Competition law:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London <<[u.a.]>>
Butterworths
1993 [erschienen 1994]
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| Edition: | 3. ed., reprinted |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | LXXXIII, 772 S. |
| ISBN: | 0406011559 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Competition law |c Richard Whish ; Brenda Sufrin |
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| 264 | 1 | |a London <<[u.a.]>> |b Butterworths |c 1993 [erschienen 1994] | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Antitrust law -- Great Britain | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Antitrust law -- European Economic Community countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Restraint of trade -- Great Britain | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Restraint of trade -- European Economic Community countries | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | COMPETITION LAW THIRD EDITION RICHARD WHISH BA, BCL (OXON) PROFESSOR OF
LAW AT KING S COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PARTNER WATSON, FARLEY AND
WILLIAMS BRENDA SUFRIN LLB SOLICITOR SENIOR LECTURER IN LAW AT
UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL CONSULTANT IN EUROPEAN LAW, VEALE WASBROUGH
BUTTENVORTHS LONDON, EDINBURGH 1993 CONTENTS FOREWORD V PREFACE VII
TABLE OF STATUTES XXXI TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS XXXVII TABLE OF
EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES LEGISLATION XXXIX TABLE OF MONOPOLIES AND MERGERS
COMMISSION REPORTS XLV TABLE OF OFFICE OF FAIR TRADING REPORTS LI LIST
OF CASES LIII ABBREVIATIONS LXXXI PART 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 THE
THEORY OF COMPETITION 1 A QUESTIONING THE THEORY 4 B QUESTIONING
COMPETITION 6 C EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 9 D WORKABLE COMPETITION 10 E
CONTESTABLE MARKETS 11 2 THE FUNCTION OF COMPETITION LAW 12 3 US LAW 16
4 UK LAW 20 A DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW 20 B INSTITUTIONS 20 (I) HIGH COURT
21 (II) RESTRICTIVE PRACTICES COURT 21 (III) DIRECTOR GENERAL OF FAIR
TRADING 21 (IV) MONOPOLIES AND MERGERS COMMISSION 23 (V) SECRETARY OF
STATE 24 (VI) OTHER JURISDICTIONS 24 C UK ECONOMIC POLICY AND
COMPETITION LAW 25 (I) INTRODUCTION 25 (II) REMOVING RESTRICTIONS ON
COMPETITION 25 (III) FINANCIAL SERVICES 26 (IV) BROADCASTING ACT 1990 27
5 EEC LAW 28 A THE ROME TREATY 28 B SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT 1986 30 C
MAASTRICHT TREATY 31 D INSTITUTIONS 31 (I) COUNCIL OF MINISTERS 31 (II)
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 32 (III) COURT OF JUSTICE AND
COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE 32 XI XII CONTENTS (IV) ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON
RESTRICTIVE PRACTICES AND MONOPOLIES 33 (V) NATIONAL COURTS 33 E
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA (EEA) 34 (I) SUBSTANCE 34 (II) JURISDICTION 35
(III) PROCEDURE AND ENFORCEMENT 36 F MODELLING OF DOMESTIC COMPETITION
LAW ON ARTICLES 85 AND 86 36 6 CONFLICTS BETWEEN EEC AND DOMESTIC LAW 37
A COMMUNITY PROHIBITION; DOMESTIC AUTHORISATION 38 B COMMUNITY
INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION; DOMESTIC PROHIBITION 38 C COMMUNITY BLOCK
EXEMPTION; DOMESTIC PROHIBITION 40 D NON-APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 85 OR
ARTICLE 86; DOMESTIC PROHIBITION 41 E COMFORT LETTERS 42 F MERGERS 42 7
ENDEMIC PROBLEMS AND RECURRING THEMES 43 A AGREEMENTS 43 B RESTRICTIONS
OF COMPETITION 43 C MARKET DOMINANCE, BARRIERS TO ENTRY AND BARRIERS TO
EXIT 44 D HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL RESTRAINTS; INTRA- AND INTER-BRAND
COMPETITION 45 E PARALLEL IMPORTS; ABSOLUTE TERRITORIAL PROTECTION 46 F
ECONOMICS 46 G REMEDIES 46 CHAPTER 2 COMMON LAW 48 1 THE RESTRAINT OF
TRADE DOCTRINE 48 A CONTENT OF THE DOCTRINE 48 (I) INTEREST MERITING
PROTECTION 49 (II) REASONABLENESS BETWEEN THE PARTIES 49 (III)
REASONABLENESS IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST 50 B LIMITATIONS OF THE DOCTRINE
51 (I) SCOPE OF THE DOCTRINE 51 . (II) THE PUBLIC INTEREST 54 (III)
THIRD PARTIES 55 C THE DOCTRINE AS PART OF CONTEMPORARY COMPETITION LAW
56 (I) HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS 56 (II) VERTICAL AGREEMENTS 57 (III) TRADE
ASSOCIATIONS AND TRADE UNIONS 57 2 OTHER RELEVANT COMMON LAW PRINCIPLES
58 CHAPTER 3 THE MONOPOLY PROVISIONS OF THE FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 60 1
INTRODUCTION 60 2 MONOPOLY SITUATIONS 62 A MONOPOLY SITUATIONS IN
RELATION TO GOODS 63 (I) STRUCTURAL MONOPOLIES 63 (II) BEHAVIOURAL
MONOPOLIES 63 B MONOPOLY SITUATIONS IN RELATION TO SERVICES 64 CONTENTS
XIII C MONOPOLY SITUATIONS IN RELATION TO EXPORTS 64 (I) STRUCTURAL
MONOPOLIES 64 (II) BEHAVIOURAL MONOPOLIES 65 D LOCAL MONOPOLY SITUATIONS
65 E SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS 66 F COMMENTS 66 (I) NON-ECONOMIC MEANING
OF MONOPOLY SITUATION 66 (II) STRUCTURAL AND COMPLEX MONOPOLIES 68 (III)
JURISDICTIONAL DIVISION 70 3 GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT MONOPOLY
SITUATIONS 72 4 MONOPOLY REFERENCES 73 5 OTHER REFERENCES 76 A GENERAL
REFERENCES 76 B RESTRICTIVE LABOUR REFERENCES 77 6 INVESTIGATION BY THE
MONOPOLIES AND MERGERS COMMISSION 78 7 CONSEQUENCES OF THE MONOPOLIES
AND MERGERS COMMISSION S REPORT 82 A NO HAERM TO THE PUBLIC INTEREST 82 B
HARM TO THE PUBLIC INTEREST 83 8 THE MONOPOLY PROVISIONS IN PRACTICE 85
A THE STRUCTURE OF THE MARKET 86 B EXPLOITATION OF MONOPOLY SITUATIONS
87 C MAINTENANCE OF MONOPOLY SITUATIONS 87 D RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES
IN THE SERVICES SECTOR 88 E OLIGOPOLY 90 F NO CRITICISM 91 9 MONOPOLY
INVESTIGATIONS IN THE FUTURE 92 CHAPTER 4 COMPETITION ACT 1980 94 1
INTRODUCTION 94 A PRICES 96 B EFFICIENCY AUDITS 96 2 CONTROL OF
ANTI-COMPETITIVE PRACTICES 98 A ANTI-COMPETITIVE PRACTICES 99 (I) COURSE
OF BUSINESS 99 (II) COURSE OF CONDUCT 99 (III) PRACTICES 100 (IV)
EXCLUSIONS 101 (V) RESTRICTING, DISTORTING OR PREVENTING COMPETITION 101
(VI) DIVISION OF FUNCTIONS 106 B PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS BY THE DGFT
107 (I) INFORMAL INVESTIGATIONS 107 (II) FORMAL INVESTIGATIONS 107 C
UNDERTAKINGS IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE DGFT S PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION 108
D COMPETITION REFERENCES 110 E OUTCOME OF THE MMC S INVESTIGATION 111 3
COMPETITION ACT 1980 IN PRACTICE 112 A NUMBER OF INVESTIGATIONS 112 B
COMPETITION ACT CASE LAW 115 (I) SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION 117 (II)
EXCLUSIONARY TACTICS 117 XIV CONTENTS C SUCCESS OR FAILURE? 118 D
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 AND THE COMPETITION ACT
1980 119 CHAPTER 5 RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 121 1
INTRODUCTION 121 2 SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE LEGISLATION 124 3
REGISTRABLE AGREEMENTS 125 A RESTRICTIVE AGREEMENTS AS TO GOODS 126 (I)
AGREEMENTS 127 (II) RESTRICTIONS 132 (III) TWO OR MORE PERSONS 135 (IV)
CARRYING ON BUSINESS WITHIN THE UK 136 (V) RESTRICTIONS RELATING TO
MATTERS SPECIFIED IN S 6 136 (A) SECTION 6(L)(A) 137 (B) SECTION 6(L)(B)
138 (C) SECTION 6(L)(C) 138 (D) SECTION 6(L)(D) 139 (E) SECTION 6(L)(E)
139 (F) SECTION 6(L)(F) 139 (VI) SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS 140 (A)
SECTION 6(3) AND (4) 140 (B) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976,
SECTION 8 141 (VII) PROVISIONS TO BE DISREGARDED 142 (A) SECTION 9(1)
AND (2) 142 (B) SECTION 9(3) AND (4) 143 (C) SECTION 9(5) 145 (D)
SECTION 9(6) 145 (E) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1977, SECTION 2(1)
AND (2) 145 (F) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1977, SECTION 2(3), (4)
AND (5) 146 (VIII) EXEMPT AGREEMENTS 146 (A) SCHEDULE 3, PARAGRAPH 1 146
(B) SCHEDULE 3, PARAGRAPH 2 147 (C) SCHEDULE 3, PARAGRAPHS 3, 4, 5, 5A,
5B 147 (D) SCHEDULE 3, PARAGRAPH 6 147 (E) SECTION 29 147 (F) SECTION 30
148 (G) SECTION 32 148 (H) SECTION 33 148 (I) SECTION 34 148 (J)
COMPETITION ACT 1980, SECTION 29 148 (K) CROWN AGREEMENTS 148 (IX) THE
TIME ELEMENT 149 B INFORMATION AGREEMENTS AS TO GOODS 149 C RESTRICTIVE
AGREEMENTS AS TO SERVICES 151 (I) SECTION 11(1) 151 (II) SUPPLEMENTARY
PROVISIONS 153 (A) SECTION 16 153 (B) SECTION 17 153 CONTENTS XV (III)
PROVISIONS TO BE DISREGARDED 153 (IV) EXEMPTIONS 154 (V) RESTRICTIVE
TRADE PRACTICES (SERVICES) ORDER 1976 154 D INFORMATION AGREEMENTS AS TO
SERVICES 155 E THE CROSSOVER PROBLEM 155 4 REGISTRATION 156 5
CONSEQUENCES OF REGISTRATION 157 A NON-REFERENCE TO THE COURT 158 (I)
SECTION 21(L)(A) 158 (II) SECTION 21(L)(B)(I) 158 (III) SECTION
21(L)(B)(II) 158 (IV) SECTION 21(2) 158 B REFERENCE TO THE COURT 161 (I)
GATEWAY (A) 162 (II) GATEWAY (B) 162 (III) GATEWAY (C) 163 (IV) GATEWAY
(D) 163 (V) GATEWAY (E) 163 (VI) GATEWAY (F) 164 (VII) GATEWAY (G) 164
(VIII) GATEWAY (H) 164 (IX) THE TAILPIECE 164 C THE ORDER OF THE COURT
165 (I) RESTRICTIONS NOT CONTRARY TO THE PUBLIC INTEREST 165 (II)
RESTRICTIONS CONTRARY TO THE PUBLIC INTEREST 166 (A) SEVERANCE 166 (B)
INJUNCTIONS AND UNDERTAKINGS 166 (C) TO THE LIKE EFFECT 166 (D) TRADE
ASSOCIATIONS 168 (E) SUSPENSION OF THE COURT S ORDER 169 (F) PROVISIONAL
VALIDITY 170 (G) INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 170 6 ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS 170 A
