Biology, the science of life:
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Glenview, Ill. [u.a.]
Scott, Foresman and Co.
1986
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| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 1217 S. zahlr. Ill. |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Wallace, Robert Ardell |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biology, the science of life |c Robert A. Wallace ; Jack L. King ; Gerald P. Sanders |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Glenview, Ill. [u.a.] |b Scott, Foresman and Co. |c 1986 | |
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| _version_ | 1804141855078612992 |
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| adam_text | BIOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF LIFE
SECOND EDITION
ROBERT A WALLACE
University of Florida
JACK L KING
University of California, Santa Barbara
GERALD P SANDERS
SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY
Glenview, Illinois London, England
CONTENTS
Applications of Ideas Key Words and Ideas, and Review
Questions follow each chapter Suggested Readings are
included at the end of each part
PART 1 MOLECULES TO CELLS
CHAPTER 1 Mr Darwin and
the Meaning of Life i
An Explanation About Rabbits and Oceans 3
The Workings of Science 5
The Methods of Science 5
Going Home to Applause and Illness 10
ESSAY 1 1 The Galapagos Islands 6
ESSAY 1 2 How Scientists Spread the News 10
Evolution: The Theory Develops 11
The Theory of Natural Selection 12
Gathering Evidence
The Origin of Species 14
Why Are There Mosquitoes?
Testing Evolutionary Hypotheses 15
The Impact of Darwin 16
Reducing and Synthesizing 17
Characteristics of Life: The Ultimate Reduction 17
ESSAY 1 3 Signs of Life 18
1 l
CHAPTER 2 Small Molecules 23
Elements, Atoms, and Molecules 24
Atomic Structure 24
Neutrons, Isotopes, and Biology / Electron Orbitals
and Electron Shells / Filled and Unfilled Shells
Chemical Reactions: Filling the Outer Electron
Shell 29
Ions and the Ionic Bond / The Covalent Bond:
Sharing Electron Pairs
Chemical Bonds and the SPONCH Elements 32
Carbon and the Covalent Bond 32
Methane I More on the Magic of Carbon
ESSAY 2 1 Carbon Dioxide and the Bicarbonate
Ion 34
Nitrogen 36
Phosphorus and Phosphates 37
Sulfur 38
Key Functional Side Groups
The Water Molecule and Hydrogen Bonding 39
The Characteristics of Water 40
The Polar Nature of Water
Water and the Hydrogen Bond 40
Ions Hydration Shells, and Water as a
Solvent / Water and Nonpolar Molecules /
Hydrophobia and Mayonnaise / Water Is Wet /
Water Has High Surface Tension / Water, Heat, and
Life
Water: Ionization pH, and Acids and Bases 64
1 •
CHAPTER 3 Large Molecules 50
The Carbohydrates 50
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides so
ESSAY 3 1 Reading Structural Formulas 52
Polysaccharides 53
Plant and Animal Starches / Structural
Polysaccharides: Cellulose / Other Structural
Polysaccharides
The Lipids 58
Triglycerides 59
Saturated Unsaturated, and Polyunsaturated
Fats 60
Phospholipids 62
Other Lipids 62
The Proteins 64
Amino Acids 65
The Structure of Amino Acids
Polypeptides and Proteins 65
Levels of Protein Organization / The Amino Acids,
Their R Groups, and How They Influence Protein
Structure
Conjugated Proteins and Prosthetic Groups 69
Binding Proteins 70
Structural Proteins 70
The Nucleic Acids 70
Nucleic Acid Structure 71
CHAPTER 4 Cell Structure 75 CHAPTER 5 Cell Transport 105
Cell Theory 75
What Is a Cell? 76
The Eukaryote Cell 78
The Size of Cells 78
Why Are Cells Small?
