Brake technology handbook:
Saved in:
| Other Authors: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Warrendale, Pa.
SAE International
2008
|
| Edition: | 1. Engl. ed. |
| Series: | SAE-R
375 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Physical Description: | XXX, 544 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780768017878 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Brake technology handbook |c ed. by Bert Breuer ... |
| 250 | |a 1. Engl. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Warrendale, Pa. |b SAE International |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXX, 544 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| _version_ | 1804138772620640256 |
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| adam_text | EDITED BY BERT BREUER KARLHEINZ H. BILL BRAKE TECHNOLOGY HANDBOOK FIRST
ENGLISH EDITION INTERNATIONAL WARRENDALE, PENNSYLVANIA, USA CONTENTS
SYMBOLS, INDICES, AND ACRONYMS XXI 1 THE HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
1 1.1 MECHANICALLY OPERATED VEHICLE BRAKES 1 1.2 THE HYDRAULICALLY
OPERATED FOUR-WHEEL BRAKE 2 1.3 BRAKES WITH INTERNAL AMPLIFICATION 4 1.4
MULTI-CIRCUIT BRAKING SYSTEMS 4 1.5 FROM MUSCLE POWER TO FULL POWER
BRAKES 5 1.6 THE HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED DISC BRAKE 7 1.7 ELECTRONIC
BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS 8 2 BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE BRAKING PROCESS 10 2.1
BRAKING AS DRIVING TASK 10 2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRAKING PROCESS 11
2.3 STOPPING DISTANCE 12 2.4 BRAKING STABILITY AND BRAKING FORCE
DISTRIBUTION 14 2.5 RELIABILITY 16 3 AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS
18 3.1 PERFORMANCE 18 3.1.1 BRAKING DISTANCE 18 3.1.2 STABILITY 19 3.1.3
ROAD IRREGULARITIES 20 3.1.4 DEPENDENCE ON FRICTION VALUE 21 3.2 VEHICLE
PERFORMANCE 22 3.2.1 STABILITY 22 3.2.2 BODY PITCH 25 3.3
ACTUATION/CONTROL 27 3.3.1 RESPONSIVENESS AND CONTROLLABILITY 27 3.3.2
FORCES, TRAVELS, CHARACTERISTICS 28 3.4 PACKAGE/INSTALLATION SITUATION
29 3.4.1 INSTALLATION SIZES AND RELATIONS 29 3.4.2 MASSES 30 3.5 BRAKE
BOOST ENERGY SUPPLY 30 3.6 THERMAL MARGINAL CONDITIONS 32 3.7
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 33 3.8 NOISES AND VIBRATIONS 33 3.8.1
VIBRATIONS 34 3.8.2 NOISES 35 3.9 CRASH REQUIREMENTS 36 3.10
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 37 3.10.1 BRAKE LININGS 37 3.10.2 CORROSION
PROTECTION 37 3.10.3 BRAKE FLUID 37 3.11 ENERGY RECUPERATION 37 4
USER-RELATED REQUIREMENTS 39 4.1 INTRODUCTION 39 4.2 BRAKING SITUATION
39 4.2.1 INFORMATION RECEPTION 41 4.2.2 COGNITION (INFORMATION
PROCESSING IN THE NARROWER SENSE) 41 4.2.3 REACTION 42 4.2.4 TIME
SEQUENCE OF INFORMATION PROCESSING IN BRAKING SITUATIONS 42 4.3 BRAKING
ACTION 43 4.3.1 FOOT MOVEMENT 43 4.3.2 ACTUATION OF BRAKE PEDAL 44
CONTENTS 4.4 ERGONOMIC BRAKE DESIGN 44 4.4.1 GEOMETRY 44 4.4.2 KEY
FEATURES OF BRAKE PEDAL 46 4.4.3 ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS 46 4.4.4 BRAKING
ASSISTANTS 47 INTERACTION AMONG THE ROAD SURFACE, TIRE, AND BRAKE 49 5.1
INTRODUCTION 49 5.2 TRANSMISSION OF FORCES BETWEEN THE TIRE AND THE ROAD
SURFACE 49 5.2.1 THE FRICTION OF RUBBER 49 5.2.2 INTERACTION BETWEEN THE
TIRE AND THE ROAD SURFACE 50 5.2.3 BUILDUP OF TIRE FORCES 52 5.2.3.1
BRAKING FORCES/TANGENTIAL FORCES 52 5.2.3.2 SIDE SLIP: FORCES AND
MOMENTS , 53 5.3 INTERACTION BETWEEN TIRE AND BRAKE 54 5.3.1 TIRE MODELS
55 5.3.2 DYNAMIC TANGENTIAL FORCE/SLIP CHARACTERISTICS OF A TIRE DURING
BRAKING 55 5.3.3 TANGENTIAL FORCES DURING BRAKING WITH ABS 57 5.3.4
COMBINED TANGENTIAL AND LATERAL FORCES, BRAKING WHEN LATERAL FORCE IS
REQUIRED 57 5.4 INTEGRATION OF THE TIRE INTO THE OVERALL VEHICLE SYSTEM
59 5.4.1 PRODUCT OPTIMIZATION OF THE TIRE AND THE ABS CONTROLLER USING
THE EXAMPLE OF WINTER TIRES 60 5.4.2 THE ROLE OF SKID MARKS IN ACCIDENT
RECONSTRUCTION 61 5.5 OUTLOOK 63 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AUTOMOBILE
BRAKE SYSTEMS 65 6.1 PRINCIPLES OF THE BRAKE DYNAMICS 65 6.1.1 LINES OF
EQUAL DECELERATION 67 6.1.2 LINES OF CONSTANT COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
BETWEEN THE TIRE AND THE ROAD SURFACE . 67 6.2 PRINCIPLES OF THE BRAKE
CALCULATION 67 6.2.1 PEDAL UNIT 68 6.2.2 VACUUM BOOSTER WITH MASTER
CYLINDER 68 6.2.3 BRAKE 68 6.2.3.1 DISC BRAKE 69 6.2.3.2 DRUM BRAKE 69
6.3 BRAKE SYSTEM DESIGN 70 6.3.1 BRAKE-SPLIT CONFIGURATION 70 6.3.1.1
