Geographies of health: an introduction
This second edition highlights the ways in which health may be studied from geographical perspectives, setting out the debates and reviewing the evidence that links health outcomes with social and physical environments.
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Wiley-Blackwell
2009
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | This second edition highlights the ways in which health may be studied from geographical perspectives, setting out the debates and reviewing the evidence that links health outcomes with social and physical environments. |
| Physical Description: | XX, 282 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781405175760 9781405175753 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Geographies of health |b an introduction |c Anthony C. Gatrell and Susan J. Elliott |
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| _version_ | 1804137809618927616 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Geographies of health
Autor: Gatrell, Anthony C.
Jahr: 2009
Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xii
Figure Sources xiv
Preface xix
Part I Describing and Explaining Health in Geographical Settings 1
Chapter 1 Introducing Geographies of Health 3
Health and Geography: Some Fundamental Concepts 4
Concepts of health 4
Geographical concepts 8
Geographies of Health: Five Case Studies 12
Asthma in New York 12
Area effects on smoking in disadvantaged communities in Glasgow 16
The changing political economy of sex in South Africa 18
The personal significance of home 19
Embodied spaces of health and medical information on the Internet 20
Concluding Remarks 21
Further Reading 22
Chapter 2 Explaining Geographies of Health 23
Positivist Approaches to the Geography of Health 23
Positivist explanation 24
Further examples of positivist approaches 25
Social Interactionist Approaches to the Geography of Health 30
Social interactionist explanation 30
Further examples of social interactionist approaches 31
Structuralist Approaches to the Geography of Health 33
Structuralist explanation • 34
Further examples of structuralist or conflict-based approaches 35
vi Contents
Structurationist Approaches to the Geography of Health 40
Structurationist explanation 40
Further examples of structurationist approaches 41
Post-structuralist Approaches to the Geography of Health 43
Post-structuralist explanation 43
Further examples of post-structuralist approaches 43
Concluding Remarks 47
Further Reading 47
Chapter 3 Method and Technique in the Geography of Health 49
Mapping the Geography of Health: Quantitative Approaches 49
Visualization 50
Exploratory spatial data analysis 52
Modeling health data in a spatial setting 55
Geographical information systems and health 65
Interpreting the Geography of Health: Qualitative Approaches 75
Interviews 76
Focus groups 80
Other qualitative methods 81
Qualitative data analysis 81
Rigor in qualitative research 83
Concluding Remarks 84
Further Reading 84
Part II Health and the Social Environment 85
Chapter 4 Inequalities in Health Outcomes 87
Patterns of Inequality 88
Health inequalities: international comparisons 88
One Europe or many? 92
Health inequalities: regional and class divides 96
Explaining Inequalities in Health Outcomes 1°2
The programming hypothesis and the lifecourse 1°3
Behavioral (lifestyle) factors 106
Social and community influences 110
Working conditions and local environments 1 *2
Material deprivation and health 114
Concluding Remarks 122
Further Reading 123
Chapter 5 Inequalities in the Provision and Utilization of Health Services 124
Principles of Health Service Delivery 124
Levels of health care provision 124
Geographies of rationing 126
Efficiency and equity 127
The need for health care 128
Contents vii
Inequalities in the Provision of Health Services 129
Health care provision in developing countries 129
Health care provision in the developed world 135
Utilization of Services 141
Use of primary health care services 141
Use of secondary and tertiary health care services 145
Do Provision and Utilization Affect Outcome? 149
Concluding Remarks 152
Further Reading 153
Chapter 6 People on the Move: Migration and Health 154
Impact of Migration on Health 155
Migration and stress 155
The health of refugees 158
The impact of migration on the spread of disease 159
Migration and the incidence of disease and ill-health 161
Impact of Health Status on Migration 172
The selectivity of migration 172
Migration for health care and social support 174
The Relationship between Migration and the Delivery of Health Services 175
Concluding Remarks 177
Further Reading 178
Part III Health and Human Modification of the Environment 179
Chapter 7 Air Quality and Health 181
Types of Pollutants 182
Area Sources 183
Radon 186
Ozone 187
Linear Sources 189
Point Sources 193
Point sources in the developing world 193
Point sources in the developed world 194
Concluding Remarks 198
Further Reading 199
Chapter 8 Water Quality and Health 200
Water-borne Diseases 200
Cholera 200
Schistosomiasis 204
Gastroenteritis 205
Water Hardness 207
Chemical Contamination of Drinking Water 209
Aluminium, fluoride and arsenic 209
viii Contents
Other Forms of Contamination 213
Hazardous waste sites 213
Concluding Remarks 216
Further Reading 216
Chapter 9 Health Impacts of Global Environmental Change 218
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 220
Ozone depletion and skin cancer 221
Other health impacts of ozone depletion 224
Global Climate Change 225
Direct effects: thermal stress 226
Indirect effects 227
Impacts on infectious (especially insect-borne) disease 227
Other health effects of climate change 231
Health Effects of Other Global Environmental Change 232
Concluding Remarks 234
Further Reading 235
Chapter 10 Conclusions: Emerging Themes in Geographies of Health 236
The Macro-scale: Health and the Global 237
The Meso-scale 238
The Micro-scale 239
References 241
Appendix: Web-based Resources for the Geographies of Health 269
Index 275
List of Figures
1.1 Neighborhood asthma hotspots in New York City 14
2.1 Relationship between AIDS rates and commuting in New York City region 26
2.2 Relationship between number of months with reported influenza and
population size in Iceland, 1945-70 27
2.3 Relationship between susceptible and infected population in a simple
diffusion model 28
2.4 Spread of a communicable disease in communities of different sizes 28
2.5 Optimal location of health centers in West Goa 29
2.6 Sources of epidemics in Americas during the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries 36
2.7 The time geography of an imaginary Swedish family 41
3.1 Mapping morbidity in New Zealand: conventional map and a cartogram 51
3.2 The modifiable areal unit problem: assigning point data to different sets
of areal units 52
