Research methods: a process of inquiry
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Undetermined |
| Published: |
New York, NY
Harper Collins
1993
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| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 446 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0065010906 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Research methods |b a process of inquiry |c Anthony M. Graziano ; Michael L. Raulin |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804140371951747072 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Research methods
Autor: Graziano, Anthony M.
Jahr: 1993
Contents
To the Instructor xii
To the Student xvii
CHAPTER ONE Curiosity, Creativity, and Commitment 1
Science Is a Way of Thinking 2
Asking Questions 2
Science and Art 5
Common Methods of Acquiring Knowledge 6
Tenacity 6
Intuition 6
Authority 7
Rationalism 7
Empiricism 8
Science 9
Emerging Modern Science 9
Early Civilization 10
Greek Science 11
Medieval Science 14
iii
iv CONTENTS
The Scientific Revolution 15
The Science of Psychology 19
Summary 24
Review Exercises 25
CHAPTER TWO Research Is a Process of Inquiry 27
Basic Assumptions of Science 28
Observation and Inference: Facts and Constructs 28
Conceptual Models in Science 31
Inductive and Deductive Thinking 34
Models and Theories in Science 35
A Model of the Research Process 38
Phases of Research 38
Levels of Constraint 43
Summary 48
Review Exercises 49
CHAPTER THREE The Starting Point: Asking Questions 51
Asking Questions 52
Sources of Questions 52
Refining Questions for Research 54
Types of Variables in Research 57
Behavioral Variables 57
Stimulus Variables 57
Organismic or Subject Variables 58
Independent and Dependent Variables 58
Variables as Constants 60
Validity and the Control of Extraneous Variables 60
Research Ethics 61
Ethical Guides for Human Research 62
Ethical Principles in Research with Animals 67
Summary 69
Review Exercises 70
CHAPTER FOUR Data and the Nature of Measurement 73
Research Variables 74
Measurement 74
Scales of Measurement 77
Nominal Scales 77
Ordinal Scales 77 ;
i
CONTENTS v
Interval Scales 78
Ratio Scales 78
Measuring and Controlling Variables 79
Measurement Error 80
Operational Definitions 80
Reliability, Effective Range, and Validity 82
Scale Attenuation Effects 84
The Need for Objective Measurement 85
Statistical Analyses 86
Summary 86
Review Exercises 87
CHAPTER FIVE Statistical Analysis of Data 89
Individual Differences and Statistical Procedures 90
Descriptive Statistics 91
Frequency Counts and Distributions 92
Graphical Representation of Data 94
Summary Statistics 97
Summary of Descriptive Statistics 106
Inferential Statistics 107
Populations and Samples 107
The Null Hypothesis 108
Statistical Decisions and Alpha Levels 109
Type I and Type II Errors 109
Testing for Mean Differences 110
Summary 111
Review Exercises 111
CHAPTER SIX Field Research I: Naturalistic Observation and
Case-Study Research 115
Examples of Naturalistic Observation 117
Examples of Case-Study Research 119
The Value of Low-Constraint Methods 121
Conditions for Using Low-Constraint Research 121
Information Gained from Low-Constraint Research 122
Problem Statements and Hypotheses in Naturalistic Observation and
Case-Study Research 125
Using Naturalistic Observation and Case-Study Methods 126
Making Observations 126
Ethical Issues 128
Sampling of Subjects 129
vi CONTENTS
Sampling of Situations 130
Sampling of Behaviors 130
Evaluating and Interpreting Data 130
Limitations of Naturalistic and Case-Study Methods 131
Poor Representativeness 132
Poor Replicability 132
Causal Inference and Low-Constraint Research:
The Ex Post Facto Fallacy 133
Limitations of the Observer 134
Summary 135
Review Exercises 136
CHAPTER SEVEN Correlational and Differential Methods
of Research 139
Correlational Research Methods 140
Differential Research Methods 141
Artifacts and Confounding Variables 143
What Makes Differential Research Higher Constraint Than
Correlational Research? 144
When to Use Correlational and Differential Research 145
Conducting Correlational and Differential Research 146
Conducting Correlational Research 147
Conducting Differential Research 149
Limitations of Correlational and Differential Research 155
Problems in Determining Causation 155
Confounding Variables 157
Summary 157
Review Exercises 157
CHAPTER EIGHT Hypothesis Testing, Validity, and Threats
to Validity 159
Hypothesis Testing 161
Starring the Research With an Initial Idea 162
Statement of the Problem 162
Operational Definitions 164
Research Hypothesis 165
The Contribution of Theory to the Research Hypothesis 165
Testing the Research Hypothesis 166
Summary 169
Validity and Threats to Validity 170
CONTENTS Vii
Types of Validity 171
Some Major Confounding Variables 175
Maturation 175
History 175
Testing 176
Instrumentation 176
Regression to the Mean 176
Selection 177
Attrition 177
Diffusion of Treatment 177
Sequencing Effects 178
Summary 178
Threats to Validity From Subject and Experimenter Effects 178
Subject Effects 178
Experimenter Effects 179
Statistical Versus Practical Significance 181
Validity, Control, and Constraint 181
Summary 181
Review Exercises 182
CHAPTER NINE Controls to Reduce Threats to Validity in
Experimental Research 185
Threats to Validity 186
General Control Procedures 187
Preparation of Setting 187
Response Measurement 187
Replication 187
Control Over Subject and Experimenter Effects 188
Single- and Double-Blind Procedures 189
Automation 191
Using Objective Measures 191
Multiple Observers 192
Using Deception 192
Control Through Subject Selection and Assignment 193
Subject Selection 193
Subject Assignment 197
Control Achieved Through Specific Experimental Design 201
The True Experiment 201
Summary 203
Review Exercises 204
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER TEN Control of Variance Through Experimental