FRONT AXLE/REAR AXLE CONFIGURATION (II-CONFIGURATION) 70 6.3.1.2
DIAGONAL CONFIGURATION (X-CONFIGURATION) 70 6.3.1.3 OTHER BRAKE-CIRCUIT
CONFIGURATIONS (HI-, LL-, HH-CONFIGURATION) .... 71 6.3.2 SIZING
CRITERIA FOR BRAKE SYSTEMS 71 6.3.2.1 REQUIREMENTS OF THE BRAKE DYNAMICS
71 6.3.2.2 REQUIREMENTS OF THE ACTUATION UNIT AND THE TRANSMISSION
MECHANISM 71 6.3.2.3 THERMAL SIZING CRITERIA 72 6.3.3 DESIGN OF WHEEL
BRAKES 72 6.3.3.1 BRAKE POWER 73 6.3.3.2 THERMAL DESIGN . , 73 6.3.3.3
COMPONENT LIFE/WEAR 74 6.3.3.4 COMFORT 75 6.3.3.5 COSTS : 76 6.3.3.6
WEIGHT 76 6.3.4 DESIGN OF BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS 76 6.3.4.1 DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR ABS SYSTEMS 78 6.3.4.2 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE TRACTION
CONTROL SYSTEM 78 6.3.4.3 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE ELECTRONIC STABILITY
CONTROL 79 6.3.5 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ELECTROHYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS 80 I
CONTENTS 6.4 SIMULATION OF BRAKE SYSTEMS 81 6.4.1 BRAKE SYSTEM DESIGN 82
6.4.2 ANALYSIS OF THE BRAKE SYSTEM COMPONENTS USING THE FINITE ELEMENTS
METHOD 83 6.4.3 SIMULATION OF BRAKE-SYSTEM COMPONENTS 84 6.4.4 OVERALL
SYSTEM SIMULATION 85 CONSTRUCTION AND COMPONENTS OF PASSENGER CAR
BRAKING SYSTEMS 87 7. 1 INTRODUCTION 87 7.1.1 THE UNDERLYING PHYSICS 87
7.1.2 BRAKING SYSTEM TYPES 89 7.1.3 CONSTRUCTION OF BRAKING SYSTEMS IN
PASSENGER CARS 90 7.1.3.1 FRONT-REAR SPLIT 90 7.1.3.2 DIAGONAL SPLIT ( X
SPLIT ) 90 7.1.3.3 OTHER HYDRAULIC BRAKE CIRCUIT SPLITS 91 7.2
GENERATION OF THE BRAKING FORCE 91 7.2.1 DISC BRAKES 92 7.2.1.1 FIXED
CALIPERS 95 7.2.1.2 FRAME CALIPERS 95 7.2.1.3 FISTCALIPER 95 7.2.1.4 FN
FIST CALIPER 96 7.2.1.5 FNR FIST FRAME CALIPER 97 7.2.1.6 COMBINED FIST
CALIPER 97 7.2.1.7 BRAKE DISCS 98 7.2.1.8 BRAKE LININGS : 100 7.2.2 DRUM
BRAKES 100 7.2.2.1 SIMPLEX DRUM BRAKE 100 7.2.2.2 DUPLEX DRUM BRAKE 101
7.2.2.3 DUO-SERVO DRUM BRAKE 101 7.2.3 ELECTRIC GENERATOR 102 7.2.3.1
CRANKSHAFT STARTER ALTERNATOR 102 7.3 TRANSFER AND MODULATION OF BRAKING
ENERGY 103 7.3.1 MECHANICAL-HYDRAULIC MODULATION OF BRAKE PRESSURE 103
7.3.2 ELECTROHYDRAULIC BRAKE PRESSURE MODULATION 104 7.3.2.1
HYDRAULIC-ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT (HCU) 106 7.3.2.2 ELECTRONIC CONTROL
UNIT (ECU) 108 7.3.2.3 ELECTRONIC CONTROL FUNCTIONS 108 7.3.2.4 SENSORS
FOR ELECTRONIC BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS 113 7.3.3 TRANSMISSION ELEMENTS 117
7.3.3.1 BRAKEFLUID 117 7.3.3.2 BRAKE TUBES AND HOSES 117 7.4 BRAKE
ACTUATION 117 7.4.1 BRAKE BOOSTER 117 7.4.1.1 VACUUM BRAKE BOOSTERS 117
7.4.1.2 HYDRAULIC BRAKE BOOSTERS 120 7.4.2 TANDEM MASTER CYLINDER 120
7.4.2.1 COMPENSATING BORE TMC 121 7.4.2.2 CENTRAL VALVE TMC 121 7.4.2.3
PLUNGER TMC 122 7.4.2.4 RESERVOIR 123 7.5 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI)
123 7.5.1 SERVICE BRAKE HMI 123 7.5.2 PARKING BRAKE HMI 123 7.5.3 PEDAL
CHARACTERISTICS (ERGONOMICS) 125 7.5.3.1 ADJUSTABLE PEDALS 125 7.5.3.2
CRASH COMPATIBILITY : 125 7.6 NEW AND FUTURE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES 126
7.6.1 ELECTRIC HYDRAULIC COMBI BRAKE EHC 126 CONTENTS BRAKING SYSTEMS
AND BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES AND BUSES * 128 8.1
EVALUATION OF A BRAKING SYSTEM 128 8.1.1 VEHICLE STABILITY WHEN BRAKING
128 8.1.2 DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRAKING FORCES TO THE AXLES 128 8.1.3
BRAKE APPLICATION IN THE BRAKING FORCE DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM 131 8.1.4
LOAD-SENSITIVE BRAKING FORCE DISTRIBUTION (ALB) 131 8.1.4.1 BRAKING
FORCE LIMITERS 132 8.1.4.2 BRAKING FORCE REDUCERS 132 8.1.5 INFLUENCE OF
ENGINE DRAG TORQUES, INERTIA MASSES AND BRAKING TORQUES OF CONTINUOUS
BRAKING SYSTEMS 133 8.1.6 DETERMINATION OF BRAKE FACTOR FLUCTUATIONS AND
THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE BRAKING FORCE DISTRIBUTION 134 8.1.7 BRAKE
CIRCUITS AND BRAKE CIRCUIT FAILURE 134 8.2 BRAKING SYSTEMS FOR MEDIUM
AND HEAVY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES 136 8.2.1 STRUCTURE OF A BRAKING SYSTEM
136 8.2.2 WHEEL BRAKES AND COMPONENTS 138 8.3 CONTINUOUS BRAKING SYSTEMS
140 8.3.1 ENGINE BRAKING SYSTEMS 141 8.3.2 RETARDERS 142 8.4
CONVENTIONAL BRAKING- AND DRIVING-SLIP CONTROL SYSTEMS 143 8.4.1
ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS (ABS) 143 8.4.2 TRACTION CONTROL : 144 8.5