POWERS OF INVESTIGATION 171 B FAILURE TO REGISTER 172 7 REFORM 173
CHAPTER 6 RESALE PRICES ACT 1976 175 1 INTRODUCTION 175 2 COLLECTIVE
RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE 177 A UNLAWFULNESS OF COLLECTIVE RESALE PRICE
MAINTENANCE 178 B ENFORCEMENT 178 3 INDIVIDUAL RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE
179 A UNLAWFULNESS OF INDIVIDUAL MINIMUM RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE 179 B
PATENTED ARTICLES 181 C SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS 181 D EXEMPTION 183 E
ENFORCEMENT 184 F REFORM 185 XVI CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 ARTICLE 85 186 1
INTRODUCTION 186 2 ARTICLE 85(1) 187 A UNDERTAKINGS 187 (I) BASIC
DEFINITION 187 (II) UNDERTAKINGS RELATED BY OWNERSHIP OR CONTROL 189
(III) UNDERTAKINGS RELATED BY SUCCESSION 190 B AGREEMENTS, DECISIONS AND
CONCERTED PRACTICES 190 (I) AGREEMENTS 191 (II) DECISIONS BY
ASSOCIATIONS OF UNDERTAKINGS 193 (III) CONCERTED PRACTICES 194 (A)
MEANING OF CONCERTED PRACTICE 195 (B) PROOF 197 (IV) UNILATERAL
CONDUCT AND ARTICLE 85(1) 199 C THE OBJECT OR EFFECT OF PREVENTING,
RESTRICTING OR DISTORTING COMPETITION 201 (I) HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
AGREEMENTS 201 (II) THE MEDIUM 202 (III) ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL
COMPETITION 202 (IV) EXTERNAL RESTRICTIONS OF COMPETITION 202 (V) OBJECT
OR EFFECT 203 (VI) PREVENTING, RESTRICTING AND DISTORTING COMPETITION
205 (VII) PER SE RULES AND THE RULE OF REASON 206 (A) PER SE RULES 206
(B) RULE OF REASON 207 D CHECKLIST OF AGREEMENTS FALLING OUTSIDE ARTICLE
85(1) 211 (I) THE COMMISSION S NOTICES 211 (II) AGREEMENTS WITHIN A
SINGLE ECONOMIC UNIT 212 (A) PARENT AND SUBSIDIARY 212 (B) PRINCIPAL AND
AGENT 214 (C) CONTRACTOR AND SUB-CONTRACTOR 214 (III) OBJECTIVE
NECESSITY 214 (IV) COMMERCIAL RISK 214 (V) SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS 214 (VI) MERGERS 215 (VII) TRANSFERS OF ASSETS 215 E THE EFFECT
ON INTER-STATE TRADE 215 (I) THE STM TEST 216 (A) WINDSURFING
INTERNATIONAL INE V COMMISSION 216 (B) INCREASES IN TRADE 217 (C) ACTUAL
OR POTENTIAL EFFECTS 217 (D) DIRECT OR INDIRECT EFFECTS 218 (E) NATIONAL
AGREEMENTS 218 (F) RAW MATERIALS 220 (G) PROXIMITY TO THE FRONTIER 220
(H) GOVERNMENTAL BARRIERS TO TRADE 220 (I) MEANING OF TRADE 220 (J) DE
MINIMIS 221 (II) THE STRUCTURAL TEST 221 (III) AGREEMENTS CONCERNING
TRADE OUTSIDE THE COMMON MARKET 222 (IV) REVIEW BY THE CFI 223 CONTENTS
XVII F THE DE MINIMIS DOCTRINE 223 (I) INTRODUCTION 223 (II) NOTICE ON
AGREEMENTS OF MINOR IMPORTANCE 224 (III) LIMITATIONS OF THE NOTICE 226
(IV) QUALITATIVE APPRECIABILITY 226 G SPECIAL SECTORS 227 3 ARTICLE
85(3) 227 A INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 227 (I) THE FOUR REQUIREMENTS IN
ARTICLE 85(3) 228 (A) BENEFIT 228 (B) FAIR SHARE TO CONSUMERS 229 (C) NO
INDISPENSABLE RESTRICTIONS 230 (D) NO SUBSTANTIAL ELIMINATION OF
COMPETITION 231 (II) UNILATERAL ACTION AND ARTICLE 85(3) 232 (III)
ARTICLE 85(3) AND ARTICLE 86 233 (IV) PROOF 234 (V) REVIEW BY THE CFI
234 (VI) THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 85(3) IN PRACTICE 235 B BLOCK
EXEMPTIONS 236 (I) SPECIALIZATION AGREEMENTS 239 (II) EXCLUSIVE
DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENTS 239 (III) EXCLUSIVE PURCHASING AGREEMENTS 239
(IV) MOTOR VEHICLES 240 (V) PATENT LICENCES 240 (VI) RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS 240 (VII) FRANCHISE AGREEMENTS 240 (VIII)
KNOW-HOW LICENSING 240 C OPPOSITION PROCEDURE 241 D COMFORT LETTERS 241
4 ARTICLE 85(2) 242 CHAPTER 8 ARTICLE 86 243 1 INTRODUCTION 243 2
UNDERTAKINGS 246 3 THE EFFECT ON INTER-STATE TRADE 247 4 DOMINANT
POSITION 248 A THE RELEVANT PRODUCT MARKET 249 (I) THE LEGAL TEST 250
(II) MEASURING INTERCHANGEABILITY 250 (III) DEMAND SIDE SUBSTITUTABILITY
250 (A) CROSS-ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND 250 (B) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
251 (C) PRICE 251 (D) INTENDED USE 251 (E) STRUCTURE OF SUPPLY AND
DEMAND 252 (F) INTERNAL DOCUMENTS 253 (G) STATUTORY MARKETS 253 (IV)
SUPPLY SIDE SUBSTITUTABILITY 253 (V) TIME 253 (VI) COMMENTS 254 (A)
SEPARATE USES 254 XVIUE CONTENTS (B) RAW MATERIALS 255 (C) OUTSIDE
PRESSURES 255 B THE GEOGRAPHICAL MARKET 256 C THE TEMPORAL MARKET 259 D
MARKET POWER 259 (I) THE LEGAL TEST 259 (II) MEASURING MARKET POWER 260
(A) STATUTORY MONOPOLIES 260 (B) MARKET SHARES 260 (C) FACTORS
INDICATING DOMINANCE 263 (III) COMMENTS 268 E A SUBSTANTIAL PART OF THE
COMMON MARKET 268 5 SMALL FIRMS AND NARROW MARKETS 269 A SMALL FIRMS 269
B NARROW MARKETS 270 6 ABUSE 270 A EXPLOITATION 271 B
ANTI-COMPETITIVENESS 272 (I) CONTINENTAL CAN V COMMISSION 273 (II)
CAUSATION 273 (III) IS THE CONDUCT RELATED TO PERFORMANCE? 274 (IV) THE
DOMINANT POSITION AND THE ABUSE MAY BE IN DIFFERENT MARKETS 274 (V)
EXAMPLES OF ANTI-COMPETITIVE ABUSE 275 (A) MERGERS 275 (B) PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 275 (C) REQUIREMENTS CONTRACTS AND TIE-INS 276 (D) EXPORT
AND IMPORT BANS 276 (E) REFUSAL TO SUPPLY 277 (F) OTHER EXAMPLES 278 C
OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY 278 D
COMMENTS 279 7 COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITIONS 280 8 CIVIL CONSEQUENCES OF
ARTICLE 86 282 9 COMPARISON OF ARTICLE 86 WITH UK LAW 282 CHAPTER 9
ARTICLES 85 AND 86: ENFORCEMENT AND PROCEDURE 285 1 FACT-FINDING POWERS
288 A ARTICLE 11: REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION 290 B ARTICLE 14:
INVESTIGATIONS 291 (I) VOLUNTARY INVESTIGATIONS 292 (II) MANDATORY
INVESTIGATIONS 292 C PROFESSIONAL SECRECY AND BUSINESS SECRETS 294 D
PRIVILEGE 295 E SELF-INCRIMINATION 296 2 DECISIONS 296 A FORMAL
DECISIONS 297 (I) PROCEDURAL DECISIONS 297 (II) INTERIM DECISIONS 297
(A) URGENCY 297 (B) PRIMA FACIE CASE 298 (C) TEMPORARY AND CONSERVATORY
MEASURES 299 CONTENTS XIX (D) ESSENTIAL PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 299 (E)
PROPORTIONALITY AND THE BALANCING OF INTERESTS 299 (F) REVIEW 300 (G)
ENFORCEMENT 300 (H) COMMISSION S USE OF INTERIM MEASURES 300 (I) FAST
TRACK PROCEDURE IN AIR TRANSPORT 301 (III) PROVISIONAL DECISIONS 301
(IV) NEGATIVE CLEARANCE 302 (V) INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 303 (VI)
INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 304 (A) STATEMENT OF OBJECTIONS 304 (B)
SUBSEQUENT PROCEDURE 305 (C) TERMINATION OF INFRINGEMENTS 306 (D) FINES
307 (E) COMPLIANCE PROGRAMMES 309 (F) REVIEW BY THE CFI 309 (VII)
ARTICLE 90(3) DIRECTIVES AND DECISIONS 310 B INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS 311 3
THE POSITION OF COMPLAINANTS 312 4 JUDICIAL REVIEW BY THE COURT 314 A
ARTICLE 175: FAILURE TO ACT 315 B ARTICLE 173: ACTION FOR ANNULMENT 315
(I) LOCUS STANDI 316 (II) ACTS 316 (III) GROUNDS OF REVIEW 317 C ARTICLE
172: PENALTIES 317 D INTERIM MEASURES 318 5 CIVIL LAW CONSEQUENCES OF
INFRINGING ARTICLES 85 AND 86 318 A INTRODUCTION 318 B THE
ENFORCEABILITY OF AGREEMENTS 319 (I) ARTICLE 85 319 (A) NO NOTIFICATION
320 (B) NOTIFICATION 321 (C) COMFORT LETTERS 322 (D) SEVERANCE 323 (II)
ARTICLE 86 324 C THIRD PARTIES 324 (I) A RIGHT TO DAMAGES? 324 (II)
RELYING ON COMMISSION DECISIONS 326 (III) STANDARD OF PROOF 327 (IV)
INTERLOCUTORY RELIEF 328 (V) OTHER ISSUES 328 (VI) THIRD PARTY AS
DEFENDANT 328 CHAPTER 10 SPECIAL SECTORS 330 1 THE EEC COMPETITION RULES
AND STATE REGULATION 330 A THE POSITION OF MEMBER STATES 331 (I) ARTICLE
5 331 (II) ARTICLE 222 331 (III) ARTICLE 90(1) 332 (A) UNDERTAKINGS 332
XX CONTENTS (B) PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS 332 (C) UNDERTAKINGS WITH SPECIAL OR
EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS 332 (D) THE OBLIGATION ON MEMBER STATES UNDER ARTICLE
90(1) 333 (E) VICARIOUS LIABILITY OF THE STATE 334 (F) ENFORCEMENT 335
(G) REMEDIES 335 (IV) ARTICLE 90(2) 335 (V) ARTICLE 90(3) 335 (A)
DECISIONS 335 (B) DIRECTIVES 336 (VI) ARTICLES 92-94 - STATE AIDS 337
(VII) TRANSPARENCY DIRECTIVE 338 (VIUE) ARTICLE 37 - STATE MONOPOLIES OF
A COMMERCIAL CHARACTER 338 B THE POSITION OF UNDERTAKINGS 338 (I)
ARTICLE 90(2) 339 (A) UNDERTAKINGS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF ARTICLE 90(2) 339
(B) SCOPE OF THE DEFENCE 339 (C) ARTICLE 90(2) IN NATIONAL COURTS 340
(II) STATE COMPULSION 341 (III) HIGHLY REGULATED MARKETS 343 (IV)
SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 343 (V) DEFENCES TO NATIONAL LAWS 343 (VI) CHALLENGES
TO NATIONAL LAW 346 2 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND POSTAL SERVICES 346 A UK
LAW 346 (I) REGULATION IN THE UK 346 (II) TELECOMMUNICATIONS 348 (III)
POST 349 B EEC LAW 349 (I) TELECOMMUNICATIONS 349 (II) POST AND COURIER
SERVICES 350 3 GAS 350 A UK LAW 350 B EEC LAW 351 4 WATER 351 5
ELECTRICITY 352 A UK LAW 352 B EEC LAW 353 (I) ACTION UNDER ARTICLES 85
AND 86 353 (II) OTHER LEGISLATIVE MEASURES 353 6 COAL AND STEEL 354 7
NUCLEAR ENERGY 355 8 DEFENCE EQUIPMENT 355 9 AGRICULTURE 355 A ANNEX II
PRODUCTS 357 B NATIONAL MARKET ORGANIZATIONS 357 C COMMON MARKET
ORGANIZATIONS 358 10 TRANSPORT 359 A ROAD, RAIL AND INLAND WATERWAYS 360
B MARITIME TRANSPORT 361 (I) LEGISLATIVE REGIME 361 (II) PRACTICAL
APPLICATION 362 CONTENTS XXI C AIR TRANSPORT 363 (I) INTRODUCTION 363
(II) LEGISLATIVE REGIME 364 (A) LIBERALIZATION MEASURES 364 (B)
IMPLEMENTING REGULATION FOR ARTICLES 85 AND 86 365 (C) BLOCK EXEMPTIONS
366 (III) SUBSEQUENT ACTION 366 (IV) EEC MERGER REGULATION 367 CHAPTER
