Countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Park Ridge, N. J.
Noyes Data Corp.
1990
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Pollution technology review
182 |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 330 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0815512325 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Holmes, J. M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals |c by J. M. Holmes and C. H. Byers |
| 264 | 1 | |a Park Ridge, N. J. |b Noyes Data Corp. |c 1990 | |
| 300 | |a 330 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Pollution technology review |v 182 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Byers, C. H. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Pollution technology review |v 182 |w (DE-604)BV001898897 |9 182 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents and Subject Index
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
1. Introduction 1
2. The Nature of the Threat-Task I 2
3. Existing Responsibilities and Institutional Options-Task II 3
3.1 Federal Responsibilities 4
3.2 State and Local Responsibilities 4
3.3 Private Sector Activities 4
3.4 Overlaps and Gaps in Responsibilities and Programs 5
3.5 Prevention 5
3.6 Response Systems 6
3.7 Training 7
4. Technical Options for Countermeasures-Task III 8
4.1 Characterization of Emergency Releases 8
4.2 Technical Basis for Needed Countermeasures 8
4.3 Evaluation of Available Resources 9
4.3.1 Vapor Hazard Control 9
4.3.2 Emergency Equipment 10
4.3.3 Emergency Warning and Evacuation Systems 11
4.3.4 Hazmat Monitoring and Ambient Air Dispersion
Model ing 13
4.3.5 Hazards Evaluations of Processing Facilities 15
4.3.6 Emergency Response Information and Data Base 15
4.3.7 Community and Facility Planning for Toxic
Chemical Emergencies 16
4.4 New Technical Approaches 16
4.4.1 Prevention of Chemical Accidents 16
4.4.2 Detection and Warning Systems 17
4.4.3 Minimizing Transportation Risks 18
4.5 Methodology for Ranking of Chemical Hazards 19
vii
viii Contents and Subject Index
1. INTRODUCTION 20
2. OVERVIEW OF RECENT CHEMICAL EMERGENCIES 24
2.1 Bhopal Disaster 24
2.2 Pemex Disaster 26
2.3 Incident at Institute, West Virginia 27
2.4 Acute Hazardous Events Data Base 28
3. RELATIVE ACCIDENT FREQUENCIES AND SEVERITY 30
3.1 Relative Accident Frequency by Sector 30
3.2 Relative Accident Severity by Sector 32
3.3 Relative Accident Frequencies and Severity by Hazardous
Chemical 32
3.4 Events Involving Death or Injury 34
4. CURRENT RESPONSIBILITIES 38
4.1 Prevention 38
4.2 Planning 38
4.3 Response 39
4.4 Training 39
5. FEDERAL AND STATE STATUTES FOR HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS 40
5.1 Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1977 40
5.2 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA) 41
5.3 Clean Air Act of 1970 and Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977... 42
5.4 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976 44
5.5 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 45
5.6 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 48
5.7 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of
1986 51
5.7.1 SARA Title III 51
5.7.1.1 Emergency Planning 52
5.7.1.2 Emergency Notification 52
5.7.1.3 Community Right-to-Know Reporting 52
5.7.1.4 Toxic Chemical Releases 53
5.7.1.5 Miscellaneous Provisions 53
5.7.2 Research, Development, Demonstration, and Training
Provisions (RDDT) 53
5.7.3 Worker Protection Standards 54
5.8 Occupational Safety and Health Act 55
5.9 State Statutes for Hazardous Materials 57
6. FEDERAL AGENCY RESPONSIBILITIES AND PROGRAMS 59
6.1 Federal Emergency Management Agency 59
6.1.1 National Emergency Management System (NEMS) 60