ELECTRONIC BRAKING MANAGEMENT (EBS) 144 8.5.1 INTEGRATION OF CONTINUOUS
BRAKING SYSTEMS 147 8.5.2 VEHICLE STABILITY CONTROL WITH INTEGRATED
ROLL-OVER PROTECTION 147 8.5.3 OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN
TRACTOR VEHICLE AND SEMITRAILER/FULL TRAILER 149 8.5.4 BRAKING ASSISTANT
150 8.5.5 HILL HOLDER 150 8.5.6 LINING/PAD WEAR CONTROL 150 8.5.7
DISTANCE MONITORING 150 8.5.8 SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMATIC VEHICLE GUIDANCE
151 8.6 SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND ELECTRONIC NETWORKING 152 8.7 CONCLUDING
VIEW ON X-BY-WIRE SYSTEMS 152 BRAKES FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES 154 9.1
TYPES OF PNEUMATICALLY OPERATED CV BRAKES 154 9.1.1 DRUM BRAKES 154
9.1.2 DISC BRAKES 154 9.2 DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE PNEUMATICALLY
OPERATED FLOATING CALIPER DISC BRAKE 155 9.2.1 ACTUATING SYSTEM 155
9.2.1.1 SERVICE BRAKE 155 9.2.1.2 PARKING BRAKE AND SECONDARY BRAKING
SYSTEM 155 9.2.2 AUTOMATIC WEAR-ADJUSTING SYSTEM 156 9.2.3 ADJUSTMENT
BEHAVIOR 157 9.2.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CLEARANCE 157 9.2.5 INTERACTION
BRAKE/WHEEL HUB 158 9.2.5.1 FORCES RESULTING AT THE BRAKE 158 9.2.5.2
THERMAL LOAD OF THE WHEEL BEARING 159 9.3 PERFORMANCE AND SERVICE LIFE
BEHAVIBR 160 9.3.1 DESIGN DATA ) 160 9.3.1.1 DURABILITY 160 9.3.1.2
LONG-TERM BRAKING PERFORMANCE 160 9.4 FRICTION ELEMENTS 161 9.4.1
BRAKE PADS 161 9.4.2 BRAKE DISC 162 9.4.2.1 BRAKE DISC DESIGNS 162 X
CONTENTS 9.4.2.2 BRAKE DISC MATERIAL 163 9.4.2.3 CAUSES FOR HEAT CRACKS
164 9.4.2.4 CAUSES FOR BRAKE VIBRATIONS 164 9.4.2.5 DIMENSIONING OF THE
FRICTION PARTNERS 164 9.4.2.6 THE SPECIFIC BRAKING PERFORMANCE 164 9.5
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF BRAKE AND FRICTION PARTNERS 166 9.6 TRAILER
BRAKES 168 9.6.1 TRAILER-SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS 168 9.6.1.1 WHEEL
BRAKES 169 9.6.1.2 ADJUSTMENT 170 9.6.2 TRAILER-SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
171 9.6.2.1 TRAILER HOMOLOGATION 171 9.6.2.2 TRAILER BRAKE CERTIFICATES
172 9.6.3 TRAILER-SPECIFIC BRAKE SYSTEMS 172 9.6.3.1 BRAKE CALCULATIONS
FOR VEHICLE HOMOLOGATION 172 9.6.3.2 PARKING BRAKE EFFECT 173 9.7
COMPATIBILITY IN TRACTOR/TRAILER UNITS 173 9.7.1 LEGISLATION 173 9.7.2
MATCHING OF TRACTOR/TRAILER COMBINATIONS 174 9.7.3 CAUSES AND
CONSEQUENCES OF INADEQUATE MATCHING 174 10 BRAKING BEHAVIOR OF
SINGLE-TRACK VEHICLES 175 10.1 MOTORCYCLES 175 10.1.1 RIDING DYNAMICS OF
SINGLE-TRACK VEHICLES 175 10.1.1.1 STATIONARY STRAIGHT-AHEAD MOTION AND
STABILITY 175 10.1.1.2 STATIONARY MOTION IN BENDS 175 10.1.1.3 BALANCE
OF FORCES AND ROLL ANGLE 176 10.1.2 BRAKING BEHAVIOR OF SINGLE-TRACK
VEHICLES 176 10.1.2.1 FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF RIDING DYNAMICS IN THE
BRAKING PROCESS 176 10.1.2.2 BRAKE BEHAVIOR ON SLOPES 177 10.1.2.3
INFLUENCE OF TIRE-ROAD FRICTION 177 10.1.2.4 IDEAL AND REAL DISTRIBUTION
OF BRAKE FORCES 178 10.1.2.5 INFLUENCE OF SUSPENSION GEOMETRY 178
10.1.2.6 BRAKING DIVE COMPENSATION 178 10.1.2.7 APPLICATION OF THE
BRAKES IN A BEND 180 10.1.3 TYPICAL RIDING ERRORS WHILE BRAKING 181
10.1.3.1 OVER-BRAKING -181 10.1.3.2 ERRORS WHEN BRAKING IN AN EMERGENCY
181 10.1.4 BRAKE SYSTEMS OF SINGLE-TRACK VEHICLES 182 10.1.4.1 THE BRAKE
CALIPER 183 10.1.4.2 BRAKE DISCS 186 10.1.4.3 BRAKE PADS 188 10.1.5
CONFIGURATION OF THE BRAKE SYSTEM 189 10.1.5.1 TRANSFORMATION OF LEVER
FORCE INTO DECELERATION 189 10.1.5.2 THERMAL STABILITY 191 10.1.5.3
BRAKE NOISE 192 10.1.5.4 LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR OF BRAKE COMPONENTS 193
10.1.6 INTEGRAL BRAKE SYSTEMS AND BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS 194 10.1.6.1
ANTILOCK SYSTEMS (ABS) 194 10.1.6.2 ABS COMPONENTS 194 10.1.6.3 THE ABS
BRAKING PROCESS 195 10.1.6.4 OPERATING PRINCIPLES 196 10.1.7 INTEGRAL
BRAKE SYSTEMS 200 10.1.7.1 COMBINED BRAKE SYSTEM BY HONDA 202 10.1.7.2
INTEGRAL BRAKE SYSTEM BY BMW 202 10.1.8 BRAKE-BY-WIRE 203 10.2 BICYCLES
204 10.2.1 INTRODUCTION 204 10.2.2 BRAKING BEHAVIOR OF BICYCLES 204
CONTENTS XI 10.2.3 TYPICAL BRAKING FAULTS : ...... 204 10.2.3.1
OVER-BRAKING OF THE FRONT WHEEL 204 10.2.3.2 LOCKING OF THE REAR WHEEL
204 10.2.4 BICYCLE BRAKING SYSTEMS 204 10.2.4.1 BASIC DEMANDS FOR
BICYCLE BRAKING SYSTEMS 204 10.2.4.2 RIM BRAKES 204 10.2.4.3 HUB BRAKES
206 10.2.4.4 DISC BRAKES 207 11 OVERRUN BRAKING SYSTEMS 211 11.1