3.3 Dead bird clusters, West Nile virus (2000) 56
3.4 Multi-level modeling of hypothetical data 60
3.5 Multi-level modeling of respiratory functioning: (a) effects of deprivation
and social class and (b) urban index and smoking 62
3.6 Women s body dissatisfaction, by individual and average neighborhood
body mass index 64
3.7 Distribution of people in Finland ever having lived within 150 meters of
power lines, and their estimated average annual personal magnetic flux
densities 69
3.8 Children with high blood-lead levels in Syracuse, New York, with
buffer zones (150 ft) around roads 71
3.9 Relationship between mean blood-lead levels and average house value
in Syracuse, New York 72
3.10 Percentage of minority and poor populations inside and outside buffer
zones defined by potentially polluting land uses 72
x List of Figures
3.11 Relationship between accessibility to adult in-patient hospice services
and expected demand for small areas in NW England 73
3.12 Small areas in NW England where accessibility to adult in-patient hospice
services is below average and demand is above average, classified by
deprivation score 74
4.1 The global burden of disease: Disability Adjusted Life Years, 2001 88
4.2 Maternal mortality rates per 100,000 live births 91
4.3 Age-adjusted mortality from circulatory diseases in 2004 93
4.4 Mortality rates in Europe for: (a) men and (b) women aged 25-64 years:
1970 and 1990 94
4.5 Life expectancy at birth for: (a) men and (b) women in European Union
and selected countries of the former USSR 95
4.6 The probability of a man dying between the ages of 45 and 65 97
4.7 Years of life lost in areas of USA in 1980 and 1990, by cause: (a) black
men and (b) black women 101
4.8 Relative risk of non-whites reporting fair or poor health compared with
whites: risk for each sub-group, with 95% confidence interval around each 102
4.9 Relationship between adult male mortality due to heart disease (1968-78)
and infant mortality (1921-5), districts in England and Wales 104
4.10 Relationship between mortality rates and tax-exempt properties in districts
of Paris, 1817-21 114
4.11 Estimates of life expectancy at birth, England and Wales, 1998 116
4.12 Relationship between tooth decay and deprivation by small area in three
districts in England 117
4.13 Incidence of low birth weight in Chicago, by community area, 1990 119
4.14 Factors affecting risk of low birth weight in Baltimore, 1985-9 120
5.1 Health expenditure by world region, 1990 130
5.2 Percentage of Americans without health insurance, 2004 139
5.3 Uptake of screening of breast cancer in South Lancashire, UK, 1989-92 144
5.4 Hospital admissions in Winnipeg, Canada, by neighborhood education
quintile 146
5.5 Travel for birthing of native American women, 1980-9 148
5.6 A survival curve 151
5.7 Survival curves for colo-rectal cancer patients in Wessex region, southern
England, by category of deprivation 151
5.8 Relationship between changing life expectancy and hospital admissions in
Winnipeg (1986-96) 152
6.1 Refugee population in Africa, 1998 159
6.2 Movements of Somali pastoralists in the Horn of Africa 162
6.3 Growth in stature and weight of sedentary Rwanda Tutsi and Hutu,
and Hutu children whose families had migrated to Zaire 166
6.4 Rates of morbidity among Tokelau islanders and Tokelauan migrants to
New Zealand 167
6.5 Areas of significantly elevated, and significantly lower, primary acute
pancreatitis in Nottingham, 1968-83 168
6.6 Water supply areas in Nottingham 169
List of Figures xi
6.7 Relative risk of motor neurone disease in Finland 171
7.1 Relationship between estimated adjusted mortality ratios and pollution
levels in six US cities 185
7.2 Relative risk of lung cancer according to measured residential radon
concentration 187
7.3 Relationship between number of children attending hospital accident
and emergency services for acute wheeze (cases) and other reasons
(controls), with ozone levels 189
7.4 Lung function according to proximity to freeway 191
7.5 Exposure to fine particulates and death from cardiovascular disease 192
7.6 Standardized mortality ratios for lung cancer (all causes in parentheses)
in relation to location of Monkton coking works 196
8.1 Relation between standardized mortality ratio for cardiovascular disease
and water hardness, in a sample of British towns 208
8.2 Comparison of cases (participants) and controls (siblings) in psychological
tests following the Camelford water pollution incident 210
9.1 Changes in total ozone by latitude, northern and southern hemispheres,
1979-89 220
9.2 Incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma in the UK, age-standardized
to the European standard population (rates per 100,000) 222
9.3 Age-standardized incidence rates of malignant melanoma in New Zealand,
1958-98 223
9.4 Relationship between deaths from malaria and rainfall in the Punjab,
1868-1908 230
List of Tables
3.1 Results of logistic regression analysis of health survey in part of East
Lancashire 66
3.2 Odds ratios for asthma in the Bronx, New York City, with respect to
various possible sources of air pollution (1995-99) 73
4.1 Epidemiological transition in Hong Kong 89
4.2 Projected ten leading causes of death in 2003, by income group 90
4.3 Mean age at death of members of families belonging to various social
classes in England (1840s) 97
4.4 Prevalence of treated disease in England and Wales, by sex and ONS area
classification (1996) 98
4.5 Age-standardized death rates from coronary heart disease
(ages 35-64 years) by sex and social class in England and Wales (1976-99) 99
4.6 Mortality rates in USA (25-64-year-olds) in 1986 102
4.7 Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for death from CHD according
to birth weight at year 1 in 10,636 Hertfordshire men 105
4.8 Health behaviors in England 107
4.9 Local social environment and health outcomes in Glasgow, Scotland 113
4.10 Correlations between the Townsend and social fragmentation indices
and standardized mortality ratios, Great Britain, 1981-92 115
5.1 Access to safe water and adequate sanitation in selected countries (2004) 132
5.2 Maternal mortality rates and health care provision in parts of sub-Saharan
Africa 133
5.3 Size of general practices in England and Wales 136
5.4 Average list size and practice size in England and Wales (2005) 136
5.5 Ratio of physicians to total population for contiguous states in USA (2004) 137
5.6 The (health) uninsured in the USA I39
5.7 Mean number of hours of care devoted to elderly in Canada, by travel
time and gender 140
List of Tables xiii
5.8 Consultation rates in general practice (UK) by distance from surgery 142
5.9 Inadequate pre-natal care in the USA, by place of residence and race
(1985-7 and 2003) 145
6.1 Relative risk of suicide (and 95% confidence intervals) for Swedish-born
and other women (1985-9) 156
