Semiconductor nanostructures:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Berlin
Springer
2008
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| Series: | NanoScience and technology
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 357 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9783540778981 9783642096730 3540778985 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Semiconductor nanostructures |c Dieter Bimberg (Ed.) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin |b Springer |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 357 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a NanoScience and technology | |
| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Points quantiques |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Semiconducteurs |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Systèmes mésoscopiques |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nanostructures | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Semiconductor nanocrystals | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Semiconductor nanoparticles | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Semiconductors | |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface............................................................ v
List of Contributors................................................ xvii
1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Quantum Dot Growth
Vitaly Shchukin, Eckehard Scholl and Peter Kratzer...................... 1
1.1 Introduction................................................... 2
1.1.1 Length and Time Scales................................... 3
1.1.2 Multiscale Approach to the Modeling of Nanostructures........ 4
1.2 Atomistic Aspects of Growth..................................... 5
1.2.1 Diffusion of Ga Atoms on GaAs(OOl)....................... 5
1.2.2 Energetics of As2 Incorporation During Growth............... 5
1.2.3 Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of GaAs Homoepitaxy ........ 6
1.2.4 Wetting Layer Evolution .................................. 9
1.3 Size and Shapes of Individual Quantum Dots ....................... 11
1.3.1 Hybrid Approach to Calculation of the Equilibrium Shape of
Individual Quantum Dots.................................. 11
1.3.2 Role of High-Index Facets in the Shape of Quantum Dots....... 13
1.3.3 Shape Transition During Quantum Dot Growth ............... 14
1.3.4 Constraint Equilibrium of Quantum Dots with a Wetting Layer .. 15
1.4 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Quantum Dot Ensembles............ 19
1.4.1 Equilibrium Volume of Strained Islands versus Ostwald Ripening 19
1.4.2 Crossover from Kinetically Controlled to Thermodynamically
Controlled Growth of Quantum Dots........................ 22
1.4.3 Tunable Metastability of Quantum Dot Arrays................ 25
1.4.4 Evolution Mechanisms in Dense Arrays of Elastically
Interacting Quantum Dots................................. 27
x Contents
1.5 Quantum Dot Stacks............................................ 29
1.5.1 Transition between Vertically Correlated and Vertically
Anticorrelated Quantum Dot Growth........................ 29
1.5.2 Finite Size Effect: Abrupt Transitions between Correlated and
Anticorrelated Growth.................................... 31
1.5.3 Reduction of a Size of a Critical Nucleus in the Second Quantum
Dot Layer............................................... 32
1.6 Summary and Outlook.......................................... 34
References......................................................... 35
2 Control of Self-Organized In(Ga)As/GaAs Quantum Dot Growth
Udo W. Pohl and Andre Strittmatter................................... 41
2.1 Introduction................................................... 41
2.2 Evolution and Strain Engineering of InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots...... 42
2.2.1 Evolution of InGaAs Dots................................. 42
2.2.2 Engineering of Single and Stacked InGaAs QD Layers......... 46
2.3 Growth Control of Equally Shaped InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots......... 50
2.3.1 Formation of Self-Similar Dots with a Multimodal Size
Distribution............................................. 51
2.3.2 Kinetic Description of Multimodal Dot-Ensemble Formation .... 54
2.4 Epitaxy of GaSb/GaAs Quantum Dots............................. 56
2.4.1 Onset and Dynamics of GaSb/GaAs Quantum-Dot Formation ... 56
2.4.2 Structure of GaSb/GaAs Quantum Dots...................... 58
2.5 Device Applications of InGaAs Quantum Dots...................... 60
2.5.1 Edge-Emitting Lasers..................................... 60
