Principles and practices of plant science:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Prentice Hall
1988
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 439 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0137096356 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 049 | |a DE-83 |a DE-11 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Walton, Peter D. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 242 | 0 | 0 | |a Wissenschaftliche Grundsätze und Verfahren der Pflanzenproduktion |y ger |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles and practices of plant science |c Peter D. Walton |
| 264 | 1 | |a Englewood Cliffs, N.J. |b Prentice Hall |c 1988 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 439 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018409217 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140406246473728 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | AND PRACTICES
OF PLANT SCIENCE
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xv
PART I
Plants, People, and Livestock 1
CHAPTER 1 THE WILL AND THE WAY 2
Humanity 2
The Agricultural Revolution 3
The Use of Animal Power 5
Agricultural Machines 6
Agricultural Chemicals 7
Genetic Improvement of Crop Plants 8
Review, 9
Human Needs for Food Substances 9
Carbohydrates, 9
Proteins, 14
Oils and Fats, 16
Minerals, 17
Vitamins, 18
Human Needs for Nonfood Substances 20
Fibers, 20
Drugs and Medicines, 23
Rubber, 24
Perfumes, 25
Spices, 25
v
vi Contents
Animal Needs for Plant Products 26
Further Reading 27
PART II
Plant Form and Function 28
CHAPTER 2 PLANT FORM 29
Plant Classification 29
The Use of a Flora, 30
Descriptive Classifications, 32
The Plant Cell 32
The Parts of the Cell 35
The Organelles, 36
The Cell Walls, 38
The Nucleus, 39
Review, 39
Types of Mature Cells 40
Types of Parenchyma, 41
Types of Sclerenchyma, 44
The Anatomical Regions of Crop Plants 45
Dicotyledons, 45
Monocotyledons, 50
Review, 52
Morphological Structures 52
—- The^Seed, 52
The Root, 54
The Stem, 55
The Leaf, 61
Flowers, 64
The Fruit, 67
Review, 68
Further Reading 68
CHAPTER 3 PLANT FUNCTION 69
Introduction 69
Photosynthesis 69
The Light Phase, 70
The Dark Phase, 71
C3, C4, and CAM Plants, 72
Review, 74
Respiration 74
Translocation 77
Review, 79
Further Reading 79
Contents
CHAPTER 4 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Nature and Nurture 81
The Measurement of Growth 82
Germination 84
Water Uptake, 84
Enzyme Activity, 84
Elongation Growth, 85
Environmental Controls of Germination, 85
Plant Dormancy 85 •
Seed Dormancy, 86
Bud Dormancy, 86
Growth Regulators 86
Auxins, 87
Gibberellins, 88
Cytokinins, 89
Ethylene, 91
inhibitors, 91
Review, 91
Juvenility 92
Maturity 92
Floral Induction and Initiation, 93
Floral Development, 95
Pollination and Fertilization, 95
Fruit Set and Growth, 96
Senescence 96
Further Reading 97
CHAPTER S~ — ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction 98
Light 99
Phytochrome, 101
0-Carotene and Flavins, 101
Germination: Low-Energy Light Systems, 102
Germination: High-Energy Light Systems, 102
Review, 105
Heat 105
Plant Growth, 106
Plant Development, 108
Germination, 108
Bud, Bulb, and Corni Dormancy, 108
Vernalization, 108
Low-Temperature Tolerance, 109
High-Temperature Tolerance, 110
Review, 111
Water 111
The Hydrological Cycle, 111
Soil Moisture, 112
viii
Crop Water Use, 113
Water Movement, 113
Review, 114
Further Reading 115
PART III
Plant Production Technology
CHAPTER 6 THE SOIL
Introduction 117
The Soil Profile 118
Soil Formation 119
Soil Properties 120_
Soil Texture, 120
Cation-Exchange Capacity, 121
Soil pH, 121
Organic Matter, 122
Soil Aeration, i 22
Soil Organisms, 123
Soil Classification 124
Plant Nutrition 124
The Major Nutrients, 125
Micronutrients, 132