ESSAY 4 1 Small Units of Linear Measurement in
the Metric System 79
Cell Structure in Eukaryotes: The Organelles 81
Organelles of Support and Transport 81
The Cell Wall / The Plasma Membrane / The
Cytoskeleton, a Microtrabecular Lattice
Control and Cell Reproduction: The Nucleus 83
ESSAY 4 2 Looking at Cells 84
Organelles of Synthesis, Storage, and Cytoplasmic
Transport 89
The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes / The
Golgi Body or Apparatus / Lysosomes /
Vacuoles / Other Storage Bodies: The Plastids
Energy-Generating Organelles 94
The Chloroplast / Mitochondria
Organelles of Cellular Movement 97
Centrioles / Cilia, Flagella, and Basal
Bodies / Microtubules and Microfilaments
The Prokaryote Cell: A Different Matter 100
%
The Plasma Membrane
The Fluid Mosaic Model
The Glycocalyx
Mechanisms of Transport
Passive Transport 109
Diffusion / Water Potential, Bulk Flow, and
Osmosis / Osmosis and the Cell
Facilitated Diffusion and the Role of
Permeases 114
Active Transport Across Plasma Membranes
Active Transport and Membranal Carriers /
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Water Transport by Contractile Vacuoles 118
Auxiliary Mechanisms and Structures of
Transport 119
Cytoplasmic Streaming / Transport and Cell
Junctions
CHAPTER 6 Cell Energetics 124
Energy 124
Forms of Energy 125
The Laws of Thermodynamics 125
The First Law / The Second Law
Entropy and Life 126
Chemical Reactions and Energy States 126
Heat of Activation 127
Quieter Changes in Energy States
Enzymes: Biological Catalysts 128
A Matter of Shape 128
Characteristics of Enzyme Action 130
Rate of Reaction / The Laws of Mass Action: A
Two-Way Affair / The Effect of Heat / The Effect
of Acids and Bases / Teams of Enzymes: Metabolic
Pathways
Allosteric Sites and Enzyme Control 132
ATP: The Energy Currency of the Cell 134
The Molecular Structure of ATP 134
Energy-Rich Bonds
ATP and Chemical Reactions jn the Cell 135
Coenzymes: NAD, NADP, and FAD 136
Coenzymes in Action 136
Stationary Electron Carriers of Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts
ATP Production by Chemiosmotic
Phosphorylation 139
ESSAY 6 1 Peter Mitchell and the Overthrow of a
Scientific Dogma 140
ESSAY 6 2 Bacterial Chemiosmosis and Liposome
Models of Chemiosmotic
Phosphorylation 143
CHAPTER 7 Photosynthesis 147
Photosynthesis: An Overview 147
The Two Parts of Photosynthesis 148
ESSAY 7 1 From Willows, Mice, and Candles to
Electron Microscopes 149
Chloroplasts and the Light Reactions 152
The Thylakoid 152
Chlorophyll and the Light-Harvesting Antennas /
Electron Transport Systems and Proton Pumps /
The CF1 Particles
The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis 156
ESSAY 7 2 The Visible Light Spectrum and
Photosynthesis 156
Photosystems II and I and the Noncyclic
Events 157
Water and the Reduction of P680 / Proton Pumping
and the Reduction of P700 I Events in Photo-
system I I Summing Up the Noncyclic Events
Photosystem I and the Cyclic Events 161
Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation 161
The Light-Independent Reactions 162
Discovery of the Calvin Cycle 163
The Calvin Cycle 164
Phosphorylation of Ribulose Phosphate / Enter
Carbon Dioxide / Summarizing the Calvin
Cycle / PGAL, Glucose, and Keeping Things
Going / Summing Up the Light-Independent
Reactions
The Problem of Photorespiration and C3 and C4
Plants 166
When the Calvin Cycle Goes Awry 166
Photosynthesis in C4 Plants 167
CHAPTER 8 Glycolysis and
Cell Respiration 173
Comparing Photosynthesis_and Respiration 173
The Three Parts of Respiration ~174-
A Word About ATP 174
Glycolysis: Metabolizing Glucose Without
Oxygen 175
The Steps of Glycolysis 176
Energy Yield of Glycolysis
Cell Respiration 178
The Fates of Pyruvate 178
Alcohol Fermentation I Lactate Fermentation
ESSAY 81A Marathon Runner
Meets the Wall 183
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA 184
The Citric Acid Cycle 184
An Overview of the Citric Acid Cycle
ESSAY 8 2 Alternative Fuels
in Cell Respiration 186
Electron Transport System 189
Building the Chemiosmotic Differential 192
The Role of FADH2
The Electrochemical Gradient and ATP 193
The ATP Balance Sheet in the Metabolism of
Glucose 193
Comparing the Mitochondrion with the Thylakoid 193
PART 2 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND HEREDITY
CHAPTER 9 DNA and the
Central Dogma 199
CHAPTER 11 Mitosis Meiosis
and the Cycle of Life 254
The Central Dogma? 200
The Principle of Colinearity 200
DNA Structure 201
The DNA Nucleotides 201
DNA Bonding / Base Pairing / The Double Helix
DNA Replication 204
Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and
Prokaryotes 207
ESSAY 9 1 Meselson and Stahl 208
A Brief History of the Discovery of DNA 210
The Early Efforts 211
Genes, Enzymes, and Inborn Errors of