2.5.2 Surface-Emitting Lasers................................... 61
2.6 Conclusion.................................................... 62
References......................................................... 63
3 In-Situ Monitoring for Nano-Structure Growth in MOVPE
Markus Pristovsek and Wolfgang Richter .............................. 67
3.1 Introduction................................................... 67
3.2 Reflectance.................................................... 69
3.3 Reflectance Anisotropy Spectroscopy (RAS)........................ 71
3.3.1 RAS Spectra and Surface Reconstruction .................... 72
3.3.2 Monolayer Oscillations ................................... 74
3.3.3 Monitoring of Carrier Concentration ........................ 79
3.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)............................ 82
3.5 Conclusion.................................................... 84
References......................................................... 85
4 Bottom-up Approach to the Nanopatterning of Si(001)
R. Koch......................................................... 87
4.1 Quantum Dot Growth on Semiconductor Templates.................. 87
4.2 (2 x n) Reconstruction of Si(001)................................. 88
Contents xi
4.3 Monte Carlo Simulations on the (2 x n) Formation .................. 90
4.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Results........................... 92
4.5 Summary and Outlook.......................................... 94
References......................................................... 95
5 Structural Characterisation of Quantum Dots by X-Ray Diffraction
and TEM
R. Kohler, W. Neumann, M. Schmidbauer, M. Hanke, D. Grigoriev, P. Schdfer,
H. Kirmse, I. Hdusler and R. Schneider................................ 97
5.1 Introduction................................................... 97
5.2 Liquid Phase Epitaxy of SiGe/Si: A Model System for the
Stranski-Krastanow Process...................................... 99
5.2.1 Dot Evolution in a Close-to-Equilibrium Regime.............. 99
5.3 (In,Ga)As Quantum Dots on GaAs................................ 103
5.3.1 Shape, Size, Strain and Composition Gradient in InGaAs QD
Arrays.................................................. 103
5.3.2 Chemical Composition of (In,Ga)As QDs Determined by TEM .. 107
5.3.3 Controlling 3D Ordering in (In,Ga)As QD Arrays through GaAs
Surface Orientation....................................... 109
5.4 Ga(Sb,As) Quantum Dots on GaAs................................ 113
5.4.1 Structural Characterisation of Ga(Sb,As) QDs by High-
Resolution TEM Imaging.................................. 117
5.4.2 Chemical Characterisation of Ga(Sb,As) QDs by HAADF
STEM Imaging.......................................... 118
References......................................................... 119
6 The Atomic Structure of Quantum Dots
Mario Ddhne, Holger Eisele and Karl Jacobi........................... 123
6.1 Introduction................................................... 123
6.2 Experimental Details............................................ 124
6.3 STM Studies of InAs Quantum Dots on the Growth Surface........... 124
6.4 XSTM Studies of Buried Nanostructures........................... 127
6.4.1 InAs Quantum Dots...................................... 127
6.4.2 InGaAs Quantum Dots.................................... 131
6.4.3 GaSb Quantum Dots...................................... 134
6.5 Conclusion.................................................... 135
References......................................................... 136
7 Theory of Excitons in InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots
Andrei Schliwa and Momme Winkelnkemper............................ 139
7.1 Introduction................................................... 139
7.2 Interrelation of QD-Structure, Strain and Piezoelectricity, and Coulomb
Interaction .................................................... 140
7.2.1 The Binding Energies of the Few Particle Complexes.......... 140
7.3 Method of Calculation .......................................... 143
7.3.1 Calculation of Strain...................................... 144
xii Contents
7.3.2 Piezoelectricity and the Reduction of Lateral Symmetry........ 145
7.3.3 Single Particle States ..................................... 147
7.3.4 Many-Particle States...................................... 148
7.3.5 The Configuration Interaction Model........................ 148
7.3.6 Interband Spectra ........................................ 150
7.4 The Investigated Structures: Variation of Size, Shape and Composition .. 150
7.5 The Impact of QD Size.......................................... 151
