Cell- and molecular biology:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Undetermined |
| Published: |
Philadelphia, Pa.
Saunders Colleg Publ.
1980
|
| Edition: | 7. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXVIII, 673 S. Ill. |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a De Robertis, Eduardo D. P. |d 1913-1988 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)158255364 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Cell- and molecular biology |c E. D. P. and E. M. F. De Robertis |
| 250 | |a 7. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Philadelphia, Pa. |b Saunders Colleg Publ. |c 1980 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 673 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Molekularbiologie |0 (DE-588)4039983-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Cytologie |0 (DE-588)4070177-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Robertis, Eduardo M. de |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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| _version_ | 1804140591387246592 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PARTI INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOLOGY-METHODS OF STUDY CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY 3
1-1 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN BIOLOGY 3
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION AND INSTRUMENTAL RESOLVING POWER 5 SUMMARY:
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 7
1-2 HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY 7
THE CELL THEORY : 8
CYTOGENETICS - CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS 8
CELL PHYSIOLOGY 9
CYTOCHEMISTRY - CHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CELLULAR ANALYSIS 9
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 10
SUMMARY: MODERN CELL BIOLOGY 11
1-3 LITERARY SOURCES IN CELL BIOLOGY 11
CHAPTER 2 PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS-GENERAL STRUCTURE 13
2-1 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS 13
ESCHERICHIA COLI (E. COLI)- THE MOST STUDIED PROKARYOTE 13 SMALLEST
LIVING MASS -DNA, RNAS, AND A PLASMA MEMBRANE 16 2-2 GENERAL STRUCTURE
OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS 16
CELL SIZE - GENERALLY MICROSCOPIC 16
CELL SHAPE-SPECIFIC FOR EACH CELL TYPE 16
LIVING CELL-ONLY SOME STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS VISIBLE 17 FIXED CELL
-COMPLEX STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION 18
SUMMARY: PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS 20
2-3 THE NUCLEUS, CHROMOSOMES, AND THE CELL CYCLE - GENERAL CONCEPTS 21
2-4 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS -ESSENTIALS 22
MITOSIS -MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMAL CONTINUITY AND DIPLOID NUMBER 24
MEIOSIS - REDUCTION OF CHROMOSOMAL NUMBER TO HAPLOID SET 26 SUMMARY:
ESSENTIALS ABOUT NUCLEUS AND CHROMOSOMES 26
CHAPTER 3 INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES 28
3-1 VARIOUS TYPES OF LIGHT MICROSCOPY 28
PHASE MICROSCOPY -DETECTS SMALL DIFFERENCES IN REFRACTIVE INDEX 29
INTERFERENCE AND NOMARSKI MISCROSCOPY - DETECT CONTINUOUS CHANGES IN
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF CELL STRUCTURES 31
XI
IMAGE 2
L/UIN I CL I O
DARKFIELD MICROSCOPY -BASED ON LIGHT SCATTERING AT
CELL BOUNDARIES 31
POLARIZATION MICROSCOPY-DETECTS ANISOTROPHY WITH POLARIZED LIGHT 32
3-2 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (EM) 34
THIN SPECIMENS - ESSENTIAL FOR EM STUDY 35
FREEZE FRACTURING - MEMBRANES SPLIT ON CLEAVAGE PLANES 35 PREPARATION OF
THIN SECTIONS - EPOXY RESINS AND ULTRAMICROTOMES 35
SHADOW CASTING OR NEGATIVE STAINING - INCREASED CONTRAST 36 TRACERS -
OPAQUE MACROMOLECULES USED 37
HIGH VOLTAGE EM - ALLOWS STUDY OF THICKER SPECIMENS 38 SCANNING EM -
SURFACE VIEW OF CELL STRUCTURES 38
3-3 X-RAY DIFFRACTION 39
SUMMARY: MICROSCOPY 42
CHAPTER 4
CYTOLOGIC AND CYTOCHEMICAL METHODS 45
4-1 CELL CULTURE AND MICROSURGERY 45
4-2 FIXATION 46
OSMIUM TETROXIDE AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 47
FREEZE-DRYING AND FREEZE-SUBSTITUTION 48
MICROTOMES AND EMBEDDING 48
4-3 CHEMICAL BASIS OF STAINING 49
METACHROMASIA - A CHANGE IN ORIGINAL DYE COLOR 50
SUMMARY: OBSERVATION OF LIVING AND FIXED CELLS 51
4-4 CYTOCHEMISTRY 51
CELL FRACTIONATION -SEPARATION OF SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS 53 DIFFERENTIAL
OR GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION - SEPARATION OF CELL PARTICLES AND
MACROMOLECULES 53
MICRO- AND ULTRAMICROMETHODS -DETECTION OF MINUTE QUANTITIES 54
4-5 CYTOCHEMICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING METHODS 55
SCHIFF S REAGENT - DETECTION OF ALDEHYDES 55
LIPIDS -DETECTION BY LIPID-SOLUBLE STAINS 57
ENZYMES - DETECTION BY INCUBATION WITH SUBSTRATES 57
4-6 CYTOCHEMICAL METHODS USING PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES 59
CYTOPHOTOMETRIC METHODS 59
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY-AUTOFLUORESCENCE AND FLUOROCHROME DYES 60
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY-DETECTION OF ANTIGENS WITH LABELED ANTIBODIES 61
RADIOAUTOGRAPHY - INTERACTION OF RADIOISOTOPES WITH PHOTOGRAPHIC
EMULSIONS 62
SUMMARY: CYTOCHEMISTRY 63
PART 2
MOLECULAR COMPONENTS AND METABOLISM OF THE CELL
CHAPTER 5 BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE CELL 69
5-1 CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF THE CELL 69
WATER IS THE MOST ABUNDANT CELL COMPONENT 70
SALTS AND IONS ARE ESSENTIAL 70
MACROMOLECULES - POLYMERS OF REPEATING MONOMERS 70
5-2 PROTEINS 71
PROTEINS ARE CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS LINKED BY PEPTIDE BONDS 71
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS
PRIMARY STRUCTURE - AMINO ACID SEQUENCE 72
SECONDARY STRUCTURE - A-HELIX OR PLEATED SHEET CONFORMATION 72
TERTIARY STRUCTURE - THREE-DIMENSIONAL FOLDING 73
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE - PROTEIN SUBUNITS 74
WEAK INTERACTIONS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR PROTEIN STRUCTURE 75
ELECTRIC CHARGES OF PROTEINS AND THE ISOELECTRIC POINT 76
SEPARATION OF CELL PROTEINS - ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING AND SDS
ELECTROPHORESIS 76
5-3 CARBOHYDRATES 78
COMPLEX POLYSACCHARIDES 78