6.2 Accidents among native-born and immigrants (Western Europe) 157
6.3 Mortality from childhood leukaemia and population change in Britain 163
6.4 Primary acute pancreatitis in Nottingham, England 170
6.5 Percentage population in Britain that is permanently sick or disabled,
by origin of migration 172
6.6 Stroke mortality in the USA: migrants and non-migrants (1979-81) 173
7.1 Estimate of population exposure (in millions) to ozone episodes in
Britain (1987-90) 188
7.2 Growth in vehicle traffic in USA (1970-2004) 190
7.3 Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and otitis media in Dutch and
German children 190
7.4 Air pollution and general practice consultations (Monkton coking
works study) 196
8.1 Reported cholera cases, 2005 202
8.2 Water hardness and prevalence of eczema among children under 11 years
in Nottingham, England 208
9.1 Health impacts of ozone depletion and climate change 219
9.2 Incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (per 100,000) for 23 selected
countries 222
9.3 Incidence of melanoma in New Zealand (1968-89) 223
9.4 Estimated change in cardiovascular mortality due to thermal stress
(population aged over 65 years) 227
10.1 Papers published in Health Place (2001-8), by region/country
(percentages) 239
Figure Sources
1.1 Corburn, J., Osleeb, J. and Porter, M. (2006) Urban asthma and the
neighborhood environment in New York City, Health Place, 12,
167-79; reproduced with kind permission of Elsevier Science. 14
2.1 Gould, P. and Wallace, R. (1994) Spatial structures and scientific
paradoxes in the AIDS pandemic, Geografiska Annaler, 76B, 105-16;
reproduced with kind permission of the Swedish Society for
Anthropology and Geography. 26
2.2 Cliff, A.D., Haggett, P. and Ord, J.K. (1986) Spatial Aspects of Influenza
Epidemics, Pion, London, p. 169; reproduced with kind permission of
Pion Ltd. 27
2.3 Haggett, P. (2000) The Geographical Structure of Epidemics, Oxford
University Press, Oxford; reproduced by kind permission of the author. 28
2.4 Haggett. P. (2000) The Geographical Structure of Epidemics, Oxford
University Press, Oxford; reproduced by kind permission of the author. 28
2.5 Bailey, T.C. and Gatrell, A.C. (1995) Interactive Spatial Data Analysis,
Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow. 29
2.6 Brothwell, D. (1993) On biological exchanges between the two worlds,
in Bray, W. (ed.), The Meeting of the Two Worlds: Europe and the Americas
1492-1650, Oxford University Press, Oxford, with slight amendments;
reproduced with kind permission from the Proceedings of the British
Academy (1993, vol. 81) 36
2.7 Schaerstrom, A. (1996) Pathogenic Paths? A Time Geographical Approach
in Medical Geography, Lund University Press, Lund; reproduced with
kind permission of the author. 41
3.1 Courtesy of Daniel Exeter. 51
3.3 Mostashari et al. (2003) Dead bird clusters as an early warning system
for West Nile virus activity, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9, 641-6;
courtesy of Dr F. Mostashari. 56
Figure Sources xv
3.5 Jones, K. and Duncan, C. (1995) Individuals and their ecologies:
analysing the geography of chronic illness within a multilevel modeling
framework, Health Place, 1, 27-40; reproduced with kind permission
of Elsevier Science. 62
3.6 McLaren, L. and Gauvin, L. (2003) Does the average size of women in
the neighbourhood influence a woman s likelihood of body
dissatisfaction? Health Place, 9, 327-35; reproduced with kind
permission of Elsevier Science. 64
3.7 Valjus, J., Hongisto, M., Verkasalo, P., Jarvinen, P., Heikkila, K. and
Koskenvuo, M. (1995) Residential exposure to magnetic fields generated
by 100-400kV power lines in Finland, Bioelectromagnetics, 16, 365-76;
reproduced with kind permission of Wiley-Liss Inc, a subsidiary of
John Wiley Sons, Inc. 69
3.8 Griffith, D.A., Doyle, P.G., Wheeler, D.C. and Johnson, D.L. (1998)
A tale of two swaths: urban childhood blood-lead levels across Syracuse,
New York, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88, 640-65;
reproduced with kind permission of the Association of American
Geographers and Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 71
3.9 Griffith, D.A., Doyle, P.G., Wheeler, D.C. and Johnson, D.L. (1998)
A tale of two swaths: urban childhood blood-lead levels across Syracuse,
New York, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88, 640-65;
reproduced with kind permission of the Association of American
Geographers and Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 72
3.10 Maantay, J. (2007) Asthma and air pollution in the Bronx:
methodological and data considerations in using GIS for environmental
justice and health research, Health Place, 13, 32-56; reproduced with
kind permission of Elsevier Science. 72
3.11 Wood, D.J., Clark, D. and Gatrell, A.C. (2004) Equity of access to adult
hospice inpatient care within north-west England, Palliative Medicine,
18, 543-9; courtesy of Justin Wood. 73
3.12 Wood, D.J., Clark, D. and Gatrell, A.C. (2004) Equity of access to adult
hospice inpatient care within north-west England, Palliative Medicine,
18, 543-9; courtesy of Justin Wood, 74
4.1 Lopez, A.D. and others (2006) Global and regional burden of disease
and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data,
The Lancet, 367,1747-57; reproduced with kind permission of
The Lancet Ltd. 88
4.2 Data from WHO Africa, Regional Office. 91
4.3 WHO Mortality Database. 93
4.4 Watson, P. (1995) Explaining rising mortality among men in
Eastern Europe, Social Science Medicine, 41,923-34; reproduced with
kind permission of Elsevier Science. 94
4.5 Drever, E and Whitehead, M. (eds.) (1997) Health inequalities: decennial
supplement, Office for National Statistics, Crown Copyright 2000;
reproduced with kind permission of the Office for National Statistics. 95
xvi Figure Sources
4.6 Kunst, A. (1997) Cross-National Comparisons of Socio-economic
Differences in Mortality, Erasmus University, The Netherlands;
reproduced with kind permission of the author. 97
4.7 Geronimus, A.T., Bound, J. and Waidmann, T.A. (1999) Poverty, time,
and place: variation in excess mortality across selected US populations,
1980-1990, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 53, 325-34;
reproduced with kind permission of the BMJ Publishing Group. 101
4.8 Nazroo, J. (1998) Genetic, cultural or socio-economic vulnerability?
Explaining ethnic inequalities in health, in Bartley, M., Blane, D. and
Davey Smith, G. (eds.) The Sociology of Health Inequalities, Blackwell,
Oxford; reproduced with kind permission of Blackwell Publishers. 102
4.9 Barker, DJ.P. (1994) Mothers, Babies, and Disease in Later Life, BMJ
Publishing Group, London; reproduced with kind permission of BMJ
Publishing Group. 104
4.10 Derived from data in Macintyre, S. (1998) Social inequalities and health
in the contemporary world: comparative overview, in Strickland, S.S.