11 EXTRA-TERRITORIALITY 368 1 INTRODUCTION 368 2 EXTRA-TERRITORIAL
APPLICATION OF UK AND EEC COMPETITION LAW 370 A THE THEORETICAL PROBLEM
370 (I) SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION 370 (II) ENFORCEMENT JURISDICTION
374 B UK LAW 375 (I) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 375 (II)
RESALE PRICES ACT 1976 376 (III) FAIR TRADING ACT 1973: MONOPOLY
SITUATIONS 377 (IV) FAIR TRADING ACT 1973: MERGERS 378 (V) COMPETITION
ACT 1980 378 (VI) ARTICLES 85 AND 86 IN DOMESTIC COURTS 379 C EEC LAW
379 (I) SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION 379 (A) ECONOMIC ENTITY DOCTRINE 380
(B) EFFECTS DOCTRINE 380 (C) THE ECJ S JUDGMENT IN WOOD PULP 381 (II)
ENFORCEMENT JURISDICTION 382 (A) INITIATING PROCEEDINGS 382 (B)
INFORMATION AND INVESTIGATIONS 382 (C) FINAL DECISIONS 383 (III) EC
MERGER REGULATION 384 3 RESISTANCE TO EXTRA-TERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF
COMPETITION LAW 385 A INTRODUCTION 385 B PROTECTION OF TRADING INTERESTS
ACT 1980 386 4 INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 387 PART 2 CHAPTER 12
HORIZONTAL RESTRAINTS - 1 390 1 HORIZONTAL PRICE FIXING 391 A UK LAW 393
B EEC LAW 396 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 396 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 399 2 HORIZONTAL
GEOGRAPHICAL MARKET DIVISION 400 A UK LAW 402 B EEC LAW 402 (I) ARTICLE
85(1) 402 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 404 XXII CONTENTS 3 QUOTAS AND OTHER
RESTRICTIONS ON PRODUCTION 404 A UK LAW 405 B EEC LAW 405 (I) ARTICLE
85(1) 405 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 407 4 COLLUSIVE TENDERING 407 AUKLAW 408 B
EEC LAW 409 5 AGREEMENTS RELATING TO TERMS AND CONDITIONS 409 A UK LAW
410 B EEC LAW 411 6 INFORMATION AGREEMENTS 412 A UK LAW 414 B EEC LAW
416 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 416 (A) AGREEMENTS TO EXCHANGE INFORMATION 417 (B)
MARKET STRUCTURE 417 (C) TYPE OF INFORMATION EXCHANGED 418 (D)
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF INFORMATION 419 (E) MODE OF EXCHANGING
INFORMATION 419 (F) EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AS EVIDENCE OF A CONCERTED
PRACTICE 419 (G) FINES 420 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 420 7 ADVERTISING
RESTRICTIONS 421 A UK LAW 422 B EEC LAW 425 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 425 (II)
ARTICLE 85(3) 425 8 ANTI-COMPETITIVE HORIZONTAL RESTRAINTS 426 A UK LAW
427 B EEC LAW 428 CHAPTER 13 HORIZONTAL RESTRAINTS - 2 429 1 FORMS OF
COLLABORATION: JOINT VENTURES 429 A UK LAW 430 B EEC LAW 430 (I) IMPACT
OF THE EC MERGER REGULATION: CO-OPERATIVE AND COLLABORATIVE JOINT
VENTURES 430 (II) COMMISSION S WIDE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 85(1) 430
(III) 13TH REPORT ON COMPETITION POLICY 431 (IV) SUBSEQUENT EXPERIENCE
431 (V) COMMISSION S NOTICE ON CO-OPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES 432 (A) THE
CONCEPT OF CO-OPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES 432 (B) CATEGORIES OF JOINT
VENTURES THAT FALL OUTSIDE ARTICLE 85(1) 433 (C) ANALYSIS OF OTHER JOINT
VENTURES UNDER ARTICLE 85(1) 433 (VI) ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS 436 (VII)
COMMISSION S PROCEDURES 437 CONTENTS XXIII 2 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
AGREEMENTS 437 A UK LAW 438 (I) REGISTRABILITY 439 (II) TREATMENT OF
REGISTRABLE AGREEMENTS 439 B EEC LAW 440 (I) APPLICATION OF ARTICLE
85(1) 440 (II) ARTICLE 85(3): INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 442 (III) ARTICLE
85(3): BLOCK EXEMPTION 445 3 SPECIALIZATION AGREEMENTS 449 A UK LAW 449
B EEC LAW 450 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 450 (II) ARTICLE 85(3): BLOCK EXEMPTION
450 (III) ARTICLE 85(3): INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 453 4 OTHER AGREEMENTS
IMPROVING EFFICIENCY IN PRODUCTION 453 A UK LAW 454 B EEC LAW 454 (I)
ARTICLE 85(1) 454 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 455 5 RESTRUCTURING AGREEMENTS AND
CRISIS CARTELS 456 A UK LAW 457 B EEC LAW 458 6 STANDARDIZATION
AGREEMENTS 459 A UK LAW 460 B EEC LAW 461 7 RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS 462 A
UK LAW 462 B EEC LAW 463 8 MISCELLANEOUS CASES 464 CHAPTER 14 OLIGOPOLY
467 1 THE THEORY OF OLIGOPOLISTIC INTERDEPENDENCE 467 A OUTLINE OF THE
THEORY 467 B CRITICISMS OF THE THEORY 469 C POSSIBLE WAYS OF DEALING
WITH OLIGOPOLY 471 (I) A STRUCTURAL APPROACH 471 (II) A BEHAVIOURAL
APPROACH 471 (III) REGULATION 472 (IV) OTHER POSSIBILITIES 473 D US
EXPERIENCE 473 2 UK LAW 476 A RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 477 B
FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 478 (I) LEGAL POSSIBILITIES 478 (II) OLIGOPOLISTIC
PRICING 480 (A) PARALLELISM 480 (B) EXCESSIVE PRICING 481 (III) OTHER
OLIGOPOLISTIC PROBLEMS 481 3 EEC LAW 483 A ARTICLE 85 483 B ARTICLE 86
486 (I) COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 486 XXIV CONTENTS (II) ESTABLISHING
COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 486 (III) PRACTICAL APPLICATION BY THE COMMISSION
488 (IV) EEC MERGER REGULATION 488 (V) ABUSE OF A COLLECTIVE DOMINANT
POSITION 489 (VI) COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE AND OLIGOPOLY 490 CHAPTER 15
EXCESSIVE PRICING 491 1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 491 A SHOULD EXCESSIVE
PRICING BE CONTROLLED DIRECTLY? 491 B PROTECTING COMPETITION 492 2 UK
LAW 493 A FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 493 (I) DIRECT ACTION 493 (II)
PROTECTING COMPETITION 497 B COMPETITION ACT 1980 498 C SPECIAL REGIMES
499 3 EEC LAW 499 CHAPTER 16 PRICE DISCRIMINATION 503 1 MEANING OF PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 503 2 FORMS OF PRICE COMPETITION 504 3 ECONOMIC APPRAISAL
OF PRICE DISCRIMINATION 505 A HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS 506 B INCOME
DISTRIBUTION 506 C SMALL BUSINESSES 507 D PRIMARY LINE INJURY 508 E
SECONDARY LINE INJURY 510 F MARKET DIVISION 510 4 US CONTROL OF PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 511 5 UK CONTROL OF PRICE DISCRIMINATION 514 A
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 514 (I) HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS 514
(II) VERTICAL AGREEMENTS 515 B FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 516 (I) LOYALTY
REBATES AND SIMILAR DISCOUNTING PRACTICES 516 (II) PREDATORY PRICE
CUTTING 517 (III) DELIVERED PRICING 519 (IV) HARM TO CONSUMERS 520 (V)
LEGITIMATE DISCRIMINATION 521 C COMPETITION ACT 1980 522 (I) BONUSES AND
DISCOUNTS 522 (II) PREDATORY PRICING 523 D PROPOSAIS FOR REFORM 524 6
EEC CONTROL OF PRICE DISCRIMINATION 526 A ARTICLE 85 526 (I) HORIZONTAL
AGREEMENTS 526 (II) VERTICAL AGREEMENTS 527 B ARTICLE 86 528 (I) PRIMARY
LINE INJURY 528 CONTENTS XXV (A) LOYALTY REBATES AND SIMILAR DISCOUNTING
PRACTICES 528 (B) PREDATORY PRICE CUTTING 530 (C) DELIVERED PRICING 532
(II) SECONDARY LINE INJURY 533 (III) GEOGRAPHICAL DISCRIMINATION 534
CHAPTER 17 VERTICAL RESTRAINTS - 1: DISTRIBUTION 536 1 THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND 536 A METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION 537 (I) VERTICAL INTEGRATION
537 (II) DISTRIBUTION THROUGH COMMERCIAL AGENTS 539 (III) DISTRIBUTION
AGREEMENTS 539 (IV) MANUFACTURING LICENCES 540 B TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION
AGREEMENT 540 (I) EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION 541 (II) EXCLUSIVE PURCHASING
542 (III) SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION 543 (IV) FRANCHISING 544 C DISTRIBUTION
AGREEMENTS AND COMPETITION POLICY 544 (I) FORECLOSURE OF COMPETITION 545
(II) HARM TO CONSUMERS 545 (III) CARTELS 546 (IV) COMPARTMENTALIZATION
OF MARKETS 547 (V) WHO DECIDES? 547 (VI) US BACKGROUND 548 (A) RESALE
PRICE MAINTENANCE 548 (B) OTHER VERTICAL RESTRAINTS 549 2 VERTICAL
INTEGRATION 550 A UK LAW 550 (I) INTERNAL GROWTH 550 (II) EXTERNAL
GROWTH 551 B EEC LAW 551 (I) INTERNAL GROWTH 551 (II) EXTERNAL GROWTH
551 3 AGENCY AGREEMENTS 552 A UK LAW 552 (I) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES
ACT 1976 552 (II) RESALE PRICES ACT 1976 552 (III) FAIR TRADING ACT 1973
AND COMPETITION ACT 1980 552 B EEC LAW 552 (I) COMMISSION S NOTICE ON
EXCLUSIVE AGENCY CONTRACTS 553 (II) CRITERIA OTHER THAN RISK MAY BE
RELEVANT 554 4 EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENTS 555 A UK LAW 555 (I)
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 555 (II) RESALE PRICES ACT 1976 557
(III) FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 AND COMPETITION ACT 1980 558 (IV) COMMON LAW
558 B EEC LAW 558 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 559 (A) VERTICAL RESTRAINTS 559 XXVI
CONTENTS (B) VERTICAL RESTRAINTS MUST BE CONSIDERED IN CONTEXT 559 (C)
PARTICULAR RESTRICTIONS 560 (D) DE MINIMIS DOCTRINE 565 (II) ARTICLE
85(3) 565 (III) BLOCK EXEMPTION: REGULATION 1983/83 566 (A) ARTICLE 1
567 (B) ARTICLE 2 569 (C) ARTICLE 3 571 (IV) INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 574 5
EXCLUSIVE PURCHASING 575 A UK LAW 575 (I) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES
ACT 1976 575 (II) COMMON LAW 575 (III) INVESTIGATIVE SYSTEM 576 B EEC
LAW 577 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 577 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 578 (III) BLOCK
EXEMPTION: REGULATION 1984/83 578 (A) ARTICLE 1 579 (B) ARTICLE 2 580