Further Reading 134
CHAPTER 7 LAND PREPARATION AND MANAGEMENT
Introduction 135
Land Clearing 137
Implements 139
Deep Cultivation Implements for Primary Cultivation, 139
Surface Cultivation Implements for Secondary Tillage, 142
Land Preparation 143
Water Movement Control 144
Reduced and Zero Tillage 145
Seedbed Preparation 146
Tillage After Planting 146
Stubble Mulching 147
Fertilizers 147
Commercial Fertilizers 152
Nitrogen Fertilizers, 153
Phosphate Fertilizers, 154
Potash Fertilizers, 155
Further Reading 156
Contents
CHAPTER 8 CROP ESTABLISHMENT
Introduction 157
Crop Yield 158
Light Interception, 158
Photosynthetic Efficiency, 160
Sinks, 160
Plant Density, 161
Field Practices Affecting Yield 163
Planting Patterns, 163
Seed Rates, 164
Seeding Depth, 164
Row Direction, 166
Planting Time, 167
Seedling Vigor, 167
Seeding Equipment, 168
Seed Treatment, 169
Inoculation, 170
Further Reading 170
CHAPTER 9 HARVESTING AND CONSERVATION
Introduction 171
When Is the Crop Mature? 173
Small-Grain Crop Maturity, 174
Oil Crop Maturity, 174
Root Crop Maturity, 175
Forage Crop Maturity, 175
Harvest Methods 176
Row Crops, 176
Hay Making, 177
— — Dehy, 178
~ Silage, 179
Harvest Losses 180
Review 180
Further Reading 181
CHAPTER 10 CROPPING SYSTEMS
Introduction 182
Rotations 183
Soil Fertility, 183
Physical Soil Properties, 185
Soil Conservation, 185
Pest Control, 185
World Farming Systems 185
Shifting Cultivation, 186
Row Cropping and Mixed Farming, 186
Grassland Farming Systems, 187
Grazing Management, 188
Wet-Rice Farming, 193
Irrigation 193
Irrigation Methods, 193
Efficiency of Water Use, 196
Further Reading 197
PART IV
Plant Hazards
CHAPTER 11 WEEDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Introduction 199
Environmental Stress 199
Avoiding Low-Temperature Stress 200
Hot Caps, 200
Polyethylene Tunnels, 200
Heaters and Wind Machines, 200
Irrigation, 201
Cultural Methods, 201
Review, 201
High-Temperature Stress 201
Drought: Water Stress 203
Crop Response to Water Stress, 203
Cultural Practices, 203
Salinity 204
Osmotic Pressure, 204
Toxjc Ions, 205
— Indirect Effects, 205
Soil Management Practices, 205
Pollution 206
Sulfur Dioxide, 206
Photochemical or Oxidant Smog, 206
Other Pollutants, 207
Significance and Protection, 207
Weeds 208
Weed Dissemination 210
Types of Weeds 211
Methods of Weed Control 211
Mechanical Destruction, 211
Ecological Control, 212
Biological Control, 212
Chemical Control, 213
Further Reading 216
CHAPTER 12 INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES
Introduction 217
Insects 218
Contents
PART V
Plant Breeding
CHAPTER 13
Types of Insect Attack 219
Foliage Feeders, 219
Sap-Sucking Insects, 220
Root Feeders, 222
Seed and Fruit Feeders, 222
Insect Control 222
Resistant Cultivars, 222
Biological Control, 223
Insecticides, 224
Insect Growth Regulators, 225
Insect Behavior Chemicals, 225
Insect Sterility, 226
Plant Diseases 226
Fungal Diseases, 226
Bacterial Diseases, 227
Viruses, 228
Methods of Disease Transmission 228
Disease Control 229
Plant Breeding, 229
The Use of Chemicals, 230
Further Reading 231
PLANT BREEDING
Mendelian Genetics 233
The Mechanics of Cell Division 235
Plant Origins and Development 235
Segregation and Recombination 236
Mutations, 237
Linkage, 238
Minor Genes, 238
Polyploidy 239
Interspecific Hybridization 241
Heterosis, 241
Scientific Plant Breeding 242
Climate, 243
Crop Uniformity, 243
Supply and Demand, 243
Plant Breeding Methods 244
Breeding Self-Pollinated Species, 244
Breeding Cross-Pollinated Species, 247
Control of Pollination, 248
Tissue Culture, 250
Molecular Changes in Plant Genotype, 251
xii
The Seed Trade 251
Further Reading 252
PART VI
Plant Products
CHAPTER 14 THE GRAIN CROPS
Introduction 254
The Cereal Grains 259
