The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Washington, DC
World Bank
2008
|
| Series: | Orientations in development series
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 94 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780821374962 9780821374955 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa |c Nadereh Chamlou |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Self-employed women |z Middle East |x Public opinion | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Self-employed women |z Africa, North |x Public opinion | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Work |z Middle East |x Public opinion | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xii
Overview xiii
Chapter One: The Middle East s Economic Challenges 1
Recent Developments 2
The Challenges 4
Female Entrepreneurs Can Become an Engine of Growth 5
How the Report Is Organized 7
Annex 1A. Historical Perspective on Women s Economic
Activity in the Middle East and North Africa 8
Chapter Two: Female-Owned Firms Defy the Expected 11
More Women Are Individual Owners Than Expected 12
Female-Owned Firms Are Large and Well-Established 13
Female-Owned Firms Participate in the Global Economy 16
Women Employ More Educated Workers and More Women 17
Female- and Male-Owned Firms Have Similar Productivity 20
Annex 2 A. Data and Methodology 22
Chapter 3: Investment Climate Barriers to Female-Owned Firms 25
Investment Climate Barriers Are Not Particularly Gendered 26
The Nongendered Business Environment Raises Questions
about the Scarcity of Female Entrepreneurs 31
Annex 3A. Country-Specific Results on Perceived
Investment Climate Barriers 32
Chapter Four: Is It More Difficult to Start Female-Owned Firms? 39
Attitudes toward Working Women May Hinder Women s
Entrepreneurship 39
Sustaining Gains in Poverty Reduction and Human Development in the Middle East and North Africa
Gender-Neutral Obstacles to Doing Business Can Hit
Female Entrepreneurs Harder 46
Business and Economic Laws Are Not a Problem for
Female Entrepreneurship—Other Laws Are 49
Chapter 5: How to Boost Female Entrepreneurship 57
Reduce Barriers to All Firms 58
Address Gendered Social Norms and Differential
Treatment under the Law 58
Next Steps 60
Appendixes
A Perceptions and Female Employment:
Methodology and Empirical Results 61
B Business Laws in Middle Eastern and
North African Countries 69
Tables
2.1 Distribution of Male- and Female-Owned
Firms, by Size and Average Years of Experience 14
2.2 Distribution of Male- and Female-Owned
Firms, by Sector and Location 15
2.3 Workforce Composition, by Education 18
2.4 Workforce Composition, by Skill Level of Position 18
2A.1 Sample Composition of World Bank Enterprise
Survey Data for the Middle East and North Africa 22
3.1 Percentage of Male- and Female-Owned Firms
Reporting the Actual Occurrence of
Selected Constraints 28
3A.1 Percentage of Male- and Female-Owned Firms
Reporting Investment Climate Constraints as
Major or Very Severe Obstacles to Business
Operation and Growth, by Gender of Owner
and Country 36
4.1 Country-Level and Regional Characteristics 40
4.2 Attitudes toward Working Women Are Less Positive
in the Middle East Than in Most Other
Developing Regions 43
4.3 Self-Employment Is about as Common in the
Middle East as in Other Regions 46
Al Key Employment Statistics and Governance
Measures 63
The Environment for Women s Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa
A2 Relationship between Employment and Perception
Indexes, Complete Sample 65
A3 Relationship between Employment and Perception
Indexes in the Middle East and North Africa Region 66
Figures
1.1 The Middle East Is Outstripping Other
Developing Regions in Creating Jobs and
Cutting Unemployment 2
1.2 Rising Labor Force Participation for Women 3
1.3 Female Labor Force Participation Is Lower in the
Middle East and North Africa Than Elsewhere, 2005 4
1.4 Can Gender Gaps in Entrepreneurship Lead to
Productivity Gaps? 6
2.1 Female-Owned Firms Are Relatively Rare in the
Middle East 11
2.2 The Share of Female-Owned Firms Varies across
the Region 12
2.3 Enterprises Owned Individually, by Gender of Owner 13
2.4 Sources of Finance for New Investment in Jordan
and Lebanon, by Gender of Owner 16
2.5 Global Orientation of Male- and Female-Owned
Firms 17
2.6 Female Workers Hired in Male- and Female-Owned
Firms 19
2.7 Female-Owned Firms Are Hiring More Workers
in Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the
West Bank and Gaza 20
2.8 Productivity Differences between Male- and
Female-Owned Firms 21
3.1 The Investment Climate Is Binding for Both
Male- and Female-Owned Firms in the