INTRODUCTION 211 11.2 CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTION OF THE BRAKING SYSTEM
211 11.2.1 COMPONENTS 211 11.2.1.1 OVERRUN COUPLING 211 11.2.1.2
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM : 214 11.2.1.3 WHEELBRAKES 214 11.2.2 FUNCTIONS 215
11.2.2.1 SERVICE BRAKE, FORWARD TRAVEL 215 11.2.2.2 AUTOMATIC REVERSING
SYSTEM, REVERSE TRAVEL 215 11.2.2.3 PARKING BRAKE 215 11.2.2.4 BREAKAWAY
BRAKING FUNCTION 217 11.3 BRAKING SYSTEM LAYOUT 217 11.3.1 BRAKE
COMPATIBILITY CALCULATION AS PER DIRECTIVE 71/320/EEC 217 11.3.2 BRAKE
FORCE UTILIZATION 217 11.3.3 ABS COMPATIBILITY 218 11.4 MAINTENANCE AND
CARE 218 11.4.1 MAINTENANCE 219 11.4.2 READJUSTMENT 219 11.5 NEW
DEVELOPMENTS 219 12 BRAKES OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES 221 12.1 HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF BRAKES IN OFF-ROAD VEHICLES 221 12.2 SURVEY OF NATIONAL
AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR BRAKE SYSTEMS 221 12.2.1
TRANSPORT LAWS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 221 12.2.2 GUIDELINES
OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (EC) 222 12.2.3 REGULATIONS OF THE ECONOMIC
COMMISSION FOR EUROPE 222 12.2.4 STANDARDS OF THE SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEERS 222 12.3 TECHNICAL VERSIONS AND DESIGN 222 12.3.1 DRUM BRAKE
223 12.3.2 DISC BRAKE 224 12.3.3 MULTIPLE-DISC BRAKE (WET BRAKE) 224
12.3.3.1 DESIGN OF A MULTIPLE-DISC BRAKE 224 12.3.3.2 CALCULATION OF THE
BRAKE TORQUE 224 12.3.3.3 FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS 225 12.3.3.4 POWER
LOSS AND EFFICIENCY 226 12.4 BRAKE TESTING AND BRAKING EFFECT 228 12.4.1
LABORATORY TESTING 228 12.4.1.1 PROOF OF COMPLIANCE WITH LEGAL
SPECIFICATIONS 228 12.4.1.2 DURABILITY AND WE*-TESTING 228 12.4.2
VEHICLE TESTING J 228 12.4.2.1 COLD PERFORMANCE TEST (TYPE 0) 228
12.4.2.2 HEAT FADING TEST 228 12.4.2.3 COMPARISON OF THE STANDARDS 229
12.5 PROSPECTS AND TENDENCIES 230 12.5.1 INTERACTION BETWEEN WHEEL BRAKE
AND OTHER BRAKE SYSTEMS IN THE VEHICLE (BRAKE MANAGEMENT) 230 12.5.2
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION THANKS TO NEW BRAKE CONCEPTS 231 CONTENTS 13
BRAKES FOR TRACKED VEHICLES 232 13.1 INTRODUCTION 232 13.2 SPECIAL
REQUIREMENTS FOR BRAKES OF TRACKED VEHICLES 232 13.3 MECHANICAL BRAKES
FOR TRACKED VEHICLES 233 13.3.1 MECHANICAL FRICTION BRAKES 234 13.3.2
MULTIPLE WET PLATE BRAKES 234 13.3.3 DRY-TYPE SINGLE AND L&ULTIPLE-DISC
BRAKES 235 13.3.4 CONTROL OF MECHANICAL BRAKES 237 13.4 COMBINATION
BRAKE SYSTEMS 237 13.4.1 COMBINATION WITH A PRIMARY RETARDER 237 13.4.2
COMBINATION WITH A HYDRODYNAMIC SERVICE BRAKE 238 13.4.3 OTHER BRAKE
COMBINATIONS 238 13.5 APPROVAL OF TRACKED VEHICLE BRAKES 239 13.6
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 239 14 AIRCRAFT BRAKES 241 14.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
OF AN AIRCRAFT BRAKING SYSTEM 241 14.1.1 HYDROMECHANICAL BRAKE CONTROL
242 14.1.2 ELECTRONIC BRAKE CONTROL (BRAKE-BY-WIRE) 243 14.1.3
SUBSYSTEMS 244 14.1.3.1 ANTI-SKID SYSTEM 244 14.1.3.2 AUTO-BRAKING
SYSTEM 245 14.1.3.3 PARKING BRAKE SYSTEM 245 14.1.3.4 EMERGENCY BRAKING
SYSTEM 245 14.1.3.5 BRAKE COOLING SYSTEM 245 14.1.3.6 INDICATING AND
MONITORING SYSTEM 245 14.2 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR MILITARY AND CIVIL
AIRCRAFT 246 14.2.1 QUALIFICATION DIRECTIONS 246 14.2.1.1 CIVIL AVIATION
REQUIREMENTS 246 14.2.1.2 MILITARY AVIATION REQUIREMENTS 247 14.2.2
SIMULATION PROCEDURES 247 14.3 LAYOUT OF A MODERN BBW SYSTEM AND ITS
COMPONENTS 248 14.3.1 BRAKE PEDAL ASSEMBLY 248 14.3.2 BRAKE CONTROL UNIT
(BCU) 249 14.3.3 VALVES 250 14.3.3.1 BRAKE CONTROL VALVES 250 14.3.3.2
SHUTOFF VALVES 250 14.3.3.3 HYDRAULIC FUSES 250 14.3.4 SYSTEM SENSORS
250 14.3.4.1 THERMOCOUPLES (OPTIONAL) 250 14.3.4.2 BRAKE TORQUE
TRANSDUCER 250 14.3.4.3 WHEEL SPEED SENSOR 250 14.3.5 WHEEL BRAKES 250
14.4 FRICTION MATERIALS 252 14.5 COOLING AND TEMPERATURE MONITORING 252
14.5.1 THERMAL LOADS 252 14.5.2 COOLING FEATURES 253 14.5.3 TEMPERATURE
MONITORING 253 14.6 FUTURE ASPECTS 254 15 RACE CAR BRAKE SYSTEMS 255
15.1 INTRODUCTION 255 15.2 RACE CAR PERFORMANCES 255 15.3 RACING CAR
STRAIGHT-LINE BRAKING 257 15.4 BRAKE SYSTEM 258 15.4.1 BRAKE CALIPER 259
15.4.2 MASTER CYLINDER , 260 XIV CONTENTS 16.8.3.2 ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE
276 16.8.3.3 ELECTROHYDRAULIC BRAKE 276 16.8.4 BRAKE MATRIX 276 16.8 .5
SCHEMATIC TRAM BRAKE SYSTEM 278 16.8.6 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A HYDRAULIC