and Shetty, P.S. (eds.) Human Biology and Social Inequality,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 114
4.11 Woods, L.M., Rachet, B., Riga, M., Stone, N., Shah, A. and Coleman,
M.P. (2005) Geographical variation in life expectancy at birth in
England and Wales is largely explained by deprivation, Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health, 59,115-20; reproduced with kind
permission of BMJ Publishing Group. 116
4.12 Jones, CM., Taylor, G.O., Whittle, J.G., Evans, D. and Trotter, D.P. (1997)
Water fluoridation, tooth decay in 5-year-olds, and social deprivation
measured by the Jarman score: analysis of data from British dental
surveys, British Medical Journal, 315, 514-17; reproduced with kind
permission of BMJ Publishing Group. 117
4.13 Roberts, E.M. (1997) Neighborhood social environments and the
distribution of low birth weight in Chicago, American Journal of Public
Health, 87, 597-603; reproduced with kind permission of the American
Public Health Association. 119
4.14 O Campo, P., Xue, X., Wang, M.-C. and Caughy, M. (1997)
Neighborhood risk factors for low birth weight in Baltimore:
a multilevel analysis, American Journal of Public Health, 87,1113-18;
reproduced with kind permission of American Public Health Association. 120
5.1 Murray, C.J.L. and Lopez, A.D. (1997) Global mortality, disability,
and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease study,
The Lancet, 349, 1436-42; reproduced with kind permission of
The Lancet Ltd. 130
5.2 Drawn from data in Table 145, US Statistical Abstract (2007):
www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/07statab/health.pdf. 139
5.3 Gatrell, A.C., Garnett, S., Rigby, J., Maddocks, A. and Kirwan, M. (1998)
Uptake of screening for breast cancer in South Lancashire, Public Health,
112,297-301. 144
Figure Sources xvii
5.4 Drawn from data in Roos, N.P., Brownell, M. and Menec, V. (2006)
Universal medical care and health inequalities: right objectives,
insufficient tools, in Heymann, J., Hertzman, C, Barer, M. L. and Evans,
R.G. (eds.) Healthier Societies: From Analysis to Action,
Oxford University Press, Oxford. 146
5.5 von Reichert, C, McBroom, W.H., Reed, RW. and Wilson, RB. (1995)
Access to health care and travel for birthing: native American-white
differentials in Montana, Geoforum, 26, 297-308; reproduced with kind
permission of Elsevier Science. 148
5.7 Kim, Y.-E., Gatrell, A.C. and Francis, BJ. (2000) The geography of
survival after surgery for colorectal cancer in southern England,
Social Science Medicine, 50,1099-1107. 151
5.8 Drawn from data in Roos, N.P., Brownell, M. and Menec, V. (2006)
Universal medical care and health inequalities: right objectives,
insufficient tools, in Heymann, J., Hertzman, C, Barer, M. L, and Evans,
R.G. (eds.) Healthier Societies; From Analysis to Action,
Oxford University Press, Oxford. 152
6.1 Derived from data supplied by United Nations High Commission on
Refugees. 159
6.2 Prothero, R.M. (1977) Disease and mobility: a neglected factor in
epidemiology, International Journal of Epidemiology, 6, 259-67;
reproduced with kind permission of Oxford University Press, Oxford. 162
6.3 Little, M.A. and Baker, P.T. (1988) Migration and adaptation,
in Mascie-Taylor, C.G.N. and Lasker, G.W. (eds.) Biological Aspects of
Human Migration; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; reproduced
with kind permission of Cambridge University Press. 166
6.4 Little, M.A. and Baker, P.T. (1988) Migration and adaptation, in
Mascie-Taylor, C.G.N. and Lasker, G.W. (eds.) Biological Aspects of
Human Migration, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; reproduced
with kind permission of Cambridge University Press. 167
6.5 Giggs, J.A., Bourke, J.B. and Katschinski, B. (1988) The epidemiology of
primary acute pancreatitis in Greater Nottingham: 1969-1983, Social
Science Medicine, 26, 79-89; reproduced with kind permission of
Elsevier Science. 168
6.6 Giggs, J.A., Bourke, J.B. and Katschinski, B. (1988) The epidemiology of
primary acute pancreatitis in Greater Nottingham; 1969-1983, Social
Science Medicine, 26,79-89; reproduced with kind permission of
Elsevier Science. 169
6.7 Courtesy of Clive Sabel. 171
7.1 Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A., Xu, X., Spengler, J.D., Ware, J.H., Fay, M.E.,
Ferris, B.G. and Speizer, F.E. (1993) An association between air pollution
and mortality in six US cities, New England Journal of Medicine, 329,
1753—9; reproduced with kind permission of the Massachusetts
Medical Society. 185
xviii Figure Sources
7.2 Darby, S., Hill, D., Auvinen, A., Barros-Dios, J.M. and others (2005)
Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of
individual data from 13 European case-control studies, British Medical
Journal, 330, 223-9. 187
7.3 Buchdahl, R., Parker, A., Stebbings, T. and Babiker, A. (1996)
Association between air pollution and acute childhood wheezy episodes:
prospective epidemiological study, British Medical Journal, 312, 661—5;
reproduced with kind permission of BMJ Publishing Group. 189
7.4 Gauderman, W.J., Vora, H., McConnell, R., Berhane, K., Gilliland,
R and others (2007) Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development
from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study, The Lancet, 369, 571-77;
with kind permission of The Lancet Ltd. 191
7.5 Miller, K.A., Siscovick, D.S., Sheppard, L., Shepherd, K., Sullivan, J.H.,
Anderson, G.L. and Kaufman, J.D. (2007) Long-term exposure to air
pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women, New
England Journal of Medicine, 356,447-58; with kind permission of the
Massachusetts Medical Society. 192
7.6 Bhopal, R.S., Phillimore, P., Moffatt, S. and Foy, C. (1994) Is living near
a coking works harmful to health? A study of industrial air pollution,
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 48, 237-47; reproduced
with kind permission of BMJ Publishing Group. 196
8.1 Pocock, S.J., Cook, D.G. and Shaper, A.G. (1982) Analysing geographic
variation in cardiovascular mortality: methods and results, Journal of the
Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 145,313-41; reproduced with kind
permission of Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 208
8.2 Altmann, P., Cunningham, J., Dhanesha, U., Ballard, M., Thompson, J.
and Marsh, E (1999) Disturbance of cerebral function in people
exposed to drinking water contaminated with aluminium sulphate:
retrospective study of the Camelford water incident, British Medical
Journal, 319, 807-11; reproduced with kind permission of BMJ
Publishing Group. 210
9.1 Bentham, G. (1994) Global environmental change and health,
in Phillips, D.R. and Verhasselt, Y. (eds.) Health and Development,
Routledge, London; reproduced with kind permission of Routledge. 220
9.2 Lens, M.B. and Dawes, M. (2004) Global perspectives of contemporary
epidemio-Iogical trends of cutaneous malignant melanoma,
British Journal of Dermatology, 150, 179-85. 222
9.3 Lens, M.B. and Dawes, M. (2004) Global perspectives of contemporary
epidemio-Iogical trends of cutaneous malignant melanoma,
British Journal of Dermatology, 150, 179-85. 223
9.4 Lindsay, S.W. and Birley, M.H. (1996) Climate change and malaria
transmission, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 90, 573-88;
reproduced with kind permission of Maney Publishing House. 230
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Geographies of health
Autor: Gatrell, Anthony C.
