Arid dune ecosystems: the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2008
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| Schriftenreihe: | Ecological studies
200 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 47 schw.-w. Tab. |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 475 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9783540754978 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Arid dune ecosystems |b the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert |c Siegmar-W. Breckle ... ed. |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 475 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Ecological studies |v 200 | |
| 500 | |a 47 schw.-w. Tab. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Desert ecology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Desert ecology |z Israel |z Negev | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sand dunes | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
General Introduction - Desert Sand Dunes and
Aims of the Book - Special Characteristics of the
Nizzana Research Site.......................................... 1
S.-W. Breckle, A. Yair, and M. Veste
References.................................................... 6
Part A The North-Western Negev
1 Geological Background of the Nizzana Area..................... 9
R. Ben-David and A. Yair
1.1 Introduction............................................ 9
1.2 Late Geological History.................................. 9
1.2.1 Tertiary Era...................................... 9
1.2.2 Quaternary Era................................... 11
1.3 Discussion of Results.................................... 13
1.4 Conclusions............................................ 14
References................................................. 15
2 Geo-Ecology of the North-Western Negev Sand Field............. 17
A. Yair, M. Veste, and S.-W. Breckle
2.1 Introduction............................................ 17
2.2 Geo-Ecological Units in the Hallamish Sand Field............. 19
2.2.1 The Sandy Ridge.................................. 20
2.2.2 The Interdune Corridor............................. 22
2.3 Geo-Ecology of the Haluza-Agur Sand Field.................. 23
2.4 Conclusions............................................ 23
References................................................. 24
x Contents
3 Formation and Geomorphology of the North-Western
Negev Sand Dunes.......................................... 25
H. Tsoar, D.G. Blumberg, and R. Wenkart
3.1 The Sinai-Negev Dunefield................................ 25
3.2 Aeolian Sand Incursions into the North-Western
Negev During the Upper Quaternary........................ 26
3.2.1 Period of Aeolian Sand Incursion into the Negev......... 26
3.2.2 The Sand Red Colour and its Implications.............. 27
3.3 Wind Climate.......................................... 31
3.3.1 Factors Affecting Mobility and Stability
of the Negev Sand Dunes........................... 32
3.4 The Negev Dune Forms and Their Evolution.................. 33
3.4.1 Linear Dunes..................................... 33
3.5 The Effect of Destruction of Vegetation on
the Morphology and Dynamics of the Sand Dunes............. 40
3.6 Buried Channels........................................ 42
3.6.1 Methods of Mapping Buried Drainage Systems.......... 43
3.6.2 Nahal Nizzana and Buried Drainage Systems
in the Shunra and Haluza Sand Fields................. 44
3.7 Conclusions............................................ 46
References................................................. 46
4 The Regional Climatic Setting................................ 49
T. Littmann and S.M. Berkowicz
4.1 Introduction............................................ 49
4.2 Climate Dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean
and Adjacent Areas...................................... 50
4.3 Characteristics of the Northern Negev Climate................ 53
4.3.1 Temperatures..................................... 53
4.3.2 Rainfall......................................... 54
4.3.3 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Rainfall.............. 56
4.3.4 Regional Vapour Flux.............................. 59
4.3.5 Dewfall......................................... 60
4.4 Conclusions............................................ 61
References................................................. 62
5 Soil Characteristics and Pattern of the Nizzana Research Site...... 65
H.-P. Blume, L. Beyer, U. Pfisterer, and P. Felix-Henningsen
5.1 Introduction............................................ 65
5.2 Methods............................................... 65
5.3 Soil Distribution........................................ 67
5.3.1 Soils of the Sandy Ridges........................... 68
5.3.2 Soils of the Interdune Playa Surfaces.................. 68
Contents xi
5.3.3 Soils of the Interdune Area.......................... 71
5.3.4 Soils at the Haluza Station (N3)...................... 73
5.4 Ecological Conditions.................................... 74
5.4.1 Root Penetration Capability......................... 74
5.4.2 Water and Oxygen Supply.......................... 75
5.4.3 Nutrient Supply................................... 75
5.5 Conclusions............................................ 76
References................................................. 77
6 Land Use and its Effect on the Mobilization and
Stabilization of the North-Western Negev Sand Dunes............ 79
H. Tsoar
6.1 Introduction............................................ 79
6.2 Factors Affecting Vegetation Growth on Sand Dunes........... 79
6.3 The Effect of the Border on Bedouin Pasture Management....... 82
6.4 The Effect of Bedouin Pressure on the Negev
Sand Dunes............................................ 83
6.5 Conclusions............................................ 87
References................................................. 88
Part B Ecosystem Patterns
7 The Flora of the Nizzana Research Site......................... 93
K. Tielborger, R. Prasse, and H. Leschner
7.1 Introduction............................................ 93