Metabolism /HJ Muller: A Man Ahead of His
Time / Transformation
More Recent Events 215
One Gene, One Enzyme / Hershey and
Chase / Chargaff s Rule / X-Ray Diffraction and
More Puzzles
The Watson and Crick Model of DNA 218
CHAPTER 10 DNA in Action 223
RNA Structure and Transcription 223
Comparing RNA to DNA 223
Transcription: RNA Synthesis 224
Varieties of RNA: Physical and Functional
Classes 226
Ribosomal RNA and the Ribosome / Exons and
Introns: The Tailoring of Messenger RNA /
Messenger RNA and the Genetic Code /
Transfer RNA
Translation: How Polypeptides Are
Assembled 233
Initiation 233-
Elongation 233
Translocation: A Key Step
Polypeptide Chain Termination 235
Polyribosomes 236
Free and Bound Ribosomes 236
Signal Peptides
Mutation 238
The Stability of DNA 238
DNA Repair
Mutations at the Molecular Level 240
Point Mutations
Mechanisms of Gene Control 244
Gene Organization and Control in Prokaryotes: The
Operon 244
Inducible Enzymes in E coli / The Lactose
Operon / The Tryptophan Operon
Gene Control in Eukaryotes 247
Nuclear Structure 254
DNA, Chromatin, and the Eukaryote
Chromosomes 255
The Cell Cycle: Growth Replication, and
Division 255
Stages of the Cell Cycle
Mitosis and Cell Division 257
Prophase 257
Chromosome Condensation / Chromatids,
Chromatin, and Centromeres / Summary of Mitotic
Prophase
Metaphase and Anaphase 265
Telophase 265
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasmic Division 265
Cytoplasmic Division in Animals / Cytoplasmic
Division in Plants / The Adaptive Advantages of
Mitosis
ESSAY 11 1 How the Spindle Works 266
Meiosis 268
Homologous Chromosomes 270
An Overview of Meiosis
ESSAY 11 2 Karyotyping 271
Meiosis I: The First Meiotic Division 272
Meiotic Prophase and Its Substages / Metaphase I /
Anaphase I / Telophase I and Meiotic Interphase
Meiosis II: The Second Meiotic Division 276
Prophase II / Metaphase II and Anaphase II /
Telophase II / Summing Up Meiosis
Where Meiosis Takes Place in Higher
Organisms 280
Meiosis in Animals
ESSAY 11 3 When Meiosis Goes Wrong
Why Meiosis? 283
SUMMARY FIGURE
Scenario of Cell Activity 252
CHAPTER 12 Mendelian Genetics 287
When Darwin Met Mendel (Almost) 287
Mendel s Crosses 289
The Principle of Dominance
Mendel s First Law: The Segregation of Alternate
Alleles 293
Mendel s Second Law: Independent
Assortment 295
Mendel s Testcrosses 297
Backcross to the Recessive Parent / Backcross to
the Double Dominant Parent / A Final Word About
the Testcross
The Decline and Rise of Mendelian Genetics 300
Mendelian Genetics in the 20th Century 301
A Closer Look at Dominance and Recessivity 301
The Inoperative Allele / Other Dominance
Relationships
Multiple Alleles 304
Blood Groups 304
The Rh Blood Group / Organ Transplants
ESSAY 12 1 Sickle-Cell Hemoglobin, an Example
o! Almost Everything 306
Gene Interactions and Modified Mendelian
Ratios 309
t 1^ 3
CHAPTER 13 Genes Chromosomes,
and Sex 316
Sutton and Morgan: Meiosis and Sex 316
The Chromosomal Basis for Mendel s Laws 316
Chromosomes and Sex 317
Sex Chromosomes in Drosophila
ESSAY 13 1 Sex Chromosome
Abnormalities 320
Sex Linkage in Humans 320
Human Sex Chromosomes / X Chromosomes and
the Lyon Effect / Color Blindness / Other
Sex-Linked Conditions
ESSAY 13 2 The Disease of Royalty 323
More Variations of Mendelian Traits 324
Environmental Interactions t Incomplete
Penetrance / Sex-Linked and Sex-Influenced
Effects / Variable Age of Onset
Continuous Variation and Polygenic Inheritance 325
Locating the Genes: Linkage, Crossing Over, and
Chromosome Mapping 326
Crossovers and Genetic Recombination 328
Mapping Genes / Bands and Puffs
Chromosomal Mutations 332
Breakage and Fusion Repair 332
Translocations
i ~ — —i
CHAPTER 14 New Frontiers of Genetics 341
Microbes Enter the Genetics Realm 341
Locating Mutant Bacteria 342
Recovering Recombinants
The Life and Times of the Bacteriophage 342
Lysogeny, an Alternative Cycle / Counting Viruses,
or Holes in the Lawn
Bacterial Recombination 346
Transformation 346
T ransduction 346
Plasmids and the Plasmid Transfer 346
F Plasmid / William Hays and the F Episome, or
Making E coli Sexier / The F Plasmid as an Agent
of Gene Transfer / Mapping the E coli
Chromosome: The Great Kitchen Blender Experiment
Sexduction 351
Plasmids and Plasmid Genes 351
Genetic Engineering 353
The Gene-Splicing Controversy 353
How Gene Splicing Is Done 354
ESSAY 14 1 The Gene Machine 355
Gene Sequencing 357
PART 3 EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 15 Evolution and Changing
Alleles 363
Genes and Gene Frequencies 363
The Castle-Hardy-Wei nberg Law 364
The Implications of the Castle-Hardy-Weinberg
Law 364
An Algebraic Equivalent 366
A Closer Look at the Castle-Hardy-Weinberg
Model 367
An Application of the Castle-Hardy-Weinberg
Model 368
What Good Is the Castle-Hardy-Weinberg Model?