BRAKE SYSTEM 278 16.8.6.1 BRAKE FORCE ACTUATOR, BRAKE DISC, BRAKE PAD
278 16.8.6.2 ELECTROHYDRAULIC SUPPLY AND CONTROL UNITS 278 16.8.6.3
BRAKE CONTROL ELECTRONICS 278 17 MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS: A SHORT
INTRODUCTION 279 17.1 FROM MECHANICAL TO MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 279 17.2
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND MECHATRONIC DEVELOPMENTS 280 17.3 FUNCTIONS OF
MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 282 17.3.1 BASIC MECHANICAL DESIGN 282 17.3.2
DISTRIBUTION OF MECHANICAL AND ELECTRONIC FUNCTIONS 282 17.3.3 OPERATING
PROPERTIES 283 17.3.4 NEW FUNCTIONS 283 17.3.5 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS 283
17.4 INTEGRATION FORMS OF PROCESSES AND ELECTRONICS 283 17.5 DESIGN
PROCEDURES FOR MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 286 17.6 COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF
MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 287 18 BASICS OF ELECTRICALLY ACTUATED BRAKING
SYSTEMS FOR PASSENGER CARS 290 18.1 INTRODUCTION 290 18.2 DEFINITION OF
BRAKE-BY-WIRE 291 18.3 STRUCTURE OF ELECTRICALLY ACTUATED BRAKING
SYSTEMS 292 18.4 DESIGN OF THE ACTUATION DEVICE 293 18.4.1 CONTROL
ELEMENT 293 18.4.2 BASIC ATTRIBUTES 293 18.4.3 INFORMATION FEEDBACK .,
294 18.5 ELECTROHYDRAULIC BRAKING SYSTEMS 294 18.5.1 EHB SYSTEMS WITH
PRESSURE MODULATOR AND PRESSURE ACCUMULATOR 294 18.5.2 EHB SYSTEMS WITH
ELECTROHYDRAULIC CONVERTER 295 18.6 ELECTROMECHANICAL BRAKING SYSTEM 296
18.6.1 ELECTRICALLY ACTUATED VEHICLE BRAKE 297 18.6.1.1 COMPONENTS 297
18.6.1.2 MODES OF OPERATION: INTERACTION OF THE COMPONENTS 298 18.6.2
ENERGY DEMAND 300 18.6.3 OPERATION OF ELECTRICALLY ACTUATED WHEEL BRAKES
302 18.6.4 BRAKING SYSTEM DESIGN 305 18.6.5 FAILSAFE CONCEPT 306 18.7
MECHATRONIC INTERVENTIONS IN THE SELF-REINFORCEMENT OF THE BRAKE 306
18.7.1 ACTIVE GUIDANCE OF THE BRAKE PAD 307 18.7.2 ACTIVE INTERVENTION
IN THE BRAKE FACTOR MECHANISM 308 18.8 COMPARISONS OF THE CONCEPTS 308
18.9 HYBRID ELECTRIC BRAKE SYSTEMS 309 18.10 PERSPECTIVES 311 19
ELECTROHYDRAULICALLY ACTUATED BRAKES 313 19.1 CONFLICTS OF GOALS AND
LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL BRAKE SYSTEMS 313 19.2 COMPARISON OF
OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF VARIOUS BRAKE SYSTEMS 313 19.3 CHARACTERISTICS
OF ELECTROHYDRAULICALLY ACTUATED BRAKE SYSTEMS 315 19.4 SYSTEM AND
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 316 19.4.1 ACTUATOR UNIT 316 19.4.2 HYDRAULIC UNIT
318 19.4.3 CONTROL UNITS AND SENSORS 319 19.5 FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS 319 19.5.1 PEDAL FEEL 319 19.5.2 STOPPING DISTANCE 319
CONTENTS XV 20 THE ELECTROMECHANICALLY ACTUATED BRAKE - 321 20.1
OBJECTIVE 321 20.2 SYSTEM STRUCTURE: INTERACTION OF THE COMPONENTS 321
20.2.1 ACTUATION UNIT 321 20.2.2 THE ELECTROMECHANICAL WHEEL BRAKE 322
20.2.2.1 CONVERTER 322 20.2.2.2 GEARING SYSTEMS 322 20.2.2.3 SENSORS *
323 20.2.3 CONTROL CONCEPTS 323 20.2.4 POWER SUPPLY 323 20.2.5 PASSIVE
SAFETY ASPECTS 324 20.3 ELECTRIC PARKING BRAKE (EPB) AND ACTIVE PARKING
BRAKE (APB) 324 20.4 ELECTRIC HYDRAULIC COMBI (EHC) BRAKE 325 20.5
UTILIZATION OF SELF-ENERGIZING BRAKES 326 20.6 ELECTRONICALLY ACTUATED
WEDGE BRAKE 327 20.6.1 SUMMARY 327 20.6.2 HISTORY 327 20.6.3 PRINCIPLES
328 20.6.4 EMBODIMENTS 329 20.6.5 CONTROL THEORY 330 20.6.6 SELECTED
MEASUREMENT RESULTS 331 20.6.6.1 GENERAL TEST PROFILE 331 20.6.6.2
RESPONSE DYNAMICS 331 20.6.6.3 SINUSOIDAL EXCITATION 332 20.6.7 OUTLOOK
332 21 THE BRAKE SYSTEM IN DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS 334 21.1 OVERVIEW,
FUNCTION, AND REQUIREMENTS OF DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS FOR CARS 334
21.1.1 ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (ABS) 334 21.1.2 TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEM
(TCS) 337 21.1.3 ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC) 339 21.1.3.1 VEHICLE
DYNAMICS CONTROLLER 342 21.1.3.2 BRAKE SLIP CONTROLLER 344 21.1.3.3
DRIVE SLIP CONTROLLER 346 21.1.4 ELECTRONIC BRAKE FORCE DISTRIBUTION
(EBV) 348 21.1.5 ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED DECELERATION (ECD) 348 21.1.6
HILL DESCENT CONTROL (HDC) 348 21.1.7 BRAKE ASSISTANT (BA) 349 21.1.8
ACTIVE TRAILER STABILIZATION 350 21.2 FUNCTION OF THE BRAKE SYSTEM IN
DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS 351 21.3 REQUIREMENTS OF THE BRAKE SYSTEM FOR
DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS 352 21.4 BRAKE SYSTEM DESIGNS FOR DRIVER
ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS 352 21.5 MONITORING THE BRAKE SYSTEM FOR DRIVER
ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS 356 21.6 OUTLOOK AND PERSPECTIVE 356 22 THE BRAKE IN
THE MECHATRONIC CHASSIS 358 22.1 INTRODUCTION 358 22.2 CHASSIS MECHANICS
358 22.2.1 FUNCTION STRUCTURE AND SUSPENSION INTERFACES 358 22.2.2
INTERACTION BETWEEN BRAKES AND SUSPENSION 358 22.2.3 REPRESENTATION OF
CHASSIS PIAMETERS 359 22.3 LIMITATIONS OF PASSIVE CHASSIS SYSTEMS 360
22.3.1 CONSTRAINTS OF CONVENTIONAL HYDRAULICALLY ACTUATED WHEEL BRAKES
360 22.3.2 DYNAMICS : 360 22.3.3 BRAKING COMFORT 361 22.3.4 CONFLICT OF
OBJECTIVES BETWEEN HANDLING AND RIDE 361 22.4 SOLUTION POTENTIAL USING
MECHATRONICS 362 22.4.1 OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH MECHATRONICS 362 22.4.2
MECHATRONICS IN THE BRAKE SYSTEM 362 XVI CONTENTS 22.4.3 MECHATRONICS IN
THE SUSPENSION 364 22.4.4 INTERACTION BETWEEN STEERING SYSTEM AND BRAKE
367 22.4.5 INTERACTION BETWEEN TIRES AND BRAKES 368 22.5 OUTLOOK 370 23
FRICTION LININGS 372 23.1 INTRODUCTION 372 23.2 FRICTION LINING
REQUIREMENTS .* 372 23.3 MATERIAL CONCEPTS 373 23.3.1 SEMIMETALLIC
FRICTION LININGS 373 23.3.2 LOW STEEL FRICTION MATERIALS 375 23.3.3
NON-ASBESTOS ORGANIC FRICTION LININGS 375 23.3.4 NONMETALLIC LININGS 375
23.3.5 HYBRID LININGS 376 23.3.6 FRICTION LININGS FOR CERAMIC DISCS 376
23.3.7 UNDERLAYER 377 23.4 ECOLOGY 378 23.5 RAW MATERIALS AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS IN FRICTION LININGS 380 23.6 TEST METHODS FOR RAW
MATERIALS 382 23.6.1 ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT TEST METHODS 382 23.7
MANUFACTURING PROCEDURES 384 23.8 OUTLOOK 385 24 FUNCTION MECHANISM AND
PROPERTIES OF FRICTION COUPLINGS IN BRAKE PROCESSES 387 24.1
INTRODUCTION 387 24.2 TEST DEVICES, CHARACTERISTIC LOAD VALUES, AND
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 387 24.2.1 TEST METHODS, TESTING OPPORTUNITIES, AND
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 387 24.2.2 CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS OF LOAD 389
24.2.3 CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF FRICTION AND WEAR PROPERTIES 389
24.2.4 FRICTION SURFACE TEMPERATURE 391 24.3 RUNNING-IN PROCESS 391 24.4
THE FUNCTION MECHANISM IN THE CONTACT SURFACE 392 24.5 LOCAL FRICTION
LINING WEAR 393 24.6 LOCAL FRICTION COEFFICIENTS 394 24.7 EXPLANATION OF
THE FUNCTION MECHANISM IN THE CONTACT SURFACE 395 24.8 PARAMETERS THAT
INFLUENCE FRICTION AND WEAR PROPERTIES 395 25 MECHANICAL BRAKES IN
STATIONARY INDUSTRIAL PLANTS 399 25.1 INTRODUCTION 399 25.2 INDUSTRIAL
BRAKES 399 25.2.1 PREFERRED TYPES OF MECHANICAL BRAKES 399 25.2.2 THE
INTERACTION OF ENERGY BETWEEN DRIVE GEAR AND BRAKE 401 25.2.3 FRICTION
AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF THE FRICTION COUPLES 402 25.2.4 DIMENSIONING OF
FRICTION COUPLES FOR INDUSTRIAL BRAKES 405 25.3 FRICTION DISC BRAKES 407
26 VIBRATION AND NOISE 410 26.1 DEFINITION 410 26.2 FORMS OF VIBRATION
AND NOISE 410 26.2.1 LOW-FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS AND NOISE 410 26.2.2
HIGH-FREQUENCY NOISES 410 26.3 SOURCES OF EXCITATION 410 26.3.1 CAUSES
OF LOW-FREQUENCY NOISES AND VIBRATIONS 410 26.3.2 CAUSES OF
HIGH-FREQUENCY NOISE 412 26.4 EFFECTS 412 26.4.1 VIBRATIONS 412 26.4.2
ACOUSTIC EFFECTS 412 26.5 TEST AND EVALUATION METHODS 412 26.5.1
SIMULATION 412 CONTENTS XVN 26.5.2 TEST SETUP INVESTIGATIONS *. 413
26.5.3 ROAD TESTS 414 26.6 MEASURES TO REDUCE OR AVOID VIBRATIONS AND
NOISE 414 26.6.1 MEASURES AT THE EXCITATION SOURCES 414 26.6.2 MEASURES
AT THE TRANSFER SYSTEM 415 26.6.3 SECONDARY MEASURES 415 26.7 OUTLOOK
AND PROSPECTS 416 27 BRAKES WITH NONMETALLIC BRAKE DISCS 417 27.1
INTRODUCTION 417 27.1.1 HISTORY 417 27.1.2 CARBON BRAKE DISCS 417 27.2
MATERIAL 417 27.2.1 DEFINITION, PROPERTIES, APPLICATIONS 417 27.2.2
MANUFACTURE OF A CARBON-CERAMIC BRAKE DISC 417 27.2.2.1 MANUFACTURING
PROCESS 417 27.2.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE 419 27.2.3.1 TESTS DURING
MANUFACTURE 419 27.2.3.2 RANDOM SAMPLE TESTS 419 27.3 APPLICATION 419
27.3.1 DESIGN OF CERAMIC BRAKES 419 27.3.1.1 DIMENSIONING OF THE BRAKE
SYSTEM 419 27.3.1.2 BRAKE DISC RING 419 27.3.1.3 BRAKE DISC CHAMBER 420
27.3.1.4 BRAKE LININGS 421 27.3.2 INFLUENCE OF CERAMIC BRAKES ON VEHICLE