(C) ARTICLE 3 580 (IV) SPECIAL RULES FOR BEER AND PETROL 581 (A) BEER
581 (B) PETROL 583 (V) INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 583 (VI) APPLICABILITY OF
ARTICLE 86 584 6 SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 584 A UK LAW 584 (I)
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 584 (II) RESALE PRICES ACT 1976 585
(III) INVESTIGATIVE SYSTEM 585 (A) FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 585 (B)
COMPETITION ACT 1980 586 B EEC LAW 587 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 587 (A) THE
PRODUCT 589 (B) QUALITATIVE CRITERIA 590 (C) RESTRICTIONS NO MORE THAN
NECESSARY 591 (D) NO DISCRIMINATION 592 (E) HORIZONTAL RESTRICTIONS 592
(F) CONTROL 593 (G) SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND REGULATION
1983/83 593 (H) ECONOMIC CONTEXT 594 (I) CONCLUSION 595 (II) ARTICLE
85(3) 595 (III) REGULATION 123/84 ON MOTOR VEHICLE DISTRIBUTION AND
SERVICMG AGREEMENTS 595 (A) MAIN PROVISIONS 596 (B) APPLICATION OF THE
REGULATION 596 (IV) ARTICLE 86 597 7 FRANCHISING 597 A UK LAW 597
CONTENTS XXVII B EEC LAW 598 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 598 (II) REGULATION
4087/88 599 (A) ARTICLE 1 599 (B) ARTICLE 2 600 (C) ARTICLE 3 600 (D)
ARTICLE 4 601 (E) ARTICLE 5 601 (F) ARTICLE 6 601 (G) MISCELLANEOUS
PROVISIONS 602 CHAPTER 18 VERTICAL RESTRAINTS - 2 603 1 EXCLUSIVE
DEALING AND PURCHASING AGREEMENTS 603 AUKLAW 604 (I) RESTRICTIVE TRADE
PRACTICES ACT 1976 604 (II) RESTRAINT OF TRADE 604 (III) FAIR TRADING
ACT 1973 AND COMPETITION ACT 1980 605 (A) FAIR TRADING ACT 605 (B)
COMPETITION ACT 605 B EEC LAW 606 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 606 (II) ARTICLE
85(3) 607 (III) ARTICLE 86 608 2 TIE-INS AND FULL-LINE FORCING 608 A UK
LAW 609 B EEC LAW 611 3 REFUSAL TO SUPPLY 612 A UK LAW 613 B EEC LAW 614
CHAPTER 19 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 620 1 HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS RELATING TO
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 622 A INTRODUCTION 622 B UK LAW 622 C EEC
LAW 623 2 VERTICAL AGREEMENTS RELATING TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
624 A INTRODUCTION 624 B TYPICAL TERMS IN LICENCES OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS 625 C UK LAW 628 (I) PATENT LICENCES 628 (II) KNOW-HOW
LICENCES 629 (III) COPYRIGHT AND DESIGN RIGHT LICENCES 630 (IV) TRADE
MARK LICENCES 630 D EEC LAW 631 (I) PATENT LICENCES 631 (A) ARTICLE
85(1) 631 (B) ARTICLE 85(3) 636 (II) KNOW-HOW LICENCES 639 (III)
COPYRIGHT LICENCES 640 XXVIII CONTENTS (IV) TRADE MARK LICENCES 641 (V)
LICENCES OF PLANT BREEDERS RIGHTS 642 3 ANTI-MONOPOLY CONTROL OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 643 A UK LAW 643 (I) PATENTS 643 (II)
COPYRIGHTS AND ANALOGOUS RIGHTS 644 (A) COMPULSORY LICENCES 644 (B)
COLLECTING SOCIETIES 645 B EEC LAW 646 (I) COMPULSORY LICENCES 646 (II)
COLLECTING SOCIETIES 648 (III) MISCELLANEOUS CASES 649 4 INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE FREE MOVEMENT PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY OF ROME
650 A THE DOCTRINE OF EXHAUSTION 652 (I) PATENTS 653 (II) COPYRIGHTS AND
ANALOGOUS RIGHTS 655 (III) TRADE MARKS 657 (IV) UNFAIR COMPETITION 659 B
THE DOCTRINE OF COMMON ORIGIN 659 5 HARMONIZATION OF COMMUNITY LAW 662
CHAPTER 20 CONTROL OF MERGERS 664 1 INTRODUCTION 664 2 MERGER CONTROL
AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST 665 A THE BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF MERGERS UPON THE
PUBLIC INTEREST 666 (I) ECONOMIES OF SCALE 666 (II) OTHER OPERATING
EFFICIENCIES 666 (III) MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY AND THE MARKET FOR
CORPORATE CONTROL 666 (IV) BARRIERS TO EXIT 667 (V) OTHER ARGUMENTS IN
FAVOUR OF MERGERS 668 B THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECT OF MERGERS UPON THE
PUBLIC INTEREST 668 (I) EFFECT OF MERGERS ON COMPETITION 668 (II) LOSS
OF EFFICIENCY AND SHORT-TERMISM 669 (III) CONCENTRATION OF WEALTH 670
(IV) UNEMPLOYMENT AND REGIONAL POLICY 670 (V) OVERSEAS CONTROL 670 (VI)
SPECIAL SECTORS 671 (VII) EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 671 3 UK CONTROL OF MERGERS
671 A CONTROL OF NEWSPAPER MERGERS 672 (I) DEFINITION OF A NEWSPAPER
MERGER 672 (II) THE CONSENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE 673 (III)
INVESTIGATION BY THE MMC 674 (IV) ACTION BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE AFTER
A NEWSPAPER REFERENCE 674 (V) THE NEWSPAPER MERGER PROVISIONS IN
PRACTICE 675 B CONTROL OF OTHER MERGERS 679 (I) DEFINITION OF A MERGER
679 (II) MERGERS QUALIFYING FOR INVESTIGATION 681 (III) INTERIM ORDERS
DURING THE MMC S INVESTIGATION 683 CONTENTS XXIX (IV) COMPETING BIDS 684
(V) THE ROLE OF THE DGFT AND THE MERGERS PANEL 684 (A) STATUTORY DUTIES
684 (B) CONFIDENTIAL GUIDANCE 685 (C) VOLUNTARY PRE-NOTIFICATION 686 (D)
DGFT S ADVICE 686 (VI) THE ROLE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE 687 (VII)
UNDERTAKINGS IN HEU OF A REFERENCE ( FIX IT FIRST ) 688 (VIII) FEES 688
(IX) THE MMC S INVESTIGATION 688 (X) ACTION FOLLOWING THE MMC S REPORT
690 (A) MERGER NOT AGAINST THE PUBLIC INTEREST 690 (B) MERGER AGAINST
THE PUBLIC INTEREST: ORDERS AND UNDERTAKINGS 690 (C) DIVESTITURE 690 (D)
THE SECRETARY OF STATE S DISCRETION 691 (XI) ANALYSIS OF THE MMC S
REPORTS 692 (A) COMPETITION 692 (B) THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 696 (C)
MERGERS WITH OVERSEAS COMPANIES 697 (D) EFFICIENCY 698 (E) CONGLOMERACY
699 (F) OTHER ISSUES 700 (XII) LITIGATION UNDER THE MERGER PROVISIONS
700 (XIII) FIRST REPORT OF THE TRADE AND INDUSTRY COMMITTEE 701 C
MERGERS IN THE WATER INDUSTRY 702 4 EEC CONTROL OF MERGERS 702 A
INTRODUCTION 702 (I) ARTICLE 85 703 (II) ARTICLE 86 703 5 MAIN
PRINCIPLES OF THE REGULATION 705 6 DETAILS OF THE REGULATION 706 A
MEANING OF CONCENTRATION 706 (I) ARTICLE 3(1) 706 (A) SOLE CONTROL 707
(B) JOINT CONTROL 707 (C) JOINT TO SOLE CONTROL 710 (D) DIVISION OF A
BUSINESS 710 (E) ACQUISITION OF ASSETS 710 (II) CO-OPERATIVE AND
CONCENTRATIVE JOINT VENTURES 710 (A) THE REGULATION 711 (B) THE
COMMISSION S NOTICE 711 (C) THE POSITIVE CONDITION 711 (D) THE NEGATIVE
CONDITION 712 (E) EXAMPLES OF CONCENTRATIVE JOINT VENTURES 713 (F)
EXAMPLES OF CO-OPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES 713 B SCOPE OF REGULATION
4064/89: CONCENTRATIONS HAVING A COMMUNITY DIMENSION 714 (I)
THRESHOLDS 714 (II) WORLD-WIDE TURNOVER 714 (III) BUSINESS IN ONE MEMBER
STATE 715 (IV) TURNOVER 715 XXX CONTENTS C WHEN WILL A CONCENTRATION BE
INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE COMMON MARKET? 716 D PRE-NOTIFICATION OF
CONCENTRATIONS 720 E SUSPENSION OF CONCENTRATIONS 720 F PROCEDURAL
TIMETABLES AND POWERS OF DECISION OF THE COMMISSION 721 (I) PHASE-ONE
INVESTIGATION 721 (II) PHASE-TWO INVESTIGATION 721 G INVESTIGATION AND
ENFORCEMENT 723 H ONE-STOP MERGER CONTROL 724 (I) ARTICLE 21(3) 724 (II)
RESIDUAL ROLE OF ARTICLES 85 AND 86 725 (A) THE COMMISSION 725 (B)
NATIONAL COURTS 725 I REFERRAL TO THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES OF THE
MEMBER STATES: THE GERMAN CLAUSE 726 J ARTICLE 22(3): THE DUTCH
CLAUSE 727 K ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS 727 L CLOSE AND CONSTANT LIAISON 728
M RELATIONS WITH NON-EEC COUNTRIES 728 N MANDATORY REVIEW 729 APPENDIX
REFORM OF UK DOMESTIC COMPETITION LAW 730 1 INTRODUCTION 730 2
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 730 A GREEN PAPER 730 B WHITE PAPER
731 (I) THE PROHIBITION 731 (II) EXEMPTIONS 732 (III) INSTITUTIONS,
PROCEDURES AND APPEALS 733 (IV) ENFORCEMENT AND PENALTIES 733 (V)
TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 734 (VI) TIMING 734 C COMMENT 735 3 FAIR
TRADING ACT 1973 AND COMPETITION ACT 1980 736 A GREEN PAPER 736 B THE
AFTERMATH 737 C COMMENT 737 BIBLIOGRAPHY 739 INDEX 747
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COMPETITION LAW THIRD EDITION RICHARD WHISH BA, BCL (OXON) PROFESSOR OF
LAW AT KING'S COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PARTNER WATSON, FARLEY AND
WILLIAMS BRENDA SUFRIN LLB SOLICITOR SENIOR LECTURER IN LAW AT
UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL CONSULTANT IN EUROPEAN LAW, VEALE WASBROUGH
BUTTENVORTHS LONDON, EDINBURGH 1993 CONTENTS FOREWORD V PREFACE VII
TABLE OF STATUTES XXXI TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS XXXVII TABLE OF
EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES LEGISLATION XXXIX TABLE OF MONOPOLIES AND MERGERS
COMMISSION REPORTS XLV TABLE OF OFFICE OF FAIR TRADING REPORTS LI LIST
OF CASES LIII ABBREVIATIONS LXXXI PART 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 THE
THEORY OF COMPETITION 1 A QUESTIONING THE THEORY 4 B QUESTIONING
COMPETITION 6 C EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 9 D WORKABLE COMPETITION 10 E
CONTESTABLE MARKETS 11 2 THE FUNCTION OF COMPETITION LAW 12 3 US LAW 16
4 UK LAW 20 A DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW 20 B INSTITUTIONS 20 (I) HIGH COURT
21 (II) RESTRICTIVE PRACTICES COURT 21 (III) DIRECTOR GENERAL OF FAIR
TRADING 21 (IV) MONOPOLIES AND MERGERS COMMISSION 23 (V) SECRETARY OF
STATE 24 (VI) OTHER JURISDICTIONS 24 C UK ECONOMIC POLICY AND
COMPETITION LAW 25 (I) INTRODUCTION 25 (II) REMOVING RESTRICTIONS ON
COMPETITION 25 (III) FINANCIAL SERVICES 26 (IV) BROADCASTING ACT 1990 27