6.1.2 Integrated Emergency Management Information System :
(EMIS) 62
Contents and Subject Index ix
6.1.3 National Emergency Training Center (NETC) 62
6.1.4 FEMA Emergency Operations Plans (EOP) 64
6.2 National Response Center (NRC) 65
6.3 National and Regional Response Teams 65
6.4 Environmental Response Team (ERT) and National Strike
Force 69
6.5 Environmental Protection Agency 69
6.6 Department of Transportation Research and Special Programs
Administration 72
6.7 U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) 73
6.8 Department of Labor Occupational Health and Safety
Administration (OSHA) 75
6.9 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Hazardous Materials Response Branch 76
7. STATE OF TENNESSEE 78
8. LOCAL/REGIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES-MEMPHIS/SHELBY
COUNTY, TENNESSEE 84
9. INDUSTRIAL AND PRIVATE INITIATIVES 89
9.1 CMC Community Awareness and Emergency Response
Program (CAER) 89
9.2 CMA Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC). . 90
9.3 CMA CHEMNET Network 90
9.4 CMA Chemical Referral Center (CRC) 91
9.5 Chlorine Institute Emergency Plan (CHLOREP) 91
9.6 NACA Pesticide Safety Team (PSTN) 92
9.7 Association of American Railroads Field Force 92
9.8 Hazardous Materials Advisory Council—Information Services 93
9.9 AlChE Center for Process Safety 93
9.10 Institute of Hazardous Materials Management 94
10. SURVEY OF RESPONSIBILITY GAP 95
10.1 Planning 95
10.1.1 Federal/State Planning Coordination 96
10.1.2 Planning Data Bank Requirements 97
10.1.3 Planning Consultant Guidelines 101
10.2 Prevention 101
10.2.1 Comparisons of Nuclear/Chemical Industry
Responsibilities 103
10.2.2 State Prevention Statutes 104
10.2.3 OSHA Prevention Initiatives 105
10.2.4 OSHA Communications Standard Limitations 107
10.3 Response Systems 108
10.3.1 Notification of Releases 108
10.3.2 Emergency Action Levels for Hazmat Releases 111
10.3.3 Addition of Other Hazmats to the Reportable Quantity
List 112
x Contents and Subject Index
10.4 Training 112
10.4.1 Consensus Standards for Training 113
10.4.2 Course Evaluation 116
10.4.3 Coordination of Training Information 118
10.4.4 Extent of Coverage by Training Programs 118
11. SURVEY OF TECHNICAL OPTIONS 120
12. CHARACTERIZATION OF EMERGENCY RELEASES 121
12.1 Characterization of Disaster Level 121
12.2 Types and Extent of Response Required 125
13. TECHNICAL BASIS FOR NEEDED COUNTERMEASURES 127
14. EVALUATION OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES 132
14.1 Vapor Hazard Control 132
14.1.1 Mechanical Covers 132
14.1.2 Vapor Curtains 134
14.1.3 Induced Air Movement 136
14.1.4 Gelling Equipment 137
14.1.5 Vapor Hazard Controls 138
14.1.5.1 Foam Systems for Vapor Suppression 138
14.1.5.2 Vapor Suppression Characteristics 141
14.1.5.3 Types of Foams for Suppression of Toxic
Vapors and Firefighting 143
14.1.5.4 Commercial Foams 144
14.1.5.5 Foam Classification 145
14.1.5.6 Equipment to Produce Foams 148
14.1.5.7 Firefighting Foam Generation Equipment 153
14.1.5.8 Applying Vapor Suppression Foams 153
14.1.5.9 Quantitative Vapor Suppression by Foam 153
14.2 Emergency Equipment 155
14.2.1 Chlorine Emergency Kits 155
14.2.2 Commercially Available Off-Loading Pumping Systems. . . 159
14.2.3 Inert-Gas Systems 160
14.2.4 Patching and Plugging 161
14.2.5 Response and Communications Equipment 165
14.2.6 Equipment for Fires 166
14.2.6.1 Special Systems and Extinguishing Techniques . . 168
14.2.6.2 Water or Water Solutions 168
14.2.6.3 Air Agitation for Control of Oil Tank Fire 169
14.2.6.4 Handling Spilled Fuels and Chemicals 169
14.2.6.5 Steam Smothering Systems 170
14.2.6.6 Combined-Agent Systems 170
14.2.7 Labels and Placards 170
14.2.8 Personal Safety Equipment 171