7.5.1 The Role of the Piezoelectric Field.......................... 153
7.6 The Aspect Ratio............................................... 155
7.6.1 Vertical Aspect Ratio..................................... 155
7.6.2 Lateral Aspect Ratio...................................... 157
7.7 Different Composition Profiles ................................... 157
7.7.1 Inverted Cone-Like Composition Profile..................... 157
7.7.2 Annealed QDs........................................... 159
7.7.3 InGaAs QDs with Uniform Composition..................... 159
7.8 Correlation vs. QD Size, Shape and Particle Type.................... 159
7.9 Conclusions................................................... 162
References......................................................... 163
8 Phonons in Quantum Dots and Their Role in Exciton Dephasing
F. Grosse, E.A. Muljarov and R. Zimmermann........................... 165
8.1 Introduction................................................... 165
8.2 Structural Properties of Semiconductor Nanostructures............... 166
8.3 Theory of Acoustic Phonons in Quantum Dots...................... 166
8.3.1 Continuum Elasticity Model of Phonons..................... 167
8.3.2 Phonons in Quantum Dots................................. 170
8.4 Exciton-Acoustic Phonon Coupling in Quantum Dots................ 171
8.5 Dephasing of the Exciton Polarization in Quantum Dots.............. 173
8.5.1 Single Exciton Level: Independent Boson Model.............. 174
8.5.2 Multilevel System: Real and Virtual Phonon-Assisted Transitions 176
8.5.3 Application to Coupled Quantum Dots....................... 182
8.6 Summary ..................................................... 184
References......................................................... 185
9 Theory of the Optical Response of Single and Coupled Semiconductor
Quantum Dots
C. Weber, M. Richter, S. RitterandA. Knorr............................ 189
9.1 Introduction................................................... 189
9.2 Theory........................................................ 190
9.2.1 Quantum Dot Model...................................... 190
9.2.2 Hamiltonian............................................. 191
9.2.3 Mathematical Formalisms................................. 193
9.3 Single Quantum Dot Response ................................... 196
9.3.1 Linear Absorption Spectra and Quantum Optics............... 196
9.3.2 Semiclassical Nonlinear Dynamics.......................... 199
Contents xiii
9.4 Two Coupled Quantum Dots..................................... 201
9.4.1 Absorption Spectra....................................... 202
9.4.2 Excitation Transfer....................................... 202
9.4.3 Rabi Oscillations......................................... 203
9.4.4 Pump-Probe/Differential Transmission Spectra................ 204
9.5 Multiple Quantum Dots ......................................... 205
9.5.1 Four-Wave-Mixing: Photon Echo in Quantum Dot Ensembles ... 205
9.5.2 Absorption of Multiple Coupled Quantum Dots............... 205
9.5.3 Energy Transfer of Multiple Coupled Quantum Dots........... 206
9.6 Conclusion.................................................... 206
References......................................................... 207
10 Theory of Nonlinear Transport for Ensembles of Quantum Dots
G. Kiefilich, A. WackerandE. Scholl.................................. 211
10.1 Introduction................................................... 211
10.2 Coulomb Interaction within a Quantum Dot Layer................... 211
10.3 Transport in Quantum Dot Stacks................................. 213
10.4 Current Fluctuations and Shot Noise............................... 214
10.5 Full Counting Statistics and Decoherence in Coupled Quantum Dots___ 216
10.6 Conclusion.................................................... 218
References......................................................... 219
11 Quantum Dots for Memories
M. Geller and A. Marent............................................221
11.1 Introduction................................................... 221
11.2 Semiconductor Memories........................................ 222
11.2.1 Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)................. 222
11.2.2 Nonvolatile Semiconductor Memories (Flash)................. 223
11.2.3 A QD-based Memory Cell................................. 224
11.3 Charge Carrier Storage in Quantum Dots........................... 226
11.3.1 Experimental Technique................................... 226
11.3.2 Carrier Storage in InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots............... 228
11.3.3 Hole Storage in GaSb/GaAs Quantum Dots................... 229