5 EEC LAW 28 A THE ROME TREATY 28 B SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT 1986 30 C
MAASTRICHT TREATY 31 D INSTITUTIONS 31 (I) COUNCIL OF MINISTERS 31 (II)
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 32 (III) COURT OF JUSTICE AND
COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE 32 XI XII CONTENTS (IV) ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON
RESTRICTIVE PRACTICES AND MONOPOLIES 33 (V) NATIONAL COURTS 33 E
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA (EEA) 34 (I) SUBSTANCE 34 (II) JURISDICTION 35
(III) PROCEDURE AND ENFORCEMENT 36 F MODELLING OF DOMESTIC COMPETITION
LAW ON ARTICLES 85 AND 86 36 6 CONFLICTS BETWEEN EEC AND DOMESTIC LAW 37
A COMMUNITY PROHIBITION; DOMESTIC AUTHORISATION 38 B COMMUNITY
INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION; DOMESTIC PROHIBITION 38 C COMMUNITY BLOCK
EXEMPTION; DOMESTIC PROHIBITION 40 D NON-APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 85 OR
ARTICLE 86; DOMESTIC PROHIBITION 41 E COMFORT LETTERS 42 F MERGERS 42 7
ENDEMIC PROBLEMS AND RECURRING THEMES 43 A AGREEMENTS 43 B RESTRICTIONS
OF COMPETITION 43 C MARKET DOMINANCE, BARRIERS TO ENTRY AND BARRIERS TO
EXIT 44 D HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL RESTRAINTS; INTRA- AND INTER-BRAND
COMPETITION 45 E PARALLEL IMPORTS; ABSOLUTE TERRITORIAL PROTECTION 46 F
ECONOMICS 46 G REMEDIES 46 CHAPTER 2 COMMON LAW 48 1 THE RESTRAINT OF
TRADE DOCTRINE 48 A CONTENT OF THE DOCTRINE 48 (I) INTEREST MERITING
PROTECTION 49 (II) REASONABLENESS BETWEEN THE PARTIES 49 (III)
REASONABLENESS IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST 50 B LIMITATIONS OF THE DOCTRINE
51 (I) SCOPE OF THE DOCTRINE 51 . (II) THE PUBLIC INTEREST 54 (III)
THIRD PARTIES 55 C THE DOCTRINE AS PART OF CONTEMPORARY COMPETITION LAW
56 (I) HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS 56 (II) VERTICAL AGREEMENTS 57 (III) TRADE
ASSOCIATIONS AND TRADE UNIONS 57 2 OTHER RELEVANT COMMON LAW PRINCIPLES
58 CHAPTER 3 THE MONOPOLY PROVISIONS OF THE FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 60 1
INTRODUCTION 60 2 MONOPOLY SITUATIONS 62 A MONOPOLY SITUATIONS IN
RELATION TO GOODS 63 (I) STRUCTURAL MONOPOLIES 63 (II) BEHAVIOURAL
MONOPOLIES 63 B MONOPOLY SITUATIONS IN RELATION TO SERVICES 64 CONTENTS
XIII C MONOPOLY SITUATIONS IN RELATION TO EXPORTS 64 (I) STRUCTURAL
MONOPOLIES 64 (II) BEHAVIOURAL MONOPOLIES 65 D LOCAL MONOPOLY SITUATIONS
65 E SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS 66 F COMMENTS 66 (I) NON-ECONOMIC MEANING
OF MONOPOLY SITUATION 66 (II) STRUCTURAL AND COMPLEX MONOPOLIES 68 (III)
JURISDICTIONAL DIVISION 70 3 GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT MONOPOLY
SITUATIONS 72 4 MONOPOLY REFERENCES 73 5 OTHER REFERENCES 76 A GENERAL
REFERENCES 76 B RESTRICTIVE LABOUR REFERENCES 77 6 INVESTIGATION BY THE
MONOPOLIES AND MERGERS COMMISSION 78 7 CONSEQUENCES OF THE MONOPOLIES
AND MERGERS COMMISSION'S REPORT 82 A NO HAERM TO THE PUBLIC INTEREST 82 B
HARM TO THE PUBLIC INTEREST 83 8 THE MONOPOLY PROVISIONS IN PRACTICE 85
A THE STRUCTURE OF THE MARKET 86 B EXPLOITATION OF MONOPOLY SITUATIONS
87 C MAINTENANCE OF MONOPOLY SITUATIONS 87 D RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES
IN THE SERVICES SECTOR 88 E OLIGOPOLY 90 F NO CRITICISM 91 9 MONOPOLY
INVESTIGATIONS IN THE FUTURE 92 CHAPTER 4 COMPETITION ACT 1980 94 1
INTRODUCTION 94 A PRICES 96 B EFFICIENCY AUDITS 96 2 CONTROL OF
ANTI-COMPETITIVE PRACTICES 98 A ANTI-COMPETITIVE PRACTICES 99 (I) COURSE
OF BUSINESS 99 (II) COURSE OF CONDUCT 99 (III) PRACTICES 100 (IV)
EXCLUSIONS 101 (V) RESTRICTING, DISTORTING OR PREVENTING COMPETITION 101
(VI) DIVISION OF FUNCTIONS 106 B PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS BY THE DGFT
107 (I) INFORMAL INVESTIGATIONS 107 (II) FORMAL INVESTIGATIONS 107 C
UNDERTAKINGS IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE DGFT'S PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION 108
D COMPETITION REFERENCES 110 E OUTCOME OF THE MMC'S INVESTIGATION 111 3
COMPETITION ACT 1980 IN PRACTICE 112 A NUMBER OF INVESTIGATIONS 112 B
COMPETITION ACT 'CASE LAW' 115 (I) SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION 117 (II)
EXCLUSIONARY TACTICS 117 XIV CONTENTS C SUCCESS OR FAILURE? 118 D
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 AND THE COMPETITION ACT
1980 119 CHAPTER 5 RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 121 1
INTRODUCTION 121 2 SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE LEGISLATION 124 3
REGISTRABLE AGREEMENTS 125 A RESTRICTIVE AGREEMENTS AS TO GOODS 126 (I)
AGREEMENTS 127 (II) RESTRICTIONS 132 (III) TWO OR MORE PERSONS 135 (IV)
CARRYING ON BUSINESS WITHIN THE UK 136 (V) RESTRICTIONS RELATING TO
MATTERS SPECIFIED IN S 6 136 (A) SECTION 6(L)(A) 137 (B) SECTION 6(L)(B)
138 (C) SECTION 6(L)(C) 138 (D) SECTION 6(L)(D) 139 (E) SECTION 6(L)(E)
139 (F) SECTION 6(L)(F) 139 (VI) SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS 140 (A)
SECTION 6(3) AND (4) 140 (B) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976,
SECTION 8 141 (VII) PROVISIONS TO BE DISREGARDED 142 (A) SECTION 9(1)
AND (2) 142 (B) SECTION 9(3) AND (4) 143 (C) SECTION 9(5) 145 (D)
SECTION 9(6) 145 (E) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1977, SECTION 2(1)
AND (2) 145 (F) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1977, SECTION 2(3), (4)
AND (5) 146 (VIII) EXEMPT AGREEMENTS 146 (A) SCHEDULE 3, PARAGRAPH 1 146
(B) SCHEDULE 3, PARAGRAPH 2 147 (C) SCHEDULE 3, PARAGRAPHS 3, 4, 5, 5A,
5B 147 (D) SCHEDULE 3, PARAGRAPH 6 147 (E) SECTION 29 147 (F) SECTION 30
148 (G) SECTION 32 148 (H) SECTION 33 148 (I) SECTION 34 148 (J)
COMPETITION ACT 1980, SECTION 29 148 (K) CROWN AGREEMENTS 148 (IX) THE
TIME ELEMENT 149 B INFORMATION AGREEMENTS AS TO GOODS 149 C RESTRICTIVE
AGREEMENTS AS TO SERVICES 151 (I) SECTION 11(1) 151 (II) SUPPLEMENTARY
PROVISIONS 153 (A) SECTION 16 153 (B) SECTION 17 153 CONTENTS XV (III)
PROVISIONS TO BE DISREGARDED 153 (IV) EXEMPTIONS 154 (V) RESTRICTIVE
TRADE PRACTICES (SERVICES) ORDER 1976 154 D INFORMATION AGREEMENTS AS TO
SERVICES 155 E THE CROSSOVER PROBLEM 155 4 REGISTRATION 156 5
CONSEQUENCES OF REGISTRATION 157 A NON-REFERENCE TO THE COURT 158 (I)
SECTION 21(L)(A) 158 (II) SECTION 21(L)(B)(I) 158 (III) SECTION
21(L)(B)(II) 158 (IV) SECTION 21(2) 158 B REFERENCE TO THE COURT 161 (I)
GATEWAY (A) 162 (II) GATEWAY (B) 162 (III) GATEWAY (C) 163 (IV) GATEWAY
(D) 163 (V) GATEWAY (E) 163 (VI) GATEWAY (F) 164 (VII) GATEWAY (G) 164
(VIII) GATEWAY (H) 164 (IX) THE TAILPIECE 164 C THE ORDER OF THE COURT
165 (I) RESTRICTIONS NOT CONTRARY TO THE PUBLIC INTEREST 165 (II)
RESTRICTIONS CONTRARY TO THE PUBLIC INTEREST 166 (A) SEVERANCE 166 (B)
INJUNCTIONS AND UNDERTAKINGS 166 (C) 'TO THE LIKE EFFECT' 166 (D) TRADE
ASSOCIATIONS 168 (E) SUSPENSION OF THE COURT'S ORDER 169 (F) PROVISIONAL
VALIDITY 170 (G) INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 170 6 ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS 170 A
POWERS OF INVESTIGATION 171 B FAILURE TO REGISTER 172 7 REFORM 173
CHAPTER 6 RESALE PRICES ACT 1976 175 1 INTRODUCTION 175 2 COLLECTIVE
RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE 177 A UNLAWFULNESS OF COLLECTIVE RESALE PRICE
MAINTENANCE 178 B ENFORCEMENT 178 3 INDIVIDUAL RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE
179 A UNLAWFULNESS OF INDIVIDUAL MINIMUM RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE 179 B
PATENTED ARTICLES 181 C SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS 181 D EXEMPTION 183 E
ENFORCEMENT 184 F REFORM 185 XVI CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 ARTICLE 85 186 1
INTRODUCTION 186 2 ARTICLE 85(1) 187 A UNDERTAKINGS 187 (I) BASIC
DEFINITION 187 (II) UNDERTAKINGS RELATED BY OWNERSHIP OR CONTROL 189
(III) UNDERTAKINGS RELATED BY SUCCESSION 190 B AGREEMENTS, DECISIONS AND
CONCERTED PRACTICES 190 (I) AGREEMENTS 191 (II) DECISIONS BY
ASSOCIATIONS OF UNDERTAKINGS 193 (III) CONCERTED PRACTICES 194 (A)
MEANING OF CONCERTED PRACTICE 195 (B) PROOF 197 (IV) 'UNILATERAL'
CONDUCT AND ARTICLE 85(1) 199 C THE OBJECT OR EFFECT OF PREVENTING,
RESTRICTING OR DISTORTING COMPETITION 201 (I) HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
AGREEMENTS 201 (II) THE MEDIUM 202 (III) ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL
COMPETITION 202 (IV) EXTERNAL RESTRICTIONS OF COMPETITION 202 (V) OBJECT
OR EFFECT 203 (VI) PREVENTING, RESTRICTING AND DISTORTING COMPETITION
205 (VII) PER SE RULES AND THE RULE OF REASON 206 (A) PER SE RULES 206
(B) RULE OF REASON 207 D CHECKLIST OF AGREEMENTS FALLING OUTSIDE ARTICLE
85(1) 211 (I) THE COMMISSION'S NOTICES 211 (II) AGREEMENTS WITHIN A
SINGLE ECONOMIC UNIT 212 (A) PARENT AND SUBSIDIARY 212 (B) PRINCIPAL AND
AGENT 214 (C) CONTRACTOR AND SUB-CONTRACTOR 214 (III) OBJECTIVE
NECESSITY 214 (IV) COMMERCIAL RISK 214 (V) SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS 214 (VI) MERGERS 215 (VII) TRANSFERS OF ASSETS 215 E THE EFFECT
ON INTER-STATE TRADE 215 (I) THE STM TEST 216 (A) WINDSURFING
INTERNATIONAL INE V COMMISSION 216 (B) INCREASES IN TRADE 217 (C) ACTUAL
OR POTENTIAL EFFECTS 217 (D) DIRECT OR INDIRECT EFFECTS 218 (E) NATIONAL
AGREEMENTS 218 (F) RAW MATERIALS 220 (G) PROXIMITY TO THE FRONTIER 220
(H) GOVERNMENTAL BARRIERS TO TRADE 220 (I) MEANING OF TRADE 220 (J) DE
MINIMIS 221 (II) THE STRUCTURAL TEST 221 (III) AGREEMENTS CONCERNING
TRADE OUTSIDE THE COMMON MARKET 222 (IV) REVIEW BY THE CFI 223 CONTENTS