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L ), 259
Corn (Zea mays), 261
Oats (Avena sativa L ), 267
Pearl Millet [Pennisetum typhoideum (L ) Leeke], 268
Rice (Oryza sativa L ), 270
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Moench), 275
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L ), 281
Grain Legumes 286
Beans (Phaseolus spp ), 286
Broadbeans (Vicia faba L ), 288
Chick-peas (Cicer arietinum L ), 288
Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L ) Walp ), 288
Lentils (Lens esculenta Moench), 291
Peas (Pisum sativum L ), 291
CHAPTER IS FORAGE CROPS
~ -—The Grasses 294
Cool-Season Perennial Grasses 294
The Bluegrasses (Genus Poa), 295
Fescues (Genus Festuca), 296
Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L ), 299
Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae L ), 303
Smooth Bromegrass (Bromus inermis L ), 304
Timothy (Phleum pratense L ), 305
Wheatgrasses (Genus Agropyron), 307
Warm-Season Perennial Grasses 309
Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge), 314
Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L Pers ), 315
Dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir), 317
Rhodesgrass (Chloris gay ana Kunth), 318
Temperate-Climate Legumes 320
Alfalfa (Medicago spp ), 320
Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), 323
Clovers (Genus Trifolium), 325
Warm-Climate Legumes 328
Arrowleaf Clover (Trifolium vesiculosum), 331
Crimson Clover (Trifolium nicaenatum), 332
Lespedeza spp (Annual and Perennial), 332
Contents
THE OIL CROPS
Introduction 333
Castor (Ricinus communis L ) 335
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L ) 336
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) 338
The Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq ) 339
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L ) 340
Rapeseed Oil (Brassica spp ) 343
Safflower (Carthamus tinctoris L ) 345
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L ) 346
Soybean (Glycine max (L ) Merr ) 346
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L ) 349
FIBER CROPS
Introduction 352
Cotton 353
Flax 358
Jute 359
Sisal 361
Forest and Tree Products 363
The Softwoods, or Gymnospermous Species, 364
The Hardwoods, or Angiospermous Species, 364
BEVERAGE SUGAR AND DRUG CROPS
Introduction 366
Beverage Crops 366
Cocoa, 366
Coffee, 368
Tea, 370
Sugar-Producing Crops 372
Sugarcane, 372
Sugar Beet, 374
The Sugar Maple, 377
The Sugar Palm, 377
Drug Crops 377
Tobacco, 377
Other Drug Plants, 380
CHAPTER 19 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CROPS
Introduction 381
Fruit Crops 381
Tropical and Subtropical Fruits 383
Bananas, 383
The Citrus Species, 38S
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 18
xiv
Mangos, 388
Pineapples, 389
Temperate Fruits 391
Apples, 391
Grapes, 393
Pears, 395
Stone Fruits 395
Cherries, 395
Peaches and Nectarines, 396
Plums, 396
Vegetable Crops 397
Root Crops 398
Carrots (Daucus carota), 398
Cassava, 398
The Irish Potato, 399
Sweet Potatoes, 400
Turnips (Brassica rapa), 402
Yams, 402
Vegetables Grown for Their Seed and Fruit 402
Beans, 402
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus), 403
Peas (Pisum sativum), 405
Peppers or Chilies (Capsicum annuum), 405
Pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo) and Squashes (Cucurbita maxima),
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), 407
Vegetables Grown for Their Leaves or Shoots 409
Cole Crops (Brassica oleracea), 409
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), 411
Onions (Allium cepa), 412
Further-Reading for Part VI 412
PART VII
The Future
CHAPTER 20 THE FUTURE
Introduction 415
The Genotype 416
The Environment 417
Food Analogs 418
Energy Use 419
World Population 420
INDEX
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