7.2 Methods............................................... 93
7.3 Results and Discussion................................... 94
7.4 Conclusions and Summary................................ 102
References................................................. 103
8 The Vegetation of the Nizzana Research Site.................... 105
K. Tielborger, R. Prasse, and R. Bornkamm
8.1 Introduction............................................ 105
8.2 Methods............................................... 106
8.3 Results................................................ 107
8.3.1 Main Plant Communities........................... 108
8.3.2 Annual Plant Distribution Patterns.................... 117
8.4 Discussion............................................. 120
8.4.1 Syntaxonomy.................................... 120
8.4.2 Annual Vegetation................................. 121
8.4.3 Vegetation and Habitat............................. 121
8.5 Conclusions............................................ 122
References................................................. 123
xii Contents
9 A Glance on the Fauna of Nizzana............................ 125
J. Filser and R. Prasse
9.1 Introduction.......................................... 125
9.2 Study Sites and Methods................................ 126
9.2.1 List of Vertebrates and Larger Invertebrates........... 126
9.2.2 Invertebrate Survey.............................. 126
9.3 Results.............................................. 128
9.3.1 Composition of the Fauna......................... 128
9.3.2 Ecosystem Engineering........................... 130
9.3.3 Spatial Variability............................... 136
9.4 Discussion........................................... 139
9.4.1 Diversity...................................... 139
9.4.2 Biotic Interactions............................... 144
9.4.3 Ecosystem Engineering........................... 144
9.4.4 Spatial Heterogeneity............................ 145
9.5 Conclusions.......................................... 145
References................................................ 146
10 Biological Crusts.......................................... 149
B. Biidel and M. Veste
10.1 Introduction.......................................... 149
10.2 Structure of Biological Soil Crusts........................ 149
10.3 Crust Types.......................................... 149
10.4 Species Diversity...................................... 151
10.5 Conclusions.......................................... 154
References................................................ 154
11 Land Cover in the Nizzana Sandy Arid Ecosystem.
Mapping Surface Properties with Multi-Spectral
Remote Sensing Data....................................... 157
J. Hill, T. Udelhoven, T. Jarmer, and A. Yair
11.1 Introduction.......................................... 157
11.2 Study Objectives...................................... 158
11.3 Field and Remote Sensing Data.......................... 159
11.4 Spatial Variability of Crust Properties Within
the Sand Dune Ecosystem............................... 161
11.5 Mapping the Spatial Diversity of Surface Properties
with High Spatial-Resolution Aerial Photographs............ 164
11.5.1 Domain-Specific Unmixing...................... 165
11.5.2 The Vegetated Domain.......................... 166
11.5.3 The Substrate Domain.......................... 168
11.6 Conclusions.......................................... 170
References................................................ 171
Contents xiii
Part C Ecosystem Processes
12 Topoclimate and Microclimate............................... 175
T. Littmann
12.1 Introduction.......................................... 175
12.2 The Radiative Energy Budget and Temperatures
on Sand Dune Slopes.................................. 175
12.3 Precipitation......................................... 178
12.4 Near-Ground Wind Conditions........................... 179
12.5 Conclusions.......................................... 182
References................................................ 182
13 Evapotranspiration, Transpiration and Dewfall................. 183
T. Littmann and M. Veste
13.1 Introduction.......................................... 183
13.2 Microclimatic Measurements............................ 183
13.3 Evapotranspiration Models and Their Application
to Dewfall........................................... 184
13.4 Zero Plane Model..................................... 189
13.5 Application of the Zero Plane Model...................... 191
13.6 Model Validation...................................... 196
13.6.1 Validation of Dewfall........................... 196
13.6.2 Transpiration and Evapotranspiration............... 196
13.6.3 Calculation of Evapotranspiration
and its Ecological Implications.................... 197
13.7 Conclusions.......................................... 198
References................................................ 199
14 Morphological Changes at Active Dune Crests.................. 201
A. Allgaier
14.1 Introduction.......................................... 201
14.2 The Research Site..................................... 201
14.3 Methods............................................. 202
14.4 Results.............................................. 203
14.4.1 Monitored Changes 1997 to 1999.................. 203
14.4.2 Observed Changes 1993-1999.................... 207
14.5 Conclusions.......................................... 209
References................................................ 209
xiv Contents
15 Aeolian Sand Transport and Vegetation Cover.................. 211
A. Allgaier
15.1 Introduction.......................................... 211
15.2 Study Sites and Methods................................ 212
15.2.1 Site A: No Vegetation, No Surface Crust............ 213
15.2.2 Site B: Natural and Reduced Vegetation Cover,
Without Microphytic Surface Crust................ 214
15.3 Results.............................................. 215
15.3.1 Sand Transport at Site A......................... 215
15.3.2 Sand Transport at Site B......................... 215