Mutation and Genetic Variation: The Raw Materials
of Evolution 369
Mutation Rates: Constant Input of New
Information 369
The Balance Between Mutation and Selection 370
ESSAY 15 1 The Tail of Two Genotypes 371
The Genetic Future of Homo sapiens 372
•fc i
CHAPTER 16 Evolution and Natural
Selection in Populations 375
Microevolution and Macroevolution 375
Natural Selection in Clones 375
Antibiotic Resistance 376
Selecting for Two Characteristics at Once 377
Natural Selection in Sexual Populations
The Peppered Moth: Natural Selection in a Natural
Population 378
Genetic Variability in Higher Organisms 380
Maintaining Genetic Diversity
Applying the Rules of Artificial Selection 381
Polygenic Inheritance and Natural Selection 383
Three Patterns of Natural Selection 383
Directional Selection /-Stabilizing
Selection / Disruptive Selection —
ESSAY 16 1 Selection for Going Up or Down 384
Frequency-Dependent Selection 387
Gradualism Versus Punctuated Equilibrium 388
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecks, and the
Founder Effect 389
Neutralists Versus Selectionists 390
Molecular Evolution
ESSAY 17 1 A Politician Helps Explain Speciation:
The Saga of T D Lysenko 401
Allopatry and Speciation 402
The Galapagos Islands, Home to Darwin s Finches
ESSAY 17 2 Continents Adrift 403
Sympatry and Speciation 406
Sympatric Speciation in Plants / Polyploidy:
Autotetraploids and Allotetraploids / Sympatric
Speciation in Animals?
Major Evolutionary Trends 408
Divergent Evolution 409
Monophyletic, Polyphyletic, and Paraphyletic
Groups / Tracing Evolutionary Origins Through
Homology and Analogy / Modern Construction of
Phylogenetic Trees
Convergent Evolution 412
Coevolution 413
SUMMARY FIGURE
Some Major Aspects of Evolution 420
fjL
CHAPTER 17 Evolution and Speciation 394
What Is a Species? 394
Reproductive Isolation 396
How Species Are Named 397
Taxonomic Organization: Kingdom to Species 398
The Five Kingdoms 398
The Mechanisms of Speciation 399
Ranges and Clines 400
PART 4 DIVERSITY IN MICROORGANISMS
CHAPTER 18 Prokaryotes, Viruses, and
Origin of Life 422
A Hypothesis on the Origin of Life 422
The Miller-Urey Experiment 424
The Early Earth 424
The Hypothesis Today: How Strong Is It? 427
The Monomers / The Polymers / Coacervates:
The Active Droplets / Self-Replicating Systems
The Earliest Cells 429
The Early Autotrophic Cells
The Prokaryotes 431
Origins 431
Organization of the Prokaryotes 431
-Prokaryote Characteristics 433
Archaebacterial Life 434
The Eubacteria 435
Eubacterial Characteristics / Bacterial Villains
Other Eubacteria 440
Myxobacteria / Chlamydobacteria (Mycelial
Bacteria) / Mycoplasmas / Photosynthetic
Eubacteria: The Cyanobacteria
The Eukaryotes: A Different Matter 443
The Endosymbiosis Hypothesis 443
The Viruses 446
The Discovery of Viruses 446
The Biology of Viruses 447
Viral Geometry / Biochemical Differences / How
Viruses Behave or Misbehave: The Bacteriophage
Revisited / Infection by Animal Viruses / A Word
About Plant Viruses
Herpes Simplex II: Scourge of the 80s 454
CHAPTER 19 Diversity in Protists 459
The Animallike Protists 460
Mastigophora: The Flagellates 460 ~—
Sarcodina: Ameboid Protists 461
Sporozoa: Spore Formers 463
Ciliophora: Ciliates 465
Funguslike Protists: The Slime Molds 467
The Oomycetes: Water Molds 467
The Algal Protists 471
Life Cycles: Alternating Haploid and Diploid
Phases 471
Pyrrophyta: Dinoflagellates 471
Euglenophyta: Euglenoids 473
Chrysophyta: Yellow-Green and Golden-Brown
Algae 473
The Diatoms
Rhodophyta: The Red Algae 476
Phaeophyta: The Brown Algae 477
Chlorophyta: The Green Algae 479
Single-Celled Green Algae / Colonial Green
Algae / Siphonous Green Algae / Filamentous
Green Algae
CHAPTER 20 Diversity in Fungi 487
What Are the Fungi? 487
Kingdom Fungi 489
The Zygomycetes: Conjugating Molds 489
Rhizopus, a Bread Mold / Sexual Reproduction
ESSAY 20 1 A Fungus that Spits 490
Ascomycetes: Sac Fungi 492
Reproduction in Sac Fungi / The Lichens / Yeasts
Basidiomycetes: Club Fungi 496
Sexual Reproduction in the Mushroom / Wheat
Rusts
The Fungi Imperfecti 498
Another Look at Fungal Ancestors 499
Multicellularity 499
The Origin of Multicellularity 499
PART 5 THE PLANTS
CHAPTER 21 Evolution and Diversity
in Plants 504
Division Bryophyta: Nonvascular Plants 505
Class Hepaticae: Liverworts 507
Class Anthocerotae: Hornworts 507
Class Musci: Mosses 508
The Moss Life Cycle
The Vascular Plants 510
Division Psilophyta: Whisk Ferns 513
Division Lycophyta: Club Mosses 514
Selaginella: A Reproductively Advanced Lycophyte