11.3.4 InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots with Additional AlGaAs Barrier... 230
11.4 Conclusion and Outlook......................................... 233
References......................................................... 235
12 Visible-Bandgap II-VI Quantum Dot Heterostructures
Ilya Akimov, Joachim Puls, Michael Rabe and Fritz Henneberger........... 237
12.1 Introduction................................................... 237
12.2 Epitaxial Growth............................................... 238
12.3 Few-Particles States and Their Fine Structure....................... 241
12.3.1 Excitons and Biexcitons................................... 241
12.3.2 Trions in Charged Quantum Dots........................... 243
xiv Contents
12.4 Coherent Control of the Exciton-Biexciton System .................. 245
12.5 Spin Relaxation of Excitons, Holes, and Electrons................... 247
12.5.1 Exciton Quantum Coherence............................... 247
12.5.2 Hole Spin Lifetime....................................... 248
12.5.3 Spin Dynamics of the Resident Electron ..................... 249
12.6 Diluted Magnetic Quantum Dots.................................. 251
References......................................................... 253
13 Narrow-Gap Nanostructures in Strong Magnetic Fields
T. Tran-Anh and M. Ortenberg.......................................255
13.1 Introduction................................................... 255
13.2 Materials: HgSe/HgSe:Fe........................................ 256
13.3 Fabrication of HgSe/HgSe:Fe Nanostructures....................... 256
13.3.1 Quantum Wells.......................................... 257
13.3.2 Roof-Ridge Quantum Wires ............................... 258
13.3.3 Quantum Dots........................................... 259
13.4 Electronic Characterization of the HgSe/HgSe:Fe Nano-Structures in
Strong Magnetic Fields.......................................... 262
13.4.1 High-Field Magneto Transport ............................. 262
13.4.2 Infrared Magneto-Resonance Spectroscopy................... 263
13.5 Summary ..................................................... 267
References......................................................... 267
14 Optical Properties of HI—V Quantum Dots
Udo W. Pohl, Sven Rodt and Axel Hoffmann............................269
14.1 Introduction................................................... 269
14.2 Confined States and Many-Particle Effects.......................... 270
14.2.1 Renormalization......................................... 270
14.2.2 Phonon Interaction....................................... 274
14.2.3 Electronic Tuning by Strain Engineering..................... 276
14.2.4 Multimodal InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots ...................... 278
14.3 Single InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots................................. 281
14.3.1 Spectral Diffusion........................................ 281
14.3.2 Size-Dependent Anisotropic Exchange Interaction............. 282
14.3.3 Binding Energies of Excitonic Complexes.................... 285
14.3.4 Data Storage Using Confined Trions......................... 286
14.3.5 Electronic Tuning by Annealing............................ 287
14.4 Optical Properties of InGaN/GaN Quantum Dots.................... 288
14.4.1 Time-Resolved Studies on Quantum Dot Ensembles........... 289
14.4.2 Single-Dot Spectroscopy.................................. 292
14.5 Summary ..................................................... 296
References......................................................... 298
Contents xv
15 Ultrafast Coherent Spectroscopy of Single Semiconductor Quantum
Dots
Christoph Lienau and Thomas Ehaesser............................... 301
15.1 Introduction................................................... 301
15.2 Interface Quantum Dots......................................... 303
15.3 Coherent Spectroscopy of Interface Quantum Dots: Experimental
Technique..................................................... 305
15.4 Coherent Control in Single Interface Quantum Dots.................. 308
15.4.1 Ultrafast Optical Nonlinearities of Single Interface Quantum Dots 308
15.4.2 Rabi Oscillations in a Quantum Dot......................... 312
15.4.3 Optical Stark Effect: Ultrafast Control of Single Exciton
Polarizations............................................ 315
15.5 Coupling Two Quantum Dots via the Dipole-Dipole Interaction........ 319
15.6 Summary and Conclusions....................................... 323
References......................................................... 325
16 Single-Photon Generation from Single Quantum Dots
