Contemporary instrumental analysis:
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Upper Saddle River, NJ
Prentice Hall
2000
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 840 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0137907265 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Contemporary instrumental analysis |c Kenneth A. Rubinson ; Judith F. Rubinson |
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| adam_text | KENNETH A. RUBINSON JUDITH F. RUBINSON CONTEMPORARY INSTRUMENTAL
ANALYSIS PRENTICE HALL UPPER SADDLE RIVER, NJ 07458 CONTENTS PREFACE
XVIII ABOUT THE AUTHORS XX C H A I T E R PRELIMINARIES ELIMINATE
EXPECTED INTERFERENTS 1 1 RUNASSAY . . CALIBRATKM STANDARDS : SAMPLE T
DATA REDUCTION TO NUMERICAI ANSWER 1 J STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 1 } .-
NUMERICAL ANSWERS WITH ERROR LIMITS 1 1 : : : IRITERPRETTO GET SOLUTION
TO : PROBIEM 1 L.I 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 INTRODUCTION 3 SOME DEFINITIONS 3
IDENTIFICATION, DETERMINATION, ANALYSIS, ASSAY, QUANTITATION, AND
ANALYTE 3 VALIDATION 4 METHODS, PROTOCOLS, AND TECHNIQUES 4 SOLVING A
PROBLEM 4 A BRIEF REVIEW OF BASIC MEASURES 8 ATOMIC MASS 8 MOLE 9 PREFIX
NOTATION 9 MEASURES OF COMPOSITION: UNITS OF CONTENT 10 WEIGHT-TO-WEIGHT
MEASURES 10 WEIGHT-TO-VOLUME MEASURES 11 NUMBER-TO-VOLUME MEASURES 12
VOLUME-TO-VOLUME MEASURES 13 THE PH AND OTHER LOGARITHMIC SCALES 13
EXPERIMENTS AND MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS 13 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER
READING 15 EXERCISES 16 CONCEPT REVIEW 16 C H A A T E R STATISTICAL
TESTS AND ERROR ANALYSIS | F /F^ ~~1 I *. BELASSVE * / V ** 1
FREQUERTEY * *. * I^~^L 1 Y/TJVS^ L^42^XSS^Z, 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
2.8 INTRODUCTION 19 FINDING ERRORS 19 A SIMPLE ANALYSIS BY
CHROMATOGRAPHY 19 AM I AT LEAST IN THE BALLPARK? 20 MEASURING ERRORS 20
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE MEASURES 23 PRECISION AND ACCURACY 24 RANDOM
ERRORS AND THE NORMAL (GAUSSIAN) DISTRIBUTION PROPERTIES OF GAUSSIAN
DISTRIBUTIONS 28 THE CONFIDENCE LIMIT 29 CONFIDENCE LIMITS WHEN A IS
KNOWN 29 CONFIDENCE LIMITS WHEN ER IS UNKNOWN 30 STANDARDS, BLANKS, AND
ACCURACY 32 25 IV CONTENTS 2.9 FINDING ERRORS 33 THE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
33 2.10 UNACCEPTABLE METHODOLOGIES 37 2.11 POOLING DATA AND THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS 37 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS 38
COMPARING TWO DIFFERENT METHODS USING SETS OF SAMPLES 40 COMPARING AN
EXPERIMENTAL MEAN WITH A TRUE VALUE 43 2.12 PROPAGATION OF UNCERTAINTY
44 TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL DETERMINATE ERROR 45 TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL RANDOM
ERRORS 46 WHAT TO DO WITH ERROR INFORMATION 49 2.13 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
50 RULES OF ROUNDING OFF 50 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS AND ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
50 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION 51 MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION 51 LOGARITHMS