Division Sphenophyta: Horsetails 515
Division Pterophyta: Ferns 515
The Seed Plants 520
Reproduction in the New Seed Plant 521
The Gymnosperms 521
The Ginkgo / The Cycads / The Gnetophytes /
The Conifers
The End of an Era 524
The Angiosperms: The Rise of the Flowering
Plants 525
The Angiosperms Today 526
Origin and Phylogenetic Relationships I A Last Look
at Angiosperm Diversity
CHAPTER 22 Reproduction and
Development in Plants 536
The Flower 536
Variations in Flower Structure 537
Sexual Activity in Flowers 538
The Ovary, Megaspores, and the Megagametophyte /
Events in the Anthers: Microspores and the
Microgametophyte / Pollination and Double
Fertilization
ESSAY 22 1 Apomixis: Seed Production Without
Sex 542 -
Development of the Embryo and Seed 542
Seed Development in the Dicot t Fruit and Seed
Development in the Monocot
ESSAY 22 2 Flowers to Fruits 545
Seed Dispersal 549
Growth and Development in Flowering Plants 551
Germination and Growth of the Seedling 551
Primary and Secondary Growth 553
Tissue Organization in the Plant 553
Protoderm and the Dermal System / Ground
Meristem / Procambium and the Vascular Tissues
Primary Growth in the Root: The Root Tip 557
The Stele / Root Systems
Primary Growth in the Stem 560
Growth of Leaves 564
Leaf Anatomy
Secondary Growth in the Stem 565
The Transition to Secondary Growth / The Older
Woody Stem
CHAPTER 23 Mechanisms of Transport
in Plants 573
The Movement of Water and Minerals 574
Root Pressure: Is the Root a Kind of Pump? 575
Water Potential and the Vascular Plant 576
The Leaf, Transpiration, and the Pulling of
Water 576
Water Movement in the Xylem Through the TACT
Mechanism 578
Water Transport in the Root 578
ESSAY 23 1 Testing the TACT Theory 579
Guard Cells and Water Transport 581
The Guard Cell Mechanisms / CAM Photosynthesis
• or How to Hold Your Breath All Day
Food Transport in Plants 583
Mechanisms of Phloem Transport 583
A Little Help from the Aphids / Flow from Source
to Sink / The Pressure Flow Hypothesis
Gas Transport in Plants 586
Mineral Nutrients and Their Transport 587
CHAPTER 24 Regulation and Control
in Plants 593
The Discovery of Auxin 593
The Experiments of Boysen-Jensen and Paal 594
Fritz Went and the Isolation of Auxin 594
Auxin 595
The Tropisms 597
Phototropism 597
Auxin and Apical Dominance
Roots and Geotropism 599
Thigmotropism 599
Other Plant Growth Hormones 600
Gibberellins 600
Cytokinins 601
Ethylene 603
ESSAY 24 1 The Problem of Differentiation 604
Abscisic Acid 606
Applications of Plant Hormones 606
Light and Flowering in Plants 606
Photoperiodicity 607
Transmitting the Stimulus / Pineapples and Auxin
i v
SUMMARY FIGURE
A Review of Plant Biology 614
PART 6 THE ANIMALS
CHAPTER 25 Evolution and Diversity:
Lower Invertebrates 616
What Is an Animal? 616
Animal Origins 618
The Animal Fossil Record 619
Phylogeny of the Animal Kingdom 620
Phylum Porifera: Sponges and the Levels of
Organization 621
The Biology of Sponges 622
The Radial Plan and a Step Up in
Organization 623
Phylum Coelenterata 623
Class Hydrozoa / Class Scyphozoa / Class
Anthozoa
Phylum Ctenophora 626
The Bilateral Trend and the Versatile
Mesoderm 626
The Three-Layered Embryo 627
Phylum Platyhelminthes: The Flatworms 627
Class Turbellaria / Class Trematoda / Class
Cestoda
Body Cavities, a One-Way Gut, and a New Body
Plan 632
Phylum Rhynchocoela (Nemertina): The Proboscis
Worms 632
Phyla Nematoda, Rotifera, and Priapulida 632
The Nematodes / The Rotifers / The Priapulids
CHAPTER 27 Evolution and Diversity:
Vertebrates 669
Phylum Hemichordata 669
Phylum Chordata 670
Subphylum Urochordata 670
Subphylum Cephalochordata 672
Subphylum Vertebrata: Animals with
Backbones 672
Class Agnatha: Jawless Fishes 672
Class Placodermi: Extinct Jawed Fishes 674
Class Chondrichthyes: Sharks and Rays 674
Class Osteichthyes: The Bony Fishes 676
Class Amphibia: The Amphibians 678
Class Reptilia: The Reptiles 680
Reptile History
Class Aves: The Birds 681
ESSAY 27 1 Exit the Great Reptiles 683
Class Mammalia: The Mammals 685
The Mammalian Brain / Mammal Origins
The Primates 690
Human Specialization 690
Human Evolutionary History 693
Our Ancestral Scenario 693
The Australopithecines / Homo habilis / Homo
erectus / Neanderthals and Us
i i
CHAPTER 26 Evolution and Diversity:
Higher Invertebrates 640
Protostomes: The Invertebrate Line 640
Two Ways of Producing a Gut 640
The Lophophorate Phyla 641
The Segmented Body Plarr- 642
Phylum Annelida 642 —
Class Oligochaeta: The Earthworms / Class