GLYCOPROTEINS - TWO-STEP CARBOHYDRATE ADDITION 78
5-4 LIPIDS 80
TRIGLYCERIDES - THREE FATTY ACIDS BOUND TO GLYCEROL 80
COMPOUND LIPIDS -PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES 80 SUMMARY:
MOLECULAR COMPONENTS OF THE CELL 82
5-5 NUCLEIC ACIDS 83
NUCLEIC ACIDS - A PENTOSE, PHOSPHATE, AND FOUR BASES 84
REGULARITIES IN DNA BASE COMPOSITION - A = T AND G = C 86 DNA IS A
DOUBLE HELIX 86
DENATURATION AND ANNEALING OF DNA 88
CIRCULAR DNA -SUPERCOILED CONFORMATION 89
RNA STRUCTURE -RIBOSE AND URACIL INSTEAD OF DEOXYRIBOSE AND THYMINE 90
THE SIMPLEST INFECTIOUS AGENT - A CIRCULAR RNA CHAIN 91 SUMMARY: NUCLEIC
ACIDS 93
CHAPTER 6
ENZYMES, BIOENERGETICS, AND CELL RESPIRATION 95
6-1 ENZYMES 95
ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS 95
ENZYMES ARE HIGHLY SPECIFIC 96
SOME ENZYMES REQUIRE COFACTORS 96
SUBSTRATES BIND TO THE ACTIVE SITE 97
ENZYME KINETICS - KM AND VMAX DEFINE ENZYME BEHAVIOR 97 ENZYME
INHIBITORS CAN BE VERY SPECIFIC 99
ISOENZYMES - MULTIPLE MOLECULAR FORMS 100
THE CELL IS NOT SIMPLY A BAG FULL OF ENZYMES 100
ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES HAVE MULTIPLE INTERACTING SUBUNITS 100 6-2 METABOLIC
REGULATION 101
ENZYMES ARE REGULATED AT THE CATALYTIC AND THE GENETIC LEVELS 101 ENZYME
INTERCONVERSIONS ALSO REGULATE METABOLISM 102 CYCLIC AMP -THE SECOND
MESSENGER IN HORMONE ACTION 102 SUMMARY: ENZYMES IN THE CELL 105
6-3 BIOENERGETICS 106
ENTROPY IS RELATED TO THE DEGREE OF MOLECULAR DISORDER 106
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS ESSENTIAL IN THE BIOLOGICAL ENERGY CYCLE 107 CELLS
UTILIZE CHEMICAL ENERGY 107
ATP HAS HIGH ENERGY BONDS 108
6-4 CELL RESPIRATION 109
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS YIELDS ONLY 2 ATPS PER GLUCOSE MOLECULE 109
AEROBIC RESPIRATION PRODUCES 36 ATPS PER GLUCOSE MOLECULE 110 THE KREBS
CYCLE-THE COMMON FINAL PATHWAY IN THE DEGRADATION OF FUEL MOLECULES 110
THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN -STEPWISE RELEASE OF ENERGY BY ELECTRON PAIRS I LL
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION - THE ENERGY RELEASED BY ELECTRON PAIRS
PRODUCES ATP 112
SUMMARY: BIOENERGETICS AND CELL RESPIRATION 112
IMAGE 4
CONTENTS
PART 3
SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND THE CELL SURFACE
CHAPTER 7 SUPRAMOLECULAR ORGANIZATION AND THE ORIGIN OF CELLS 117
7-1 THE SHAPE OF PROTEIN MOLECULES 118
7-2 THE ASSEMBLY OF MACROMOLECULES 118
ASSEMBLY OF VIRUSES - NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS 119
COLLAGEN FIBERS - SUPRAMOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES OF TROPOCOLLAGEN 120
FIBRINOGEN AND THROMBIN IN BLOOD CLOTTING 120
GLYCOGEN PARTICLES - THREE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 122
7-3 ELEMENTARY MEMBRANOUS STRUCTURES 123
LIPIDS TEND TO FORM MONOLAYER FILMS 123
ARTIFICIAL LIPID BILAYERS - IMPORTANT MODEL SYSTEMS 123 BULK
PHOSPHOLIPID-WATER SYSTEMS FORM HEXAGONAL AND LAMELLAR STRUCTURES 124
LIPOSOMES AND PHOSPHOLIPID VESICLES -POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY
AND MEDICINE 126
SUMMARY: SUPRAMOLECULAR ORGANIZATION 126
7-4 THE ORIGIN OF CELLS 127
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION PRODUCED CARBON-CONTAINING MOLECULES 127 MECHANISMS
OF ASSEMBLY WERE AT WORK TO FORM PRIMITIVE PROTEINOIDS 128
PROKARYOTIC CELLS PRECEDED THE EUKARYOTIC CELLS 129
SUMMARY: THE ORIGIN OF CELLS 129
CHAPTER 8 THE CELL MEMBRANE AND PERMEABILITY; INTERCELLULAR INTERACTIONS
131
8-1 MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE 132
THE CELL MEMBRANE -COMPOSED OF PROTEINS, LIPIDS, AND CARBOHYDRATES...
132
LIPIDS ARE ASYMMETRICALLY DISTRIBUTED WITHIN THE BILAYER 133
CARBOHYDRATES-IN THE FORM OF GLYCOLIPIDS AND GLYCOPROTEINS 134 MEMBRANE
PROTEINS - PERIPHERAL OR INTEGRAL 135
POLYPEPTIDES OF THE RED CELL MEMBRANE 135
EVERY PROTEIN OF THE CELL MEMBRANE IS DISTRIBUTED ASYMMETRICALLY 135
MAJOR POLYPEPTIDES OF THE RED CELL MEMBRANE ARE WELL CHARACTERIZED 137
ASYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ENZYMES 138
SUMMARY: MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE 139 8-2 MOLECULAR
MODELS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE 139
THE UNIT MEMBRANE MODEL -RE-EVALUATION OF THE EM IMAGE 140 THE FLUID
MOSAIC MODEL IS NOW GENERALLY ACCEPTED 140 MEMBRANE FLUIDITY - STUDIED
WITH PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES 142
MEMBRANE FLUIDITY AND COUPLING OF RECEPTORS TO ADENYLATE CYCLASE 143
THE MYELIN SHEATH AND THE PHOTORECEPTORS - SPECIAL MULTI-LAYERED
MEMBRANES 144
SUMMARY: MEMBRANE MOLECULAR MODELS 147
8-3 CELL PERMEABILITY 148
DIFFERENT IONIC CONCENTRATIONS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE CREATE ELECTRICAL
POTENTIALS 148
PASSIVE PERMEABILITY - DEPENDENT ON THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT AND THE
PARTITION COEFFICIENT 149
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS
PASSIVE IONIC DIFFUSION -DEPENDENT ON CONCENTRATION AND ELECTRICAL
GRADIENTS 150
ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF IONS USES ENERGY 151
A SODIUM PUMP IS POSTULATED IN THE ACTIVE EFFLUX OF NA + 151
IONIC TRANSPORT THROUGH CHARGED PORES IN THE MEMBRANE 153 ANION
TRANSPORT IN ERYTHROCYTES INVOLVES THE SPECIAL BAND-3 POLYPEPTIDE 153
THE VECTORIAL FUNCTION OF NA + K + ATPASE-THE CARRIER HYPOTHESIS 154
VARIOUS SUBSTANCES ARE TRANSPORTED BY A CARRIER MECHANISM 155
SELECTIVITY OF TRANSPORT-DEPENDENT ON PERMEASE SYSTEMS 156 PENETRATION
BY LARGE MOLECULES -VARIOUS MECHANISMS 156 SUMMARY: CELL PERMEABILITY
157
-4 DIFFERENTIATIONS AT THE CELL SURFACE AND INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS
158
MICROVILLI -A GREATLY INCREASED CELL MEMBRANE SURFACE AREA 158
DESMOSOMES AND INTERMEDIARY AND TIGHT JUNCTIONS - INTERCELLULAR
ATTACHMENTS 158
GAP JUNCTIONS (NEXUS) AND INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS 161 ELECTRICAL
COUPLING BETWEEN CELLS DEPENDS ON GAP JUNCTIONS 161 GAP JUNCTIONS -
CHANNELS PERMEABLE TO IONS AND SMALL MOLECULES... 163
COUPLING BETWEEN CELLS ENABLES METABOLIC COOPERATION 165 ALTERED
COUPLING IN CANCER CELLS 165
SUMMARY: DIFFERENTIATIONS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE AND INTERCELLULAR
COMMUNICATIONS 166
-5 COATS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE AND CELL RECOGNITION 166