52 2.14 DISCORDANT DATA 53 2.15 THE MEDIAN 55 2.16 LEAST SQUARES 55 A
DEEPER LOOK 2A THE F-TEST FOR EQUALITY OF VARIANCES 58 SUGGESTIONS FOR
FURTHER READING 60 * EXERCISES 61 C H A J T E R SAMPLING FL~ LIE:
**; %? TL-^- TFP^-C^FW AESRJ * 3.1 FACTORS INVOLVED IN EFFECTIVE
SAMPLING 67 3.2 GOOD SAMPLES: REPRESENTATIVE AND HOMOGENEOUS 68 MAKING
THE SAMPLE REPRESENTATIVE 68 MULTIPLE HIERARCHICAL SAMPLING 70 MAKING
THE SAMPLE HOMOGENEOUS 71 3.3 A PICTORIAL MODEL 75 3.4 SAMPLES OF
MIXTURES 77 3.5 SAMPLE INTEGRITY 77 3.6 PHYSICAL SEPARATIONS IN SAMPLING
7 8 SAMPLING GASES AND VOLATILE SPECIES 79 3.7 HOW MANY SAMPLES DO I
NEED? 80 A DEEPER LOOK 3A THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 82 A POSTSCRIPT 85
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 85 EXERCISES 86 CONCEPT REVIEW 86 VI
CONTENTS C H AE4 T E R SAMPLE TREATMENT, INTERFERENCES, AND STANDARDS 4.1
SAMPLE PREPARATION 91 4.2 MAXIMIZE RECOVERY 92 LOSS OF ANALYTE 93
CORRECTION FOR LOSS OF ANALYTE 95 4.3 OPTIMIZE THE CHEMICAL FORM 96
WORKING DIRECTLY WITH SOLID SAMPLES 96 ADDING OR REMOVING HEAT 96
DISSOLUTION 97 DIGESTION 97 INTEGRATED VAPORIZATION 100 4.4 MINIMIZE THE
INTERFERENCES 101 EXTRACTION 102 DIALYSIS 107 PRECIPITATION AND
FLOTATION 107 PURGE AND TRAP 109 4.5 OPTIMIZE THE CONCENTRATION 109 4.6
CALIBRATION AND STANDARDS 111 4.7 TYPES OF STANDARDS 112 EXTERNAL
STANDARDS 112 ADDED STANDARDS 114 A DEEPER LOOK 4A THE BASIS OF
ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED DISSOLUTION AND DIGESTION 4B MICROWAVE-ASSISTED
SAMPLE PREPARATION 119 4C SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION 122 4D PURGE
AND TRAP 123 4E FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS 126 4F STANDARD REFERENCE
MATERIALS 128 DEFINITIONS 130 118 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 130
EXERCISES 132 CONCEPT REVIEW 132 CHAJT E R SAMPLE SIZE AND MAJOR, MINOR,
TRACE, AND ULTRATRACE COMPONENTS 5.1 SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION BY SIZE AND
ANALYTE LEVEL 139 5.2 LIMITS OF TRACE ANALYSIS 140 5.3 TRACE,
ULTRATRACE, AND MICROANALYSIS COMPARED 145 PRECONCENTRATION OF TRACE
ANALYTES 146 5.4 FOUR CASES 146 CASE 1: A SAMPLE OF HIGH PURITY 146 CASE
2: A MILLIGRAM SAMPLE TO BE ANALYZED FOR ITS ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION 146
CONTENTS VII CASE 3: MICRO-ORGANIC ANALYSIS 148 CASE 4: A SOLID AND THE
DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS IN ITS STRUCTURE 5.5 SIGNALS, NOISE, AND
DETECTION LIMITS 150 5.6 FIGURES OF MERIT AND THE DETECTION LIMIT 152
COMPARING DETECTION LIMITS 153 5.7 THE LIMIT OF DETECTION IN MORE DETAIL
154 149 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 158 EXERCISES 158 CONCEPT REVIEW
158 C H A| T E R ELECTRONICS AND NOISE E D V- ^ OUTPUT 1 LOAD I_ I
6.1 INTRODUCTION 163 6.2 DC CURRENT,VOLTAGE, AND RESISTANCE 164 6.3
POWER 165 6.4 KIRCHHOFF S LAWS 166 RESISTORS IN SERIES: VOLTAGE DIVIDERS
167 RESISTORS IN PARALLEL 169 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE CIRCUIT: RESISTORS
COMBINED IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL 169 6.5 TIME-DEPENDENT RESPONSES OF
CIRCUITS 171 6.6 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIOS 174 6.7 TYPES OF NOISE 175