Middle East and North Africa 26
3.2 Perception of the Investment Climate in the
Middle East and North Africa, by Gender of
the Principal Owner 27
3.3 Finance Barriers in the Republic of Yemen,
by Gender of the Principal Owner 30
3 A.I Percentage of Male- and Female-Owned Firms
Reporting Investment Climate Constraints as
Major or Very Severe Obstacles to Business
Operation and Growth 32
viii The Environment for Women s Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa
4.1 Some Nonwork Activities Are Valued in the
Middle East 41
4.2 The Work Preference Index Is Positively
Correlated with Female Labor Force Participation
and Female Entrepreneurship 42
4.3 Attitudes toward Working Women Are
Correlated with Female Labor Force Participation—
and Entrepreneurship 44
4.4 Work Preference and Labor Force Participation
Are Positively Correlated with Rule of Law
and Control of Corruption 45
4.5 The Costs of Opening and Closing a Business
Are High in the Middle East, as Are the Number
of Procedures Required 47
4.6 Closing a Business in the Middle East Is
Cumbersome and Costly 48
4.7 Women in the Middle East Begin to Leave the
Labor Force between Ages 25 and 29 49
4.8 Business Regulations and Female Entrepreneurship 50
Box
4.1 Sex, Gender, and Discrimination 52
References and Other Resources 85
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xii
Overview xiii
Chapter One: The Middle East's Economic Challenges 1
Recent Developments 2
The Challenges 4
Female Entrepreneurs Can Become an Engine of Growth 5
How the Report Is Organized 7
Annex 1A. Historical Perspective on Women's Economic
Activity in the Middle East and North Africa 8
Chapter Two: Female-Owned Firms Defy the Expected 11
More Women Are Individual Owners Than Expected 12
Female-Owned Firms Are Large and Well-Established 13
Female-Owned Firms Participate in the Global Economy 16
Women Employ More Educated Workers and More Women 17
Female- and Male-Owned Firms Have Similar Productivity 20
Annex 2 A. Data and Methodology 22
Chapter 3: Investment Climate Barriers to Female-Owned Firms 25
Investment Climate Barriers Are Not Particularly Gendered 26
The Nongendered Business Environment Raises Questions
about the Scarcity of Female Entrepreneurs 31
Annex 3A. Country-Specific Results on Perceived
Investment Climate Barriers 32
Chapter Four: Is It More Difficult to Start Female-Owned Firms? 39
Attitudes toward Working Women May Hinder Women's
Entrepreneurship 39
Sustaining Gains in Poverty Reduction and Human Development in the Middle East and North Africa
Gender-Neutral Obstacles to Doing Business Can Hit
Female Entrepreneurs Harder 46
Business and Economic Laws Are Not a Problem for
Female Entrepreneurship—Other Laws Are 49
Chapter 5: How to Boost Female Entrepreneurship 57
Reduce Barriers to All Firms 58
Address Gendered Social Norms and Differential
Treatment under the Law 58
Next Steps 60
Appendixes
A Perceptions and Female Employment:
Methodology and Empirical Results 61
B Business Laws in Middle Eastern and
North African Countries 69
Tables
2.1 Distribution of Male- and Female-Owned
Firms, by Size and Average Years of Experience 14
2.2 Distribution of Male- and Female-Owned
Firms, by Sector and Location 15
2.3 Workforce Composition, by Education 18
2.4 Workforce Composition, by Skill Level of Position 18
2A.1 Sample Composition of World Bank Enterprise
Survey Data for the Middle East and North Africa 22
3.1 Percentage of Male- and Female-Owned Firms
Reporting the Actual Occurrence of
Selected Constraints 28
3A.1 Percentage of Male- and Female-Owned Firms
Reporting Investment Climate Constraints as
Major or Very Severe Obstacles to Business
Operation and Growth, by Gender of Owner
and Country 36
4.1 Country-Level and Regional Characteristics 40
4.2 Attitudes toward Working Women Are Less Positive
in the Middle East Than in Most Other
Developing Regions 43
4.3 Self-Employment Is about as Common in the
Middle East as in Other Regions 46
Al Key Employment Statistics and Governance
Measures 63
The Environment for Women's Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa
A2 Relationship between Employment and Perception
Indexes, Complete Sample 65
A3 Relationship between Employment and Perception
Indexes in the Middle East and North Africa Region 66
Figures
1.1 The Middle East Is Outstripping Other
Developing Regions in Creating Jobs and
Cutting Unemployment 2
1.2 Rising Labor Force Participation for Women 3
1.3 Female Labor Force Participation Is Lower in the
Middle East and North Africa Than Elsewhere, 2005 4
1.4 Can Gender Gaps in Entrepreneurship Lead to
Productivity Gaps? 6