Jahr: 2009
Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xii
Figure Sources xiv
Preface xix
Part I Describing and Explaining Health in Geographical Settings 1
Chapter 1 Introducing Geographies of Health 3
Health and Geography: Some Fundamental Concepts 4
Concepts of health 4
Geographical concepts 8
Geographies of Health: Five Case Studies 12
Asthma in New York 12
Area effects on smoking in disadvantaged communities in Glasgow 16
The changing political economy of sex in South Africa 18
The personal significance of home 19
Embodied spaces of health and medical information on the Internet 20
Concluding Remarks 21
Further Reading 22
Chapter 2 Explaining Geographies of Health 23
Positivist Approaches to the Geography of Health 23
Positivist explanation 24
Further examples of positivist approaches 25
Social Interactionist Approaches to the Geography of Health 30
Social interactionist explanation 30
Further examples of social interactionist approaches 31
Structuralist Approaches to the Geography of Health 33
Structuralist explanation • 34
Further examples of structuralist or conflict-based approaches 35
vi Contents
Structurationist Approaches to the Geography of Health 40
Structurationist explanation 40
Further examples of structurationist approaches 41
Post-structuralist Approaches to the Geography of Health 43
Post-structuralist explanation 43
Further examples of post-structuralist approaches 43
Concluding Remarks 47
Further Reading 47
Chapter 3 Method and Technique in the Geography of Health 49
"Mapping" the Geography of Health: Quantitative Approaches 49
Visualization 50
Exploratory spatial data analysis 52
Modeling health data in a spatial setting 55
Geographical information systems and health 65
Interpreting the Geography of Health: Qualitative Approaches 75
Interviews 76
Focus groups 80
Other qualitative methods 81
Qualitative data analysis 81
Rigor in qualitative research 83
Concluding Remarks 84
Further Reading 84
Part II Health and the Social Environment 85
Chapter 4 Inequalities in Health Outcomes 87
Patterns of Inequality 88
Health inequalities: international comparisons 88
One Europe or many? 92
Health inequalities: regional and class divides 96
Explaining Inequalities in Health Outcomes 1°2
The programming hypothesis and the lifecourse 1°3
Behavioral (lifestyle) factors 106
Social and community influences 110
Working conditions and local environments 1 *2
Material deprivation and health 114
Concluding Remarks 122
Further Reading 123
Chapter 5 Inequalities in the Provision and Utilization of Health Services 124
Principles of Health Service Delivery 124
Levels of health care provision 124
Geographies of rationing 126
Efficiency and equity 127
The need for health care 128
Contents vii
Inequalities in the Provision of Health Services 129
Health care provision in developing countries 129
Health care provision in the developed world 135
Utilization of Services 141
Use of primary health care services 141
Use of secondary and tertiary health care services 145
Do Provision and Utilization Affect Outcome? 149
Concluding Remarks 152
Further Reading 153
Chapter 6 People on the Move: Migration and Health 154
Impact of Migration on Health 155
Migration and stress 155
The health of refugees 158
The impact of migration on the spread of disease 159
Migration and the incidence of disease and ill-health 161
Impact of Health Status on Migration 172
The selectivity of migration 172
Migration for health care and social support 174
The Relationship between Migration and the Delivery of Health Services 175
Concluding Remarks 177
Further Reading 178
Part III Health and Human Modification of the Environment 179
Chapter 7 Air Quality and Health 181
Types of Pollutants 182
Area Sources 183
Radon 186
Ozone 187
Linear Sources 189
Point Sources 193
Point sources in the developing world 193
Point sources in the developed world 194
Concluding Remarks 198
Further Reading 199
Chapter 8 Water Quality and Health 200
Water-borne Diseases 200
Cholera 200
Schistosomiasis 204
Gastroenteritis 205
Water Hardness 207
Chemical Contamination of Drinking Water 209
Aluminium, fluoride and arsenic 209
viii Contents
Other Forms of Contamination 213
Hazardous waste sites 213
Concluding Remarks 216
Further Reading 216
Chapter 9 Health Impacts of Global Environmental Change 218
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 220
Ozone depletion and skin cancer 221
Other health impacts of ozone depletion 224
Global Climate Change 225
Direct effects: thermal stress 226
Indirect effects 227
Impacts on infectious (especially insect-borne) disease 227
Other health effects of climate change 231
Health Effects of Other Global Environmental Change 232
Concluding Remarks 234
Further Reading 235
Chapter 10 Conclusions: Emerging Themes in Geographies of Health 236
The Macro-scale: Health and the "Global" 237
The Meso-scale 238
The Micro-scale 239
References 241
Appendix: Web-based Resources for the Geographies of Health 269
Index 275
List of Figures
1.1 Neighborhood asthma hotspots in New York City 14
2.1 Relationship between AIDS rates and commuting in New York City region 26
2.2 Relationship between number of months with reported influenza and
population size in Iceland, 1945-70 27
2.3 Relationship between susceptible and infected population in a simple
diffusion model 28
2.4 Spread of a communicable disease in communities of different sizes 28
2.5 Optimal location of health centers in West Goa 29
2.6 Sources of epidemics in Americas during the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries 36
2.7 The time geography of an imaginary Swedish family 41
3.1 Mapping morbidity in New Zealand: "conventional" map and a cartogram 51
3.2 The modifiable areal unit problem: assigning point data to different sets
of areal units 52
3.3 Dead bird clusters, West Nile virus (2000) 56
3.4 Multi-level modeling of hypothetical data 60
3.5 Multi-level modeling of respiratory functioning: (a) effects of deprivation
and social class and (b) urban index and smoking 62
3.6 Women's body dissatisfaction, by individual and average neighborhood
body mass index 64
3.7 Distribution of people in Finland ever having lived within 150 meters of
power lines, and their estimated average annual personal magnetic flux
densities 69
3.8 Children with high blood-lead levels in Syracuse, New York, with
"buffer zones" (150 ft) around roads 71
3.9 Relationship between mean blood-lead levels and average house value
in Syracuse, New York 72
3.10 Percentage of minority and poor populations inside and outside buffer
zones defined by potentially polluting land uses 72
x List of Figures
3.11 Relationship between accessibility to adult in-patient hospice services
and expected "demand" for small areas in NW England 73
3.12 Small areas in NW England where accessibility to adult in-patient hospice
services is below average and "demand" is above average, classified by
deprivation score 74
4.1 The global burden of disease: Disability Adjusted Life Years, 2001 88
4.2 Maternal mortality rates per 100,000 live births 91
4.3 Age-adjusted mortality from circulatory diseases in 2004 93
4.4 Mortality rates in Europe for: (a) men and (b) women aged 25-64 years:
1970 and 1990 94
4.5 Life expectancy at birth for: (a) men and (b) women in European Union
and selected countries of the former USSR 95
4.6 The probability of a man dying between the ages of 45 and 65 97
4.7 Years of life lost in areas of USA in 1980 and 1990, by cause: (a) black
men and (b) black women 101
4.8 Relative risk of non-whites reporting fair or poor health compared with
