variety.
CHAPTER VII............................................. 564
Early Regulative Efforts—A Tontine Bubble Bursts—Statistics of
Life Insurance in the Nineties—Influence of “Big Three” Opera-
tions—After-Effects of a French Ball.
CHAPTER VIII............................................ 579
Condition of Life Insurance in the United States on Eve of Arm-
strong Investigation—Appointment of the Investigating Committee
—Scope of Activities—Appointment of Charles Evans Hughes and
James McKeown as Counsel; Miles M. Dawson, Consulting
Actuary—The Public Hearings—Ex-Governor Black and Imposing
Array of Defendants’ Counsel—Before the Committee—Pitiless
Publicity, Newspaper Style—“Fix-It-Hughes”—Summation at
Close of Committee’s Activities.
CHAPTER IX.............................................. 597
The Social Revolution—Its Theory and Tendency to Subject Hu-
man Welfare to Law—Origin of State Regulation—Parliamentary
Control Legislation in Great Britain—Elizur Wright and the Be-
ginnings of State Regulation in the United States.
BOOK IV.
CHAPTER 1............................................... 612
Genesis of the Friendly Societies—Guild Origins of the English
Variety of Fraternalism—Continental Parallels—The Affiliated
Orders: Their Organization—Incomplete Actuarial Processes—
Some Curious Early Friendly Society Nomenclature—The Inde-
pendent Order of Odd Fellows—Ancient Order of Foresters—
Grand United Order of Odd Fellows—Loyal Order of Shepherds
—National Independent Order of Odd Fellows—Early Statistics
of Friendly Societies in Great Britain.
CHAPTER II.............................................. 624
Fraternalism in the United States—A Typical Case History of a
Fraternal Society—Father John Upchurch, Founder of the Ancient
Order of United Workmen—Assessment Life Insurance—Legal
Status of Fraternalism and Necessity of State Control.
CHAPTER III............................................. 645
Other Principal Early Fraternal Beneficiary Societies—Indepen-
dent Order of Foresters—Knights of Honor—Knights and Ladies
of the Maccabees—Modern Woodmen of America—National
Union—Royal Arcanum—Woodmen of the World—Ancient Order
of Hibernians—Catholic Benevolent Legion—Catholic Knights of
Page
America—Knights of Columbus—Jewish Societies: Improved Or-
der of B’Nai Brith—Independent Order, B’Nai Brith—Independent
Order of Free Sons of Israel—Federation of Brith Abraham—
Lesser Societies—The Iron Hall and Early Endowment Societies.
CHAPTER IV............................................. 662
The National Fraternal Congress—Its Origin—First Members—
Results of Various Conventions—Collection of Vital Statistics of
Fraternalism—Co-operation with Associated Fraternities of Amer-
ica on Mobile Bill.
CHAPTER V.............................................. 678
The Agency System—Its Beginnings—Competitive Claims for Its
Inception—Calibre of Early Agents—Abuses—Function of the
Agent as Propagandist for the Companies and Proselyter Among
Clients—Origin of the General Agencies—Plight of Agents After
the Armstrong Investigation—Agents Who Became National Fig-
ures in Public Life—Formation of the National Association of Life
Underwriters.
CHAPTER VI............................................. 708
The History of Life Insurance Journalism in America—Tuckett’s
Monthly Insurance Journal and Friendly Societies’ Monitor—In-
surance ^Monitor and Wall Street Review—United States Insur-
ance Gazette—Insurance Intelligencer—American Life Insurance
Magazine and Journal of Actuaries—Western Underwriter—Can-
ada Insurance Gazette—New England Insurance Gazette—Ameri-
can Exchange and Review—Insurance Journal and Real Estate
Gazette—Baltimore Underwriter and Internal Revenue Record—
Banking and Insurance Chronicle of Chicago—Western Insurance
Review — Northwestern Review — Spectator — Insurance Age —
“Wild-Cat” Publications and Those for Special Pleading—Early
House Publications—Era of the Tracts.
CHAPTER VII............................................ 741
Odd Variations of the Insurance Idea in the Western Hemisphere
—Gold Rush and Klondike Insurance—“Grave-Yard” Insurance
in Pennsylvania and Michigan—Slave Insurance—Lesser Manifes-
tations of the Benevolent Society Idea—Grandiloquent Names of
Lesser Negro Benevolent Associations.
CHAPTER VIII........................................... 748
Publicists for Annuities and Life Insurance—The Legend of the
Wandering Jew—-Benjamin Franklin—Lewis Pocock—Dickens and
His Satire on Bonanza Life Offices in England—Sir Walter Scott
—Cardinal Manning—Li Hung Chang—Thomas W. Lawson—
Grover Cleveland—Elbert Hubbard—Miscellany.
CHAPTER IX............................................. 788
Early Insurance Policies—Travel Restrictions and Premium Sur-
taxes—Admirable Typography of Early Policies—Conduct of the
Early Offices in the Pioneer Days of Life Insurance in the United
States.
APPENDICES ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX .........
801
819
834
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| title | History of life insurance in its formative years ; compiled from approved sources |
| title_auth | History of life insurance in its formative years ; compiled from approved sources |
| title_exact_search | History of life insurance in its formative years ; compiled from approved sources |
| title_full | History of life insurance in its formative years ; compiled from approved sources by Terence O'Donnell |
| title_fullStr | History of life insurance in its formative years ; compiled from approved sources by Terence O'Donnell |
| title_full_unstemmed | History of life insurance in its formative years ; compiled from approved sources by Terence O'Donnell |
| title_short | History of life insurance |
| title_sort | history of life insurance in its formative years compiled from approved sources |
| title_sub | in its formative years ; compiled from approved sources |
| topic | Lebensversicherung (DE-588)4034928-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lebensversicherung Großbritannien |
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