14.2.8.1 Protective Clothing 171
14.2.8.2 Clothing Selection 171
Contents and Subject Index xi
14.2.8.3 General Eye Protection 175
14.2.8.4 Respiratory Protective Equipment 176
14.3 Emergency Warning and Evacuation Systems 179
14.3.1 Emergency Warning Systems 182
14.3.2 Emergency Evacuation 183
14.3.3 In-Place Sheltering 187
14.3.4 Additional Countermeasures for Protection of the
Public 190
14.4 Hazmat Monitoring and Ambient-Air Dispersion Modeling
Systems 192
14.4.1 Types of Detectors for Toxic Gases 193
14.4.2 Point Sensors 196
14.4.2.1 Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) 196
14.4.2.2 Amperometricand Voltametric Methods 197
14.4.2.3 Colorimetric Analyzers 200
14.4.2.4 Flame Photometric Analyzers 201
14.4.2.5 Nondispersive Absorption Spectrometers 201
14.4.2.6 Dispersive Absorption Spectrometers 203
14.4.2.7 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers 204
14.4.2.8 Mass Spectrometers 206
14.4.3 Remote Scanning Monitors 207
14.4.3.1 Differential Absorption Light Detection and
Ranging (DIAL) 208
14.4.3.2 Lidar Systems 210
14.4.4 Portable Instruments for On-Site Detection 210
14.4.4.1 Gas Detector Tubes 212
14.4.4.2 Combustible Gas Detectors 213
14.4.4.3 Portable Gas Chromatographs 214
14.5 Toxic Gas Dispersion Modeling 215
14.6 Hazards Evaluations of Processing Facilities Handling Toxic
Materials 223
14.6.1 Adherence to Good Practice 225
14.6.1.1 What-lf Hazards Analysis 225
14.6.1.2 Checklists 225
14.6.1.3 Dow and Mond Hazard Studies 226
14.6.1.4 Safety Review 226
14.6.2 Predictive Hazard Evaluation Procedures 227
14.6.2.1 Preliminary Hazards Analysis (PHA) 228
14.6.2.2 Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis. . 228
14.6.2.3 Fault-Tree Analysis 230
14.6.2.4 Event-Tree Analysis 230
14.6.2.5 Cause-Consequence Analysis 231
14.6.2.6 Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP) 231
14.6.3 Overview of Hazard Evaluation Techniques 233
14.6.4 Availability of Hazards Evaluation Services 238
14.7 Emergency Response Information and Data Bases 238
14.7.1 Hazardous Materials Properties Data Bases 240
14.7.1.1 Extremely Hazardous Substance Data Base 240
xii Contents and Subject Index
14.7.1.2 Material Safety Data Sheets 242
14.7.1.3 The MEDLARS Data Base 243
14.7.1.4 CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data 246
14.7.1.5 Association of American Railroads, Bureau of
Explosives Data Base 247
14.7.1.6 Fire Prevention Guide on Hazardous Materials . . 247
14.7.2 Historical Data on Hazmat Incidents 248
14.7.2.1 Acute Hazardous Events Data Base 248
14.7.2.2 Hazardous Materials Information System 249
14.7.2.3 National Response Center Data Base 250
14.7.2.4 Material Flow Data Base 250
14.8 Community and Facility Planning for Toxic Chemical
Emergencies 251
14.8.1 National Response Team s Hazardous Materials
Emergency Planning Guide 252
14.8.2 FEMA s Integrated Emergency Management System .... 253
14.8.3 EPA s Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program 253
14.8.4 DOT Reports and Guides 254
14.8.5 Chemical Manufacturers Association s Community
Awareness and Emergency Response Program
(CMA/CAER) 255
14.8.6 AlChE Emergency Planning Training 255
14.8.7 Consultant Organizations Offering Emergency Planning . . 256
15. NEW TECHNICAL APPROACHES 257
15.1 Prevention of Chemical Accidents 257
15.1.1 Human Factors in Accident Prevention 257
15.1.2 Prevention at Chemical Production and Storage
Facilities 259
15.1.2.1 Plant Risk Analysis 260
15.1.2.2 Isolation to Limit Quantities Released 261
15.1.2.3 Depressurizing 262
15.1.2.4 Secondary Containment Systems 262
15.1.2.5 Reduction of Toxic Material Inventories 263
15.1.2.6 Substitutes for Hazardous Materials 266
15.1.2.7 Explosion Suppression Systems 267