2.1 Female-Owned Firms Are Relatively Rare in the
Middle East 11
2.2 The Share of Female-Owned Firms Varies across
the Region 12
2.3 Enterprises Owned Individually, by Gender of Owner 13
2.4 Sources of Finance for New Investment in Jordan
and Lebanon, by Gender of Owner 16
2.5 Global Orientation of Male- and Female-Owned
Firms 17
2.6 Female Workers Hired in Male- and Female-Owned
Firms 19
2.7 Female-Owned Firms Are Hiring More Workers
in Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the
West Bank and Gaza 20
2.8 Productivity Differences between Male- and
Female-Owned Firms 21
3.1 The Investment Climate Is Binding for Both
Male- and Female-Owned Firms in the
Middle East and North Africa 26
3.2 Perception of the Investment Climate in the
Middle East and North Africa, by Gender of
the Principal Owner 27
3.3 Finance Barriers in the Republic of Yemen,
by Gender of the Principal Owner 30
3 A.I Percentage of Male- and Female-Owned Firms
Reporting Investment Climate Constraints as
Major or Very Severe Obstacles to Business
Operation and Growth 32
viii The Environment for Women's Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa
4.1 Some Nonwork Activities Are Valued in the
Middle East 41
4.2 The Work Preference Index Is Positively
Correlated with Female Labor Force Participation
and Female Entrepreneurship 42
4.3 Attitudes toward Working Women Are
Correlated with Female Labor Force Participation—
and Entrepreneurship 44
4.4 Work Preference and Labor Force Participation
Are Positively Correlated with Rule of Law
and Control of Corruption 45
4.5 The Costs of Opening and Closing a Business
Are High in the Middle East, as Are the Number
of Procedures Required 47
4.6 Closing a Business in the Middle East Is
Cumbersome and Costly 48
4.7 Women in the Middle East Begin to Leave the
Labor Force between Ages 25 and 29 49
4.8 Business Regulations and Female Entrepreneurship 50
Box
4.1 Sex, Gender, and Discrimination 52
References and Other Resources 85 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:35:14Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:19:34Z |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Chamlou, Nadereh 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)136536964 aut The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa Nadereh Chamlou Washington, DC World Bank 2008 XXII, 94 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Orientations in development series Includes bibliographical references Self-employed women Middle East Public opinion Self-employed women Africa, North Public opinion Work Middle East Public opinion Work Africa, North Public opinion Social values Middle East Social values Africa, North Public opinion Middle East Public opinion Africa, North Naher Osten HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016655717&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Chamlou, Nadereh 1956- The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa Self-employed women Middle East Public opinion Self-employed women Africa, North Public opinion Work Middle East Public opinion Work Africa, North Public opinion Social values Middle East Social values Africa, North Public opinion Middle East Public opinion Africa, North |
| title | The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_auth | The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_exact_search | The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_full | The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa Nadereh Chamlou |
| title_fullStr | The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa Nadereh Chamlou |
| title_full_unstemmed | The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa Nadereh Chamlou |
| title_short | The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_sort | the environment for women s entrepreneurship in the middle east and north africa |
| topic | Self-employed women Middle East Public opinion Self-employed women Africa, North Public opinion Work Middle East Public opinion Work Africa, North Public opinion Social values Middle East Social values Africa, North Public opinion Middle East Public opinion Africa, North |
| topic_facet | Self-employed women Middle East Public opinion Self-employed women Africa, North Public opinion Work Middle East Public opinion Work Africa, North Public opinion Social values Middle East Social values Africa, North Public opinion Middle East Public opinion Africa, North Naher Osten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016655717&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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