THERMAL NOISE 176 SHOT NOISE 178 L//NOISE 179 ELECTRICAL INTERFERENCE
179 6.8 AMPLIFIERS AND AMPLIFICATION 180 A FEW COMMON OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS 182 6.9 DETECTION LIMIT WITH A MULTICHANNEL DETECTOR
187 A DEEPER LOOK 6A SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS IN ELECTRONICS 188 6B A BRIEF
INTRODUCTION TO THE NOMENCLATURE OF DIGITAL LOGIC 189 A FLIP-FLOP
NETWORK 191 THE D-BLOCK LATCH 192 A BINARY COUNTER 195 6C CAPACITORS,
INDUCTORS, AND ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) 196 CAPACITORS AND AC 196
INDUCTORS AND AC 198 LC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE 199 SUGGESTIONS FOR
FURTHER READING 201 * EXERCISES 202 VIII CONTENTS C H AFTE R
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS J7- AUXILIARY WORKING 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6
7.7 7.8 7.9 THE VARIETY OF ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS 205 A REVIEW:
ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIALS AND THE NERNST EQUATION 205 CHEMICAL
ACTIVITIES 205 THE NERNST EQUATION 206 CONCENTRATION CELLS 208 PH AND
THE ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL 208 THE FORMAL POTENTIAL 209 TOWARD
MEASUREMENTS 211 HOW AN INERT ELECTRODE SENSES THE POTENTIAL OF A REDOX
COUPLE 211 THE EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT 213 POTENTIOMETRY AND
ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES 215 REFERENCE HALF-CELLS 215 ION-SELECTIVE
INTERFACES AND ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES 217 RANGE OF RESPONSE OF
ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES 222 ION-SELECTIVE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 223
INTERFERENCES AND ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES 224 POTENTIOMETRIE PRECISION
226 ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS USING CURRENT FLOW 226 BEHAVIOR OF AN
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL WITH AN APPLIED POTENTIAL 226 THE LINEAR REGION 227
THE NONLINEAR REGION 228 KINETIC OVERPOTENTIAL 229 THREE-ELECTRODE
POTENTIOSTAT 231 CONDUCTIMETRY 233 CONDUCTIVITY AND IONIC CONCENTRATION
234 CONDUCTIMETRY IN PRACTICE 235 COULOMETRY 238 BACKGROUND CURRENTS:
COMPETITIVE ELECTROLYSIS 240 COULOMETRIC TITRATIONS 242 AMPEROMETRY 243
FIXED-POTENTIAL AMPEROMETRY: AMPEROMETRIC TITRATIONS 244 THE
TWO-ELECTRODE SYSTEM 244 ONE-ELECTRODE SYSTEM 247
CHROMATOGRAPHY/AMPEROMETRY 248 7.10 VOLTAMMETRY 248 DC POLAROGRAPHY AND
THE DROPPING MERCURY ELECTRODE 250 PULSED VOLTAMMETRY 250 DIFFERENTIAL
PULSE VOLTAMMETRY 254 CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY 255 7.11 STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY
258 A DEEPER LOOK 7A NOTATION FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS 260 7B HOW
SELECTIVITY COEFFICIENTS ARE DETERMINED 263 CONTENTS IX 7C SALT BRIDGES
264 7D VOLTAGES, CURRENT MEASUREMENT, AND TIME IN DIFFERENTIAL-PULSE
VOLTAMMETRY 265 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 268 EXERCISES 269
CONCEPT REVIEW 269 C H A TER INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROMETRY ^ A- S J: : ,