15.3.3 Influence of Vascular Vegetation on Sand Movement .. 216
15.4 Discussion........................................... 220
15.5 Conclusions.......................................... 222
References................................................ 223
16 Soil Processes and Salt Dynamics in Dune Soils................. 225
P. Felix-Henningsen, B. Rummel, and H.-P. Blume
16.1 Introduction.......................................... 225
16.2 Methods............................................. 226
16.3 Soil Formation....................................... 227
16.3.1 Formation of Parent Material..................... 227
16.3.2 Weathering, Brownification and Redoximorphism..... 227
16.3.3 Aggregation and Cracking....................... 228
16.3.4 Crust Formation............................... 228
16.3.5 Humus Accumulation........................... 229
16.4 Salt Dynamics........................................ 231
16.4.1 Salinization of the Playas........................ 231
16.4.2 Salt Dynamics of Arenosols
on Vegetated Linear Dunes....................... 232
16.5 Spatial Variability of Soil Characteristics................... 236
16.6 Conclusions.......................................... 237
References................................................ 238
17 Runoff and Erosion Processes Within a Dune System............ 239
G.J. Kidron and A. Yair
17.1 Introduction.......................................... 239
17.2 Field Instrumentation and Methodology.................... 240
17.3 Results.............................................. 242
17.4 Discussion........................................... 246
17.5 Conclusions.......................................... 248
References................................................ 249
Contents xv
18 Effects of Surface Runoff and Subsurface Flow on the Spatial
Variability of Water Resources in Longitudinal Dunes........... 251
A. Yair
18.1 Introduction.......................................... 251
18.2 Aim of Study......................................... 253
18.3 Results of Field Studies................................ 253
18.3.1 Rainfall...................................... 253
18.3.2 Rainfall-Runoff Relationships.................... 254
18.4 The Effect of Subsurface Water Movement
on Water Redistribution................................ 261
18.4.1 Results....................................... 262
18.4.2 Conditions for Subsurface Lateral Water Flow....... 266
18.5 Conclusions.......................................... 266
References................................................ 268
19 Atmospheric Input of Nutrient Elements and Dust
into the Sand Dune Field of the North-Western Negev........... 271
T. Littmann and A. Schultz
19.1 Introduction.......................................... 271
19.2 Methods............................................. 272
19.3 Dimensions of Atmospheric Deposition.................... 272
19.4 Element Groups and the Boundary Conditions
of Atmospheric Input.................................. 276
19.5 The Role of Vegetation Stands........................... 279
19.6 Conclusions.......................................... 282
References................................................ 283
20 Succession Stages in the Recovery Processes of the
Topsoil Crust in a Disturbed Sandy Arid Area.................. 285
A. Yair
20.1 Introduction.......................................... 285
20.2 The Case of the Nizzana Research Area.................... 287
20.3 Aim of Present Study.................................. 288
20.4 Methodology......................................... 288
20.4.1 Sampling Program............................. 288
20.4.2 Laboratory Analysis............................ 289
20.5 Results.............................................. 291
20.5.1 Wind Regime................................. 292
20.5.2 Rainfall Regime............................... 293
20.5.3 Recovery of the Mineral Component of the Crust..... 293
20.5.4 Recovery of the Biological Components of the Crust .. 294
20.5.5 Recovery of the Vegetation Cover................. 295
20.6 Discussion and Conclusions............................. 297
References................................................ 301
xvi Contents
21 Dew Formation and Activity of Biological Soil Crusts............ 305
M. Veste, B.G. Heusinkveld, S.M. Berkowicz, S.-W. Breckle,
T. Littmann, and A.F.G. Jacobs
21.1 Introduction.......................................... 305
21.2 Dew and Fog......................................... 306
21.2.1 Definition and Measurement...................... 306
21.2.2 Dew and Fog in the Northern Negev Desert.......... 307
21.3 Physiological Activity of Biological Soil Crusts............. 311
21.3.1 Activation of Soil Lichens After Nocturnal
Wetting...................................... 311
21.3.2 Photosynthetic Activity After Sunrise.............. 314
21.4 Conclusions.......................................... 316
References................................................ 316
22 Nitrogen Input Pathways into Sand Dunes:
Biological Fixation and Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition........ 319
R. Russow, M. Veste, S.-W. Breckle, T. Littmann, and F. Bohme
22.1 Introduction.......................................... 319
22.2 Materials and Methods................................. 320
22.2.1 Study Sites................................... 320
22.2.2 Species Investigated............................ 320
22.2.3 Biological Soil Crusts........................... 321
22.2.4 Sampling for I5N Determination................... 321
22.2.5 Sampling Atmospheric Deposition................. 321
22.2.6 15N Methodology and Calculation
of Biological N Fixation......................... 322
22.3 Results.............................................. 323
22.3.1 Soil......................................... 323
22.3.2 Biological Soil Crusts........................... 324
22.3.3 NRetamaraetam............................. 326
21.3.4 Estimation of N Input by BNF into the Ecosystem .... 327
22.3.5 Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition................. 329