Matthias Scholz, Thomas Aichele and Oliver Benson..................... 329
16.1 Introduction................................................... 329
16.2 Single Quantum Dots as Single-Photon Emitters..................... 331
16.2.1 Photon Statistics of Single-Photon Emitters................... 331
16.2.2 Micro-Photoluminescence................................. 332
16.2.3 Single Photons from InP Quantum Dots...................... 333
16.3 Multiphoton Emission from Single Quantum Dots................... 334
16.4 Realization of the Ultimate Limit of a Light Emitting Diode........... 339
16.5 Applications in Quantum Information Processing.................... 343
16.5.1 Quantum Key Distribution................................. 343
16.5.2 Quantum Computing ..................................... 344
16.6 Outlook....................................................... 346
References......................................................... 347
Index............................................................. 351
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface. v
List of Contributors. xvii
1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Quantum Dot Growth
Vitaly Shchukin, Eckehard Scholl and Peter Kratzer. 1
1.1 Introduction. 2
1.1.1 Length and Time Scales. 3
1.1.2 Multiscale Approach to the Modeling of Nanostructures. 4
1.2 Atomistic Aspects of Growth. 5
1.2.1 Diffusion of Ga Atoms on GaAs(OOl). 5
1.2.2 Energetics of As2 Incorporation During Growth. 5
1.2.3 Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of GaAs Homoepitaxy . 6
1.2.4 Wetting Layer Evolution . 9
1.3 Size and Shapes of Individual Quantum Dots . 11
1.3.1 Hybrid Approach to Calculation of the Equilibrium Shape of
Individual Quantum Dots. 11
1.3.2 Role of High-Index Facets in the Shape of Quantum Dots. 13
1.3.3 Shape Transition During Quantum Dot Growth . 14
1.3.4 Constraint Equilibrium of Quantum Dots with a Wetting Layer . 15
1.4 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Quantum Dot Ensembles. 19
1.4.1 Equilibrium Volume of Strained Islands versus Ostwald Ripening 19
1.4.2 Crossover from Kinetically Controlled to Thermodynamically
Controlled Growth of Quantum Dots. 22
1.4.3 Tunable Metastability of Quantum Dot Arrays. 25
1.4.4 Evolution Mechanisms in Dense Arrays of Elastically
Interacting Quantum Dots. 27
x Contents
1.5 Quantum Dot Stacks. 29
1.5.1 Transition between Vertically Correlated and Vertically
Anticorrelated Quantum Dot Growth. 29
1.5.2 Finite Size Effect: Abrupt Transitions between Correlated and
Anticorrelated Growth. 31
1.5.3 Reduction of a Size of a Critical Nucleus in the Second Quantum
Dot Layer. 32
1.6 Summary and Outlook. 34
References. 35
2 Control of Self-Organized In(Ga)As/GaAs Quantum Dot Growth
Udo W. Pohl and Andre Strittmatter. 41
2.1 Introduction. 41
2.2 Evolution and Strain Engineering of InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots. 42
2.2.1 Evolution of InGaAs Dots. 42
2.2.2 Engineering of Single and Stacked InGaAs QD Layers. 46
2.3 Growth Control of Equally Shaped InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots. 50
2.3.1 Formation of Self-Similar Dots with a Multimodal Size
Distribution. 51
2.3.2 Kinetic Description of Multimodal Dot-Ensemble Formation . 54
2.4 Epitaxy of GaSb/GaAs Quantum Dots. 56
2.4.1 Onset and Dynamics of GaSb/GaAs Quantum-Dot Formation . 56
2.4.2 Structure of GaSb/GaAs Quantum Dots. 58
2.5 Device Applications of InGaAs Quantum Dots. 60
2.5.1 Edge-Emitting Lasers. 60
2.5.2 Surface-Emitting Lasers. 61
2.6 Conclusion. 62
References. 63
3 In-Situ Monitoring for Nano-Structure Growth in MOVPE
Markus Pristovsek and Wolfgang Richter . 67
3.1 Introduction. 67
3.2 Reflectance. 69
3.3 Reflectance Anisotropy Spectroscopy (RAS). 71
3.3.1 RAS Spectra and Surface Reconstruction . 72
3.3.2 Monolayer Oscillations . 74
3.3.3 Monitoring of Carrier Concentration . 79
3.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). 82
3.5 Conclusion. 84
References. 85
4 Bottom-up Approach to the Nanopatterning of Si(001)
R. Koch. 87
4.1 Quantum Dot Growth on Semiconductor Templates. 87
4.2 (2 x n) Reconstruction of Si(001). 88
Contents xi
4.3 Monte Carlo Simulations on the (2 x n) Formation . 90
4.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Results. 92
4.5 Summary and Outlook. 94
References. 95
5 Structural Characterisation of Quantum Dots by X-Ray Diffraction
and TEM
R. Kohler, W. Neumann, M. Schmidbauer, M. Hanke, D. Grigoriev, P. Schdfer,
H. Kirmse, I. Hdusler and R. Schneider. 97
5.1 Introduction. 97
5.2 Liquid Phase Epitaxy of SiGe/Si: A Model System for the
Stranski-Krastanow Process. 99
5.2.1 Dot Evolution in a Close-to-Equilibrium Regime. 99
5.3 (In,Ga)As Quantum Dots on GaAs. 103