HV IM (LUMINESCENCE, EMISSION) ^G^ YS (PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT, F
FTIERMOELECTRON EMISSION, I ONDARY DECTRONS) ^-] *B T II *-*
(NONRADIATIVE ENERGY LOSS) 8.1 SPECTROMETRY, FROM RADIOFREQUENCY TO
Y-RAYS 275 8.2 REVIEW OF ENERGY, WAVELENGTH, FREQUENCY, AND TEMPERATURE
276 8.3 THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF LIGHT ENERGY 280 SPECTROMETRIC NAMES 281
8.4 SPECTRAL PURITY AND SPECTRAL RESOLUTION 282 MONOCHROMATORS AND
POLYCHROMATORS IN THE OPTICAL RANGE 284 BANDWIDTH AND SPECTRAL SLIT
WIDTH 285 RESOLUTION 285 8.5 MEASUREMENT OF SPECTRA 286 8.6 LIGHT
SCATTERING 289 GEOMETRY OF SCATTERING 289 ELASTIC SCATTERING ORIGINS AND
BEHAVIOR 290 INELASTIC SCATTERING 291 8.7 EMISSION SPECTROMETRY 292 8.8
ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 293 ABSORBANCE AND CONCENTRATION 295 ABSORBANCE,
CONCENTRATION, AND PRECISION 296 SPECTRAL RESOLUTION AND ERROR IN
CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS 297 SAMPLE CELLS AND SOLVENTS 298 OTHER
LIMITS TO PHOTOMETRIE PRECISION 299 8.9 FLUORESCENCE/PHOSPHORESCENCE
SPECTROMETRY 301 COMPARISONS OF THE METHODS 304 8.10 SPECTRAL
INTERFERENCE AND THE SPECTRA OF MIXTURES 305 BACKGROUND CORRECTION 307
QUANTIFYING TWO SPECIES WITH SPECTRAL INTERFERENCE PRESENT 308 8.11
CHEMICAL INTERFERENCE 311 ISOSBESTIC POINTS 311 8.12 INSTRUMENT
INTERFERENCE 312 8.13 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION AND FIBER OPTICS 314
ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION 317 8.14 DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROMETRY
321 8.15 DERIVATIVE SPECTROMETRY 325 A DEEPER LOOK 8A WAVELENGTH
SEPARATION: INTERFERENCE, DIFFRACTION, GRAETINGS, AND FILTERS 326
CONSTRUCTIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE OF TWO STATIONARY WAVES 327
CONTENTS 333 TWO-SLIT DIFFRACTION 328 MULTISLIT DIFFRACTION 329 GRAETINGS
330 GRAETING MONOCHROMATORS INTERFEROMETERS 334 8B SOURCES OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION: 190 NM TO 50 /XM LASERS AND LASER SAFETY 335
THE ULTRAVIOLET REGION, 190 TO 320 NM: DEUTERIUM, XENON, AND MERCURY
ARES 335 THE VISIBLE REGION, 320 TO -750 NM: TUNGSTEN FILAMENT LAMPS THE
INFRARED REGION, 2.5 TO 50 /AM: NERNST GLOWER 339 8C REPRESENTATIVE
TRANSDUCERS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION RECTIFIERS FOR RADIOFREQUENCY
339 INFRARED DEVICES 340 PHOTOTUBES AND PHOTOMULTIPLIERS 341 CCDS AND
CIDS 343 X-RAY AND GAMMA DETECTORS 345 8D DERIVATION OF THE BEER-LAMBERT
LAW 346 LUMINESCENCE AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON CONCENTRATION 348 8E THE
NOMENCLATURE OF MOLECULAR ABSORPTION AND LUMINESCENCE 349 SUGGESTIONS
FOR FURTHER READING 353 * EXERCISES 354 335 337 339 CHARTER SPECTROMETRY
FOR ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 ATOMIC
SPECTROMETRY 363 NOMENCLATURE OF ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 363 SPECTRA AND
SPECTRAL NOTATION 364 INTENSITIES AND LINEWIDTHS OF GAS PHASE ATOMIC
SPECTRA LINEWIDTH DEPENDENCE ON TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE 366
SIMULTANEOUS EMISSION AND ABSORPTION AND LINESHAPE CHANGES FACTORS
AFFECTING ATOMIZATION/IONIZATION 370 SOLID SAMPLES 370 ATOMS OR IONS?