22.4 Discussion........................................... 331
22.5 Conclusions.......................................... 334
References................................................ 334
23 Vascular Plant Response to Microbiotic Soil Surface Crusts...... 337
R. Prasse and R. Bomkamm
23.1 Introduction.......................................... 337
23.2 Methods............................................. 338
23.2.1 Plinth........................................ 338
23.2.2 Interdune..................................... 339
23.2.3 Hard Crust.................................... 339
23.2.4 Experiments.................................. 339
23.2.5 Statistical Analyses............................. 340
Contents xvii
23.3 Results.............................................. 340
23.3.1 Densities and Species Numbers................... 340
23.3.2 Mortality..................................... 342
23.3.3 Fecundity.................................... 343
23.3.4 Underlying Mechanisms......................... 345
23.4 Discussion........................................... 346
23.5 Conclusions.......................................... 348
References................................................ 349
24 Ion Relations of Plants and Soil Patterns....................... 353
M. Veste, U. Sartorius, and S.-W. Breckle
24.1 Introduction.......................................... 353
24.2 Material and Methods.................................. 354
24.2.1 PlantMaterial................................. 354
24.2.2 Ion Analysis.................................. 354
24.3 Results and Discussion................................. 355
24.3.1 Ion Patterns................................... 355
24.3.2 Salt Accumulation in the Standing Biomass......... 358
24.3.3 Salt Accumulation Below the Shrubs............... 358
24.4 Conclusions.......................................... 360
References................................................ 363
25 Temporal and Spatial Variability of Plant Water Status
and Leaf Gas Exchange..................................... 367
M. Veste
25.1 Introduction.......................................... 367
25.2 Material and Methods.................................. 368
25.2.1 Gas Exchange Measurements..................... 368
25.2.2 Plant Water Potential........................... 368
25.3 Results.............................................. 368
25.3.1 Photosynthesis................................ 368
25.3.2 Water Potential................................ 370
25.4 Discussion........................................... 371
25.5 Conclusions.......................................... 374
References................................................ 374
26 Standing Biomass and its Modelling.......................... 377
M. Veste, C. Sommer, S.-W. Breckle, and T. Littmann
26.1 Introduction.......................................... 377
26.2 Standing Biomass..................................... 377
26.2.1 Methods..................................... 377
26.2.2 Biomass...................................... 377
26.3 Modelling Biomass Pattern.............................. 379
26.3.1 The Meso-Scale Model.......................... 379
26.3.2 The Micro-Scale Model......................... 381
xviii Contents
26.4 Discussion........................................... 382
26.5 Conclusions.......................................... 382
References................................................ 383
27 Effects of Shrubs on Annual Plant Populations................. 385
K. Tielborger and R. Kadmon
27.1 Introduction.......................................... 385
27.2 Methods............................................. 386
27.2.1 Sampling Design............................... 387
27.2.2 Measurements of Seedling Densities
and Seedling Survival........................... 387
27.2.3 Measurements of Reproductive Success............. 387
27.2.4 Measurements of Seed Survival
and Germination Rates.......................... 388
27.2.5 Statistical Analyses............................. 388
27.3 Results.............................................. 389
27.3.1 Rainfall and Germination........................ 389
27.3.2 Seedling Densities............................. 389
27.3.3 Reproductive Success........................... 391
27.3.4 Probability of Survival and Germination
of Newly Produced Seeds........................ 391
27.4 Discussion........................................... 394
27.5 Conclusions.......................................... 398
References................................................ 398
28 Demography of Annual Plants: The Role of Habitat
Heterogeneity and Competition.............................. 401
R. Kadmon
28.1 Introduction.......................................... 401
28.2 Methods............................................. 403
28.2.1 Experimental Design........................... 403
28.2.2 Data Analysis................................. 405
28.3 Results.............................................. 405
28.3.1 Seedling Survival.............................. 405
28.3.2 Above-Ground Biomass......................... 406