whites: risk for each sub-group, with 95% confidence interval around each 102
4.9 Relationship between adult male mortality due to heart disease (1968-78)
and infant mortality (1921-5), districts in England and Wales 104
4.10 Relationship between mortality rates and tax-exempt properties in districts
of Paris, 1817-21 114
4.11 Estimates of life expectancy at birth, England and Wales, 1998 116
4.12 Relationship between tooth decay and "deprivation" by small area in three
districts in England 117
4.13 Incidence of low birth weight in Chicago, by community area, 1990 119
4.14 Factors affecting risk of low birth weight in Baltimore, 1985-9 120
5.1 Health expenditure by world region, 1990 130
5.2 Percentage of Americans without health insurance, 2004 139
5.3 Uptake of screening of breast cancer in South Lancashire, UK, 1989-92 144
5.4 Hospital admissions in Winnipeg, Canada, by neighborhood education
quintile 146
5.5 Travel for birthing of native American women, 1980-9 148
5.6 A survival curve 151
5.7 Survival curves for colo-rectal cancer patients in Wessex region, southern
England, by category of deprivation 151
5.8 Relationship between changing life expectancy and hospital admissions in
Winnipeg (1986-96) 152
6.1 Refugee population in Africa, 1998 159
6.2 Movements of Somali pastoralists in the Horn of Africa 162
6.3 Growth in stature and weight of sedentary Rwanda Tutsi and Hutu,
and Hutu children whose families had migrated to Zaire 166
6.4 Rates of morbidity among Tokelau islanders and Tokelauan migrants to
New Zealand 167
6.5 Areas of significantly elevated, and significantly lower, primary acute
pancreatitis in Nottingham, 1968-83 168
6.6 Water supply areas in Nottingham 169
List of Figures xi
6.7 Relative risk of motor neurone disease in Finland 171
7.1 Relationship between estimated adjusted mortality ratios and pollution
levels in six US cities 185
7.2 Relative risk of lung cancer according to measured residential radon
concentration 187
7.3 Relationship between number of children attending hospital accident
and emergency services for acute wheeze (cases) and other reasons
(controls), with ozone levels 189
7.4 Lung function according to proximity to freeway 191
7.5 Exposure to fine particulates and death from cardiovascular disease 192
7.6 Standardized mortality ratios for lung cancer (all causes in parentheses)
in relation to location of Monkton coking works 196
8.1 Relation between standardized mortality ratio for cardiovascular disease
and water hardness, in a sample of British towns 208
8.2 Comparison of cases (participants) and controls (siblings) in psychological
tests following the Camelford water pollution incident 210
9.1 Changes in total ozone by latitude, northern and southern hemispheres,
1979-89 220
9.2 Incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma in the UK, age-standardized
to the European standard population (rates per 100,000) 222
9.3 Age-standardized incidence rates of malignant melanoma in New Zealand,
1958-98 223
9.4 Relationship between deaths from malaria and rainfall in the Punjab,
1868-1908 230
List of Tables
3.1 Results of logistic regression analysis of health survey in part of East
Lancashire 66
3.2 Odds ratios for asthma in the Bronx, New York City, with respect to
various possible sources of air pollution (1995-99) 73
4.1 Epidemiological transition in Hong Kong 89
4.2 Projected ten leading causes of death in 2003, by income group 90
4.3 Mean age at death of members of families belonging to various social
classes in England (1840s) 97
4.4 Prevalence of treated disease in England and Wales, by sex and ONS area
classification (1996) 98
4.5 Age-standardized death rates from coronary heart disease
(ages 35-64 years) by sex and social class in England and Wales (1976-99) 99
4.6 Mortality rates in USA (25-64-year-olds) in 1986 102
4.7 Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for death from CHD according
to birth weight at year 1 in 10,636 Hertfordshire men 105
4.8 Health behaviors in England 107
4.9 Local social environment and health outcomes in Glasgow, Scotland 113
4.10 Correlations between the Townsend and social fragmentation indices
and standardized mortality ratios, Great Britain, 1981-92 115
5.1 Access to safe water and adequate sanitation in selected countries (2004) 132
5.2 Maternal mortality rates and health care provision in parts of sub-Saharan
Africa 133
5.3 Size of general practices in England and Wales 136
5.4 Average list size and practice size in England and Wales (2005) 136
5.5 Ratio of physicians to total population for contiguous states in USA (2004) 137
5.6 The (health) uninsured in the USA I39
5.7 Mean number of hours of care devoted to elderly in Canada, by travel
time and gender 140
List of Tables xiii
5.8 Consultation rates in general practice (UK) by distance from surgery 142
5.9 Inadequate pre-natal care in the USA, by place of residence and race
(1985-7 and 2003) 145
6.1 Relative risk of suicide (and 95% confidence intervals) for Swedish-born
and other women (1985-9) 156
6.2 Accidents among native-born and immigrants (Western Europe) 157
6.3 Mortality from childhood leukaemia and population change in Britain 163
6.4 Primary acute pancreatitis in Nottingham, England 170
6.5 Percentage population in Britain that is permanently sick or disabled,
by origin of migration 172
6.6 Stroke mortality in the USA: migrants and non-migrants (1979-81) 173
7.1 Estimate of population exposure (in millions) to ozone episodes in
Britain (1987-90) 188
7.2 Growth in vehicle traffic in USA (1970-2004) 190
7.3 Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and otitis media in Dutch and
German children 190
7.4 Air pollution and general practice consultations (Monkton coking
works study) 196
8.1 Reported cholera cases, 2005 202
8.2 Water hardness and prevalence of eczema among children under 11 years
in Nottingham, England 208
9.1 Health impacts of ozone depletion and climate change 219
9.2 Incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (per 100,000) for 23 selected
countries 222
9.3 Incidence of melanoma in New Zealand (1968-89) 223
9.4 Estimated change in cardiovascular mortality due to thermal stress
(population aged over 65 years) 227
10.1 Papers published in Health Place (2001-8), by region/country
(percentages) 239
Figure Sources
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neighborhood environment in New York City, Health Place, 12,
167-79; reproduced with kind permission of Elsevier Science. 14
2.1 Gould, P. and Wallace, R. (1994) Spatial structures and scientific
paradoxes in the AIDS pandemic, Geografiska Annaler, 76B, 105-16;
reproduced with kind permission of the Swedish Society for
Anthropology and Geography. 26
2.2 Cliff, A.D., Haggett, P. and Ord, J.K. (1986) Spatial Aspects of Influenza
Epidemics, Pion, London, p. 169; reproduced with kind permission of
Pion Ltd. 27
2.3 Haggett, P. (2000) The Geographical Structure of Epidemics, Oxford
University Press, Oxford; reproduced by kind permission of the author. 28
2.4 Haggett. P. (2000) The Geographical Structure of Epidemics, Oxford
University Press, Oxford; reproduced by kind permission of the author. 28
2.5 Bailey, T.C. and Gatrell, A.C. (1995) Interactive Spatial Data Analysis,
Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow. 29
2.6 Brothwell, D. (1993) On biological exchanges between the two worlds,
in Bray, W. (ed.), The Meeting of the Two Worlds: Europe and the Americas
1492-1650, Oxford University Press, Oxford, with slight amendments;
reproduced with kind permission from the Proceedings of the British