371 LIQUID SAMPLES 373 GASEOUS SAMPLES 375 ISOLATED ATOMS OR IONS FROM
SAMPLES 376 FURNACES 376 PLASMAS 377 FLAMES 380 CAUSES OF SPECTRAL
INTERFERENCES IN GASES 380 ATOMIC EMISSION METHODOLOGY 383 ATOMIC
ABSORPTION METHODOLOGY 385 THE LIGHT SOURCE IN ATOMIC ABSORPTION 386
BACKGROUND CORRECTION 389 366 367 9.10 BULK ANALYSIS WITHOUT ATOMIZATION
392 CONTENTS 9.11 X-RAY METHODS OF ANALYSIS 392 NOMENCLATURE OF X-RAY
RADIATION 392 ABSORPTION OF X-RAYS 393 MASS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS 397
SPURIOUS PEAKS AND ANOMALOUS FLUORESCENCE INTENSITIES 399 PROTON-INDUCED
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE (PIXE) 399 9.12 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 400 9.13
FURNACE OR PLASMA? ABSORPTION OR EMISSION? OPTICAL, X-RAY, Y-RAY? WHICH
TO USE? 404 9.14 SURFACE-SENSITIVE SPECTROMETRIES 406 9.15 PHOTOELECTRON
AND AUGER SPECTROSCOPIES 409 ELECTRONS EMITTED FROM SAMPLES 409 WHICH
ELECTRONS ARE EMITTED? 411 AUGER EMISSION SPECTROMETRY (AES) 412 AUGER
NOMENCLATURE 415 9.16 RUTHERFORD BACKSCATTERING 416 A DEEPER LOOK 9A
EMISSION AND ABSORPTION SPECTRA AND THE BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION 419
TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS AND NOISE 423 9B DOPPLER SPECTROSCOPIC LINE
BROADENING 424 9C WAVELENGTH-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROMETERS (WDX) 427 9D
ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROMETERS (EDX) 429 9E ELECTRON
SPECTROMETERS 430 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 432 * EXERCISES 433 C
H 4W E R 10.1 INTRODUCTION 439 INFRARED SPECTRA 439 10.2 VIBRATIONAL
FREQUENCIES 441 10.3 NORMAL VIBRATIONAL MODES 445 10.4 QUALITATIVE
INFORMATION FROM IR SPECTRA 448 10.5 RAMAN SPECTRA 452 10.6 SAMPLES FOR
INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROMETRIES 455 SAMPLES FOR INFRARED SPECTROMETRY
455 SAMPLES FOR RAMAN SPECTROMETRY 456 10.7 BAND INTENSITIES OF
VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA 458 10.8 QUANTITATION 461 10.9 INFRARED AND RAMAN
MICROSPECTROMETRY 462 A DEEPER LOOK 10A RAMAN SPECTROMETERS 463 10B
CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCIES 466 INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROMETRIES:
VIBRATIONAL SPECTROMETRIES SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 472 *
EXERCISES 472 XII CONTENTS H A| P|T E R NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
SPECTROMETRY 11.1 INTRODUCTION 477 11.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF NMR 477
SIGNAL MAGNITUDE AND CONCENTRATION 480 11.3 CHEMICAL SHIFTS: ORIGINS
ANDVALUES 482 ORIGIN OF ER, THE SHIELDING PARAMETER 482 11.4 NUCLEAR
EQUIVALENCE AND INEQUIVALENCE 486 11.5 NUCLEAR SPIN-NUCLEAR SPIN
INTERACTION 487 THE HEIGHTS AND AREAS OF SPLIT PEAKS 490 GENERAL
SPLITTING PATTERNS 491 SOME COMPLICATIONS 493 SPLITTING BY MORE THAN ONE
SET OF EQUIVALENT NUCLEI 496 SPIN-SPIN SPLITTING FROM NONRESONANT NUCLEI
499 11.6 13 C-NMR 499 11.7 QUANTITATION 501 11.8 NMR OF SOLIDS 504 11.9
MULTIDIMENSIONAL NMR 505 A DEEPER LOOK IIA NMR INSTRUMENTS AND SAMPLES
507 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 510 * EXERCISES 511 C H 4EJ E R MASS
SPECTROMETRY 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10
INTRODUCTION 515 MASS SPECTRA AND THE MASS-TO-CHARGE RATIO 518 ANALYSIS
OF ORGANIC-MOLECULE MASS SPECTRA 518 IDENTIFY THE MOLECULAR ION 519
STUDY THE ISOTOPE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS 520 EXPLAIN THE FRAGMENTATION
PATTERNS 523 MASS SPECTRAL RESOLVING POWER AND SPECTRAL RESOLUTION 525
EXACT MASSES AND CHEMICAL FORMULA DETERMINATION 526 SEQUENTIAL MASS
SPECTROMETRY: MS/MS 528 SEPARATIONS/MASS SPECTROMETRY 529 HIGH-MASS MASS
