An introduction to the physiology of hearing:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bingley
Emerald
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 410 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780120885213 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to the physiology of hearing |c James O. Pickles |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: An introduction to the physiology of hearing
Autor: Pickles, James O.
Jahr: 2008
Contents
Preface to the third edition xiii
From the Preface to the first edition xv
Abbreviations xvii
Reading plan xxi
1 The physics and analysis of sound 1
1.1 The nature of sound 1
1.2 The decibel scale 3
1.3 Impedance 4
1.4 The analysis of sound 5
1.5 Linearity 9
1.6 Summary 9
2 The outer and middle ears 11
2.1 The outer ear 11
2.1.1 The pressure gain of the outer ear 11
2.1.2 The outer ear as an aid to sound localization 14
2.2 The middle ear 15
2.2.1 Introduction 15
2.2.2 The middle ear as an impedance transformer 16
2.2.3 The middle ear muscles 23
2.3 Summary 24
2.4 Further reading 24
3 The cochlea 25
3.1 Anatomy 25
3.1.1 General anatomy 25
3.1.2 The organ of Corti 28
3.1.3 The innervation of the organ of Corti 33
3.2 The mechanics of the cochlea 35
3.2.1 The travelling wave 35
3.2.2 Current measurements of the travelling wave 38
3.2.3 Theories of cochlear mechanics 46
vii
viii Contents
3.3 The fluid spaces of the cochlea 52
3.3.1 The endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces 52
3.3.2 The endolymph 53
3.3.3 The perilymph 56
3.4 Hair cell responses 56
3.4.1 Hair cell responses in vitro 58
3.4.2 Inner hair cell responses in vivo 58
3.4.3 Outer hair cell responses in vivo 63
3.5 The gross evoked potentials 65
3.5.1 The cochlear microphonic 65
3.5.2 The summating potential 67
3.5.3 The gross neural potentials 68
3.6 Summary 69
3.7 Further reading 70
4 The auditory nerve 73
4.1 Anatomy 73
4.2 Physiology 75
4.2.1 Response to tones 76
4.2.2 Response to clicks 84
4.2.3 Frequency resolution as a function of intensity and
type of stimulation 86
4.2.4 Response to complex stimuli 90
4.3 Summary 100
4.4 Further reading 101
5 Mechanisms of transduction and excitation in the cochlea 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 The structure of the transducer region 104
5.2.1 Stereocilia and cuticular plate 104
5.2.2 The cross-linking of stereocilia 106
5.2.3 The mechanotransducer channels 110
5.3 The electrophysiological analysis of transduction 112
5.3.1 Cell membrane potentials 113
5.3.2 Mechanotransduction 114
5.4 The origin of sharp tuning in the cochlea 125
5.4.1 Is an active process necessary theoretically? 126
5.4.2 Models incorporating an active mechanical process 127
5.4.3 Outer hair cells: needed for low thresholds and sharp
tuning 129
5.4.4 Active mechanical processes in the cochlea: cochlear
emissions 131
5.4.5 Motility in outer hair cells 134
Contents ix
5.5 Hair cells and neural excitation 137
5.5.1 Stimulus coupling to inner and outer hair cells 137
5.5.2 Activation of auditory nerve fibres 139
5.5.3 Neurotransmitter release 141
5.6 Cochlear nonlinearity 142
5.6.1 The nonlinear growth of cochlear responses 142
5.6.2 Two-tone suppression 144
5.6.3 Combination tones 147
5.7 Summary 150
5.8 Further Reading 152
6 The subcortical nuclei 153
6.1 Considerations in studying the auditory central nervous system 153
6.2 The cochlear nuclei 155
6.2.1 Output pathways 155
6.2.2 Input pathways 155
6.2.3 The ventral binaural sound localization stream:
the bushy cells of the anteroventral and posteroventral
cochlear nucleus 157
6.2.4 Cells of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus:
contributions to both binaural localization and to
identification 159
6.2.5 The dorsal cochlear nucleus: sound identification and
localization in the vertical plane 161
6.2.6 Excitation and inhibition in the cochlear nucleus 163
6.2.7 Functions of the cochlear nucleus 167
6.3 The superior olivary complex 170
6.3.1 Innervation and overall anatomy 170
6.3.2 The ventral sound localization stream: comparing the
intensities of the stimuli at the two ears 172
6.3.3 The ventral sound localization stream: comparing the