PROPERTIES 421 27.3.2.1 INFLUENCE ON BRAKING PERFORMANCE 421 27.3.2.2
INFLUENCE ON DRIVING PERFORMANCES, DRIVING PROPERTIES, AND COMFORT 421
27.3.3 WEAR BEHAVIOR 421 27.3.3.1 ABRASIVE WEAR 421 27.3.3.2 CRACKING
DUE TO THERMAL STRESSES 422 27.3.3.3 THERMAL WEAR (FIBER EROSION) 422
27.3.3.4 WEAR ASSESSMENT . 422 27.4 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE
CARBON-CERAMIC BRAKE DISC TECHNOLOGY 422 28 BRAKE FLUID 424 28.1 BRAKE
FLUID TYPES 424 28.1.1 GLYCOL-, GLYCOL ETHER-, AND BORATE ESTER-BASED
BRAKE FLUIDS 424 28.1.2 SILICONE ESTER-BASED BRAKE FLUIDS 424 28.1.3
MINERAL OIL-BASED BRAKE FLUIDS 425 28.2 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS 425 28.3 BRAKE FLUID PROPERTIES 425 28.3.1 VEHICLE-SPECIFIC
SUITABILITY 425 28.3.2 COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER BRAKE FLUIDS 426 28.3.3
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 426 28.4 BRAKE FLUID HANDLING AND STORAGE 427 28.4.1
HANDLING 427 28.4.2 STORAGE 427 28.4.3 DISPOSAL : 428 29 BRAKE TESTING )
429 29.1 WHEEL BRAKE 429 29.1.1 LABORATORY TESTS . 429 29.1.1.1
FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR 429 29.1.1.2 TIGHTNESS 430 29.1.1.3 STRENGTH 430
29.1.1.4 VIBRATION 431 29.1.1.5 CORROSION 431 XVIII CONTENTS 29.1.2
DYNAMOMETER TESTS 431 29.1.2.1 BRAKE DYNAMOMETERS 432 29.1.2.2 STRENGTH
AND BRAKE DISC TESTING 438 29.1.2.3 FUNCTION OF THE WHEEL BRAKE 439
29.1.2.4 PERFORMANCE , . 439 29.1.2.5 COMFORT ... J 440 29.1.3 ROAD
TESTS .1 442 29.1.3.1 STATIC/DYNAMIC BASIC MEASUREMENTS 442 29.1.3.2
BRAKE LINING COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION TESTS 443 29.1.3.3 PERFORMANCE
TESTS 443 29.1.3.4 COMFORT TESTS 444 29.1.3.5 ENDURANCE TESTS 444
29.1.3.6 STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS 445 29.2 ELECTRONIC BRAKE SYSTEMS (EBS)
445 29.2.1 LABORATORY TESTS 445 29.2.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SIMULATIONS 446
29.2.1.2 RESISTANCE TO MEDIA 446 29.2.1.3 TESTING IN CORROSIVE GAS
ATMOSPHERES 446 29.2.1.4 CORROSION TESTS 446 29.2.2 DYNAMOMETER TESTS
447 29.2.2.1 FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ON THE OVERALL SYSTEM TEST RIG 447
29.2.2.2 ENDURANCE TESTING OF THE OVERALL EBS SYSTEM 447 29.2.2.3
VIBRATION RESISTANCE 449 29.2.3 VEHICLE TESTS 449 30 SAFETY AND
RELIABILITY OF BRAKE SYSTEMS 455 30. 1 BRAKES AS SOURCES OF TROUBLE 455
30.1.1 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS ON CONVENTIONAL BRAKING DEVICES 455 30.1.2
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR BRAKING SYSTEMS INCORPORATING NEWER
TECHNOLOGIES 456 30.1.2.1 SYSTEM RELIABILITY 457 30.1.2.2 SYSTEM
AVAILABILITY 458 30.1.2.3 REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO ELECTRONIC SAFETY
SYSTEMS 458 30.2 LEAN TESTING IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY 460 30.2.1 SUPPORT
IN THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT PHASE 460 30.2.2 HOMOLOGATION 460 30.2.3
FIELD EXPERIENCE 460 30.3 DEVELOPING THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TESTING AND
INSPECTION 461 30.3.1 CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT OF THE MAIN ROADWORTHINESS
INSPECTION 461 30.3.2 FUTURE HOMOLOGATION 463 31 LEGISLATION AND TESTING
PROCEDURES 465 31.1 HOMOLOGATION PROCEDURE IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED
STATES 465 31.2 DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES OF REGULATIONS IN EUROPE AND THE
UNITED STATES 466 31.2.1 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FOR REGULATIONS IN THE EU
466 31.2.2 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FOR REGULATIONS AT THE UN ECE 466 31.2.3
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FOR REGULATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES 467 31.3
EUROPEAN REGULATIONS FOR ROAD VEHICLES 467 31.3.1 GENERAL REGULATIONS,
ECE REGULATION 13, AND EU DIRECTIVE 71/320/EEC 467 31.3.2 PERFORMANCE
REGULATIONS 469 31.3.3 THE DISTRIBUTION OF BRAKING FORCES AND
COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN TRACTOR AND TRAILER 471 31.3.4 REGULATIONS FOR ABS
SYSTEMS 472 31.3.5 REGULATIONS FOR COMPLEX ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 473 31.3.6
TESTING AFTERMARKET FRICTION LININGS 473 31.4 UNITED STATES BRAKING
REGULATIONS 473 31.4.1 FMVSS 105*HYDRAULIC BRAKING SYSTEMS 473 31.4.2
FMVSS 121*PNEUMATIC BRAKING SYSTEMS 473 CONTENTS 31.4.3 FMVSS 106*BRAKE
HOSE ASSEMBLIES * 473 31.4.4 FMVSS 116*BRAKE FLUIDS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES
474 31.5 WORLDWIDE HARMONIZATION 474 31.5.1 FMVSS 135 AND ECE R.13H 474
31.5.2 HARMONIZATION: A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE 474 32 MAINTENANCE AND
DIAGNOSIS OF BRAKE SYSTEMS 476 32.1 INFLUENCE OF STANDARDS, REGULATIONS,
AND LAWS IN PRACTICE 476 32.2 BRAKE DIAGNOSIS 477 32.2.1 NOISE AND
VIBRATIONS 477 32.2.2 PEDAL BOX 477 32.2.3 BOOSTER 478 32.2.4 MASTER
CYLINDER 478 32.2.5 SUPPLY PIPES AND BRAKE HOSES 479 32.2.6 BRAKES 479
32.2.6.1 DISC BRAKES 479 32.2.6.2 DRUM BRAKES 481 32.2.7 PRESSURE
CONTROL DEVICES 482 32.2.8 BRAKE FLUID 482 32.2.9 ABS, BA, EHB, VSC, AND
OTHER COMPONENTS AND THEIR INSPECTION 483 32.3 ENVIRONMENT, REPAIR, AND
MAINTENANCE AT FAIR MARKET VALUE 483 32.4 TEST DEVICES 483 33
DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND FUTURE ASPECTS 485 33.1 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
TRENDS 485 33.2 THE DRIVER S TASK*TODAY AND TOMORROW 485 33.3 QUANTUM
LEAPS IN NEW TECHNOLOGY 487 33.4 LIMITS OF POWER-ASSISTED
SYSTEMS*POTENTIAL OF BY-WIRE SYSTEMS 487 33.5 THE HUMAN-MACHINE
INTERFACE 488 33.6 EXAMPLES OF BY-WIRE TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSISTANCE
SYSTEMS IN THE CHASSIS SECTOR 488 33.6.1 THROTTLE-BY-WIRE (E-GAS) 488
33.6.2 SHIFT-BY-WIRE 490 33.6.3 STEER-BY-WIRE 491 33.6.4 BRAKE-BY-WIRE
(EHB AND EMB) 491 33.6.5 ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN THE CAR OF THE FUTURE: THE
42-VOLT ONBOARD NETWORK ... 492 33.7 GLOBAL CHASSIS CONTROL WITH
NETWORKED ASSISTANCE AND CHASSIS SYSTEMS 493 33.7.1 ESC II*NETWORKING
WITH EXTERNALLY CONTROLLED LEAD STEERING 493 33.7.2 ELECTRONIC AIR
SUSPENSION; DAMPER AND STABILIZER ADJUSTMENT 494 33.7.3 TECHNICAL AND
ECONOMIC NECESSITIES 495 33.7.4 APIA*THE ALL-ENCOMPASSING APPROACH TO
SAFETY 496 33.7.5 THE LONG-TERM GOAL OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION 496
CHAPTERS, CONTRIBUTIONS, AND AUTHORS 499 AUTHOR INDEX 501 INDEX OF
COMPANIES AND UNIVERSITIES 506 ILLUSTRATION CREDITS 509 ABOUT THE
EDITORS 510 INDEX 511 COLOR SECTION 529
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Breuer, Bert |
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| discipline | Verkehr / Transport |
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| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023672239 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:33:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780768017878 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017269508 |
| oclc_num | 705299791 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-523 DE-1050 DE-573 |
| owner_facet | DE-523 DE-1050 DE-573 |
| physical | XXX, 544 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | SAE International |
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| series | SAE-R |
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| spelling | Bremsenhandbuch Brake technology handbook ed. by Bert Breuer ... 1. Engl. ed. Warrendale, Pa. SAE International 2008 XXX, 544 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier SAE-R 375 Includes bibliographical references Bremse (DE-588)4008148-5 gnd rswk-swf Kraftfahrzeug (DE-588)4073757-3 gnd rswk-swf Bremse (DE-588)4008148-5 s Kraftfahrzeug (DE-588)4073757-3 s DE-604 Breuer, Bert edt SAE-R 375 (DE-604)BV013071702 375 HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017269508&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Brake technology handbook SAE-R Bremse (DE-588)4008148-5 gnd Kraftfahrzeug (DE-588)4073757-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4008148-5 (DE-588)4073757-3 |
| title | Brake technology handbook |
| title_alt | Bremsenhandbuch |
| title_auth | Brake technology handbook |
| title_exact_search | Brake technology handbook |
| title_full | Brake technology handbook ed. by Bert Breuer ... |
| title_fullStr | Brake technology handbook ed. by Bert Breuer ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Brake technology handbook ed. by Bert Breuer ... |
| title_short | Brake technology handbook |
| title_sort | brake technology handbook |
| topic | Bremse (DE-588)4008148-5 gnd Kraftfahrzeug (DE-588)4073757-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bremse Kraftfahrzeug |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017269508&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013071702 |
| work_keys_str_mv | UT bremsenhandbuch AT breuerbert braketechnologyhandbook |