Academy (1993, vol. 81) 36
2.7 Schaerstrom, A. (1996) Pathogenic Paths? A Time Geographical Approach
in Medical Geography, Lund University Press, Lund; reproduced with
kind permission of the author. 41
3.1 Courtesy of Daniel Exeter. 51
3.3 Mostashari et al. (2003) Dead bird clusters as an early warning system
for West Nile virus activity, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9, 641-6;
courtesy of Dr F. Mostashari. 56
Figure Sources xv
3.5 Jones, K. and Duncan, C. (1995) Individuals and their ecologies:
analysing the geography of chronic illness within a multilevel modeling
framework, Health Place, 1, 27-40; reproduced with kind permission
of Elsevier Science. 62
3.6 McLaren, L. and Gauvin, L. (2003) Does the "average size" of women in
the neighbourhood influence a woman's likelihood of body
dissatisfaction? Health Place, 9, 327-35; reproduced with kind
permission of Elsevier Science. 64
3.7 Valjus, J., Hongisto, M., Verkasalo, P., Jarvinen, P., Heikkila, K. and
Koskenvuo, M. (1995) Residential exposure to magnetic fields generated
by 100-400kV power lines in Finland, Bioelectromagnetics, 16, 365-76;
reproduced with kind permission of Wiley-Liss Inc, a subsidiary of
John Wiley Sons, Inc. 69
3.8 Griffith, D.A., Doyle, P.G., Wheeler, D.C. and Johnson, D.L. (1998)
A tale of two swaths: urban childhood blood-lead levels across Syracuse,
New York, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88, 640-65;
reproduced with kind permission of the Association of American
Geographers and Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 71
3.9 Griffith, D.A., Doyle, P.G., Wheeler, D.C. and Johnson, D.L. (1998)
A tale of two swaths: urban childhood blood-lead levels across Syracuse,
New York, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88, 640-65;
reproduced with kind permission of the Association of American
Geographers and Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 72
3.10 Maantay, J. (2007) Asthma and air pollution in the Bronx:
methodological and data considerations in using GIS for environmental
justice and health research, Health Place, 13, 32-56; reproduced with
kind permission of Elsevier Science. 72
3.11 Wood, D.J., Clark, D. and Gatrell, A.C. (2004) Equity of access to adult
hospice inpatient care within north-west England, Palliative Medicine,
18, 543-9; courtesy of Justin Wood. 73
3.12 Wood, D.J., Clark, D. and Gatrell, A.C. (2004) Equity of access to adult
hospice inpatient care within north-west England, Palliative Medicine,
18, 543-9; courtesy of Justin Wood, 74
4.1 Lopez, A.D. and others (2006) Global and regional burden of disease
and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data,
The Lancet, 367,1747-57; reproduced with kind permission of
The Lancet Ltd. 88
4.2 Data from WHO Africa, Regional Office. 91
4.3 WHO Mortality Database. 93
4.4 Watson, P. (1995) Explaining rising mortality among men in
Eastern Europe, Social Science Medicine, 41,923-34; reproduced with
kind permission of Elsevier Science. 94
4.5 Drever, E and Whitehead, M. (eds.) (1997) Health inequalities: decennial
supplement, Office for National Statistics, Crown Copyright 2000;
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xvi Figure Sources
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Differences in Mortality, Erasmus University, The Netherlands;
reproduced with kind permission of the author. 97
4.7 Geronimus, A.T., Bound, J. and Waidmann, T.A. (1999) Poverty, time,
and place: variation in excess mortality across selected US populations,
1980-1990, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 53, 325-34;
reproduced with kind permission of the BMJ Publishing Group. 101
4.8 Nazroo, J. (1998) Genetic, cultural or socio-economic vulnerability?
Explaining ethnic inequalities in health, in Bartley, M., Blane, D. and
Davey Smith, G. (eds.) The Sociology of Health Inequalities, Blackwell,
Oxford; reproduced with kind permission of Blackwell Publishers. 102
4.9 Barker, DJ.P. (1994) Mothers, Babies, and Disease in Later Life, BMJ
Publishing Group, London; reproduced with kind permission of BMJ
Publishing Group. 104
4.10 Derived from data in Macintyre, S. (1998) Social inequalities and health
in the contemporary world: comparative overview, in Strickland, S.S.
and Shetty, P.S. (eds.) Human Biology and Social Inequality,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 114
4.11 Woods, L.M., Rachet, B., Riga, M., Stone, N., Shah, A. and Coleman,
M.P. (2005) Geographical variation in life expectancy at birth in
England and Wales is largely explained by deprivation, Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health, 59,115-20; reproduced with kind
permission of BMJ Publishing Group. 116
4.12 Jones, CM., Taylor, G.O., Whittle, J.G., Evans, D. and Trotter, D.P. (1997)
Water fluoridation, tooth decay in 5-year-olds, and social deprivation
measured by the Jarman score: analysis of data from British dental
surveys, British Medical Journal, 315, 514-17; reproduced with kind
permission of BMJ Publishing Group. 117
4.13 Roberts, E.M. (1997) Neighborhood social environments and the
distribution of low birth weight in Chicago, American Journal of Public
Health, 87, 597-603; reproduced with kind permission of the American
Public Health Association. 119
4.14 O'Campo, P., Xue, X., Wang, M.-C. and Caughy, M. (1997)
Neighborhood risk factors for low birth weight in Baltimore:
a multilevel analysis, American Journal of Public Health, 87,1113-18;
reproduced with kind permission of American Public Health Association. 120
5.1 Murray, C.J.L. and Lopez, A.D. (1997) Global mortality, disability,
and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease study,
The Lancet, 349, 1436-42; reproduced with kind permission of
The Lancet Ltd. 130
5.2 Drawn from data in Table 145, US Statistical Abstract (2007):
www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/07statab/health.pdf. 139
5.3 Gatrell, A.C., Garnett, S., Rigby, J., Maddocks, A. and Kirwan, M. (1998)
Uptake of screening for breast cancer in South Lancashire, Public Health,
112,297-301. 144
Figure Sources xvii
5.4 Drawn from data in Roos, N.P., Brownell, M. and Menec, V. (2006)
Universal medical care and health inequalities: right objectives,
insufficient tools, in Heymann, J., Hertzman, C, Barer, M. L. and Evans,
R.G. (eds.) Healthier Societies: From Analysis to Action,
Oxford University Press, Oxford. 146
5.5 von Reichert, C, McBroom, W.H., Reed, RW. and Wilson, RB. (1995)
Access to health care and travel for birthing: native American-white
differentials in Montana, Geoforum, 26, 297-308; reproduced with kind
permission of Elsevier Science. 148
5.7 Kim, Y.-E., Gatrell, A.C. and Francis, BJ. (2000) The geography of
survival after surgery for colorectal cancer in southern England,
Social Science Medicine, 50,1099-1107. 151
5.8 Drawn from data in Roos, N.P., Brownell, M. and Menec, V. (2006)
Universal medical care and health inequalities: right objectives,
insufficient tools, in Heymann, J., Hertzman, C, Barer, M. L, and Evans,
R.G. (eds.) Healthier Societies; From Analysis to Action,
Oxford University Press, Oxford. 152
6.1 Derived from data supplied by United Nations High Commission on
Refugees. 159
6.2 Prothero, R.M. (1977) Disease and mobility: a neglected factor in
epidemiology, International Journal of Epidemiology, 6, 259-67;
reproduced with kind permission of Oxford University Press, Oxford. 162
6.3 Little, M.A. and Baker, P.T. (1988) Migration and adaptation,
in Mascie-Taylor, C.G.N. and Lasker, G.W. (eds.) Biological Aspects of
