Advanced phase-lock techniques:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boston, MA [u.a.]
Artech House
2008
|
| Series: | Microwave engineering
Artech House microwave series |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 510 S. graph. Darst. 26 cm 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9781596931404 159693140X |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Advanced phase-lock techniques |c James A. Crawford |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston, MA [u.a.] |b Artech House |c 2008 | |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Microwave engineering | |
| 490 | 0 | |a Artech House microwave series | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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| adam_text | ADVANCED PHASE-LOCK TECHNIQUES JAMES A. CRAWFORD ARTECH HOUSE
BOSTON|LONDON ARTECHHOUSE.COM CONTENTS PREFACE XVII CHAPTER 1
PHASE-LOCKED SYSTEMS * A HIGH-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE 1 1.1 PHASE-LOCKED LOOP
BASICS 1 1.1.1 SOME PLL HISTORY 1.2 1.2 CONTINUOUS-TIME CONTROL SYSTEM
PERSPECTIVE FOR PLLS (HIGH SNR) 2 1.3 TIME-SAMPLED PLL SYSTEMS (HIGH
SNR) 8 1.4 ESTIMATION THEORETIC PERSPECTIVE (LOW SNR) FOR PLLS 14 1.4.1
PLL AS A MINIMUM MEAN-SQUARE-ERROR (MMSE) ESTIMATOR 17 1.4.2 PLL AS A
MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD (ML) ESTIMATOR 18 1.4.3 PLL AS A MAXIMUM A POSTERIORI
(MAP)-BASED ESTIMATOR 19 1.4.4 PERFORMANCE LIMITS FROM THE CRAMER-RAO
BOUND 21 1.4.5 OPTIMAL MEAN-SQUARE-ERROR TRACKING: KALMAN FILTERING 22
1.5 SUMMARY 23 REFERENCES; 25 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 26 CHAPTER 2 DESIGN
NOTES 27 2.1 SUMMARY OF CLASSIC CONTINUOUS-TIME TYPE-2 SECOND-ORDER PLL
DESIGN EQUATIONS 27 2.2 CONTINUOUS-TIME TYPE-2 FOURTH-ORDER PLLS 40 2.3
DISCRETIZED PLLS 40 2.3.1 INTEGRATION METHODS 40 2.3.2 CLOSED-FORM
DISCRETE-TIME PLL SOLUTIONS 42 2.3.3 HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIATION
FORMULAS 44 2.4 HYBRID PLLS INCORPORATING SAMPLE-AND-HOIDS 45 2.4.1
IDEAL TYPE-1 WITH ZERO-ORDER SAMPLE-AND-HOLD; 45 2.4.2 IDEAL TYPE-2 WITH
ZERO-ORDER SAMPLE-AND-HOLD 46 2.5 COMMUNICATION THEORY 47 2.5.1
GRAPHICAL BIT ERROR RATE AND SYMBOL ERROR RATE RESULTS 49 2.5.2 BPSK BIT
ERROR RATE 49 2.5.3 QPSK BIT ERROR RATE 50 2.5.4 16-QAM SYMBOL ERROR
RATE 51 2.5.5 64-QAM SYMBOL ERROR RATE 52 VN VIII ADVANCED PHASE-LOCK
TECHNIQUES 2.5.6 256-QAM SYMBOL ERROR RATE 53 2.5.7 8-PSK SYMBOL ERROR
RATE 54 2.5.8 16-PSK SYMBOL ERROR RATE ; 55 2.6 SPECTRAL RELATIONSHIPS
56 2.7 TRIGONOMETRY : 58 2.8 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 59 2.9 Z-TRANSFORMS 60
2.10 PROBABILITY AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES 62 2.11 NUMERICAL SIMULATION
64 2.11.1 DSP WINDOWS 66 2.11.2 POLYNOMIAL-BASED INTERPOLATION 67 2.11.3
RAISED-COSINE-BASED INTERPOLATION 68 2.11.4 FOURTH-ORDER RUNGE-KUTTA
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 68 2.12 CALCULUS 68 2.13 BUTTERWORTH LOWPASS
FILTERS 69 2.14 CHEBYSHEV LOWPASS FILTERS 69 2.15 CONSTANTS 70
REFERENCES 70 CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTAL LIMITS 71 3.1 PHASE MODULATION AND
BESSEL FUNCTIONS 71 3.2 HILBERT TRANSFORMS 73 3.3 CAUCHY-SCHWARZ
INEQUALITY 78 3.4 RF FILTERING EFFECTS ON FREQUENCY STABILITY 78 3.5
CHEBYSHEV INEQUALITY 81 3.6 CHERNOFF BOUND 81 3.7 CRAMER-RAO BOUND 83