NUMEROUS FUNCTIONS ARE ATTRIBUTED TO THE CELL COAT 168
CELL-CELL RECOGNITION - SPECIFIC CELL ADHESION AND CONTACT INHIBITION
168
CANCER CELLS -MANY CHANGES IN THE CELL SURFACE PROPERTIES 169
TRANSFORMATION OF CELLS - PRODUCED BY CERTAIN VIRUSES 173 SUMMARY: CELL
COATS AND CELL RECOGNITION 173
PART 4
THE CYTOPLASM AND CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
CHAPTER 9
THE CYTOSKELETON AND CELL MOTILITY: MICROTUBULES AND MICROFILAMENTS 179
9-1 THE CYTOSOL AND THE CYTOSKELETON 179
THE CYTOSKELETAL FABRIC-MICROTUBULES AND MICROFILAMENTS 181 SUMMARY: THE
CYTOSKELETON 183
9-2 MICROTUBULES 183
TUBULIN-THE MAIN PROTEIN OF MICROTUBULES 183
MICROTUBULES - ASSEMBLED FROM TUBULIN DIMERS 185
DETECTION OF MICROTUBULES IN CULTURE CELLS BY ANTI-TUBULIN ANTIBODIES
185
FUNCTIONS OF CYTOPLASMIC MICROTUBULES 186
SUMMARY: PROPERTIES OF MICROTUBULES 187
9-3 MICROTUBULAR ORGANELLES: CILIA, FLAGELLA, AND CENTRIOLES 187 CILIARY
AND FLAGELLAR MOTIONS -PRESENT IN CELLS AND IN TISSUES 188 THE CILIARY
APPARATUS-THE CILIUM, BASAL BODIES, AND CILIARY ROOTLETS 188
THE AXONEME CONTAINS MICROTUBULAR DOUBLETS 188
BASAL BODIES (KINETOSOMES) AND CENTRIOLES CONTAIN MICROTUBULAR TRIPLETS
190
CILIARY MOVEMENT-A SLIDING OF MICROTUBULAR DOUBLETS THAT INVOLVES DYNEIN
191
IMAGE 6
CONTENTS
KARTAGENER S SYNDROME-A MUTATION INVOLVES A LACK OF DYNEIN 192
PHOTORECEPTORS ARE DERIVED FROM CILIA 193
CILIA AND FLAGELLA ORIGINATE FROM BASAL BODIES 193
SUMMARY: STRUCTURE, MOTION, AND ORIGINS OF CILIA AND FLAGELLA 196 9-4
MICROFILAMENTS 197
MICROTRABECULAR LATTICE IN CYTOSOL-REVEALED BY HIGH-VOLTAGE EM 197
CYTOCHALASIN B IMPAIRS SEVERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITIES INVOLVING
MICROFILAMENTS 197
ACTIN, MYOSIN, AND OTHER CONTRACTILE PROTEINS PRESENT IN NON-MUSCLE
CELLS 198
CONTRACTILE AND REGULATORY PROTEINS - DETECTED BY SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES;
STRESS FIBERS 199
TWO RECOGNIZABLE TYPES OF MICROFILAMENTS 199
MICROFILAMENTS - INVOLVED IN ALL MOTILITY IN NON-MUSCLE CELLS 200
CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING (CYCLOSIS) - OBSERVED IN LARGE PLANT CELLS... 200
AMEBOID MOTION -CHARACTERISTIC OF AMEBAE AND MANY FREE CELLS... 201
SUMMARY: MICROFILAMENTS, CYCLOSIS, AND AMEBOID MOTION 203
CHAPTER 10 THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND CELL SECRETION I 206
10-1 GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM 208
THE ROUGH ER-RIBOSOMES AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 209
RIBOSOMAL BINDING TO THE ER-60S SUBUNIT AND RIBOPHORINS INVOLVED 210
THE SMOOTH ER LACKS RIBOSOMES 210
SUMMARY: ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 213
10-2 MICROSOMES-BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES 213
MICROSOMAL MEMBRANES -A COMPLEX LIPID AND PROTEIN COMPOSITION 214
TWO MICROSOMAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEMS -FLAVOPROTEINS AND CYTOCHROMES
B AND P-450 INVOLVED 216
MICROSOMAL ENZYMES -GLYCOSIDATION AND HYDROXYLATION OF AMINO ACIDS 217
MICROSOMAL ENZYMES - ASYMMETRY ACROSS THE MEMBRANE 217 SUMMARY:
MICROSOMES 217
10-3 FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 218
MEMBRANE BIOGENESIS INVOLVES A MULTI-STEP MECHANISM 218 ER-MEMBRANE
FLUIDITY AND FLOW THROUGH THE CYTOPLASM 219 IONS AND SMALL MOLECULES
-TRANSPORT ACROSS ER MEMBRANES 219 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SMOOTH
ER-DETOXIFICATION, LIPID
SYNTHESIS, AND GLYCOGENOLYSIS 219
SUMMARY: FUNCTIONS OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 220
10-4 THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND SYNTHESIS OF EXPORTABLE PROTEINS 221
SPECIAL INITIAL CODONS FOR SIGNAL PEPTIDES -IN MRNA IN ER-BOUND
POLYSOMES 221
THE HYDROPHOBIC SIGNAL PEPTIDE IS REMOVED BY A SIGNAL PEPTIDASE 221
MEMBRANE PROTEINS ARE MADE AND ASSEMBLED IN DIFFERENT COMPARTMENTS 222
SUMMARY: SYNTHESIS OF EXPORTABLE PROTEINS -THE SIGNAL HYPOTHESIS 223
CHAPTER 11 GOLGI COMPLEX AND CELL SECRETION II 226
11-1 MORPHOLOGY OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX (DICTYOSOMES) 226
DICTYOSOMES -A FORMING FACE, AND A MATURING FACE NEAR THEGERL 227
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS
POLARIZATION OF DICTYOSOMES AND MEMBRANE DIFFERENTIATION 228 SUMMARY:
MORPHOLOGY OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX 232
11-2 CYTOCHEMISTRY OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX 232
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX-INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN THOSE OF
THE ER AND THE PLASMA MEMBRANE 233 GLYCOSYL TRANSFERASES ARE
CONCENTRATED IN THE GOLGI 233
SUMMARY: CYTOCHEMISTRY OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX 234
11-3 FUNCTIONS OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX 235
SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS AND GLYCOPROTEINS -A MAJOR ROLE OF THE
GOLGI 235
CANCER CELLS - CHANGES IN GLYCOSIDATION OF LIPIDS AND PROTEINS 236
SECRETION-THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX 236 THE SECRETORY CYCLE
-CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS 236 THE SECRETORY PROCESS IN THE PANCREAS
-SIX CONSECUTIVE STEPS 239 THE GERL REGION AND LYSOSOME FORMATION 244
INSULIN BIOSYNTHESIS -A GOOD EXAMPLE OF THE MOLECULAR PROCESSING OF
SECRETION 245
SUMMARY; FUNCTIONS OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX 245
CHAPTER 12 MITOCHONDRIA AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 249
12-1 MORPHOLOGY OF MITOCHONDRIA 250
SUMMARY: MITOCHONDRIAL MORPHOLOGY 252
12-2 MITOCHONDRIAL STRUCTURE 252
THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX CONTAINS RIBOSOMES AND A CIRCULAR DNA 253
F] PARTICLES -ON THE M SIDE OF THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE 253
MITOCHONDRIAL STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS IN DIFFERENT CELL TYPES 256
MITOCHONDRIAL SENSITIVITY TO CELL INJURY AND RESULTANT DEGENERATION 259
SUMMARY: STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA 259
12-3 ISOLATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES 259
OUTER AND INNER MEMBRANES - STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL DIFFERENCES 261
MITOCHONDRIAL ENZYMES ARE HIGHLY COMPARTMENTALIZED 261 THE INNER
MEMBRANE-REGIONAL STRUCTURAL AND ENZYMATIC DIFFERENCES 263