XVII F THE DE MINIMIS DOCTRINE 223 (I) INTRODUCTION 223 (II) NOTICE ON
AGREEMENTS OF MINOR IMPORTANCE 224 (III) LIMITATIONS OF THE NOTICE 226
(IV) QUALITATIVE APPRECIABILITY 226 G SPECIAL SECTORS 227 3 ARTICLE
85(3) 227 A INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 227 (I) THE FOUR REQUIREMENTS IN
ARTICLE 85(3) 228 (A) BENEFIT 228 (B) FAIR SHARE TO CONSUMERS 229 (C) NO
INDISPENSABLE RESTRICTIONS 230 (D) NO SUBSTANTIAL ELIMINATION OF
COMPETITION 231 (II) UNILATERAL ACTION AND ARTICLE 85(3) 232 (III)
ARTICLE 85(3) AND ARTICLE 86 233 (IV) PROOF 234 (V) REVIEW BY THE CFI
234 (VI) THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 85(3) IN PRACTICE 235 B BLOCK
EXEMPTIONS 236 (I) SPECIALIZATION AGREEMENTS 239 (II) EXCLUSIVE
DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENTS 239 (III) EXCLUSIVE PURCHASING AGREEMENTS 239
(IV) MOTOR VEHICLES 240 (V) PATENT LICENCES 240 (VI) RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS 240 (VII) FRANCHISE AGREEMENTS 240 (VIII)
KNOW-HOW LICENSING 240 C OPPOSITION PROCEDURE 241 D COMFORT LETTERS 241
4 ARTICLE 85(2) 242 CHAPTER 8 ARTICLE 86 243 1 INTRODUCTION 243 2
UNDERTAKINGS 246 3 THE EFFECT ON INTER-STATE TRADE 247 4 DOMINANT
POSITION 248 A THE RELEVANT PRODUCT MARKET 249 (I) THE LEGAL TEST 250
(II) MEASURING INTERCHANGEABILITY 250 (III) DEMAND SIDE SUBSTITUTABILITY
250 (A) CROSS-ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND 250 (B) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
251 (C) PRICE 251 (D) INTENDED USE 251 (E) STRUCTURE OF SUPPLY AND
DEMAND 252 (F) INTERNAL DOCUMENTS 253 (G) STATUTORY MARKETS 253 (IV)
SUPPLY SIDE SUBSTITUTABILITY 253 (V) TIME 253 (VI) COMMENTS 254 (A)
SEPARATE USES 254 XVIUE CONTENTS (B) RAW MATERIALS 255 (C) OUTSIDE
PRESSURES 255 B THE GEOGRAPHICAL MARKET 256 C THE TEMPORAL MARKET 259 D
MARKET POWER 259 (I) THE LEGAL TEST 259 (II) MEASURING MARKET POWER 260
(A) STATUTORY MONOPOLIES 260 (B) MARKET SHARES 260 (C) 'FACTORS
INDICATING DOMINANCE' 263 (III) COMMENTS 268 E A SUBSTANTIAL PART OF THE
COMMON MARKET 268 5 SMALL FIRMS AND NARROW MARKETS 269 A SMALL FIRMS 269
B NARROW MARKETS 270 6 ABUSE 270 A EXPLOITATION 271 B
ANTI-COMPETITIVENESS 272 (I) CONTINENTAL CAN V COMMISSION 273 (II)
CAUSATION 273 (III) IS THE CONDUCT RELATED TO PERFORMANCE? 274 (IV) THE
DOMINANT POSITION AND THE ABUSE MAY BE IN DIFFERENT MARKETS 274 (V)
EXAMPLES OF ANTI-COMPETITIVE ABUSE 275 (A) MERGERS 275 (B) PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 275 (C) REQUIREMENTS CONTRACTS AND TIE-INS 276 (D) EXPORT
AND IMPORT BANS 276 (E) REFUSAL TO SUPPLY 277 (F) OTHER EXAMPLES 278 C
OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY 278 D
COMMENTS 279 7 COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITIONS 280 8 CIVIL CONSEQUENCES OF
ARTICLE 86 282 9 COMPARISON OF ARTICLE 86 WITH UK LAW 282 CHAPTER 9
ARTICLES 85 AND 86: ENFORCEMENT AND PROCEDURE 285 1 FACT-FINDING POWERS
288 A ARTICLE 11: REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION 290 B ARTICLE 14:
INVESTIGATIONS 291 (I) VOLUNTARY INVESTIGATIONS 292 (II) MANDATORY
INVESTIGATIONS 292 C PROFESSIONAL SECRECY AND BUSINESS SECRETS 294 D
PRIVILEGE 295 E SELF-INCRIMINATION 296 2 DECISIONS 296 A FORMAL
DECISIONS 297 (I) PROCEDURAL DECISIONS 297 (II) INTERIM DECISIONS 297
(A) URGENCY 297 (B) PRIMA FACIE CASE 298 (C) TEMPORARY AND CONSERVATORY
MEASURES 299 CONTENTS XIX (D) ESSENTIAL PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 299 (E)
PROPORTIONALITY AND THE BALANCING OF INTERESTS 299 (F) REVIEW 300 (G)
ENFORCEMENT 300 (H) COMMISSION'S USE OF INTERIM MEASURES 300 (I) 'FAST
TRACK' PROCEDURE IN AIR TRANSPORT 301 (III) PROVISIONAL DECISIONS 301
(IV) NEGATIVE CLEARANCE 302 (V) INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 303 (VI)
INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 304 (A) STATEMENT OF OBJECTIONS 304 (B)
SUBSEQUENT PROCEDURE 305 (C) TERMINATION OF INFRINGEMENTS 306 (D) FINES
307 (E) COMPLIANCE PROGRAMMES 309 (F) REVIEW BY THE CFI 309 (VII)
ARTICLE 90(3) DIRECTIVES AND DECISIONS 310 B INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS 311 3
THE POSITION OF COMPLAINANTS 312 4 JUDICIAL REVIEW BY THE COURT 314 A
ARTICLE 175: FAILURE TO ACT 315 B ARTICLE 173: ACTION FOR ANNULMENT 315
(I) LOCUS STANDI 316 (II) ACTS 316 (III) GROUNDS OF REVIEW 317 C ARTICLE
172: PENALTIES 317 D INTERIM MEASURES 318 5 CIVIL LAW CONSEQUENCES OF
INFRINGING ARTICLES 85 AND 86 318 A INTRODUCTION 318 B THE
ENFORCEABILITY OF AGREEMENTS 319 (I) ARTICLE 85 319 (A) NO NOTIFICATION
320 (B) NOTIFICATION 321 (C) COMFORT LETTERS 322 (D) SEVERANCE 323 (II)
ARTICLE 86 324 C THIRD PARTIES 324 (I) A RIGHT TO DAMAGES? 324 (II)
RELYING ON COMMISSION DECISIONS 326 (III) STANDARD OF PROOF 327 (IV)
INTERLOCUTORY RELIEF 328 (V) OTHER ISSUES 328 (VI) THIRD PARTY AS
DEFENDANT 328 CHAPTER 10 SPECIAL SECTORS 330 1 THE EEC COMPETITION RULES
AND STATE REGULATION 330 A THE POSITION OF MEMBER STATES 331 (I) ARTICLE
5 331 (II) ARTICLE 222 331 (III) ARTICLE 90(1) 332 (A) UNDERTAKINGS 332
XX CONTENTS (B) PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS 332 (C) UNDERTAKINGS WITH SPECIAL OR
EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS 332 (D) THE OBLIGATION ON MEMBER STATES UNDER ARTICLE
90(1) 333 (E) VICARIOUS LIABILITY OF THE STATE 334 (F) ENFORCEMENT 335
(G) REMEDIES 335 (IV) ARTICLE 90(2) 335 (V) ARTICLE 90(3) 335 (A)
DECISIONS 335 (B) DIRECTIVES 336 (VI) ARTICLES 92-94 - STATE AIDS 337
(VII) TRANSPARENCY DIRECTIVE 338 (VIUE) ARTICLE 37 - STATE MONOPOLIES OF
A COMMERCIAL CHARACTER 338 B THE POSITION OF UNDERTAKINGS 338 (I)
ARTICLE 90(2) 339 (A) UNDERTAKINGS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF ARTICLE 90(2) 339
(B) SCOPE OF THE DEFENCE 339 (C) ARTICLE 90(2) IN NATIONAL COURTS 340
(II) STATE COMPULSION 341 (III) HIGHLY REGULATED MARKETS 343 (IV)
SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 343 (V) DEFENCES TO NATIONAL LAWS 343 (VI) CHALLENGES
TO NATIONAL LAW 346 2 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND POSTAL SERVICES 346 A UK
LAW 346 (I) REGULATION IN THE UK 346 (II) TELECOMMUNICATIONS 348 (III)
POST 349 B EEC LAW 349 (I) TELECOMMUNICATIONS 349 (II) POST AND COURIER
SERVICES 350 3 GAS 350 A UK LAW 350 B EEC LAW 351 4 WATER 351 5
ELECTRICITY 352 A UK LAW 352 B EEC LAW 353 (I) ACTION UNDER ARTICLES 85
AND 86 353 (II) OTHER LEGISLATIVE MEASURES 353 6 COAL AND STEEL 354 7
NUCLEAR ENERGY 355 8 DEFENCE EQUIPMENT 355 9 AGRICULTURE 355 A ANNEX II
PRODUCTS 357 B NATIONAL MARKET ORGANIZATIONS 357 C COMMON MARKET
ORGANIZATIONS 358 10 TRANSPORT 359 A ROAD, RAIL AND INLAND WATERWAYS 360
B MARITIME TRANSPORT 361 (I) LEGISLATIVE REGIME 361 (II) PRACTICAL
APPLICATION 362 CONTENTS XXI C AIR TRANSPORT 363 (I) INTRODUCTION 363
(II) LEGISLATIVE REGIME 364 (A) LIBERALIZATION MEASURES 364 (B)
IMPLEMENTING REGULATION FOR ARTICLES 85 AND 86 365 (C) BLOCK EXEMPTIONS
366 (III) SUBSEQUENT ACTION 366 (IV) EEC MERGER REGULATION 367 CHAPTER
11 EXTRA-TERRITORIALITY 368 1 INTRODUCTION 368 2 EXTRA-TERRITORIAL
APPLICATION OF UK AND EEC COMPETITION LAW 370 A THE THEORETICAL PROBLEM
370 (I) SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION 370 (II) ENFORCEMENT JURISDICTION
374 B UK LAW 375 (I) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 375 (II)
RESALE PRICES ACT 1976 376 (III) FAIR TRADING ACT 1973: MONOPOLY
SITUATIONS 377 (IV) FAIR TRADING ACT 1973: MERGERS 378 (V) COMPETITION
ACT 1980 378 (VI) ARTICLES 85 AND 86 IN DOMESTIC COURTS 379 C EEC LAW
379 (I) SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION 379 (A) ECONOMIC ENTITY DOCTRINE 380
(B) EFFECTS DOCTRINE 380 (C) THE ECJ'S JUDGMENT IN WOOD PULP 381 (II)
ENFORCEMENT JURISDICTION 382 (A) INITIATING PROCEEDINGS 382 (B)
INFORMATION AND INVESTIGATIONS 382 (C) FINAL DECISIONS 383 (III) EC
MERGER REGULATION 384 3 RESISTANCE TO EXTRA-TERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF
COMPETITION LAW 385 A INTRODUCTION 385 B PROTECTION OF TRADING INTERESTS
ACT 1980 386 4 INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 387 PART 2 CHAPTER 12
HORIZONTAL RESTRAINTS - 1 390 1 HORIZONTAL PRICE FIXING 391 A UK LAW 393
B EEC LAW 396 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 396 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 399 2 HORIZONTAL
GEOGRAPHICAL MARKET DIVISION 400 A UK LAW 402 B EEC LAW 402 (I) ARTICLE
85(1) 402 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 404 XXII CONTENTS 3 QUOTAS AND OTHER
RESTRICTIONS ON PRODUCTION 404 A UK LAW 405 B EEC LAW 405 (I) ARTICLE
85(1) 405 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 407 4 COLLUSIVE TENDERING 407 AUKLAW 408 B
EEC LAW 409 5 AGREEMENTS RELATING TO TERMS AND CONDITIONS 409 A UK LAW
410 B EEC LAW 411 6 INFORMATION AGREEMENTS 412 A UK LAW 414 B EEC LAW
416 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 416 (A) AGREEMENTS TO EXCHANGE INFORMATION 417 (B)
MARKET STRUCTURE 417 (C) TYPE OF INFORMATION EXCHANGED 418 (D)
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF INFORMATION 419 (E) MODE OF EXCHANGING
INFORMATION 419 (F) EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AS EVIDENCE OF A CONCERTED
PRACTICE 419 (G) FINES 420 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 420 7 ADVERTISING
RESTRICTIONS 421 A UK LAW 422 B EEC LAW 425 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 425 (II)
ARTICLE 85(3) 425 8 ANTI-COMPETITIVE HORIZONTAL RESTRAINTS 426 A UK LAW