Human Migration; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; reproduced
with kind permission of Cambridge University Press. 166
6.4 Little, M.A. and Baker, P.T. (1988) Migration and adaptation, in
Mascie-Taylor, C.G.N. and Lasker, G.W. (eds.) Biological Aspects of
Human Migration, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; reproduced
with kind permission of Cambridge University Press. 167
6.5 Giggs, J.A., Bourke, J.B. and Katschinski, B. (1988) The epidemiology of
primary acute pancreatitis in Greater Nottingham: 1969-1983, Social
Science Medicine, 26, 79-89; reproduced with kind permission of
Elsevier Science. 168
6.6 Giggs, J.A., Bourke, J.B. and Katschinski, B. (1988) The epidemiology of
primary acute pancreatitis in Greater Nottingham; 1969-1983, Social
Science Medicine, 26,79-89; reproduced with kind permission of
Elsevier Science. 169
6.7 Courtesy of Clive Sabel. 171
7.1 Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A., Xu, X., Spengler, J.D., Ware, J.H., Fay, M.E.,
Ferris, B.G. and Speizer, F.E. (1993) An association between air pollution
and mortality in six US cities, New England Journal of Medicine, 329,
1753—9; reproduced with kind permission of the Massachusetts
Medical Society. 185
xviii Figure Sources
7.2 Darby, S., Hill, D., Auvinen, A., Barros-Dios, J.M. and others (2005)
Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of
individual data from 13 European case-control studies, British Medical
Journal, 330, 223-9. 187
7.3 Buchdahl, R., Parker, A., Stebbings, T. and Babiker, A. (1996)
Association between air pollution and acute childhood wheezy episodes:
prospective epidemiological study, British Medical Journal, 312, 661—5;
reproduced with kind permission of BMJ Publishing Group. 189
7.4 Gauderman, W.J., Vora, H., McConnell, R., Berhane, K., Gilliland,
R and others (2007) Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development
from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study, The Lancet, 369, 571-77;
with kind permission of The Lancet Ltd. 191
7.5 Miller, K.A., Siscovick, D.S., Sheppard, L., Shepherd, K., Sullivan, J.H.,
Anderson, G.L. and Kaufman, J.D. (2007) Long-term exposure to air
pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women, New
England Journal of Medicine, 356,447-58; with kind permission of the
Massachusetts Medical Society. 192
7.6 Bhopal, R.S., Phillimore, P., Moffatt, S. and Foy, C. (1994) Is living near
a coking works harmful to health? A study of industrial air pollution,
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 48, 237-47; reproduced
with kind permission of BMJ Publishing Group. 196
8.1 Pocock, S.J., Cook, D.G. and Shaper, A.G. (1982) Analysing geographic
variation in cardiovascular mortality: methods and results, Journal of the
Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 145,313-41; reproduced with kind
permission of Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 208
8.2 Altmann, P., Cunningham, J., Dhanesha, U., Ballard, M., Thompson, J.
and Marsh, E (1999) Disturbance of cerebral function in people
exposed to drinking water contaminated with aluminium sulphate:
retrospective study of the Camelford water incident, British Medical
Journal, 319, 807-11; reproduced with kind permission of BMJ
Publishing Group. 210
9.1 Bentham, G. (1994) Global environmental change and health,
in Phillips, D.R. and Verhasselt, Y. (eds.) Health and Development,
Routledge, London; reproduced with kind permission of Routledge. 220
9.2 Lens, M.B. and Dawes, M. (2004) Global perspectives of contemporary
epidemio-Iogical trends of cutaneous malignant melanoma,
British Journal of Dermatology, 150, 179-85. 222
9.3 Lens, M.B. and Dawes, M. (2004) Global perspectives of contemporary
epidemio-Iogical trends of cutaneous malignant melanoma,
British Journal of Dermatology, 150, 179-85. 223
9.4 Lindsay, S.W. and Birley, M.H. (1996) Climate change and malaria
transmission, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 90, 573-88;
reproduced with kind permission of Maney Publishing House. 230 |
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| author | Gatrell, Anthony C. 1950- Elliott, Susan J. |
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| dewey-full | 614.4/2 |
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| dewey-ones | 614 - Forensic medicine; incidence of disease |
| dewey-raw | 614.4/2 |
| dewey-search | 614.4/2 |
| dewey-sort | 3614.4 12 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Medizin Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Medizin Geographie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:30:07Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:18:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781405175760 9781405175753 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XX, 282 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| spelling | Gatrell, Anthony C. 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)135995833 aut Geographies of health an introduction Anthony C. Gatrell and Susan J. Elliott 2. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Wiley-Blackwell 2009 XX, 282 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier This second edition highlights the ways in which health may be studied from geographical perspectives, setting out the debates and reviewing the evidence that links health outcomes with social and physical environments. Medical geography Environmental health Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd rswk-swf Geomedizin (DE-588)4020235-5 gnd rswk-swf Umweltmedizin (DE-588)4061634-4 gnd rswk-swf Räumliche Verteilung (DE-588)4121550-3 gnd rswk-swf Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 s Räumliche Verteilung (DE-588)4121550-3 s DE-604 Geomedizin (DE-588)4020235-5 s 1\p DE-604 Umweltmedizin (DE-588)4061634-4 s 2\p DE-604 Elliott, Susan J. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016600628&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Gatrell, Anthony C. 1950- Elliott, Susan J. Geographies of health an introduction Medical geography Environmental health Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd Geomedizin (DE-588)4020235-5 gnd Umweltmedizin (DE-588)4061634-4 gnd Räumliche Verteilung (DE-588)4121550-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020754-7 (DE-588)4020235-5 (DE-588)4061634-4 (DE-588)4121550-3 |
| title | Geographies of health an introduction |
| title_auth | Geographies of health an introduction |
| title_exact_search | Geographies of health an introduction |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Geographies of health an introduction |
| title_full | Geographies of health an introduction Anthony C. Gatrell and Susan J. Elliott |
| title_fullStr | Geographies of health an introduction Anthony C. Gatrell and Susan J. Elliott |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geographies of health an introduction Anthony C. Gatrell and Susan J. Elliott |
| title_short | Geographies of health |
| title_sort | geographies of health an introduction |
| title_sub | an introduction |
| topic | Medical geography Environmental health Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd Geomedizin (DE-588)4020235-5 gnd Umweltmedizin (DE-588)4061634-4 gnd Räumliche Verteilung (DE-588)4121550-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Medical geography Environmental health Gesundheit Geomedizin Umweltmedizin Räumliche Verteilung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016600628&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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