SUMMARY: ISOLATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES 263
12-4 MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIA 263
ELECTRONS FLOW ALONG A CYTOCHROME CHAIN HAVING A GRADIENT OF REDOX
POTENTIAL 264
THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN - FOUR MOLECULAR COMPLEXES 265 ELECTRON
TRANSPORT-COUPLED TO THE PHOSPHORYLATION AT THREE POINTS 267
MITOCHONDRIAL ATPASE -A STRUCTURALLY COMPLEX PROTON PUMP 268 TOPOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN AND THE PHOSPHORYLATION SYSTEM 268
THE CHEMIOSMOTIC HYPOTHESIS -AN ELECTROCHEMICAL LINK BETWEEN RESPIRATION
AND PHOSPHORYLATION 269
THE CHEMICAL-CONFORMATIONAL HYPOTHESIS INVOLVES SHORT-RANGE INTERACTIONS
270
SUMMARY: MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION 270
12-5 PERMEABILITY OF MITOCHONDRIA 271
ADP, ATP, AND PI-TRANSPORT BY SPECIFIC CARRIERS 272
MITOCHONDRIAL CONFORMATION-CHANGES WITH STAGES OF OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION 272
MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING AND CONTRACTION -AGENT-INDUCED 272 MITOCHONDRIAL
ACCUMULATION OF CA 2+ AND PHOSPHATE 274
SUMMARY: MITOCHONDRIAL PERMEABILITY 275
IMAGE 8
CONTENTS
DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WALLS AND PLANT CELL
DIFFERENTIATION 302
CELL WALL COMPONENTS -SYNTHESIS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GOLGI OR THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE 302
PLASMODESMATA ESTABLISH COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ADJACENT CELLS 302
SUMMARY: THE PLANT CELL WALL 305
14-2 PLANT CELL CYTOPLASM 305
THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM OF PLANTS - FORMATION OF PROTEIN BODIES,
GLYOXYSOMES, AND VACUOLES 305
DEVELOPMENT-CELL DIVISION, CELL EXPANSION, AND A DRYING PHASE... 305
SEED GERMINATION INVOLVES SYNTHESIS OF HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES 307
GLYOXYSOMES - ORGANELLES RELATED TO TRIGLYCERIDE METABOLISM 307
DICTYOSOMES ARE INVOLVED IN SEVERAL SECRETION PROCESSES 307 MITOCHONDRIA
CAN BE DISTINGUISHED FROM PROPLASTIDS 307
SUMMARY: PLANT CELL CYTOPLASM 309
14-3 THE CHLOROPLAST AND OTHER PLASTIDS 309
LIFE ON EARTH IS DEPENDENT ON THE FUNCTION OF CHLOROPLASTS IN
PHOTOSYNTHESIS 310
CHLOROPLAST MORPHOLOGY VARIES IN DIFFERENT CELLS 310
CHLOROPLASTS ARE MOTILE ORGANELLES AND UNDERGO DIVISION 310 THE
ENVELOPE, STROMA, AND THYLAKOIDS ARE THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF CHLOROPLASTS
311
FREEZE-FRACTURING BEST REVEALS THE SUBSTRUCTURE OF THE THYLAKOID
MEMBRANE 312
CHLOROPLAST DEVELOPMENT-THE FORMATION OF GRANAL AND STROMA THYLAKOIDS
314
14-4 MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF THYLAKOIDS 314
SEVERAL CHLOROPHYLL-PROTEIN COMPLEXES IN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE 317
THE PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION COUPLING FACTOR AND THE PHOTO- SYSTEMS-
VECTORIALLY DISPOSED ACROSS THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE... 318 SUMMARY:
STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF CHLOROPLASTS 318 14-5
PHOTOSYNTHESIS 319
THE PRIMARY REACTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS-THE PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION 320
PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON REDUCTION - THE MAJOR GROUP OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 322
THE C 4 PATHWAY IS FOUND IN SOME ANGIOSPERMS 324
SUMMARY: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND THE CHLOROPLAST 324
14-6 A STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF THE CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANE 325 ION
FLUXES AND CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES - CAUSED BY LIGHT AND DARKNESS 326
SUMMARY: A STRUCTURAL - FUNCTIONAL MODEL AND CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES 327
14-7 CHLOROPLASTS AS SEMIAUTONOMOUS ORGANELLES 327
SUMMARY 328
PART 5
THE NUCLEUS AND CHROMOSOMES
CHAPTER 15 THE INTERPHASE NUCLEUS, CHROMATIN, AND THE CHROMOSOMES 333
15-1 THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE 334
NUCLEAR PORES ARE NOT WIDE-OPEN CHANNELS; PORE COMPLEXES 334 ANNULATED
LAMELLAE - CYTOPLASMIC STORES OF PORE COMPLEXES 335 NUCLEAR PORES -
SELECTIVE DIFFUSION BARRIERS BETWEEN NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM 335
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NUCLEAR PROTEINS ACCUMULATE SELECTIVELY IN THE NUCLEUS 337 SUMMARY: THE
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE 339
15-2 CHROMATIN 340
NUCLEI CONTAIN A CONSTANT AMOUNT OF DNA 340
THIN-SECTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY DID NOT REVEAL DETAILS OF CHROMATIN
STRUCTURE 340
CHROMATIN IS A COMPLEX OF DNA AND HISTONES 342
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF CHROMATIN SPREADS REVEALED A BEADED STRUCTURE 343
THE NUCLEOSOME-AN OCTAMER OF FOUR HISTONES (H2A, H2B, H3, ANDH4)
COMPLEXED WITH DNA 343
THE 20 TO 30 NM FIBER-A FURTHER FOLDING OF THE NUCLEOSOME CHAIN 347
SUMMARY: CHROMATIN 347
15-3 THE CHROMOSOMES 348
CHROMOSOMAL SHAPE IS DETERMINED BY THE POSITION OF THE CENTROMERE 348
CHROMOSOMAL NOMENCLATURE - CHROMATID, CENTROMERE, KINETOCHORE, TELOMERE,
SATELLITE, SECONDARY CONSTRICTION, NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZER 348
KAROTYPE-ALL THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A PARTICULAR CHROMOSOMAL SET 350
EACH CHROMATID HAS A SINGLE DNA MOLECULE 350
METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES ARE SYMMETRICAL 351
INTERPHASE CHROMOSOMAL ARRANGEMENT-RANDOM OR NON-RANDOM? 351
CHROMOSOMES UNDERGO CONDENSATION-DECONDENSATION CYCLES 352 A CHROMOSOMAL
SCAFFOLD OF NON-HISTONE PROTEINS 354
15-4 HETEROCHROMATIN 354
HETEROCHROMATIN - CHROMOSOMAL REGIONS THAT DO NOT DECONDENSE DURING
INTERPHASE 354
HETEROCHROMATIN CAN BE FACULTATIVE OR CONSTITUTIVE 354
HETEROCHROMATIN IS GENETICALLY INACTIVE 356
CONSTITUTIVE HETEROCHROMATIN CONTAINS REPETITIVE DNA SEQUENCES 357
SUMMARY: THE CHROMOSOMES AND HETEROCHROMATIN 358 15-5 THE NUCLEOLUS 359
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE NUCLEOLUS -A FIBRILLAR AND A GRANULAR ZONE
359
THE NUCLEOLUS IS DISASSEMBLED DURING MITOSIS 361
SUMMARY: THE NUCLEOLUS 361
CHAPTER 16 THE CELL CYCLE AND DNA REPLICATION 364
16-1 THE CELL CYCLE 364
INTERPHASE-THE G U S, AND G 2 PHASES 365