3.7.1 CR BOUND FOR SINE WAVE IN AWGN 85 3.7.2 PHASE ESTIMATION FOR SINE
WAVE IN AWGN 89 3.7.3 CR BOUND FOR BIT-TIME ESTIMATION 89 3.8
EIGENFILTERS (OPTIMAL FILTERS) . . 90 3.9 FANO BROADBAND MATCHING
THEOREM 93 3.10 LEESON-SCHERER PHASE NOISE MODEL 94 3.11 THERMAL NOISE
LIMITS 94 3.12 NYQUIST SAMPLING THEOREM 95 CONTENTS 3.13 PALEY-WIENER
CRITERION 97 3.14 PARSEVAL S THEOREM 97 3.15 POISSON SUM 97 3.16
TIME-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT 98 3.16.1 GABOR LIMIT FOR DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS
98 3.16.2 TIME-FREQUENCY RESOLUTION FOR DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS 99 3.16.3
TIME-FREQUENCY RESOLUTION LIMITS FOR STOCHASTIC SIGNALS 99 3.17
MATCHED-FILTERS FOR DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS IN ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN
NOISE (AWGN) 100 3.18 WEAK LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS 101 REFERENCES 103
APPENDIX 3A: MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD FREQUENCY ESTIMATOR 104 APPENDIX 3B:
PHASE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION FOR SINE WAVE IN AWGN 105 CHAPTER 4
NOISE IN PLL-BASED SYSTEMS 109 4.1 INTRODUCTION 10? 4.2 SOURCES OF NOISE
109 4.2.1 SEMICONDUCTOR NOISE SOURCES 109 4.2.2 QUANTIZATION NOISE 116
4.2.3 OTHER SOURCES OF NOISE 118 4.3 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY CONCEPT FOR
CONTINUOUS-TIME STOCHASTIC SIGNALS 118 4.4 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY FOR
DISCRETE-TIME SAMPLED SYSTEMS 120 4.4.1 EXAMPLE RESULTS FOR TIME-SAMPLED
NOISE 121 4.4.2 DAC AND ADC QUANTIZATION NOISE 124 4.4.3 POWER SPECTRAL
DENSITIES REFINEMENTS 125 4.4.4 WINDOWING FUNCTIONS FOR POWER SPECTRAL
DENSITY ESTIMATION 125 4.4.5 STATIONARY VERSUS CYCLOSTATIONARY PROCESSES
131 4.5 PHASE NOISE FIRST PRINCIPLES 131 4.5.1 DISCRETE SPURIOUS
CONTAMINATIONS 131 4.6 RANDOM PHASE NOISE 132 4.6.1 PHASE NOISE SPECTRUM
TERMINOLOGY 135 4.6.2 TIME-DOMAIN PHASE NOISE TERMINOLOGY 138 4.6.3
MODELING PHASE NOISE PROCESSES .{ 141 4.7 NOISE IMPRESSION ON TIME AND
FREQUENCY SOURCES 142 4.7.1 NOISE EQUIPARTITION WITH AM AND PM NOISE 142
4.7.2 NOISE IN LINEAR TWO-PORT NETWORKS 142 4.7.3 NOISE IN DIVIDERS 145
4.7.4 MACROSCOPIC NOISE MODELING IN PLLS 146 REFERENCES 148 X ADVANCED
PHASE-LOCK TECHNIQUES APPENDIX 4A: REVIEW OF STOCHASTIC RANDOM PROCESSES
150 4A.1 WIDE-SENSE STATIONARITY 151 4A.2 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS
151 4A.3 CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION 154 4A.4 CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 155 4A.5 CREATION OF SAMPLE SEQUENCES EXHIBITING
AN ARBITRARY PROBABILITY DENSITY 155 4A.6 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY 156
4A.7 LINEAR FILTERING OF WSS PROCESSES 157 4A.8 EQUIVALENT NOISE
BANDWIDTH 158 REFERENCES 158 APPENDIX 4B: ACCURATE NOISE MODELING FOR
COMPUTER SIMULATIONS 158 4B.1 NOISE MODELING FOR LF PROCESSES WITH 0
A 2 159 REFERENCES 166 APPENDIX 4C: CREATING ARBITRARY NOISE SPECTRA
IN A DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT 167 REFERENCES 170 APPENDIX
4D: NOISE IN DIRECT DIGITAL SYNTHESIZERS 171 4D.1 TRADITIONAL DDS
GENERAL CONCEPTS 171 4D.2 PHASE TRUNCATION AND RELATED SPURIOUS EFFECTS
173 4D.3 DDS OUTPUT ON 173 REFERENCES 174 CHAPTER 5 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE.