28.3.3 Reproductive Allocation......................... 410
28.3.4 Reproductive Biomass.......................... 412
28.3.5 Fecundity.................................... 412
28.3.6 Fruit Weight.................................. 413
28.4 Discussion........................................... 413
28.4.1 Species-Specific Responses
to Habitat Heterogeneity......................... 414
28.4.2 Species-Specific Responses to Cover by Sand........ 415
28.4.3 Species-Specific Responses
to Neighbour Removal.......................... 416
Contents xix
28.4.4 Interactions Between Neighbour Competition
and Habitat Heterogeneity....................... 417
28.5 Conclusions and Summary.............................. 418
References................................................ 419
Part D Research Perspectives / Synthesis and General Conclusions
29 Sensitivity of a Sandy Area to Climate Change
Along a Rainfall Gradient at a Desert Fringe................... 425
A. Yair, M. Veste, R. Almog, and S.-W. Breckle
29.1 Introduction.......................................... 425
29.2 Aim of Study......................................... 427
29.3 Methodology......................................... 428
29.4 Results.............................................. 429
29.4.1 Rainfall...................................... 429
29.4.2 Vegetation Changes Along the Rainfall
Gradient..................................... 430
29.4.3 Hydrological Aspects........................... 432
29.5 Discussion........................................... 436
29.6 Implications for the Sensitivity of the Sandy Area
to Changing Climatic Conditions......................... 437
29.7 Conclusions.......................................... 438
References................................................ 439
30 General Conclusions - Sand Dune Deserts,
Desertification, Rehabilitation and Conservation................ 441
S.-W. Breckle, A. Yair, and M. Veste
30.1 Sand Deserts and Sand Dunes............................ 441
30.2 Desertification - the Degradation of Sandy Desert
Ecosystems and Threat to Adjacent Areas.................. 442
30.3 Designing Shelterbelts................................. 443
30.4 Stabilisation of Sand Dunes in the Aralkum................. 445
30.5 Stabilisation of Sand Dunes in the Tengger Desert........... 450
30.6 Restoration of Sand Dunes in Southern Africa............... 453
30.7 Conclusions.......................................... 456
References................................................ 457
Subject Index................................................. 461
Taxonomic Index.............................................. 473
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
General Introduction - Desert Sand Dunes and
Aims of the Book - Special Characteristics of the
Nizzana Research Site. 1
S.-W. Breckle, A. Yair, and M. Veste
References. 6
Part A The North-Western Negev
1 Geological Background of the Nizzana Area. 9
R. Ben-David and A. Yair
1.1 Introduction. 9
1.2 Late Geological History. 9
1.2.1 Tertiary Era. 9
1.2.2 Quaternary Era. 11
1.3 Discussion of Results. 13
1.4 Conclusions. 14
References. 15
2 Geo-Ecology of the North-Western Negev Sand Field. 17
A. Yair, M. Veste, and S.-W. Breckle
2.1 Introduction. 17
2.2 Geo-Ecological Units in the Hallamish Sand Field. 19
2.2.1 The Sandy Ridge. 20
2.2.2 The Interdune Corridor. 22
2.3 Geo-Ecology of the Haluza-Agur Sand Field. 23
2.4 Conclusions. 23
References. 24
x Contents
3 Formation and Geomorphology of the North-Western
Negev Sand Dunes. 25
H. Tsoar, D.G. Blumberg, and R. Wenkart
3.1 The Sinai-Negev Dunefield. 25
3.2 Aeolian Sand Incursions into the North-Western
Negev During the Upper Quaternary. 26
3.2.1 Period of Aeolian Sand Incursion into the Negev. 26
3.2.2 The Sand Red Colour and its Implications. 27
3.3 Wind Climate. 31
3.3.1 Factors Affecting Mobility and Stability
of the Negev Sand Dunes. 32
3.4 The Negev Dune Forms and Their Evolution. 33
3.4.1 Linear Dunes. 33
3.5 The Effect of Destruction of Vegetation on
the Morphology and Dynamics of the Sand Dunes. 40
3.6 Buried Channels. 42
3.6.1 Methods of Mapping Buried Drainage Systems. 43
3.6.2 Nahal Nizzana and Buried Drainage Systems
in the Shunra and Haluza Sand Fields. 44
3.7 Conclusions. 46
References. 46
4 The Regional Climatic Setting. 49
T. Littmann and S.M. Berkowicz
4.1 Introduction. 49
4.2 Climate Dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean
and Adjacent Areas. 50
4.3 Characteristics of the Northern Negev Climate. 53
4.3.1 Temperatures. 53
4.3.2 Rainfall. 54
4.3.3 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Rainfall. 56
4.3.4 Regional Vapour Flux. 59
4.3.5 Dewfall. 60
4.4 Conclusions. 61
References. 62
5 Soil Characteristics and Pattern of the Nizzana Research Site. 65
H.-P. Blume, L. Beyer, U. Pfisterer, and P. Felix-Henningsen
5.1 Introduction. 65
5.2 Methods. 65
5.3 Soil Distribution. 67
5.3.1 Soils of the Sandy Ridges. 68
5.3.2 Soils of the Interdune Playa Surfaces. 68
Contents xi
5.3.3 Soils of the Interdune Area. 71