Hirudinea: The Leeches / Class Polychaeta: The
Segmented Marine Worms
ESSAY 26 1 Embryos and Evolution: Protostome
and Deuterostome
Characteristics 644
Phylum Mollusca 647
Class Amphineura: The Chitons / Class Gastropoda:
The Snails I Class Bivalvia (Pelycypoda): The
Bivalves / Class Cephalopoda: The Squid and
Octopus
Phylum Arthropoda 651
Subphylum Chelicerata 652
Class Arachnida
Subphylum Mandibulata 653
Class Crustacea / Classes Chilopoda and
Diplopoda / Class I nsecta
Phylum Onychophora 659
Deuterostomes: The Echinoderm-Chordate
Line 659
Phylum Echinodermata: The Spiny-Skinned
Animals 662
Class Asteroidea: The Sea Stars
CHAPTER 28 Support and Movement 702
Invertebrate Support and Movement 702
The Hydrostatic Skeleton 703
Exoskeletons 704
Insect Wings and Their Muscles f Mollusk Shells: A
Type of Exoskeleton
Endoskeletons 707
Vertebrate Supporting Structures 707
Vertebrate Tissues 707
Epithelial Tissue / Connective Tissues
Vertebrates: Endoskeletons of Bone 708
The Structure of Bone
The Skeleton 7ii
The Joints / The Axial Skeleton / The
Appendicular Skeleton
ESSAY 28 1 Evolution ol the Mammalian
SkUll 713
Muscle: Its Organization and Movement 719
Types of Muscle Tissue 719
Smooth Muscle / Cardiac Muscle / Skeletal
Muscle
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 719
Muscle Antagonism
The Ultrastructure of Skeletal Muscle 720
Contraction, an Ultrastructural Event 723
Calcium and the Biochemical Mechanism of Muscle
Contraction
731 CHAPTER 30 Respiration 758
Digestive Systems 731
Saclike Systems in Invertebrates 732
Feeding and Digestive Structures in Higher
Invertebrates 732
Feeding and Digestive Structures in
Vertebrates 735
Sharks and Bony Fishes / Amphibians, Reptiles, and
Birds / Foraging and Digestive Structures in
Mammals
The Digestive System of Humans 738
The Oral Cavity and Esophagus 741
The Stomach 743
The Small Intestine 743
Accessory Organs: The Liver and Pancreas 744
The Large Intestine 744
The Chemistry of Digestion 745
Carbohydrate Digestion 746
Fat Digestion 747
Protein Digestion 747
Nucleic Acid Digestion 748
Integration and Control of the Digestive
Process 748
Some Essentials of Nutrition 750
Carbohydrates 750
Fats 750
Protein 751
ESSAY 29 1 Cholesterol and Controversy
Vitamins 752
Mineral Requirements of Humans 753
Trace Elements
Gas Exchange Surfaces 759
The Simple Body Interface 760
Complex Skin Breathers
Expanding the Interface: Tracheae 761
Complex Interfaces: Gills 762
Gills in Mollusks and Arthropods / Gills in Fishes
Complex Interfaces: Lungs 764
Evolution of the Vertebrate Lung / The Vertebrate
Lung
The Human Respiratory System 766
The Breathing Movements 769
The Exchange of Gases 770
Partial Pressure I Exchange in the Alveoli
Oxygen Transport 772
Carbon Dioxide Transport 773
The Control of Respiration 774
Neural Centers
CHAPTER 31 Circulation and Immunity 780
Invertebrate Transport Systems 780
Open Circulatory Systems 780
Closed Circulatory Systems 781
Transport in the Vertebrates 781
Fishes and the Two-Chambered Heart 782
Amphibians Reptiles, and the Three-Chambered
Heart 782
The Four-Chambered Heart 784
The Human Circulatory System 784
Circulation Through the Heart 785
The Right Side / The Left Side
Control of the Heart 787
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Control
The Working Heart 788
Blood Pressure / Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation
Circuits in the Human Circulatory System 790
Hepatic Portal Circuit I Renal Circuit / The Cardiac
Circuit / Systemic Circuit
The Role of the Capillaries 792
Work of the Veins 793
The Blood 794
/ The White Blood
Clotting
The Red Blood Cells
Cells / Platelets /
The Lymphatic System
The Immune System
The B- and T-Cell Lymphocytes and Clonal
Selection 799
The Structure of Antibodies 801
Monoclonal Antibodies
The Problem of Antibody Diversity 803
How Specific Antibodies Are Produced: The Germ
Line and Somatic Variation Theories / Recognizing
Self / Autoimmunity: Attack Against Self
The Work of T-Cell Lymphocytes 806
The Role of Effector T-Cells / The Regulatory
T-Cells / T-Cells and Tissue Grafts
AIDS and the Defunct Immune System 807
CHAPTER 32 Homeostasis:
Thermoregulation,
Osmoregulation, and
Excretion 813
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms 813
Negative and Positive Feedback Loops 814
Thermoregulation 815
Why Thermoregulate? 815
Countercurrent Heat Exchangers, or How the Tuna
Keeps Moving in Cold Water 816
Regulating Behaviorally 818
Thermoregulation in the Endotherms 819
Removal of Heat Energy / Conserving Heat