timing of the stimuli at the two ears 177
6.3.4 Summary of role of superior olivary complex in
sound localization 181
6.4 Ascending pathways of the brainstem and the nuclei of the
lateral lemniscus 182
6.4.1 The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus 182
6.4.2 The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus 182
6.5 The inferior colliculus 183
6.5.1 General anatomy 184
6.5.2 The central nucleus 184
6.5.3 The external nucleus and dorsal cortex 192
6.6 The medial geniculate body 194
6.6.1 Overall anatomy and inputs 194
6.6.2 The ventral nucleus 195
6.6.3 The medial and dorsal nuclei 199
x Contents
6.7 Brainstem reflexes 200
6.7.1 Unlearned reflexes 200
6.7.2 Learned responses 202
6.8 Summary 203
6.9 Further reading 206
7 The auditory cortex 207
7.1 Organization 207
7.1.1 Anatomy and projections 207
7.1.2 Tonotopic organization 214
7.1.3 Organization along the frequency-band strips 216
7.2 The Responses of single neurones 219
7.2.1 Responses in the core 219
7.2.2 Responses in the belt 221
7.3 Cortical processing of sound location 222
7.3.1 Behavioural experiments 222
7.3.2 Electrophysiological responses 223
7.4 Cortical processing of complex stimuli 230
7.4.1 Behavioural experiments 230
7.4.2 Electrophysiological responses 231
7.5 Overview of function of the auditory cortex 234
7.6 Summary 235
j.j Further reading 236
8 The centrifugal pathways 239
8.1 Introduction 239
8.2 The olivocochlear bundle 240
8.2.1 Anatomy 240
8.2.2 Neurotransmitters 241
8.2.3 Physiology and function 243
8.3 Centrifugal pathways to the cochlear nuclei 252
8.3.1 Anatomy 252
8.3.2 Neurotransmitters 253
8.3.3 Physiology and function 254
8.4 Centrifugal pathways in higher centres 256
8.4.1 Anatomy 256
8.4.2 Physiology and function 257
8.5 Summary 258
8.6 Further reading 260
9 Physiological correlates of auditory psychophysics
and performance 261
9.1 Introduction 261
9.2 The absolute threshold 262
Contents xi
9.3 Frequency resolution 262
9.3.1 A review of the psychophysics of frequency resolution 262
9.3.2 Quantitative relations between psychophysics and
physiology in frequency resolution 267
9.3.3 Frequency resolution in the auditory central
nervous system 270
9.3.4 Comodulation masking release: analysis across filters 271
9.4 Frequency discrimination 271
9.4.1 Place and time coding 271
9.4.2 A psychophysical model for pitch perception and its
relation to physiology 274
9.5 Intensity and loudness 276
9.5.1 Stimulus coding as a function of intensity 276
9.5.2 Loudness 282
9.6 Sound localization and spatial hearing 285
9.6.1 Introduction 285
9.6.2 Mechanisms of sound localization 286
9.6.3 Spatial release from masking and the binaural
masking level difference 291
9.7 Speech 293
9.7.1 What is special about speech? 293
9.7.2 Auditory nerve and brainstem responses 295
9.7.3 Cortical responses to vocalizations in
non-human species 299
9.7.4 Responses to speech in the human cortex 299
9.8 Summary 305
9.9 Further reading 307
10 Sensorineural hearing loss 309
10.1 Types of hearing loss 309
10.2 Sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin: mechanisms of
pathology 310
10.2.1 Ototoxicity 310
10.2.2 Acoustic trauma 314
10.2.3 Genetic causes 316
10.2.4 Ageing 318
10.3 Sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin: functional
changes 319
10.3.1 Physiological changes 319
10.3.2 Psychophysical correlates 322
10.4 Physiological aspects of the cochlear prosthesis 326
10.4.1 Introduction 326
10.4.2 Physiological background 327
10.4.3 Results 331
xii Contents
10.5 Cellular replacement, protection and gene therapy in the
inner ear 333
10.5.1 Introduction 333
10.5.2 Production of new hair cells from supporting cells by
mitosis in the mammalian cochlea 335
10.5.3 Production of new hair cells by transdifferentiation of
supporting cells 335
10.5.4 Gene therapy 337
10.5.5 Stem cell therapy 338
10.5.6 Cell protection 338
10.6 Summary 339
10.7 Further reading 341
References 343
Index 385
|
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| title | An introduction to the physiology of hearing |
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