15.1.2.8 Machinery Vibration Programs 268
15.1.3 Improvements to Storage Systems 269
15.1.4 Prevention Through Education and Certification 271
15.1.5 Community Awareness Programs 272
15.2 Detection and Warning Systems 274
15.3 Minimizing Transportation Risks 277
15.3.1 Data and Information Needs 277
15.3.2 Containers for Hazardous Materials 278
15.3.3 Human Error Effects in Transportation Accidents 282
15.4 Large-Scale Test Facilities 284
15.5 Miscellaneous Countermeasures 285
15.5.1 Remotely Operated Response Equipment 286
Contents and Subject Index xiii
15.5.2 Advanced Computer Systems 287
15.5.3 Controlled Burning of Hazardous Substance Releases .... 288
16. METHODOLOGY FOR RANKING OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS 289
16.1 Toxicity Level 290
16.2 Fire and Explosive Hazards 291
16.3 Mobility in the Atmosphere 292
16.4 Domestic Production/Location 293
16.5 Domestic Shipments 293
16.6 Overall Rating Procedure 295
17. PROPOSED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RATING SYSTEM 296
17.1 Selection of Hazardous Materials 296
17.2 Overall Categorization of Hazardous Materials 300
17.2.1 Very High Risk Materials 301
17.2.2 High Risk Materials 301
17.2.3 Moderate Risk Materials 301
17.2.4 Lesser Risk Materials 301
17.3 Results of Material Categorization 302
18. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS FOR TECHNICAL OPTIONS 304
18.1 Characterization of Emergency Releases 304
18.2 Technical Basis for Needed Countermeasures 304
18.3 Evaluation of Available Resources 304
18.3.1 Vapor Hazard Control 305
18.3.2 Emergency Equipment 306
18.3.3 Emergency Warning and Evacuation Systems 307
18.3.4 Hazmat Monitoring and Ambient-Air Dispersion
Modeling 308
18.3.5 Hazards Evaluations of Processing Facilities 310
18.3.6 Emergency Response Information and Data Bases 311
18.3.7 Community and Facility Planning for Toxic Chemical
Emergencies 312
18.4 New Technical Approaches 313
18.4.1 Prevention of Chemical Accidents 313
18.4.2 Detection and Warning Systems 313
18.4.3 Minimizing Transportation Risks 314
18.5 Methodology for Banking of Chemical Hazards 315
19. REFERENCES 316
20. APPENDIX 327
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:20:52Z |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Holmes, J. M. Verfasser aut Countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals by J. M. Holmes and C. H. Byers Park Ridge, N. J. Noyes Data Corp. 1990 330 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pollution technology review 182 Byers, C. H. Verfasser aut Pollution technology review 182 (DE-604)BV001898897 182 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019451856&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Holmes, J. M. Byers, C. H. Countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals Pollution technology review |
| title | Countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals |
| title_auth | Countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals |
| title_exact_search | Countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals |
| title_full | Countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals by J. M. Holmes and C. H. Byers |
| title_fullStr | Countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals by J. M. Holmes and C. H. Byers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals by J. M. Holmes and C. H. Byers |
| title_short | Countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals |
| title_sort | countermeasures to airborne hazardous chemicals |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019451856&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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