SPECTROMETRY 533 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY 536 THE
VARIETY OF ION SOURCES 540 COMMON FACTORS IN ION SOURCES: STABILITY
CONTROL OF ION MOTION 540 ELECTRON IONIZATION (EI) AND CHEMICAL
IONIZATION (CI) 542 ELECTROSPRAY (ES, ESI) 543 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED
PLASMA SOURCE (ICP) 548 PULSED-LASER-BASED SOURCES 550 FAST-ATOM
BOMBARDMENT (FAB) 550 CONTENTS XIII ION IMPACT DESORPTION/IONIZATION:
SIMS, PLASMA DESORPTION, GLOW DISCHARGE, SPUTTERED NEUTRAIS 552 THERMAL
IONIZATION 555 12.11 MASS ANALYZERS FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 555 MAGNETIC
SECTOR 556 DOUBLE SECTOR 556 QUADRUPOLE MASS FILTER 557 QUADRUPOLE ION
TRAP 559 TIME-OF-FLIGHT 560 FOURIER TRANSFORM MASS SPECTROMETRY (FOURIER
TRANSFORM ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE) 562 12.12 HIGH-PRECISION ANALYSES BY
MASS SPECTROMETRY: ISOTOPE DILUTION 565 THE EQUATION OF MASS SPECTRAL
ISOTOPE DILUTION ANALYSIS 566 A DEEPER LOOK 12A NATURAL ISOTOPIC
ABUNDANCES 568 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 569 * EXERCISES 570 C H
A| OT E R THE CHROMATOGRAPHY EXPERIMENT 577 NOMENCLATURE OF
CHROMATOGRAPHIE SEPARATIONS 579 DESCRIPTIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL
CHROMATOGRAMS 580 PARAMETERS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 581 PARAMETERS FOR
INDIVIDUAL BANDS 582 EFFICIENCY 583 PARAMETERS DESCRIBING PAIRS OF BANDS
584 COMPARING COLUMN EFFICIENCIES 587 MASS RESOLUTION VERSUS PEAK
RESOLUTION 587 QUANTITATION IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 589 LOSS OF MATERIAL ON
THE COLUMN 589 DETECTOR RESPONSE 590 QUANTITATION TECHNIQUES 590
EXPLAINING CHROMATOGRAPHIE SEPARATIONS 592 EXTRACTIONS 592 SAMPLE
LOADING 593 K D AND ELUTION TIMES 594 A MORE COMPLETE MODEL 596 ZONE
BROADENING: THE VAN DEEMTER EQUATION 598 ZONE BROADENING IN MORE DETAIL
601 THE BROADENING PROCESS ACCOUNTED FOR BY B/UE 601 THE BROADENING
PROCESS ACCOUNTED FOR BY CW 602 PACKING OF THE STATIONARY PHASE AND THE
A-TERM 604 IMPROVING SEPARATIONS 606 VARYING N BY CHANGING THE FLOW RATE
607 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SEPARATIONS AND CHROMATOGRAPHY BAND
BROADENING MOSTLY DUE TO DIFFUSION T 1 I 1 H ~--J-H : HETP 0 BAND
BROADENING MOSTLY DUE TO SLOW NIASS TRANSFER T :/ ; :: I ~ , * *
^FF^%M * C»S B. (FLOW VELOCITY) 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7
13.8 XIV CONTENTS IMPROVE THE SEPARATION BY CHANGING A! 608 BATCH
SEPARATIONS 608 OTHER STRATEGIES 609 13.9 ASYMMETRICAL PEAKS 609 SAMPLE
LOADING 610 ISOTHERMS AND ASYMMETRY 611 13.10 MULTIDIMENSIONAL
TECHNIQUES 612 MULTIDIMENSIONAL SEPARATIONS 612 MULTIDIMENSIONAL
DETECTION 613 A DEEPER LOOK 13A PROOF THAT W T = 4O-, FOR GAUSSIAN PEAKS
617 13B REDUCED PLATE HEIGHT AND REDUCED FLOW VELOCITY 618 13C HOW GOOD
IS THE RESOLUTION IN HIGH-RESOLUTION CHROMATOGRAMS? 619 SUGGESTIONS FOR
FURTHER READING 623 * EXERCISES 623 C H AFFL% E R TYPES OF LIQUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY 629 NORMAL-PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 630 REVERSED-PHASE
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 633 ION-EXCHANGE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (ION
CHROMATOGRAPHY) 636 ION CHROMATOGRAPHY 638 ION-PAIRING CHROMATOGRAPHY
641 SIZE-EXCLUSION LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 641 CHIRAL SEPARATIONS 644
GRADIENTS 645 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE 648 PARTICIE SIZE, COLUMN SIZE,
PRESSURE, AND HETP 650 DETECTORS FOR COLUMN LC 653 UV-VISIBLE ADSORPTION
DETECTORS 654 FLUORESCENCE DETECTORS 656 DIFFERENTIAL REFRACTIVE INDEX
DETECTOR 656 AMPEROMETRIC DETECTOR 658 CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR 659