5.3.4 Soils at the Haluza Station (N3). 73
5.4 Ecological Conditions. 74
5.4.1 Root Penetration Capability. 74
5.4.2 Water and Oxygen Supply. 75
5.4.3 Nutrient Supply. 75
5.5 Conclusions. 76
References. 77
6 Land Use and its Effect on the Mobilization and
Stabilization of the North-Western Negev Sand Dunes. 79
H. Tsoar
6.1 Introduction. 79
6.2 Factors Affecting Vegetation Growth on Sand Dunes. 79
6.3 The Effect of the Border on Bedouin Pasture Management. 82
6.4 The Effect of Bedouin Pressure on the Negev
Sand Dunes. 83
6.5 Conclusions. 87
References. 88
Part B Ecosystem Patterns
7 The Flora of the Nizzana Research Site. 93
K. Tielborger, R. Prasse, and H. Leschner
7.1 Introduction. 93
7.2 Methods. 93
7.3 Results and Discussion. 94
7.4 Conclusions and Summary. 102
References. 103
8 The Vegetation of the Nizzana Research Site. 105
K. Tielborger, R. Prasse, and R. Bornkamm
8.1 Introduction. 105
8.2 Methods. 106
8.3 Results. 107
8.3.1 Main Plant Communities. 108
8.3.2 Annual Plant Distribution Patterns. 117
8.4 Discussion. 120
8.4.1 Syntaxonomy. 120
8.4.2 Annual Vegetation. 121
8.4.3 Vegetation and Habitat. 121
8.5 Conclusions. 122
References. 123
xii Contents
9 A Glance on the Fauna of Nizzana. 125
J. Filser and R. Prasse
9.1 Introduction. 125
9.2 Study Sites and Methods. 126
9.2.1 List of Vertebrates and Larger Invertebrates. 126
9.2.2 Invertebrate Survey. 126
9.3 Results. 128
9.3.1 Composition of the Fauna. 128
9.3.2 Ecosystem Engineering. 130
9.3.3 Spatial Variability. 136
9.4 Discussion. 139
9.4.1 Diversity. 139
9.4.2 Biotic Interactions. 144
9.4.3 Ecosystem Engineering. 144
9.4.4 Spatial Heterogeneity. 145
9.5 Conclusions. 145
References. 146
10 Biological Crusts. 149
B. Biidel and M. Veste
10.1 Introduction. 149
10.2 Structure of Biological Soil Crusts. 149
10.3 Crust Types. 149
10.4 Species Diversity. 151
10.5 Conclusions. 154
References. 154
11 Land Cover in the Nizzana Sandy Arid Ecosystem.
Mapping Surface Properties with Multi-Spectral
Remote Sensing Data. 157
J. Hill, T. Udelhoven, T. Jarmer, and A. Yair
11.1 Introduction. 157
11.2 Study Objectives. 158
11.3 Field and Remote Sensing Data. 159
11.4 Spatial Variability of Crust Properties Within
the Sand Dune Ecosystem. 161
11.5 Mapping the Spatial Diversity of Surface Properties
with High Spatial-Resolution Aerial Photographs. 164
11.5.1 Domain-Specific Unmixing. 165
11.5.2 The Vegetated Domain. 166
11.5.3 The Substrate Domain. 168
11.6 Conclusions. 170
References. 171
Contents xiii
Part C Ecosystem Processes
12 Topoclimate and Microclimate. 175
T. Littmann
12.1 Introduction. 175
12.2 The Radiative Energy Budget and Temperatures
on Sand Dune Slopes. 175
12.3 Precipitation. 178
12.4 Near-Ground Wind Conditions. 179
12.5 Conclusions. 182
References. 182
13 Evapotranspiration, Transpiration and Dewfall. 183
T. Littmann and M. Veste
13.1 Introduction. 183
13.2 Microclimatic Measurements. 183
13.3 Evapotranspiration Models and Their Application
to Dewfall. 184
13.4 Zero Plane Model. 189
13.5 Application of the Zero Plane Model. 191
13.6 Model Validation. 196
13.6.1 Validation of Dewfall. 196
13.6.2 Transpiration and Evapotranspiration. 196
13.6.3 Calculation of Evapotranspiration
and its Ecological Implications. 197
13.7 Conclusions. 198
References. 199
14 Morphological Changes at Active Dune Crests. 201
A. Allgaier
14.1 Introduction. 201
14.2 The Research Site. 201
14.3 Methods. 202
14.4 Results. 203
14.4.1 Monitored Changes 1997 to 1999. 203
14.4.2 Observed Changes 1993-1999. 207
14.5 Conclusions. 209
References. 209
xiv Contents
15 Aeolian Sand Transport and Vegetation Cover. 211
A. Allgaier
15.1 Introduction. 211
15.2 Study Sites and Methods. 212
15.2.1 Site A: No Vegetation, No Surface Crust. 213
15.2.2 Site B: Natural and Reduced Vegetation Cover,
Without Microphytic Surface Crust. 214
15.3 Results. 215
15.3.1 Sand Transport at Site A. 215
15.3.2 Sand Transport at Site B. 215
15.3.3 Influence of Vascular Vegetation on Sand Movement . 216
15.4 Discussion. 220
15.5 Conclusions. 222
References. 223
16 Soil Processes and Salt Dynamics in Dune Soils. 225
P. Felix-Henningsen, B. Rummel, and H.-P. Blume
16.1 Introduction. 225
16.2 Methods. 226
16.3 Soil Formation. 227
16.3.1 Formation of Parent Material. 227
16.3.2 Weathering, Brownification and Redoximorphism. 227
16.3.3 Aggregation and Cracking. 228
16.3.4 Crust Formation. 228
16.3.5 Humus Accumulation. 229
16.4 Salt Dynamics. 231
16.4.1 Salinization of the Playas. 231
16.4.2 Salt Dynamics of Arenosols
on Vegetated Linear Dunes. 232
16.5 Spatial Variability of Soil Characteristics. 236
16.6 Conclusions. 237
References. 238
17 Runoff and Erosion Processes Within a Dune System. 239
G.J. Kidron and A. Yair
17.1 Introduction. 239
17.2 Field Instrumentation and Methodology. 240
17.3 Results. 242
17.4 Discussion. 246
17.5 Conclusions. 248
References. 249
Contents xv
18 Effects of Surface Runoff and Subsurface Flow on the Spatial
Variability of Water Resources in Longitudinal Dunes. 251
A. Yair
18.1 Introduction. 251
18.2 Aim of Study. 253
18.3 Results of Field Studies. 253
18.3.1 Rainfall. 253