D - T HE MOST VARIABLE PERIOD OF THE CELL CYCLE 365
VISUALIZATION OF CHROMOSOMES DURING G U S, AND G 2 BY PREMATURE
CONDENSATION 366
CONDENSED CHROMOSOMES DO NOT SYNTHESIZE RNA 368
SEVERAL MOLECULAR EVENTS OCCUR AT DEFINED STAGES OF THE CELL CYCLE 369
SUMMARY: THE CELL CYCLE 370
16-2 DNA REPLICATION 370
DNA REPLICATION IS SEMICONSERVATIVE 371
REPLICATION OF THE E. COLI CHROMOSOME IS BIDIRECTIONAL 371 DNA SYNTHESIS
IS DISCONTINUOUS 373
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE CAN COPY RNA INTO DNA 374
EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES HAVE MULTIPLE ORIGINS OF REPLICATION 375
EUKARYOTIC DNA SYNTHESIS IS BIDIRECTIONAL 376
THE NUMBER OF REPLICATION UNITS IS DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED 376
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REINITIATION WITHIN THE SAME CYCLE IS PREVENTED IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS 377
NEW NUCLEOSOMES ARE ASSEMBLED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH DNA REPLICATION 377
RNA SYNTHESIS CONTINUES DURING DNA REPLICATION 378 DNA REPAIR ENZYMES
REMOVE THYMINE DIMERS INDUCED BY UV LIGHT 378
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSA PATIENTS HAVE DEFECTIVE DNA REPAIR 379 SUMMARY: DNA
REPLICATION 380
CHAPTER 17 MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION 383
17-1 A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MITOSIS 383
PROPHASE -CHROMATID COILING, NUCLEOLAR DISINTEGRATION, AND SPINDLE
FORMATION 384
METAPHASE -CHROMOSOMAL ORIENTATION AT THE EQUATORIAL PLATE 385 ANAPHASE
-MOVEMENT OF THE DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES TOWARD THE POLES 385
TELOPHASE - RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DAUGHTER NUCLEI 385
SUMMARY: EVENTS IN MITOSIS 387
17-2 MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF THE MITOTIC
APPARATUS... 387 CENTROMERE ASSOCIATION WITH THE KINETOCHORE, WHERE
SPINDLE MICROTUBULES ARE IMPLANTED 391
SPINDLE MICROTUBULES -KINETOCHORE, POLAR, AND FREE 392 ASSEMBLY OF
SPINDLE MICROTUBULES -CONTROL BY POLES AND KINETOCHORES 392
METAPHASE CHROMOSOMAL MOTION-CAUSED BY KINETOCHORE AND POLAR
MICROTUBULAR INTERACTION 393
ANAPHASE CHROMOSOMAL MOVEMENT-THE DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM AND THE SLIDING
MECHANISM HYPOTHESIS 394 CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL CELLS - CONTRACTILE RING
OF ACTIN AND MYOSIN 395
CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT CELLS -THE PHRAGMOPLAST AND CELL PLATE 395 SUMMARY:
THE MITOTIC APPARATUS 397
CHAPTER 18 MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 400
18-1 A COMPARISON OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS 401
18-2 A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MEIOSIS 402
LEPTOTENE CHROMOSOMES APPEAR TO BE SINGLE AND HAVE CHROMOMERES 402
ZYGONEMA - PAIRING OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES AND SYNAPTONEMAL COMPLEX
FORMATION 405
PACHYNEMA -CROSSING OVER AND RECOMBINATION BETWEEN HOMOLOGOUS CHROMATIDS
408
THE SYNAPTONEMAL COMPLEX-HOMOLOGUE ALIGNMENT AND RECOMBINATION 409
THE RECOMBINATION NODULE IS PROBABLY RELATED TO CROSSING OVER... 409
DIPLONEMA-SEPARATION OF THE PAIRED CHROMOSOMES EXCEPT AT THE CHIASMATA
409
DIAKINESIS -REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF CHIASMATA 410 MEIOTIC DIVISION I
-SEPARATION OF THE HOMOLOGOUS CENTROMERES 410 MEIOTIC DIVISION II
-SEPARATION OF THE SISTER CENTROMERES 410
CHROMOSOME DISTRIBUTION IN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS - DEPENDENT ON
KINETOCHORE ORIENTATION 410
SUMMARY: EVENTS IN MEIOSIS 412
18-3 GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF MEIOSIS AND TYPES OF MEIOSIS 413
MEIOSIS IS INTERMEDIARY OR SPORIC IN PLANTS 414
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MEIOSIS MAY LAST FOR 50 YEARS IN THE HUMAN FEMALE 415
MEIOSIS STARTS AFTER PUBERTY IN THE HUMAN MALE 416
FERTILIZATION - A SPECIES-SPECIFIC INTERACTION BETWEEN THE GAMETES 416
SUMMARY: MORE ABOUT MEIOSIS 416
18-4 BIOCHEMISTRY OF MEIOSIS 417
SUMMARY. 418
CHAPTER 19 CYTOGENETICS-CHROMOSOMES AND HEREDITY 420
19-1 MENDELIAN LAWS OF INHERITANCE 420
THE LAW OF SEGREGATION -GENES ARE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT MIXING 421
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT-GENES IN DIFFERENT CHROMOSOMES ARE DISTRIBUTED
INDEPENDENTLY DURING MEIOSIS 422
GENES ARE LINKED WHEN THEY ARE ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME 422 LINKAGE MAY BE
BROKEN BY RECOMBINATION DURING MEIOTIC PROPHASE 424
NEUROSPORA - IDEAL FOR STUDYING RECOMBINATION AND GENE EXPRESSION 424
SUMMARY: FUNDAMENTAL GENETICS 424
19-2 CHROMOSOMAL CHANGES AND CYTOGENETICS 426
EUPLOIDY-A CHANGE IN THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOME SETS; ANEUPLOIDY-A LOSS OR
GAIN OF CHROMOSOMES 426
ANEUPLOIDY-THE RESULT OF NON-DISJUNCTION AT MEIOSIS OR MITOSIS... 427
CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS - STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS; GENE MUTATIONS -
MOLECULAR CHANGES 428
RADIATION AND CHEMICAL MUTAGENS ACT MAINLY ON THE DNA MOLECULE 429
GERM CELL MUTATIONS ARE TRANSMITTABLE, SOMATIC ARE NOT 430 CHROMOSOMAL
ABERRATIONS-DELETION, DUPLICATION, TRANS- LOCATION, INVERSION, AND
SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE 430 SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGES ARE INCREASED
IN DISEASES
WITH ALTERED DNA REPAIR 432
19-3 CHROMOSOMES PLAY A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN EVOLUTION 433
SUMMARY: CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS, ACTION OF MUTAGENS, AND CYTOGENETICS
AND EVOLUTION 435
CHAPTER 20 HUMAN CYTOGENETICS 438
20-1 THE NORMAL HUMAN KAROTYPE 439
KAROTYPE PREPARATION-CHROMOSOMAL ORDERING BY SIZE AND CENTROMERE
POSITION 439
BANDING TECHNIQUES REVEAL STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF CHROMOSOMES 440 BANDING
PROVIDES NEW FEATURES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN CHROMOSOMES 440
SUMMARY: THE HUMAN KAROTYPE 443
20-2 SEX CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DETERMINATION 444
X AND Y SEX CHROMATIN IN INTERPHASE NUCLEI 444
X CHROMATIN-FACULTATIVE HETEROCHROMATIN BODIES EQUALING NX - 1 IN NUMBER
445
Y CHROMATIN-THE HETEROCHROMATIC REGION OF THE Y CHROMOSOME 446