The Internal Source of Thermoregulation 822
Osmoregulation and Excretion 823
Producing Nitrogen Wastes 823
The Osmotic Environment 824
The Marine Environment / The Freshwater
Environment / The Terrestrial Environment
The Human Excretory System 829
Anatomy of the Human Excretory System 829
The Urine-Forming Pathway
Microanatomy of the Nephron 831
The Work of the Nephron
Control of Nephron Function 833
SUMMARY FIGURE
Hormonal Responses to Physiological Stress 840
CHAPTER 33 Hormonal Control 842
The Nature of Hormones 842
Hormones and the Invertebrates 843
Molting Activity in Crustaceans 843
Hormonal Activity in Insects 844
Vertebrates: The Human Endocrine System 845
The Pituitary 848 ~ —-
Control by the Hypothalamus / Hormones of the
Anterior Pituitary / Hormones of the Posterior
Pituitary
The Thyroid 853
The Parathyroid Glands and Parathormone 855
The Pancreas and the Islets of Langerhans 855
Sugar Diabetes
The Adrenal Glands 857
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex / Hormones of the
Adrenal Medulla
ESSAY 33 1 Testosterone: Why Boys Are
Different 858
The Gonads: Ovaries and Testes 859
The Thymus and Pineal Body 859
Other Chemical Messengers 860
Prostaglandins
The Molecular Biology of Hormone Action 861
Cyclic AMP: The Second Messenger 861
Other Cell-Activating Mechanisms 862
Steroid Hormones: Direct Action at the DNA Level
CHAPTER 34 Neural Control:
Neurons and Their Roles 868
The Neuron 868
Cellular Structure 868
Types of Neurons 870
Nerves 871
The Neural Impulse 872
The Resting State: A Matter of Ion
Distribution 872
The Resting Potential
The Action Potential 873
Reestablishing the Resting Potential
Ion Channels and Ion Gates 875
Myelin and Impulse Velocity 877
Communication Among Neurons 877
Action at the Synapse
The Reflex Arc: A Simple Model of Neural Activity
Animal Sensory Receptors 881
Neural Codes 881
Tactile Reception 881
Touch in Invertebrates / Touch in Vertebrates
Thermoreception 882
Heat Receptors in Invertebrates I Heat and Cold
Receptors in Vertebrates
Chemoreception 884
Chemical Receptors in Invertebrates / Chemical
Receptors in Vertebrates
Proprioception 886
Proprioceptors in Invertebrates / Proprioceptors in
Vertebrates
Auditory Reception 886
Hearing in Invertebrates / Hearing in Vertebrates
ESSAY 34 1 Predator Strategies and Prey
Defenses 888
Sensing Gravity and Movement in Invertebrates and
Vertebrates 889
Visual Reception 890
Seeing in Invertebrates / Vision in Vertebrates
CHAPTER 35 Neural Control:
Nervous Systems 899
Invertebrate Nervous Systems 890
Simple Nerve Nets and Ladders 890
Massed Ganglia to Organized Brains 900
Cephalopods: Brainy Invertebrates / Another Look
at the Arthropods
Vertebrate Nervous Systems 901
The Human Central Nervous System 902
The Spinal Cord 903
The Human Brain 904
The Hindbrain / The Midbrain / The Forebrain /
The Cerebrum / Sensory and Motor Regions of the
Cortex / Right and Left Halves of the Brain
ESSAY 35 1 The Great Split-Brain
Experiments 912
Chemicals in the Brain 913
Electrical Activity in the Brain 914
Sleep |
Language Centers in the Human Brain 915
The Peripheral Nervous System 916
The Autonomic Nervous System g-n
CHAPTER 36 Sexual Reproduction 923
Sex and Reproduction in Animals 923
The Aquatic Environment 923
External Fertilization / Internal Fertilization /
Modes of Fertilization and Development in Fishes /
Reproduction and the Survival Principle
Reproduction in the Terrestrial Environment 926
Reproduction in Terrestrial Arthropods /
Reproduction in Reptiles and Birds /
Reproduction in Mammals
Human Reproduction 930
The Male Reproductive System 930
External Anatomy / Internal Anatomy: The Sperm
Route / Erectile Tissue / Sperm and Their
Production
The Female Reproductive System 934
External Anatomy / Internal Anatomy / Ovary and
Oocyte Development
ESSAY 36 1 The Human Sexual Response 936
Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction 938
Male Hormonal Action / Female Hormonal
Action / The Ovarian or Menstrual Cycle
Contraception 943
Natural Methods / Mechanical Devices /
Chemical Methods: The Pill / Surgical Intervention
CHAPTER 37 Development 953
Gametes and Fertilization 953
The Sperm 953
The Egg 954
Fertilization 955
The Early Developmental Events 956
The First Cleavages 957
Early Determination in the Frog / Cleavages in the
Bird and Reptile, a Special Case
The Blastula and Gastrulation 959
The Amphibian Blastula / Gastrulation /
Gastrulation in Birds i Gastrulation in
Mammals / The Fate of Germ Layers