18.3.2 Rainfall-Runoff Relationships. 254
18.4 The Effect of Subsurface Water Movement
on Water Redistribution. 261
18.4.1 Results. 262
18.4.2 Conditions for Subsurface Lateral Water Flow. 266
18.5 Conclusions. 266
References. 268
19 Atmospheric Input of Nutrient Elements and Dust
into the Sand Dune Field of the North-Western Negev. 271
T. Littmann and A. Schultz
19.1 Introduction. 271
19.2 Methods. 272
19.3 Dimensions of Atmospheric Deposition. 272
19.4 Element Groups and the Boundary Conditions
of Atmospheric Input. 276
19.5 The Role of Vegetation Stands. 279
19.6 Conclusions. 282
References. 283
20 Succession Stages in the Recovery Processes of the
Topsoil Crust in a Disturbed Sandy Arid Area. 285
A. Yair
20.1 Introduction. 285
20.2 The Case of the Nizzana Research Area. 287
20.3 Aim of Present Study. 288
20.4 Methodology. 288
20.4.1 Sampling Program. 288
20.4.2 Laboratory Analysis. 289
20.5 Results. 291
20.5.1 Wind Regime. 292
20.5.2 Rainfall Regime. 293
20.5.3 Recovery of the Mineral Component of the Crust. 293
20.5.4 Recovery of the Biological Components of the Crust . 294
20.5.5 Recovery of the Vegetation Cover. 295
20.6 Discussion and Conclusions. 297
References. 301
xvi Contents
21 Dew Formation and Activity of Biological Soil Crusts. 305
M. Veste, B.G. Heusinkveld, S.M. Berkowicz, S.-W. Breckle,
T. Littmann, and A.F.G. Jacobs
21.1 Introduction. 305
21.2 Dew and Fog. 306
21.2.1 Definition and Measurement. 306
21.2.2 Dew and Fog in the Northern Negev Desert. 307
21.3 Physiological Activity of Biological Soil Crusts. 311
21.3.1 Activation of Soil Lichens After Nocturnal
Wetting. 311
21.3.2 Photosynthetic Activity After Sunrise. 314
21.4 Conclusions. 316
References. 316
22 Nitrogen Input Pathways into Sand Dunes:
Biological Fixation and Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition. 319
R. Russow, M. Veste, S.-W. Breckle, T. Littmann, and F. Bohme
22.1 Introduction. 319
22.2 Materials and Methods. 320
22.2.1 Study Sites. 320
22.2.2 Species Investigated. 320
22.2.3 Biological Soil Crusts. 321
22.2.4 Sampling for I5N Determination. 321
22.2.5 Sampling Atmospheric Deposition. 321
22.2.6 15N Methodology and Calculation
of Biological N Fixation. 322
22.3 Results. 323
22.3.1 Soil. 323
22.3.2 Biological Soil Crusts. 324
22.3.3 "NRetamaraetam. 326
21.3.4 Estimation of N Input by BNF into the Ecosystem . 327
22.3.5 Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition. 329
22.4 Discussion. 331
22.5 Conclusions. 334
References. 334
23 Vascular Plant Response to Microbiotic Soil Surface Crusts. 337
R. Prasse and R. Bomkamm
23.1 Introduction. 337
23.2 Methods. 338
23.2.1 Plinth. 338
23.2.2 Interdune. 339
23.2.3 Hard Crust. 339
23.2.4 Experiments. 339
23.2.5 Statistical Analyses. 340
Contents xvii
23.3 Results. 340
23.3.1 Densities and Species Numbers. 340
23.3.2 Mortality. 342
23.3.3 Fecundity. 343
23.3.4 Underlying Mechanisms. 345
23.4 Discussion. 346
23.5 Conclusions. 348
References. 349
24 Ion Relations of Plants and Soil Patterns. 353
M. Veste, U. Sartorius, and S.-W. Breckle
24.1 Introduction. 353
24.2 Material and Methods. 354
24.2.1 PlantMaterial. 354
24.2.2 Ion Analysis. 354
24.3 Results and Discussion. 355
24.3.1 Ion Patterns. 355
24.3.2 Salt Accumulation in the Standing Biomass. 358
24.3.3 Salt Accumulation Below the Shrubs. 358
24.4 Conclusions. 360
References. 363
25 Temporal and Spatial Variability of Plant Water Status
and Leaf Gas Exchange. 367
M. Veste
25.1 Introduction. 367
25.2 Material and Methods. 368
25.2.1 Gas Exchange Measurements. 368
25.2.2 Plant Water Potential. 368
25.3 Results. 368
25.3.1 Photosynthesis. 368
25.3.2 Water Potential. 370
25.4 Discussion. 371
25.5 Conclusions. 374
References. 374
26 Standing Biomass and its Modelling. 377
M. Veste, C. Sommer, S.-W. Breckle, and T. Littmann
26.1 Introduction. 377
26.2 Standing Biomass. 377
26.2.1 Methods. 377
26.2.2 Biomass. 377
26.3 Modelling Biomass Pattern. 379
26.3.1 The Meso-Scale Model. 379
26.3.2 The Micro-Scale Model. 381
xviii Contents
26.4 Discussion. 382
26.5 Conclusions. 382
References. 383
27 Effects of Shrubs on Annual Plant Populations. 385
K. Tielborger and R. Kadmon
27.1 Introduction. 385
27.2 Methods. 386
27.2.1 Sampling Design. 387
27.2.2 Measurements of Seedling Densities
and Seedling Survival. 387
27.2.3 Measurements of Reproductive Success. 387
27.2.4 Measurements of Seed Survival
and Germination Rates. 388
27.2.5 Statistical Analyses. 388
27.3 Results. 389
27.3.1 Rainfall and Germination. 389
27.3.2 Seedling Densities. 389
27.3.3 Reproductive Success. 391
27.3.4 Probability of Survival and Germination
of Newly Produced Seeds. 391
27.4 Discussion. 394
27.5 Conclusions. 398
References. 398
28 Demography of Annual Plants: The Role of Habitat
Heterogeneity and Competition. 401
R. Kadmon
28.1 Introduction. 401
28.2 Methods. 403
28.2.1 Experimental Design. 403
28.2.2 Data Analysis. 405
28.3 Results. 405
28.3.1 Seedling Survival. 405
28.3.2 Above-Ground Biomass. 406
28.3.3 Reproductive Allocation. 410
28.3.4 Reproductive Biomass. 412
28.3.5 Fecundity. 412