175 5.1 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW 175 5.2 INTEGRATED PHASE NOISE 176
5.3 LOCAL OSCILLATORS FOR RECEIVE SYSTEMS 176 5.3.1 CLOSE-IN PHASE NOISE
EFFECTS 179 5.3.2 LARGE FREQUENCY OFFSET PHASE NOISE EFFECTS 183 5.4
LOCAL OSCILLATORS FOR TRANSMIT SYSTEMS 186 5.4.1 CLOSE-IN PHASE NOISE
EFFECTS 186 5.4.2 LARGE FREQUENCY OFFSET PHASE NOISE EFFECTS 187 5.5
LOCAL OSCILLATOR PHASE NOISE IMPACT ON DIGITAL COMMUNICATION ERROR RATE
PERFORMANCE 188 5.5.1 UNCODED BPSK BIT ERROR RATE PERFORMANCE ...;. 189
5.5.2 UNCODED QPSK BIT ERROR RATE PERFORMANCE... . 190 5.5.3 SYMBOL
ERROR RATE FOR SQUARE QAM SIGNAL CONSTELLATIONS 190 5.5.4
PHASE-MODULATED SIGNALS M-PSK 194 5.6 PHASE NOISE EFFECTS ON OFDM
SYSTEMS 197 5.6.1 CHANNEL ESTIMATION ERRORS DUE TO PHASE NOISE 201 5.7
PHASE NOISE EFFECTS ON SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEMS 205 CONTENTS XI 5.8 PHASE
NOISE IMPACT FOR MORE ADVANCED MODULATION WAVEFORMS 205 5.8.1 EUCLIDEAN
DISTANCE MEASURES 205 5.8.2 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION CODING BENEFITS 207
5.9 CLOCK NOISE IMPACT ON DAC PERFORMANCE 207 5.10 CLOCK NOISE IMPACT ON
ADC PERFORMANCE 209 5.10.1 ADC EXAMPLE WITH RECTANGULAR INTERFERING
SPECTRUM 210 REFERENCES 212 APPENDIX 5A: IMAGE SUPPRESSION AND ERROR
VECTOR MAGNITUDE 212 APPENDIX 5B: CHANNEL CAPACITY AND CUTOFF RATE 214
5B.1 CHANNEL CAPACITY 215 REFERENCES.. 222 CHAPTER 6 FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS FOR CONTINUOUS-TIME SYSTEMS 223 6.1 CONTINUOUS VERSUS DISCRETE
TIME 223 6.2 BASIC CONTINUOUS-TIME PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS 223 6.3 ADDITIONAL
RESULTS FOR THE IDEAL TYPE-2 PLL 228 6.3.1 NATURAL FREQUENCY CO N 228
6.3.2 DAMPING FACTOR 232 6.4 LOOP FILTERS 233 6.4.1 SINGLE-ENDED VERSUS
DIFFERENTIAL 234 6.5 MORE COMPLICATED LOOP FILTERS 235 6.5.1 ONE
ADDITIONAL REAL POLE IN LOOP FILTER 235 6.5.2 ADDITIONAL RC LOWPASS
FILTER SECTION 240 6.5.3 CASCADING TWO RC LOWPASS SECTIONS 243
6.6TYPE-3PLL 244 6.6.1 CLOSE EQUIVALENCE FOR THE TYPE-3 PLL WITH THE
IDEAL TYPE-2 PLL 246 6.7 HAGGAI CONSTANT PHASE MARGIN LOOP (9 DB PER
OCTAVE) 251 6.8 PSEUDO-CONTINUOUS PHASE DETECTOR MODELS 259 6.8.1
TRI-STATE VOLTAGE-BASED CHARGE-PUMP 259 6.8.2 TRI-STATE CHARGE-PUMP
DETECTOR*CURRENT-BASED 263 6.8.3 ZERO-ORDER SAMPLE-AND-HOLD 266 6.8.4
DIGITAL FEEDBACK DIVIDERS 268 6.8.5 MODELING TIME DELAYS IN CONTINUOUS
SYSTEMS 270 6.9 STABILITY ANALYSIS 272 6.9.1 NYQUIST STABILITY
CRITERION 272 6.9.2 MEASURES OF SYSTEM STABILITY: GAIN AND PHASE MARGINS
273 6.10 TRANSIENT RESPONSE EVALUATION FOR CONTINUOUS-TIME SYSTEMS 274
6.10.1 EXACT METHOD*PARTIAL FRACTIONS 275 6.10.2 EXACT METHOD*SYSTEM OF
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 276 6.10.3 EXACT METHOD*STATE-TRANSITION MATRIX
METHOD 278 ADVANCED PHASE-LOCK TECHNIQUES 6.10.4 EXACT METHOD*CORRINGTON
279 6.10.5 APPROXIMATE METHOD*INTEGRATION FORMULA SUBSTITUTION 281,
6.10.6 APPROXIMATE METHOD*LINE INTEGRATION 281 6.10.7 APPROXIMATE
METHOD*FFT 281 6.10.8 APPROXIMATE METHOD*POISSON SUM 282 6.10.9