427 B EEC LAW 428 CHAPTER 13 HORIZONTAL RESTRAINTS - 2 429 1 FORMS OF
COLLABORATION: JOINT VENTURES 429 A UK LAW 430 B EEC LAW 430 (I) IMPACT
OF THE EC MERGER REGULATION: CO-OPERATIVE AND COLLABORATIVE JOINT
VENTURES 430 (II) COMMISSION'S WIDE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 85(1) 430
(III) 13TH REPORT ON COMPETITION POLICY 431 (IV) SUBSEQUENT EXPERIENCE
431 (V) COMMISSION'S NOTICE ON CO-OPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES 432 (A) THE
CONCEPT OF CO-OPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES 432 (B) CATEGORIES OF JOINT
VENTURES THAT FALL OUTSIDE ARTICLE 85(1) 433 (C) ANALYSIS OF OTHER JOINT
VENTURES UNDER ARTICLE 85(1) 433 (VI) ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS 436 (VII)
COMMISSION'S PROCEDURES 437 CONTENTS XXIII 2 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
AGREEMENTS 437 A UK LAW 438 (I) REGISTRABILITY 439 (II) TREATMENT OF
REGISTRABLE AGREEMENTS 439 B EEC LAW 440 (I) APPLICATION OF ARTICLE
85(1) 440 (II) ARTICLE 85(3): INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 442 (III) ARTICLE
85(3): BLOCK EXEMPTION 445 3 SPECIALIZATION AGREEMENTS 449 A UK LAW 449
B EEC LAW 450 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 450 (II) ARTICLE 85(3): BLOCK EXEMPTION
450 (III) ARTICLE 85(3): INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 453 4 OTHER AGREEMENTS
IMPROVING EFFICIENCY IN PRODUCTION 453 A UK LAW 454 B EEC LAW 454 (I)
ARTICLE 85(1) 454 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 455 5 RESTRUCTURING AGREEMENTS AND
CRISIS CARTELS 456 A UK LAW 457 B EEC LAW 458 6 STANDARDIZATION
AGREEMENTS 459 A UK LAW 460 B EEC LAW 461 7 RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS 462 A
UK LAW 462 B EEC LAW 463 8 MISCELLANEOUS CASES 464 CHAPTER 14 OLIGOPOLY
467 1 THE THEORY OF OLIGOPOLISTIC INTERDEPENDENCE 467 A OUTLINE OF THE
THEORY 467 B CRITICISMS OF THE THEORY 469 C POSSIBLE WAYS OF DEALING
WITH OLIGOPOLY 471 (I) A STRUCTURAL APPROACH 471 (II) A BEHAVIOURAL
APPROACH 471 (III) REGULATION 472 (IV) OTHER POSSIBILITIES 473 D US
EXPERIENCE 473 2 UK LAW 476 A RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 477 B
FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 478 (I) LEGAL POSSIBILITIES 478 (II) OLIGOPOLISTIC
PRICING 480 (A) PARALLELISM 480 (B) EXCESSIVE PRICING 481 (III) OTHER
OLIGOPOLISTIC PROBLEMS 481 3 EEC LAW 483 A ARTICLE 85 483 B ARTICLE 86
486 (I) COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 486 XXIV CONTENTS (II) ESTABLISHING
COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 486 (III) PRACTICAL APPLICATION BY THE COMMISSION
488 (IV) EEC MERGER REGULATION 488 (V) ABUSE OF A COLLECTIVE DOMINANT
POSITION 489 (VI) COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE AND OLIGOPOLY 490 CHAPTER 15
EXCESSIVE PRICING 491 1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 491 A SHOULD EXCESSIVE
PRICING BE CONTROLLED DIRECTLY? 491 B PROTECTING COMPETITION 492 2 UK
LAW 493 A FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 493 (I) DIRECT ACTION 493 (II)
PROTECTING COMPETITION 497 B COMPETITION ACT 1980 498 C SPECIAL REGIMES
499 3 EEC LAW 499 CHAPTER 16 PRICE DISCRIMINATION 503 1 MEANING OF PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 503 2 FORMS OF PRICE COMPETITION 504 3 ECONOMIC APPRAISAL
OF PRICE DISCRIMINATION 505 A HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS 506 B INCOME
DISTRIBUTION 506 C SMALL BUSINESSES 507 D PRIMARY LINE INJURY 508 E
SECONDARY LINE INJURY 510 F MARKET DIVISION 510 4 US CONTROL OF PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 511 5 UK CONTROL OF PRICE DISCRIMINATION 514 A
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 514 (I) HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS 514
(II) VERTICAL AGREEMENTS 515 B FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 516 (I) LOYALTY
REBATES AND SIMILAR DISCOUNTING PRACTICES 516 (II) PREDATORY PRICE
CUTTING 517 (III) DELIVERED PRICING 519 (IV) HARM TO CONSUMERS 520 (V)
LEGITIMATE DISCRIMINATION 521 C COMPETITION ACT 1980 522 (I) BONUSES AND
DISCOUNTS 522 (II) PREDATORY PRICING 523 D PROPOSAIS FOR REFORM 524 6
EEC CONTROL OF PRICE DISCRIMINATION 526 A ARTICLE 85 526 (I) HORIZONTAL
AGREEMENTS 526 (II) VERTICAL AGREEMENTS 527 B ARTICLE 86 528 (I) PRIMARY
LINE INJURY 528 CONTENTS XXV (A) LOYALTY REBATES AND SIMILAR DISCOUNTING
PRACTICES 528 (B) PREDATORY PRICE CUTTING 530 (C) DELIVERED PRICING 532
(II) SECONDARY LINE INJURY 533 (III) GEOGRAPHICAL DISCRIMINATION 534
CHAPTER 17 VERTICAL RESTRAINTS - 1: DISTRIBUTION 536 1 THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND 536 A METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION 537 (I) VERTICAL INTEGRATION
537 (II) DISTRIBUTION THROUGH COMMERCIAL AGENTS 539 (III) DISTRIBUTION
AGREEMENTS 539 (IV) MANUFACTURING LICENCES 540 B TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION
AGREEMENT 540 (I) EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION 541 (II) EXCLUSIVE PURCHASING
542 (III) SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION 543 (IV) FRANCHISING 544 C DISTRIBUTION
AGREEMENTS AND COMPETITION POLICY 544 (I) FORECLOSURE OF COMPETITION 545
(II) HARM TO CONSUMERS 545 (III) CARTELS 546 (IV) COMPARTMENTALIZATION
OF MARKETS 547 (V) WHO DECIDES? 547 (VI) US BACKGROUND 548 (A) RESALE
PRICE MAINTENANCE 548 (B) OTHER VERTICAL RESTRAINTS 549 2 VERTICAL
INTEGRATION 550 A UK LAW 550 (I) INTERNAL GROWTH 550 (II) EXTERNAL
GROWTH 551 B EEC LAW 551 (I) INTERNAL GROWTH 551 (II) EXTERNAL GROWTH
551 3 AGENCY AGREEMENTS 552 A UK LAW 552 (I) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES
ACT 1976 552 (II) RESALE PRICES ACT 1976 552 (III) FAIR TRADING ACT 1973
AND COMPETITION ACT 1980 552 B EEC LAW 552 (I) COMMISSION'S NOTICE ON
EXCLUSIVE AGENCY CONTRACTS 553 (II) CRITERIA OTHER THAN RISK MAY BE
RELEVANT 554 4 EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENTS 555 A UK LAW 555 (I)
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 555 (II) RESALE PRICES ACT 1976 557
(III) FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 AND COMPETITION ACT 1980 558 (IV) COMMON LAW
558 B EEC LAW 558 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 559 (A) VERTICAL RESTRAINTS 559 XXVI
CONTENTS (B) VERTICAL RESTRAINTS MUST BE CONSIDERED IN CONTEXT 559 (C)
PARTICULAR RESTRICTIONS 560 (D) DE MINIMIS DOCTRINE 565 (II) ARTICLE
85(3) 565 (III) BLOCK EXEMPTION: REGULATION 1983/83 566 (A) ARTICLE 1
567 (B) ARTICLE 2 569 (C) ARTICLE 3 571 (IV) INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 574 5
EXCLUSIVE PURCHASING 575 A UK LAW 575 (I) RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES
ACT 1976 575 (II) COMMON LAW 575 (III) INVESTIGATIVE SYSTEM 576 B EEC
LAW 577 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 577 (II) ARTICLE 85(3) 578 (III) BLOCK
EXEMPTION: REGULATION 1984/83 578 (A) ARTICLE 1 579 (B) ARTICLE 2 580
(C) ARTICLE 3 580 (IV) SPECIAL RULES FOR BEER AND PETROL 581 (A) BEER
581 (B) PETROL 583 (V) INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION 583 (VI) APPLICABILITY OF
ARTICLE 86 584 6 SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 584 A UK LAW 584 (I)
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 584 (II) RESALE PRICES ACT 1976 585
(III) INVESTIGATIVE SYSTEM 585 (A) FAIR TRADING ACT 1973 585 (B)
COMPETITION ACT 1980 586 B EEC LAW 587 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 587 (A) THE
PRODUCT 589 (B) QUALITATIVE CRITERIA 590 (C) RESTRICTIONS NO MORE THAN
NECESSARY 591 (D) NO DISCRIMINATION 592 (E) HORIZONTAL RESTRICTIONS 592
(F) CONTROL 593 (G) SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND REGULATION
1983/83 593 (H) ECONOMIC CONTEXT 594 (I) CONCLUSION 595 (II) ARTICLE
85(3) 595 (III) REGULATION 123/84 ON MOTOR VEHICLE DISTRIBUTION AND
SERVICMG AGREEMENTS 595 (A) MAIN PROVISIONS 596 (B) APPLICATION OF THE
REGULATION 596 (IV) ARTICLE 86 597 7 FRANCHISING 597 A UK LAW 597
CONTENTS XXVII B EEC LAW 598 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 598 (II) REGULATION
4087/88 599 (A) ARTICLE 1 599 (B) ARTICLE 2 600 (C) ARTICLE 3 600 (D)
ARTICLE 4 601 (E) ARTICLE 5 601 (F) ARTICLE 6 601 (G) MISCELLANEOUS
PROVISIONS 602 CHAPTER 18 VERTICAL RESTRAINTS - 2 603 1 EXCLUSIVE
DEALING AND PURCHASING AGREEMENTS 603 AUKLAW 604 (I) RESTRICTIVE TRADE
PRACTICES ACT 1976 604 (II) RESTRAINT OF TRADE 604 (III) FAIR TRADING
ACT 1973 AND COMPETITION ACT 1980 605 (A) FAIR TRADING ACT 605 (B)
COMPETITION ACT 605 B EEC LAW 606 (I) ARTICLE 85(1) 606 (II) ARTICLE
85(3) 607 (III) ARTICLE 86 608 2 TIE-INS AND FULL-LINE FORCING 608 A UK
LAW 609 B EEC LAW 611 3 REFUSAL TO SUPPLY 612 A UK LAW 613 B EEC LAW 614
CHAPTER 19 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 620 1 HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS RELATING TO
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 622 A INTRODUCTION 622 B UK LAW 622 C EEC
LAW 623 2 VERTICAL AGREEMENTS RELATING TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
624 A INTRODUCTION 624 B TYPICAL TERMS IN LICENCES OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS 625 C UK LAW 628 (I) PATENT LICENCES 628 (II) KNOW-HOW
LICENCES 629 (III) COPYRIGHT AND DESIGN RIGHT LICENCES 630 (IV) TRADE
MARK LICENCES 630 D EEC LAW 631 (I) PATENT LICENCES 631 (A) ARTICLE
85(1) 631 (B) ARTICLE 85(3) 636 (II) KNOW-HOW LICENCES 639 (III)