SEX IS DETERMINED BY SEX CHROMOSOMES, BUT HORMONES INFLUENCE
DIFFERENTIATION 446
SUMMARY: SEX CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DETERMINATION 448 20-3 HUMAN
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES ; 448
ANEUPLOIDY -CAUSED BY NON-DISJUNCTION OF CHROMOSOMES 449 RECIPROCAL
TRANSLOCATIONS-IDENTIFIED BY BANDING 450
SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES IN HUMAN SYNDROMES 450 XXII
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CONTENTS
MONGOLISM-THE BEST KNOWN AUTOSOMAL ABNORMALITY 452 STRUCTURAL
ABERRATIONS MAY CAUSE SYNDROMES BESIDES ANEUPLOIDY 454
BANDING TECHNIQUES HAVE DETECTED MORE THAN 30 NEW SYNDROMES 454
CERTAIN HUMAN TUMORS SHOW SPECIFIC CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS 454
SUMMARY: CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES 454
20-4 HUMAN CHROMOSOMES AND THE GENETIC MAP 455
DALTONISM AND HEMOPHILIA-THE BEST KNOWN SEX-LINKED DISEASES 455
CHROMOSOME MAPPING -LINKAGE ANALYSIS, SOMATIC CELL HYBRIDIZATION, AND IN
SITU HYPRIDIZATION 457
LOCALIZATION OF GENES IN CHROMOSOMES AND REGIONS OF CHROMOSOMES 458
SUMMARY: THE HUMAN GENETIC MAP 458
PART 6
GENE EXPRESSION
CHAPTER 21 THE GENETIC CODE AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 463
21-1 THE GENETIC CODE 464
GENES CODE FOR PROTEINS - INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM , 464 MUTATIONS
PRODUCE AMINO ACID CHANGES 465
GENES ARE MADE OF DNA - GENETIC TRANSFORMATION 467
THREE NUCLEOTIDES CODE FOR ONE AMINO ACID 468
ARTIFICIAL MRNAS WERE USED TO DECIPHER THE GENETIC CODE 468 SYNONYMS IN
THE CODE -61 CODONS FOR 20 AMINO ACIDS 470 AUG-THE INITIATION CODON;
UAG, UAA, AND UGA- TERMINATION CODONS 470
THE GENETIC CODE IS UNIVERSAL 471
SUMMARY: THE GENETIC CODE 471
21-2 MUTATIONS AND THE GENETIC CODE 472
SUPPRESSOR MUTATIONS - REVERSAL OF THE EFFECT OF POINT MUTATIONS 472
CHEMICAL MUTAGENS CAN BE VERY SPECIFIC 473
SUMMARY: MUTATIONS AND THE GENETIC CODE 473
21-3 DNA SEQUENCING AND THE GENETIC CODE 474
THE 5375-NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF J X 174 REVEALED OVERLAPPING GENES 475
NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCING CONFIRMED THE GENETIC CODE 476 SUMMARY: DNA
SEQUENCING AND THE CONFIRMATION OF THE GENETIC CODE 478
21-4 GENETIC ENGINEERING - RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES 478
RESTRICTION ENZYMES RECOGNIZE SPECIFIC DNA SEQUENCES 479 EUKARYOTIC
GENES CAN BE INTRODUCED INTO PLASMIDS AND CLONED IN E. COLI 480
SUMMARY: GENETIC ENGINEERING 482
CHAPTER 22 TRANSCRIPTION AND PROCESSING OF RNA 484
22-1 MESSENGER RNA IN PROKARYOTES 484
PROKARYOTIC RNAS ARE TRANSCRIBED BY A SINGLE RNA POLYMERASE 486
TRANSCRIPTION HAS THREE STAGES - INITIATION AT PROMOTERS, ELONGATION,
AND TERMINATION 486
IN PROKARYOTES TRANSCRIPTION IS COUPLED TO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 489
SUMMARY: RNA TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES 489
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CONTENTS
22-2 TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES 490
THREE DIFFERENT RNA POLYMERASES TRANSCRIBE THE VARIOUS EUKARYOTIC RNAS
490
TRANSCRIPTION MAY BE VISUALIZED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 491 SUMMARY:
TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES 492
22-3 EUKARYOTIC MESSENGER RNA 492
THE 5 END OF EUKARYOTIC MRNA IS BLOCKED BY 7-METHYL-G 493 EUKARYOTIC
GENES FREQUENTLY CONTAIN INSERTIONS OF NON- CODING DNA 494
THE 3 END OF EUKARYOTIC MRNA-A POLY A SEGMENT 495
HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RNAS MAY BE MRNA PRECURSORS CONTAINING INTERVENING
SEQUENCES 497
EUKARYOTIC MRNAS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS 497
SUMMARY: EUKARYOTIC MESSENGER RNA 498
CHAPTER 23 RIBOSOMES AND NUCLEOLAR FUNCTION 501
23-1 RIBOSOMES 501
RIBOSOMES MAY BE FREE OR MEMBRANE-BOUND 501
RIBOSOME COMPOSITION -A LARGE AND A SMALL SUBUNIT 502 RIBOSOMAL
RNAS-18S, 28S, 5.8S, AND 5S IN EUKARYOTES 503 SUMMARY: STRUCTURE OF
RIBOSOMES AND RRNAS 505
23-2 RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS 506
DISSOCIATION AND RECONSTITUTION OF RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS 506 PROKARYOTIC
AND EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES -LITTLE HOMOLOGY BUT THE SAME BASIC FUNCTION
507
SUMMARY: ORGANIZATION OF RIBOSOMES 507
23-3 BIOGENESIS OF RIBOSOMES AND NUCLEOLAR FUNCTION 508
THE NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZER CONTAINS RIBOSOMAL DNA 508 RIBOSOMAL GENES ARE
TANDEMLY REPEATED AND SEPARATED BY SPACER DNA 509
5S GENES -RANDOM REPEATS WITH SPACERS, BUT OUTSIDE THE NUCLEOLAR
ORGANIZER 511
RIBOSOMAL DNA IS HIGHLY AMPLIFIED IN OOCYTES 511
RIBOSOMAL RNAS UNDERGO A COMPLEX PROCESSING IN THE NUCLEOLUS 513
RIBOSOMAL BIOGENESIS CAN BE FOLLOWED UNDER THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE 514
SUMMARY: BIOGENESIS OF RIBOSOMES 515
CHAPTER 24 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 519
24-1 TRANSFER RNA 519
TRNA TRANSCRIPTION -LONG PRECURSORS WITH COMPLEX POST- TRANSCRIPTIONAL
MODIFICATIONS 521
THE FIDELITY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DEPENDS ON THE CORRECT CHARGING OF
TRNA BY THE AA-TRNA SYNTHETASES 521
SUMMARY: TRANSFER RNA 523
24-2 RIBOSOMES AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 524
POLYSOMES CONSIST OF SEVERAL RIBOSOMES ATTACHED TO THE SAME MRNA 524
DURING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS THERE IS A RIBOSOME-POLYSOME CYCLE 524 THE
SMALL SUBUNIT BINDS TO THE MRNA RIBOSOME BINDING SITE 526 PROKARYOTIC
PROTEINS START WITH FORMYLMETHIONINE 527
IFJ, IF 2 , AND IF-, - PROTEIN FACTORS THAT INITIATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
527 EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTORS ARE MORE COMPLEX THAN THOSE IN
PROKARYOTES 529
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CONTENTS
EUKARYOTIC IF 2 IS PHOSPHORYLATED BY A CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN
KINASE 529
EFTU + EFTS, AND EFG ARE PROTEIN ELONGATION FACTORS 529 THE LARGE
RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT IS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF ELONGATION 530
CHAIN TERMINATION INVOLVES UAA, UGA, AND UAG CODONS AND RELEASING
FACTORS ~R T AND R 2 530