EVAPORATIVE LIGHT SCATTERING (ELS) 659 LIGHT SCATTERING IN LIQUIDS 661
VISCOMETRIC DETECTOR FOR POLYMER SOLUTIONS 662 BATCH SEPARATIONS 663
PLANAR CHROMATOGRAPHY 664 HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY 664
DETECTION AND QUANTITATION FOR TLC 666 TIONS FOR FURTHER READING 668 *
EXERCISES 669 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.11 14.12
SUGGEST CONTENTS XV T E R GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND SUPERCRITICAL FLUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY OUTPUT MAKEUP GAS IN ] CAPILLARY COLUMN 686 686 689 15.1
COMPARISON BETWEEN GAS, SUPERCRITICAL FLUID, AND LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIES
673 15.2 THE NOMENCLATURE OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 674 15.3 SAMPLES
ANALYZED 675 15.4 SAMPLE INTRODUCTION, SPLITTERS, AND COLUMNS 676 SAMPLE
INTRODUCTION AND SPLITTERS 676 COLUMNS AND STATIONARY PHASES 677
TEMPERATURE IN GC 681 FLOW RATE IN GC 683 GC DETECTORS 684 15.5
DETECTORS FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR (TCD)
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR (FID) 688 ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR (ECD) 689
NITROGEN-PHOSPHORUS DETECTOR (NPD) PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTOR (PID) 690
PULSED DISCHARGE HELIUM IONIZATION DETECTOR (PDHID) 690 FLAME
PHOTOMETRIE DETECTOR (FPD) 691 HALL (CONDUCTIVITY) DETECTOR (ELCD) 692
OTHER DETECTORS 694 EFFLUENT FLOW RATES 694 15.6 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY 694 ANALYTES 694 THE MOBILE PHASE 695 SAMPLE FORM AND
SAMPLE INJECTION 695 COLUMNS AND PACKINGS 695 DETECTORS 696 A DEEPER
LOOK 15A STATIONARY PHASES FOR GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: CLASSIFICATION
SCHEMES 696 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES 696 RETENTION INDEX 697 MCREYNOLDS
CONSTANTS 699 OPTIMIZATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY SEPARATIONS 701 15B
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 705 * EXERCISES 705 E R SEPARATIONS BY
APPLIED VOLTAGE: ELECTROSEPARATIONS 16.1 THE BASIS OF ELECTROSEPARATIONS
709 16.2 NEGATIVE, NEUTRAL, OR POSITIVE? 711 16.3 ELECTROPHORETIC
SEPARATIONS WITHIN A GEL MATRIX THE GELS 713 713 XVI CONTENTS SOME MODES
OF OPERATION 715 IMPROVING THE RESOLUTION 716 16.4 SOME DETECTION
METHODS FOR GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 717 16.5 ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING 720 16.6
CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS 721 TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES AND CONVECTION 722
ELECTROOSMOTIC FLOW IN CAPILLARIES 724 EFFICIENCY 727 RESOLUTION 728
SAMPLE INJECTION 728 MODES OF OPERATION 729 DETECTION 729 16.7 MICELLAR
ELECTROKINETIC CAPILLARY CHROMATOGRAPHY 730 16.8 ION MOBILITY
SPECTROMETRY 733 A DEEPER LOOK 16A THE ORIGIN OF ELECTROOSMOTIC FLOW 736
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 737 * EXERCISES 738 C H 4 / T E R
DIGITIZATION 741 RESOLUTION 741 LEAST AND MOST SIGNIFICANT BITS 744
SIGNAL AVERAGING 746 TIME AND FREQUENCY: HOW OFTEN TO SAMPLE THE VOLTAGE
748 ELIMINATING ALIASING WITH FILTERS 749 WHEN AN ANTI-ALIASING FILTER
IS NOT NEEDED 751 TIME AND FREQUENCY: HOWTHEY ARE RELATED 752 ADDING
TOGETHER AND EXTRACTING SINE WAVES 753 MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES:
FOURIER TRANSFORMS 755 COMPLEX VARIABLES: A CONVENIENT SHORTHAND
NOTATION 756 THE INVERSE TRANSFORM 757 FREQUENCIES, FILTERS, AND
ALIASING 757 DIGRESSION ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NOISE IN SPECTROMETRY
759 FLUCTUATION NOISE ( * I) AND PHOTON EMISSION NOISE ( I IN ) 761
MULTICHANNEL IS NOT MULTIPLEX 762 A SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLEXING 762