COPYRIGHT LICENCES 640 XXVIII CONTENTS (IV) TRADE MARK LICENCES 641 (V)
LICENCES OF PLANT BREEDERS' RIGHTS 642 3 ANTI-MONOPOLY CONTROL OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 643 A UK LAW 643 (I) PATENTS 643 (II)
COPYRIGHTS AND ANALOGOUS RIGHTS 644 (A) COMPULSORY LICENCES 644 (B)
COLLECTING SOCIETIES 645 B EEC LAW 646 (I) COMPULSORY LICENCES 646 (II)
COLLECTING SOCIETIES 648 (III) MISCELLANEOUS CASES 649 4 INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE FREE MOVEMENT PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY OF ROME
650 A THE DOCTRINE OF EXHAUSTION 652 (I) PATENTS 653 (II) COPYRIGHTS AND
ANALOGOUS RIGHTS 655 (III) TRADE MARKS 657 (IV) UNFAIR COMPETITION 659 B
THE DOCTRINE OF COMMON ORIGIN 659 5 HARMONIZATION OF COMMUNITY LAW 662
CHAPTER 20 CONTROL OF MERGERS 664 1 INTRODUCTION 664 2 MERGER CONTROL
AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST 665 A THE BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF MERGERS UPON THE
PUBLIC INTEREST 666 (I) ECONOMIES OF SCALE 666 (II) OTHER OPERATING
EFFICIENCIES 666 (III) MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY AND THE MARKET FOR
CORPORATE CONTROL 666 (IV) BARRIERS TO EXIT 667 (V) OTHER ARGUMENTS IN
FAVOUR OF MERGERS 668 B THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECT OF MERGERS UPON THE
PUBLIC INTEREST 668 (I) EFFECT OF MERGERS ON COMPETITION 668 (II) LOSS
OF EFFICIENCY AND 'SHORT-TERMISM' 669 (III) CONCENTRATION OF WEALTH 670
(IV) UNEMPLOYMENT AND REGIONAL POLICY 670 (V) OVERSEAS CONTROL 670 (VI)
SPECIAL SECTORS 671 (VII) EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 671 3 UK CONTROL OF MERGERS
671 A CONTROL OF NEWSPAPER MERGERS 672 (I) DEFINITION OF A NEWSPAPER
MERGER 672 (II) THE CONSENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE 673 (III)
INVESTIGATION BY THE MMC 674 (IV) ACTION BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE AFTER
A NEWSPAPER REFERENCE 674 (V) THE NEWSPAPER MERGER PROVISIONS IN
PRACTICE 675 B CONTROL OF OTHER MERGERS 679 (I) DEFINITION OF A MERGER
679 (II) MERGERS QUALIFYING FOR INVESTIGATION 681 (III) INTERIM ORDERS
DURING THE MMC'S INVESTIGATION 683 CONTENTS XXIX (IV) COMPETING BIDS 684
(V) THE ROLE OF THE DGFT AND THE MERGERS PANEL 684 (A) STATUTORY DUTIES
684 (B) CONFIDENTIAL GUIDANCE 685 (C) VOLUNTARY PRE-NOTIFICATION 686 (D)
DGFT'S ADVICE 686 (VI) THE ROLE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE 687 (VII)
UNDERTAKINGS IN HEU OF A REFERENCE ('FIX IT FIRST') 688 (VIII) FEES 688
(IX) THE MMC'S INVESTIGATION 688 (X) ACTION FOLLOWING THE MMC'S REPORT
690 (A) MERGER NOT AGAINST THE PUBLIC INTEREST 690 (B) MERGER AGAINST
THE PUBLIC INTEREST: ORDERS AND UNDERTAKINGS 690 (C) DIVESTITURE 690 (D)
THE SECRETARY OF STATE'S DISCRETION 691 (XI) ANALYSIS OF THE MMC'S
REPORTS 692 (A) COMPETITION 692 (B) THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 696 (C)
MERGERS WITH OVERSEAS COMPANIES 697 (D) EFFICIENCY 698 (E) CONGLOMERACY
699 (F) OTHER ISSUES 700 (XII) LITIGATION UNDER THE MERGER PROVISIONS
700 (XIII) FIRST REPORT OF THE TRADE AND INDUSTRY COMMITTEE 701 C
MERGERS IN THE WATER INDUSTRY 702 4 EEC CONTROL OF MERGERS 702 A
INTRODUCTION 702 (I) ARTICLE 85 703 (II) ARTICLE 86 703 5 MAIN
PRINCIPLES OF THE REGULATION 705 6 DETAILS OF THE REGULATION 706 A
MEANING OF CONCENTRATION 706 (I) ARTICLE 3(1) 706 (A) SOLE CONTROL 707
(B) JOINT CONTROL 707 (C) JOINT TO SOLE CONTROL 710 (D) DIVISION OF A
BUSINESS 710 (E) ACQUISITION OF ASSETS 710 (II) CO-OPERATIVE AND
CONCENTRATIVE JOINT VENTURES 710 (A) THE REGULATION 711 (B) THE
COMMISSION'S NOTICE 711 (C) THE POSITIVE CONDITION 711 (D) THE NEGATIVE
CONDITION 712 (E) EXAMPLES OF CONCENTRATIVE JOINT VENTURES 713 (F)
EXAMPLES OF CO-OPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES 713 B SCOPE OF REGULATION
4064/89: CONCENTRATIONS HAVING A 'COMMUNITY DIMENSION' 714 (I)
THRESHOLDS 714 (II) WORLD-WIDE TURNOVER 714 (III) BUSINESS IN ONE MEMBER
STATE 715 (IV) TURNOVER 715 XXX CONTENTS C WHEN WILL A CONCENTRATION BE
INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE COMMON MARKET? 716 D PRE-NOTIFICATION OF
CONCENTRATIONS 720 E SUSPENSION OF CONCENTRATIONS 720 F PROCEDURAL
TIMETABLES AND POWERS OF DECISION OF THE COMMISSION 721 (I) PHASE-ONE
INVESTIGATION 721 (II) PHASE-TWO INVESTIGATION 721 G INVESTIGATION AND
ENFORCEMENT 723 H ONE-STOP MERGER CONTROL 724 (I) ARTICLE 21(3) 724 (II)
RESIDUAL ROLE OF ARTICLES 85 AND 86 725 (A) THE COMMISSION 725 (B)
NATIONAL COURTS 725 I REFERRAL TO THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES OF THE
MEMBER STATES: THE 'GERMAN CLAUSE' 726 J ARTICLE 22(3): THE 'DUTCH
CLAUSE' 727 K ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS 727 L CLOSE AND CONSTANT LIAISON 728
M RELATIONS WITH NON-EEC COUNTRIES 728 N MANDATORY REVIEW 729 APPENDIX
REFORM OF UK DOMESTIC COMPETITION LAW 730 1 INTRODUCTION 730 2
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 730 A GREEN PAPER 730 B WHITE PAPER
731 (I) THE PROHIBITION 731 (II) EXEMPTIONS 732 (III) INSTITUTIONS,
PROCEDURES AND APPEALS 733 (IV) ENFORCEMENT AND PENALTIES 733 (V)
TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 734 (VI) TIMING 734 C COMMENT 735 3 FAIR
TRADING ACT 1973 AND COMPETITION ACT 1980 736 A GREEN PAPER 736 B THE
AFTERMATH 737 C COMMENT 737 BIBLIOGRAPHY 739 INDEX 747 |
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| author | Whish, Richard Sufrin, B. E. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)170004619 (DE-588)171667913 |
| author_facet | Whish, Richard Sufrin, B. E. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Whish, Richard |
| author_variant | r w rw b e s be bes |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023538682 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KD2218 |
| callnumber-raw | KD2218.W54 1993 |
| callnumber-search | KD2218.W54 1993 |
| callnumber-sort | KD 42218 W54 41993 |
| callnumber-subject | KD - United Kingdom and Ireland |
| classification_rvk | PU 4376 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)831415457 (DE-599)BVBBV023538682 |
| dewey-full | 343.41/0721344.10372120 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 343 - Military, tax, trade & industrial law |
| dewey-raw | 343.41/0721 344.103721 20 |
| dewey-search | 343.41/0721 344.103721 20 |
| dewey-sort | 3343.41 3721 3344.103721 220 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 3. ed., reprinted |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Europäische Gemeinschaften. Mitgliedsstaaten Großbritannien Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europäische Gemeinschaften. Mitgliedsstaaten Großbritannien |
| id | DE-604.BV023538682 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:36:29Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:24:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0406011559 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016857751 |
| oclc_num | 831415457 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-521 |
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| physical | LXXXIII, 772 S. |
| publishDate | 1993 |
| publishDateSearch | 1994 |
| publishDateSort | 1994 |
| publisher | Butterworths |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Whish, Richard Verfasser (DE-588)170004619 aut Competition law Richard Whish ; Brenda Sufrin 3. ed., reprinted London <<[u.a.]>> Butterworths 1993 [erschienen 1994] LXXXIII, 772 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Antitrust law -- Great Britain Antitrust law -- European Economic Community countries Restraint of trade -- Great Britain Restraint of trade -- European Economic Community countries Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Gemeinschaften. Mitgliedsstaaten Großbritannien Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 s DE-604 Sufrin, B. E. Verfasser (DE-588)171667913 aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016857751&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Whish, Richard Sufrin, B. E. Competition law Antitrust law -- Great Britain Antitrust law -- European Economic Community countries Restraint of trade -- Great Britain Restraint of trade -- European Economic Community countries Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121924-7 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | Competition law |
| title_auth | Competition law |
| title_exact_search | Competition law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Competition law |
| title_full | Competition law Richard Whish ; Brenda Sufrin |
| title_fullStr | Competition law Richard Whish ; Brenda Sufrin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Competition law Richard Whish ; Brenda Sufrin |
| title_short | Competition law |
| title_sort | competition law |
| topic | Antitrust law -- Great Britain Antitrust law -- European Economic Community countries Restraint of trade -- Great Britain Restraint of trade -- European Economic Community countries Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Antitrust law -- Great Britain Antitrust law -- European Economic Community countries Restraint of trade -- Great Britain Restraint of trade -- European Economic Community countries Wettbewerbsrecht Europäische Gemeinschaften. Mitgliedsstaaten Großbritannien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016857751&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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