APPROXIMATE METHOD*COMPANION MODELS 282 REFERENCES 283 APPENDIX 6A:
SIMPLIFICATION OF LINEAR SYSTEMS 284 REFERENCES 286 APPENDIX 6B:
BANDWIDTH CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONTINUOUS-TIME MODELING OF TIME- SAMPLED
SYSTEMS 287 6B.1 APPEARANCE OF EXP(-S7;/2) FACTOR 290 6B.2 POLE-ZERO
EXCESS AND THE POISSON SUM FORMULA 290 REFERENCE 290 APPENDIX 6C:
CHRISTIAAN HUYGENS AND PHASE-LOCKED PENDULUM CLOCKS 293 APPENDIX 6D:
ADMITTANCE MATRIX METHODS FOR ANALYZING COMPLEX LOOP FILTERS ....293
CHAPTER 7 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS FOR SAMPLED-DATA CONTROL SYSTEMS 295 7.1
SAMPLED SIGNAL BASICS 295 7.2 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONTINUOUS-TIME AND
DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL REPRESENTATIONS 296 7.2.1 ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS FOR
SAMPLED SIGNALS 297 7.3 SAMPLED-TIME PLL 300 7.4 STABILITY ASSESSMENT
FOR SAMPLED SYSTEMS 303 7.5 TIME-DOMAIN RESPONSE 304 7.6 CLOSED-FORM
RESULTS FOR SAMPLED PLLS 305 7.6.1 IDEAL TYPE-1 WITH SAMPLE-HOLD . 305
7.6.2 IDEAL TYPE-2 PLL WITH SAMPLE-HOLD 309 7.6.3 TYPE-2 THIRD-ORDER
WITH CHARGE-PUMP PHASE DETECTOR 313 7.6.4 TYPE-2 FOURTH-ORDER WITH
CHARGE-PUMP PHASE DETECTOR 317 7.7 PSEUDO-CONTINUOUS VERSUS SAMPLED
SYSTEM ANALYSIS 319 7.8 NOISE IN SAMPLED SYSTEMS { 320 7.8.1
REFERENCE-REFERRED NOISE 321 7.8.2 VCO-REFERRED NOISE 324 REFERENCES 325
APPENDIX 7A: ADDITIONAL CLOSED-FORM RESULTS FOR SAMPLED PLLS 326
CONTENTS XIII CHAPTER 8 FRACTIONAL-N FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS 327 8.1 A
BRIEF HISTORY OF FRACTIONAL-N SYNTHESIS 327 8.2 ANALOG-BASED
FRACTIONAL-N SYNTHESIS 333 8.3 A-E MODULATOR FUNDAMENTALS 333 8.3.1
QUANTIZATION 336 8.3.2 OVERSAMPLING RATE..... 337 8.3.3 NOISE SHAPING
337 8.3.4 SIGNAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 341 8.3.5 A-S MODULATOR STABILITY 342
8.3.6 PHASE ERROR PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS 344 8.4 A-E FREQUENCY
SYNTHESIS ARCHITECTURES 346 8.4.1 SINGLE-STAGE A-E MODULATOR
ARCHITECTURES 346 8.4.2 MULTI-STAGE MODULATOR ARCHITECTURES 355 8.5
SINGLE-BIT VERSUS MULTIPLE-BIT OUTPUT A-E MODULATORS 359 8.6 COMBATING
DISCRETE SPURIOUS TONES .363 8.6.1 SPUR REDUCTION USING DITHERING 364
8.6.2 SPUR REDUCTION USING CHAOS 364 8.6.3 IRRATIONAL INITIAL CONDITION
365 8.6.4 LIMIT-CYCLES *. 365 8.7 A-E FRACTIONAL-N CAVEATS TO AVOID 369
8.7.1 LOAD PULLING AND PUSHING ON VCO 369 8.7.2 TIME DELAY VARIATIONS
369 8.7.3 CHARGE-PUMP NONLINEARITIES 370 8.7.4 LOOP FILTER REQUIREMENTS
376 8.8 FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS 377 REFERENCES 377 CHAPTER 9 OSCILLATORS 1
381 9.1 LINEAR OSCILLATOR THEORY 381 9.1.1 CONTROL SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE
381 9.1.2 NEGATIVE-RESISTANCE OSCILLATOR 383 9.2 OSCILLATOR
CONFIGURATIONS 389 9.2.1 RC OSCILLATORS { 389 9.2.2 RING OSCILLATORS 394
9.2.3 BRIDGE OSCILLATORS 395 9.2.4 LC OSCILLATORS 403 9.2.5 OSCILLATOR
SUMMARY 406 9.2.6 OSCILLATOR ALC 408 9.2.7 BEST OSCILLATOR DESIGN
PRACTICES 410 9.3 OSCILLATOR USAGE IN PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS 416 XIV