MULTIPLEXING IN INFRARED SPECTROMETRY 763 SPECTRAL ELEMENTS 763
DISTRIBUTIONS OF NOISE 765 HOW TO GET ENOUGH SIGNAL 765 SOME INSTRUMENT
PRINCIPLES 767 POWER BROUGHT TO THE DETECTOR 767 INSTANTANEOUS
COLLECTION OF SPECTRA 768 RESOLUTION, S/N, AND DATA COLLECTION TIME 768
SAMPLING TIME, DIGITAL RESOLUTION, AND SPECTRAL RANGE 769 DIGITAL SIGNAL
17.1 ACQUISITION AND SIGNAL TREATMENT 17 2 17.3 WAVELENGTH 17.4 17.5
17.6 17.7 CONTENTS XVII 17.8 THE EXPERIMENTAL USES OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS
773 FT-NMR 773 FT-MASS SPECTROMETRY 775 FT-IR 777 DIGITAL RESOLUTION AND
THE MAXIMUM RETARDATION 780 THE THROUGHPUT ADVANTAGE 780 THE MULTIPLEX
ADVANTAGE 780 PRECAUTIONS 781 A DEEPER LOOK 17A THE PHASOR
REPRESENTATION OF VOLTAGE 781 17B THE FOURIER TRANSFORM OFATRANSIENT
SIGNAL 783 APODIZATION (WINDOWING) 785 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
786 * EXERCISES 786 C H AJCJT E R KINETIC METHODS TIME, ARBITRARY UNITS
18.1 THE CHEMISTRIES OF KINETIC ANALYSES 789 18.2 WHY KINETIC METHODS?
789 18.3 A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE MATHEMATICS OF RATES OF REACTIONS, DECAY
TIMES, AND HALF-LIVES 790 18.4 ASSAY KINETICS AND ASSAYTYPES 794 THE
CATALYTIC METHOD 795 THE DIRECT METHOD 796 18.5 METHODS FOR DETERMINING
[A] 0 OR FC CAT AIYTIC FROM RATES 796 THE DERIVATIVE METHOD 797
FIXED-TIME METHOD 798 VARIABLE-TIME METHOD 800 A DEEPER LOOK 18A
OBTAINING SIMPLE KINETIC BEHAVIOR PSEUDO FIRST-ORDER BEHAVIOR 803 PSEUDO
ZERO-ORDER BEHAVIOR 804 802 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 804 *
CONCEPT REVIEW 805 * EXERCISES 805 APPENDICES 808 ANSWERS 828 INDEX 831
|
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| author | Rubinson, Kenneth A. Rubinson, Judith F. |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)246082810 (DE-599)BVBBV023772550 |
| dewey-full | 543 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
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| dewey-sort | 3543 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:36:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0137907265 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Rubinson, Kenneth A. Verfasser aut Contemporary instrumental analysis Kenneth A. Rubinson ; Judith F. Rubinson Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall 2000 XX, 840 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Instrumentelle Analytik (DE-588)4222592-9 gnd rswk-swf Instrumentelle Analytik (DE-588)4222592-9 s DE-604 Rubinson, Judith F. Verfasser aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017414784&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rubinson, Kenneth A. Rubinson, Judith F. Contemporary instrumental analysis Instrumentelle Analytik (DE-588)4222592-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4222592-9 |
| title | Contemporary instrumental analysis |
| title_auth | Contemporary instrumental analysis |
| title_exact_search | Contemporary instrumental analysis |
| title_full | Contemporary instrumental analysis Kenneth A. Rubinson ; Judith F. Rubinson |
| title_fullStr | Contemporary instrumental analysis Kenneth A. Rubinson ; Judith F. Rubinson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contemporary instrumental analysis Kenneth A. Rubinson ; Judith F. Rubinson |
| title_short | Contemporary instrumental analysis |
| title_sort | contemporary instrumental analysis |
| topic | Instrumentelle Analytik (DE-588)4222592-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Instrumentelle Analytik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017414784&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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