ANTIBIOTICS AND TOXINS ARE USEFUL IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 531
SECRETORY PROTEINS HAVE A HYDROPHOBIC SIGNAL PEPTIDE 531 SUMMARY:
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 533
CHAPTER 25 GENE REGULATION 536
25-1 GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES 537
CONTROL OF ENZYME INDUCTION AND REPRESSION -REPRSSORS BIND TO OPERATORS
537
THE LAC OPERON CODES FOR /3-GALACTOSIDASE, LAC PERMEASE, AND
TRANSACETYLASE 537
THE I GENE CODES FOR THE REPRESSOR PROTEIN, WHICH BINDS TO THE INDUCER
538
THE OPERATOR IS A DNA SEQUENCE THAT HAS TWO-FOLD SYMMETRY 538 REPRESSORS
BIND WITHIN PROMOTERS AND PREVENT ATTACHMENT OF RNA POLYMERASE 539
THE JACOB-MONOD MODEL IS A MECHANISM OF NAGATIVE CONTROL 540 POSITIVE
CONTROL OF LAC TRANSCRIPTION IS REGULATED BY THE CAP-CAMP COMPLEX 540
THE TRYPTOPHAN OPERON -REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT INITIATION AND
TERMINATION 541
A FINER CONTROL OF METABOLISM OCCURS AT THE LEVEL OF ENZYME ACTIVITY 543
SUMMARY: GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES 543
25-2 GENE REGULATION IN EUKARYOTES 544
HETEROCHROMATIN IS NOT TRANSCRIBED 545
REPETITIVE DNA SEQUENCES ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE EUKARYOTES 545
SATELLITE DNAS CONTAIN THE MOST HIGHLY REPETITIVE SEQUENCES 546
MODERATELY REPETITIVE GENES - RDNA, 5S DNA, AND HISTONE GENES 547
SUMMARY: GENE REGULATION IN EUKARYOTES AND REPETITIVE DNA 547 25-3
REGULATION AT THE CHROMOSOME LEVEL -GIANT CHROMOSOMES 548 POLYTENE
CHROMOSOMES HAVE A THOUSAND DNA MOLECULES ALIGNED SIDE BY SIDE 548
THE BANDS REPRESENT CHROMOMERES ALIGNED SIDE BY SIDE 550 PUFFS IN
POLYTENES ARE THE SITES OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION 550
PUFFS CAN BE INDUCED BY ECDYSONE AND BY HEAT SHOCK 552 LAMPBRUSH
CHROMOSOMES IN OOCYTES AT THE DIPLOTENE STAGE OF MEIOSIS 552
THE LATERAL LOOPS ARE SITES OF INTENSE RNA SYNTHESIS 553 SUMMARY:
REGULATION IN EUKARYOTES AT THE CHROMOSOME LEVEL 556
CHAPTER 26 CELL DIFFERENTIATION 560
26-1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION 562
THE DIFFERENTIATED STATE IS STABLE 562
DETERMINATION CAN PRECEDE MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION 562 26-2
NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC INTERACTIONS 562
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CONTENTS
ACETABULARIA IS WELL SUITED FOR THE STUDY OF NUCLEOCYTO- PLASMIC
INTERACTIONS 563
RED BLOOD CELL NUCLEI CAN BE REACTIVATED BY CELL FUSION 563 CYTOPLASTS
AND KARYOPLASTS CAN BE PREPARED BY CYTOCHALASIN B ENUCLEATION 565
CELL FUSION YIELDS PURE ANTIBODIES OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE 566 GENE
EXPRESSION BY SOMATIC NUCLEI IS REPROGRAMMED IN XENOPUS OOCYTES 567
SUMMARY: NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC INTERACTIONS 570
26-3 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION 571
THE GENOME REMAINS CONSTANT DURING CELL DIFFERENTIATION - NUCLEAR
TRANSPLANTATION 571
GENE AMPLIFICATION CANNOT EXPLAIN CELL DIFFERENTIATION 571 CELL
DIFFERENTIATION CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL 572
CELL DIFFERENTIATION IS PROBABLY CONTROLLED AT THE LEVEL OF
TRANSCRIPTION 574
CYTOPLASMIC DETERMINANTS LOCALIZED IN EGG CYTOPLASM ARE IMPORTANT IN
EARLY DEVELOPMENT 575
CELL DIFFERENTIATION IS INTIMATELY RELATED TO CELLULAR INTERACTIONS 578
SUMMARY: MECHANISMS OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION 579
PART 7
CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF SPECIALIZED CELLS
CHAPTER 27 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF MUSCLE 585
27-1 STRUCTURE OF THE STRIATED MUSCLE FIBER 586
THE MYOFIBRIL AND SARCOMERE ARE STRUCTURES DIFFERENTIATED FOR
CONTRACTION 586
THICK AND THIN MYOFILAMENTS ARE THE MACROMOLECULAR CONTRACTILE
COMPONENTS 587
THE Z-LINE SHOWS A WOVEN-BASKET LATTICE AND CONTAINS A- ACTININ 588
THE SARCOMERE I-BAND SHORTENS AND THE BANDING INVERTS DURING CONTRACTION
589
SMOOTH MUSCLES LACK THE Z-LINE 590
SUMMARY: THE STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE 590
27-2 MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE CONTRACTILE SYSTEM 591
THE THICK MYOFILAMENT -MYOSIN MOLECULES; THE CROSS- BRIDGES- S, SUBUNITS
591
ACTIN, TROPOMYOSIN, AND THE TROPONINS CONSTITUTE THE THIN MYOFILAMENT
593
CONTRACTILE AND REGULATORY PROTEINS -LOCALIZATION BY FLUORESCENT
ANTIBODIES 593
27-3 THE SLIDING MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION 593
MYOSIN AND ACTIN HAVE A DEFINITE POLARIZATION WITHIN THE SARCOMERE 594
MUSCLE CONTRACTION -A CYCLIC FORMATION AND BREAKDOWN OF ACTIN-MYOSIN
LINKAGES 595
SUMMARY: MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION AND THE SLIDING MECHANISM 596 27-4
REGULATION AND ENERGETICS OF CONTRACTION 597
MOLECULAR REGULATION -DISPLACEMENT OF TROPOMYOSIN AFTER BINDING OF CA 2+
TO TROPONIN-C 597
ENERGY FOR CONTRACTION COMES FROM OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLA- TION AND
GLYCOLYSIS 598
SUMMARY: REGULATION AND ENERGETICS OF CONTRACTION 598
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CONTENTS
27-5 EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING 598
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM -A LONGITUDINAL COMPONENT WITH TERMINAL CISTERNAE
FORMS PART OF THE TRIAD 599
THE T-SYSTEM IS IN CONTINUITY WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND CONDUCTS
IMPULSES INWARD 599
STIMULATION RELEASES CA 2+ FROM THE TERMINAL CISTERNAE 599 A CA 2+
-ACTIVATED ATPASE IS PRESENT IN THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND ACTS AS A
CA 2+ PUMP 601
SUMMARY: EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING AND THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
601
CHAPTER 28 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY 604
28-1 GENERAL ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF NERVE FIBERS 605
AXON STRUCTURE -NEUROFIBRILS AND NEUROTUBULES 606
THE BIOSYNTHETIC FUNCTIONS OF THE NEURON OCCUR IN THE PERIKARYON 606
MACROMOLECULES ARE TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE AXON IN AN ORTHOGRADE
DIRECTION 609
ORTHOGRADE AXONAL TRANSPORT MAY BE FAST OR SLOW 609
MACROMOLECULES SUCH AS NGF UNDERGO RETROGRADE AXONAL TRANSPORT 610
TETANUS TOXIN AND SOME NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES MAY UNDERGO RETROGRADE AND