ADVANCED PHASE-LOCK TECHNIQUES 9.3.1 VCO COARSE-TUNING METHODS 416 9.3.2
VCO FINE-TUNING METHODS 417 9.3.3 VCO GAIN COMPENSATION 421 9.4
OSCILLATOR IMPAIRMENTS 423 9.4.1 LOAD-PULLING 423 9.4.2
INJECTION-LOCKING 425 9.4.3 OSCILLATOR-PUSHING 426 9.4.4 POST-TUNING
DRIFT 426 9.5 CLASSICAL PHASE NOISE MODELS 429 9.5.1 LEESON S MODEL 429
9.5.2 HAGGAI PHASE NOISE MODEL 430 9.5.3 RING OSCILLATOR PHASE NOISE
MODEL 433 9.6 NONLINEAR OSCILLATORS AND NOISE 439 REFERENCES 440
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 442 CHAPTER 10 CLOCK AND DATA RECOVERY 443 10.1
CLOCK AND DATA RECOVERY BASICS 443 10.2 SIGNALING WAVEFORMS 444 10.3
INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE 447 10.3.1 ZERO INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE 448
10.4 BIT ERROR RATE 451 10.5 OPTIMAL TIMING RECOVERY METHODS 455 10.5.1
CRAMER-RAO BOUND LIMITS 455 10.5.2 ESTIMATION THEORY-BASED TIMING-ERROR
METRICS 455 10.5.3 HARDWARE-BASED TIMING-ERROR METRICS 471 10.6 BIT
ERROR RATE INCLUDING TIME RECOVERY 476 10.6.1 CLOCK RECOVERY USING
FIRST-ORDER MARKOV MODELING 477 10.6.2 COMPUTING
TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES FOR CDR APPLICATIONS 482 10.6.3 MEAN-TIME TO
FIRST-SLIP .....486 10.6.4 APPLYING FIRST-ORDER MARKOV MODELING TO REAL
PLLS 488 1,0.6.5 CONVENTIONAL APPROACH TO TIMING-RECOVERY ANALYSIS 490
10.6.6 CONNECTING PHASE TRACKING PERFORMANCE WITH CDR BER PERFORMANCE
491 10.7 FINAL THOUGHTS ., 491 REFERENCES 492 APPENDIX 10A: BER
CALCULATION USING THE GIL-PELAEZ THEOREM 493 REFERENCES 494 ACRONYMS AND
ABBREVIATIONS 495 LIST OF SYMBOLS 499 ABOUT THE AUTHOR INDEX CONTENTS XV
, 501 503
|
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| id | DE-604.BV024621615 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:03:13Z |
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| isbn | 9781596931404 159693140X |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Crawford, James A. Verfasser aut Advanced phase-lock techniques James A. Crawford Boston, MA [u.a.] Artech House 2008 XVIII, 510 S. graph. Darst. 26 cm 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Microwave engineering Artech House microwave series Includes bibliographical references and index HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018593565&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Crawford, James A. Advanced phase-lock techniques |
| title | Advanced phase-lock techniques |
| title_auth | Advanced phase-lock techniques |
| title_exact_search | Advanced phase-lock techniques |
| title_full | Advanced phase-lock techniques James A. Crawford |
| title_fullStr | Advanced phase-lock techniques James A. Crawford |
| title_full_unstemmed | Advanced phase-lock techniques James A. Crawford |
| title_short | Advanced phase-lock techniques |
| title_sort | advanced phase lock techniques |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018593565&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT crawfordjamesa advancedphaselocktechniques |