28.3.6 Fruit Weight. 413
28.4 Discussion. 413
28.4.1 Species-Specific Responses
to Habitat Heterogeneity. 414
28.4.2 Species-Specific Responses to Cover by Sand. 415
28.4.3 Species-Specific Responses
to Neighbour Removal. 416
Contents xix
28.4.4 Interactions Between Neighbour Competition
and Habitat Heterogeneity. 417
28.5 Conclusions and Summary. 418
References. 419
Part D Research Perspectives / Synthesis and General Conclusions
29 Sensitivity of a Sandy Area to Climate Change
Along a Rainfall Gradient at a Desert Fringe. 425
A. Yair, M. Veste, R. Almog, and S.-W. Breckle
29.1 Introduction. 425
29.2 Aim of Study. 427
29.3 Methodology. 428
29.4 Results. 429
29.4.1 Rainfall. 429
29.4.2 Vegetation Changes Along the Rainfall
Gradient. 430
29.4.3 Hydrological Aspects. 432
29.5 Discussion. 436
29.6 Implications for the Sensitivity of the Sandy Area
to Changing Climatic Conditions. 437
29.7 Conclusions. 438
References. 439
30 General Conclusions - Sand Dune Deserts,
Desertification, Rehabilitation and Conservation. 441
S.-W. Breckle, A. Yair, and M. Veste
30.1 Sand Deserts and Sand Dunes. 441
30.2 Desertification - the Degradation of Sandy Desert
Ecosystems and Threat to Adjacent Areas. 442
30.3 Designing Shelterbelts. 443
30.4 Stabilisation of Sand Dunes in the Aralkum. 445
30.5 Stabilisation of Sand Dunes in the Tengger Desert. 450
30.6 Restoration of Sand Dunes in Southern Africa. 453
30.7 Conclusions. 456
References. 457
Subject Index. 461
Taxonomic Index. 473 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Breckle, Siegmar-Walter 1938- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | s w b swb |
| author_GND | (DE-588)122342372 |
| author_facet | Breckle, Siegmar-Walter 1938- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023405797 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH541 |
| callnumber-raw | QH541.5.D4 |
| callnumber-search | QH541.5.D4 |
| callnumber-sort | QH 3541.5 D4 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_rvk | RB 10271 RB 10313 RR 19180 RR 19313 WI 1300 |
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| dewey-sort | 3577.5830956949 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Geographie |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:25:30Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:17:54Z |
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| spelling | Arid dune ecosystems the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert Siegmar-W. Breckle ... ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2008 XXVI, 475 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ecological studies 200 47 schw.-w. Tab. Desert ecology Desert ecology Israel Negev Sand dunes Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Binnendüne (DE-588)4145570-8 gnd rswk-swf Negev Nordwest (DE-588)4757623-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Negev Nordwest (DE-588)4757623-6 g Binnendüne (DE-588)4145570-8 s Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s DE-604 Breckle, Siegmar-Walter 1938- (DE-588)122342372 edt Ecological studies 200 (DE-604)BV000004586 200 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016588489&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Arid dune ecosystems the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert Ecological studies Desert ecology Desert ecology Israel Negev Sand dunes Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Binnendüne (DE-588)4145570-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4145570-8 (DE-588)4757623-6 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Arid dune ecosystems the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert |
| title_auth | Arid dune ecosystems the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert |
| title_exact_search | Arid dune ecosystems the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Arid dune ecosystems the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert |
| title_full | Arid dune ecosystems the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert Siegmar-W. Breckle ... ed. |
| title_fullStr | Arid dune ecosystems the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert Siegmar-W. Breckle ... ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Arid dune ecosystems the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert Siegmar-W. Breckle ... ed. |
| title_short | Arid dune ecosystems |
| title_sort | arid dune ecosystems the nizzana sands in the negev desert |
| title_sub | the Nizzana Sands in the Negev Desert |
| topic | Desert ecology Desert ecology Israel Negev Sand dunes Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Binnendüne (DE-588)4145570-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Desert ecology Desert ecology Israel Negev Sand dunes Ökosystem Binnendüne Negev Nordwest Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016588489&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000004586 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT brecklesiegmarwalter aridduneecosystemsthenizzanasandsinthenegevdesert |