Design: Single-Variable, Independent
Groups Designs 207
Experimental Design 208
Variance 209
Forms of Variance 209
Controlling Variance in Research 212
Nonexperimental Research Designs 214
Ex Post Facto Design 214
Single-Group, Posttest-Only Design 215
Single-Group, Pretest-Posttest Design 216
Pretest-Posttest, Natural Control-Group Design 217
Experimental Research Designs: Testing One
Independent Variable 218
Randomized, Posttest-Only, Control-Group Design 219
Randomized, Pretest-Posttest, Control-Group Design 220
Multilevel, Completely Randomized, Between-Subjects Design 221
Solomon s Four-Group Design 221
Summary 223
Statistical Analyses of Completely Randomized Designs 223
Other Experimental Designs 228
Summary 228
Review Exercises 229
CHAPTER ELEVEN Control of Variance Through
Experimental Design: Single-Variable,
Correlated-Groups Designs 231
Correlated-Groups Designs 232
Within-Subjects Design 233
Matched-Subjects Design 239
Single-Subject Design 244
Summary 244
Review Exercises 245
CHAPTER TWELVE Control of Variance Through
Experimental Design:
Factorial Designs 247
Factorial Designs 248
Main Effects and Interactions 249
Possible Outcomes of Factorial Designs 253
An Example: Children s Dark-Fears Study 257
CONTENTS ix
Analysis of Variance in Factorial Designs 261
Variations of Basic Factorial Design 262
Within-Subjects (Repeated Measures) Factorial 264
Mixed Designs 265
ANOVA: A Postscript 268
Summary 270
Review Exercises 271
CHAPTER THIRTEEN Field Research II: A Second Look at
Research in Natural Settings 273
Conducting Field Research 274
Reasons for Doing Field Research 275
Difficulties in Field Research 276
Quasi-Experimental Design 277
Nonequivalent Control-Group Design 278
Interrupted Time-Series Design 282
Single-Subject Design 287
Reversal Design (ABA Design) 291
Multiple Baseline Design 293
Single-Subject, Randomized, Time-Series Design 294
Program Evaluation 297
Practical Problems in Program Evaluation Research 297
Issues of Control 298
Typical Program Evaluation Designs 299
Summary of Program Evaluation 300
Survey Research 300
Types of Surveys 300
Steps in Survey Research 301
The Form of the Survey Instrument 302
Developing the Survey Instrument 303
The Subjects in a Survey: Populations and Samples 304
Research Design of Surveys 307
Summary of Survey Research 307
Summary 307
Review Exercises 308
CHAPTER FOURTEEN Selecting Appropriate Statistical
Procedures 311
An Initial Example 312
A Decision-Tree Model 314
Decision-Tree Flowcharts 317
X CONTENTS
Identifying Research Variables 320
Identifying the Study s Major Characteristics 321
Selecting Appropriate Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 321
Secondary Analyses 323
Caveats and Disclaimers 324
Summary 325
Review Exercises 326
CHAPTER FIFTEEN Research Methodology:
An Evolving Discipline 329
New Directions in Research Methodology 331
The Evolution of Research Questions and Methods 331
The Impact of Other Disciplines 332
Multidisciplinary Research 334
Moving Research out of the Laboratory 334
The Impact of Computers 334
Science: An Interaction Between Empiricism and Rationalism 338
Review Exercise 340
APPENDIX A Writing a Research Report:
APA Publication Style 341
Structure of a Research Article 342
Writing the Research Report 342
Using Levels of Headings to Organize 342
Sections of a Research Report 343
Writing Style 352
Summary 352
APPENDIX B Statistical Tables 353
B.I Area Under the Standard Normal Curve 354
B.2 Critical Values of Student s t 356
B.3 Critical Values of the F Distribution 357
B.4 Critical Values of the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation 361
B.5 Critical Values of the Spearman Rank-Order Correlation 362
B.6 Probability Values of the Chi-Square Distribution 362
B.7 Random Numbers 363
CONTENTS X|-
APPENDIX C Statistical Computation Procedures 368
Descriptive Statistics 369
Measures of Central Tendency 369
Measures of Variability 369
Measures of Relationship 370
Inferential Statistics 371
Parametric Statistics 371
Nonparametric Statistics 380
Summary 3S5
APPENDIX D Conducting Computerized Statistical Analyses
Using SPSS-PC + 386
Organizing Data for Analysis 3S7
Coding Data Before Entry 388
Entering Data 389
Data Analysis Using SPSS-PC+ 391
Data Definition Statements 391
Descriptive Statistics 394
Inferential Statistics 395
Summary 39S
APPENDIX E Selected Answers to Exercises 399
Glossary 407
References 427
Name Index 436
Subject Index 438
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| spelling | Graziano, Anthony M. Verfasser aut Research methods a process of inquiry Anthony M. Graziano ; Michael L. Raulin 2. ed. New York, NY Harper Collins 1993 XVIII, 446 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd rswk-swf Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s 1\p DE-604 Raulin, Michael L. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018383742&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Graziano, Anthony M. Research methods a process of inquiry Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4047704-6 |
| title | Research methods a process of inquiry |
| title_auth | Research methods a process of inquiry |
| title_exact_search | Research methods a process of inquiry |
| title_full | Research methods a process of inquiry Anthony M. Graziano ; Michael L. Raulin |
| title_fullStr | Research methods a process of inquiry Anthony M. Graziano ; Michael L. Raulin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research methods a process of inquiry Anthony M. Graziano ; Michael L. Raulin |
| title_short | Research methods |
| title_sort | research methods a process of inquiry |
| title_sub | a process of inquiry |
| topic | Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Forschungsmethode Psychologie |
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