Neurulation and the Emergence of Form 963
Neurulation in the Amphibian 964
Supporting Structures of Vertebrate Embryos 967
The Self-Contained Egg / Life Support of the
Mammalian Embryo
The Emergence of the Human Form 968
The First Trimester / The Second and Third
Trimesters / Birth / Physiological Changes in the
Newborn Baby / Lactation
Analysis of Development 976
The Egg and Zygote in Differentiation 976
Tissue Interaction: Organizers and the Induction
Theory 978
The Cell Nucleus in Differentiation 980
Nerve Cells and Developmental Patterns 981
The Sprouting Factor and Antisprouting Factor / An
Experimental Investigation of Nerve Specificity in
Development
SUMMARY FIGURE
The Emergence of Human Life 990
PART 7 BEHAVIOR
CHAPTER 38 The Mechanisms and
Development of Behavior 991
Ethology and Comparative Psychology 991
Instinct 992
Fixed Action Patterns and Orientation 993
Appetitive and Consummatory Behavior 995
Releasers 996
Action-Specific Energy and Vacuum
Behavior 996
The Behavioral Hierarchy 997
Learning 998
Reward and Reinforcement 999
Three Types of Learning 1000
Habituation / Classical Conditioning / Operant
Conditioning
How Instinct and Learning Can Interact 1003
ESSAY 38 1 Sociobiology 1003
Memory and Learning 1004
ESSAY 38 2 Imprinting 1005
The Advantages of Forgetting 1006
Theories on Information Storage 1007
Long-Term and Short-Term Memory / The
Consolidation Hypothesis
CHAPTER 39 Adaptiveness
of Behavior 1010
Orientation and Navigation 1010
Orientation 1011
Navigation 1013
Homing Pigeons
Communication 1014
Visual Communication- 4015
Sound Communication 1016
ESSAY 39 1 Deception in the Animal
World ioi6
Chemical Communication 1018
Why Communicate? 1019
Species Recognition 1019
ESSAY 39 2 Animal Courtship
Individual Recognition 1020
Aggression 1022
Fighting 1022
Is Aggression Instinctive? 1024
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Wallace, Robert Ardell King, Jack L. Sanders, Gerald P. |
| author_facet | Wallace, Robert Ardell King, Jack L. Sanders, Gerald P. |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Wallace, Robert Ardell |
| author_variant | r a w ra raw j l k jl jlk g p s gp gps |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV024855357 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)731814301 (DE-599)BVBBV024855357 |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV024855357 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:22:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-019531314 |
| oclc_num | 731814301 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 |
| physical | 1217 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| publishDate | 1986 |
| publishDateSearch | 1986 |
| publishDateSort | 1986 |
| publisher | Scott, Foresman and Co. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Wallace, Robert Ardell Verfasser aut Biology, the science of life Robert A. Wallace ; Jack L. King ; Gerald P. Sanders 2. ed. Glenview, Ill. [u.a.] Scott, Foresman and Co. 1986 1217 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd rswk-swf Biomedizin (DE-588)4647152-2 gnd rswk-swf Biomedizin (DE-588)4647152-2 s 1\p DE-604 Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 s 2\p DE-604 King, Jack L. Verfasser aut Sanders, Gerald P. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019531314&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Wallace, Robert Ardell King, Jack L. Sanders, Gerald P. Biology, the science of life Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Biomedizin (DE-588)4647152-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006851-1 (DE-588)4647152-2 |
| title | Biology, the science of life |
| title_auth | Biology, the science of life |
| title_exact_search | Biology, the science of life |
| title_full | Biology, the science of life Robert A. Wallace ; Jack L. King ; Gerald P. Sanders |
| title_fullStr | Biology, the science of life Robert A. Wallace ; Jack L. King ; Gerald P. Sanders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biology, the science of life Robert A. Wallace ; Jack L. King ; Gerald P. Sanders |
| title_short | Biology, the science of life |
| title_sort | biology the science of life |
| topic | Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Biomedizin (DE-588)4647152-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biologie Biomedizin |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019531314&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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