TRANS-SYNAPTIC TRANSPORT 612
NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY-RELATED TO DIAMETER, MYELIN, AND INTERNODE
DISTANCE 612
THE ACTION POTENTIAL-NON-DECREMENTAL AND PROPAGATED AS A DEPOLARIZATION
WAVE 613
IN MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS CONDUCTION IS SALTATORY 615
AT THE PHYSIOLOGIC RECEPTORS AND SYNAPSES POTENTIALS ARE GRADED AND
NON-PROPAGATED 615
PROPAGATED ACTON POTENTIALS DEPEND ON NA + AND K + CHANNELS IN THE AXON
MEMBRANE 615
SUMMARY: GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NEURON AND FUNCTION OF THE NERVE
FIBER 617
28-2 SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND STRUCTURES OF THE SYNAPSE 619
NERVE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION -POSSIBLY ELECTRICAL BUT MEDIATED MAINLY BY A
CHEMICAL MECHANISM 619
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION MAY BE EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY 620 SEVERAL
THOUSAND SYNAPSES MAY IMPINGE ON A SINGLE NEURON 621 THE NUMBER OF
SYNAPSES IS RELATED TO THAT OF THE DENDRITIC SPINES 621
THE SYNAPSE ULTRASTRUCTURE SUGGESTS MANY TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL CONTRACTS
622
LECTIN RECEPTORS A/ID POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITIES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE
FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SYNAPSES 624
THE PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE SHOWS SPECIAL PROJECTIONS AT ACTIVE ZONES 624
THE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE SHOWS A COMPLEX MACROMOLECULAR ORGANIZATION
625
28-3 SYNAPTIC VESICLES AND QUANTAL RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER 626
SEVERAL TYPES OF SYNAPTIC VESICLES MAY BE RECOGNIZED BY MORPHOLOGY AND
CYTOCHEMISTRY 627
NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT-THE TYPE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER AND SYNAPTIC VESICLE
MAY BE MEDIUM-DETERMINED 627
SYNAPTOSOMAL MEMBRANES AND SYNAPTIC VESICLES MAY BE ISOLATED BY CELL
FRACTIONATION 629
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM IS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE
ACETYLCHOLINE SYSTEM 631
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CONTENTS
THE TRANSPORT OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER INVOLVES THE SYNAPTIC VESICLES 632
TRANSMITTER RELEASE IS RELATED TO THE ROLE OF SYNAPTIC VESICLES IN NERVE
TRANSMISSION 632
TRANSMITTER RELEASE PROBABLY INVOLVES EXOCYTOSIS WITH RECYCLING OF
SYNAPTIC VESICLES 634
THE DEPOLARIZATION TRANSMITTER-SECRETION COUPLING IS MEDIATED BY CALCIUM
IONS 634
SUMMARY: SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND STRUCTURE OF THE SYNAPSE 635 28-4
SYNAPTIC RECEPTORS AND THE PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE 636
SYNAPTIC RECEPTORS ARE HYDROPHOBIC PROTEINS EMBEDDED IN THE LIPOPROTEIN
FRAMEWORK OF THE MEMBRANE 636
THE ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR IS COUPLED TO THE TRANSLOCATION OF SODIUM AND
POTASSIUM IONS 637
ACETYLCHOLINE-INDUCED FLUCTUATIONS MAY BE OBSERVED IN A RECONSTITUTED
CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR 639
AN OLIGOMERIC MODEL OF THE CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR HAS BEEN POSTULATED 639
LONG-LASTING SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS INVOLVE THE USE OF A SECOND MESSENGER
640
CYCLIC AMP IS INVOLVED IN THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF MEMBRANE AND OTHER
PROTEINS 641
SUMMARY: RECEPTORS AND THE PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE 643
INDEX 647
XXVIII
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | De Robertis, Eduardo D. P. 1913-1988 Robertis, Eduardo M. de |
| author_GND | (DE-588)158255364 |
| author_facet | De Robertis, Eduardo D. P. 1913-1988 Robertis, Eduardo M. de |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | De Robertis, Eduardo D. P. 1913-1988 |
| author_variant | r e d p d redp redpd e m d r emd emdr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV024580031 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)891112526 (DE-599)BVBBV024580031 |
| edition | 7. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV024580031 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:02:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Undetermined |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018553505 |
| oclc_num | 891112526 |
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| owner_facet | DE-83 DE-188 |
| physical | XXVIII, 673 S. Ill. |
| psigel | TUB-nve |
| publishDate | 1980 |
| publishDateSearch | 1980 |
| publishDateSort | 1980 |
| publisher | Saunders Colleg Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | De Robertis, Eduardo D. P. 1913-1988 Verfasser (DE-588)158255364 aut Cell- and molecular biology E. D. P. and E. M. F. De Robertis 7. ed. Philadelphia, Pa. Saunders Colleg Publ. 1980 XXVIII, 673 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd rswk-swf Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd rswk-swf Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 s 1\p DE-604 Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 s 2\p DE-604 Robertis, Eduardo M. de Verfasser aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018553505&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | De Robertis, Eduardo D. P. 1913-1988 Robertis, Eduardo M. de Cell- and molecular biology Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4039983-7 (DE-588)4070177-3 |
| title | Cell- and molecular biology |
| title_auth | Cell- and molecular biology |
| title_exact_search | Cell- and molecular biology |
| title_full | Cell- and molecular biology E. D. P. and E. M. F. De Robertis |
| title_fullStr | Cell- and molecular biology E. D. P. and E. M. F. De Robertis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cell- and molecular biology E. D. P. and E. M. F. De Robertis |
| title_short | Cell- and molecular biology |
| title_sort | cell and molecular biology |
| topic | Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Molekularbiologie Cytologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018553505&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT derobertiseduardodp cellandmolecularbiology AT robertiseduardomde cellandmolecularbiology |