5.3.1 Shape, Size, Strain and Composition Gradient in InGaAs QD
Arrays. 103
5.3.2 Chemical Composition of (In,Ga)As QDs Determined by TEM . 107
5.3.3 Controlling 3D Ordering in (In,Ga)As QD Arrays through GaAs
Surface Orientation. 109
5.4 Ga(Sb,As) Quantum Dots on GaAs. 113
5.4.1 Structural Characterisation of Ga(Sb,As) QDs by High-
Resolution TEM Imaging. 117
5.4.2 Chemical Characterisation of Ga(Sb,As) QDs by HAADF
STEM Imaging. 118
References. 119
6 The Atomic Structure of Quantum Dots
Mario Ddhne, Holger Eisele and Karl Jacobi. 123
6.1 Introduction. 123
6.2 Experimental Details. 124
6.3 STM Studies of InAs Quantum Dots on the Growth Surface. 124
6.4 XSTM Studies of Buried Nanostructures. 127
6.4.1 InAs Quantum Dots. 127
6.4.2 InGaAs Quantum Dots. 131
6.4.3 GaSb Quantum Dots. 134
6.5 Conclusion. 135
References. 136
7 Theory of Excitons in InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots
Andrei Schliwa and Momme Winkelnkemper. 139
7.1 Introduction. 139
7.2 Interrelation of QD-Structure, Strain and Piezoelectricity, and Coulomb
Interaction . 140
7.2.1 The Binding Energies of the Few Particle Complexes. 140
7.3 Method of Calculation . 143
7.3.1 Calculation of Strain. 144
xii Contents
7.3.2 Piezoelectricity and the Reduction of Lateral Symmetry. 145
7.3.3 Single Particle States . 147
7.3.4 Many-Particle States. 148
7.3.5 The Configuration Interaction Model. 148
7.3.6 Interband Spectra . 150
7.4 The Investigated Structures: Variation of Size, Shape and Composition . 150
7.5 The Impact of QD Size. 151
7.5.1 The Role of the Piezoelectric Field. 153
7.6 The Aspect Ratio. 155
7.6.1 Vertical Aspect Ratio. 155
7.6.2 Lateral Aspect Ratio. 157
7.7 Different Composition Profiles . 157
7.7.1 Inverted Cone-Like Composition Profile. 157
7.7.2 Annealed QDs. 159
7.7.3 InGaAs QDs with Uniform Composition. 159
7.8 Correlation vs. QD Size, Shape and Particle Type. 159
7.9 Conclusions. 162
References. 163
8 Phonons in Quantum Dots and Their Role in Exciton Dephasing
F. Grosse, E.A. Muljarov and R. Zimmermann. 165
8.1 Introduction. 165
8.2 Structural Properties of Semiconductor Nanostructures. 166
8.3 Theory of Acoustic Phonons in Quantum Dots. 166
8.3.1 Continuum Elasticity Model of Phonons. 167
8.3.2 Phonons in Quantum Dots. 170
8.4 Exciton-Acoustic Phonon Coupling in Quantum Dots. 171
8.5 Dephasing of the Exciton Polarization in Quantum Dots. 173
8.5.1 Single Exciton Level: Independent Boson Model. 174
8.5.2 Multilevel System: Real and Virtual Phonon-Assisted Transitions 176
8.5.3 Application to Coupled Quantum Dots. 182
8.6 Summary . 184
References. 185
9 Theory of the Optical Response of Single and Coupled Semiconductor
Quantum Dots
C. Weber, M. Richter, S. RitterandA. Knorr. 189
9.1 Introduction. 189
9.2 Theory. 190
9.2.1 Quantum Dot Model. 190
9.2.2 Hamiltonian. 191
9.2.3 Mathematical Formalisms. 193
9.3 Single Quantum Dot Response . 196
9.3.1 Linear Absorption Spectra and Quantum Optics. 196
9.3.2 Semiclassical Nonlinear Dynamics. 199
Contents xiii
9.4 Two Coupled Quantum Dots. 201
9.4.1 Absorption Spectra. 202
9.4.2 Excitation Transfer. 202
9.4.3 Rabi Oscillations. 203
9.4.4 Pump-Probe/Differential Transmission Spectra. 204
9.5 Multiple Quantum Dots . 205
9.5.1 Four-Wave-Mixing: Photon Echo in Quantum Dot Ensembles . 205
9.5.2 Absorption of Multiple Coupled Quantum Dots. 205
9.5.3 Energy Transfer of Multiple Coupled Quantum Dots. 206
9.6 Conclusion. 206
References. 207
10 Theory of Nonlinear Transport for Ensembles of Quantum Dots
G. Kiefilich, A. WackerandE. Scholl. 211
10.1 Introduction. 211
10.2 Coulomb Interaction within a Quantum Dot Layer. 211
10.3 Transport in Quantum Dot Stacks. 213
10.4 Current Fluctuations and Shot Noise. 214
10.5 Full Counting Statistics and Decoherence in Coupled Quantum Dots_ 216
10.6 Conclusion. 218
References. 219
11 Quantum Dots for Memories
M. Geller and A. Marent.221
11.1 Introduction. 221
11.2 Semiconductor Memories. 222
11.2.1 Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM). 222
11.2.2 Nonvolatile Semiconductor Memories (Flash). 223
11.2.3 A QD-based Memory Cell. 224
11.3 Charge Carrier Storage in Quantum Dots. 226
11.3.1 Experimental Technique. 226
11.3.2 Carrier Storage in InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots. 228
11.3.3 Hole Storage in GaSb/GaAs Quantum Dots. 229
11.3.4 InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots with Additional AlGaAs Barrier. 230
11.4 Conclusion and Outlook. 233
References. 235
12 Visible-Bandgap II-VI Quantum Dot Heterostructures
Ilya Akimov, Joachim Puls, Michael Rabe and Fritz Henneberger. 237
12.1 Introduction. 237
12.2 Epitaxial Growth. 238
12.3 Few-Particles States and Their Fine Structure. 241
12.3.1 Excitons and Biexcitons. 241
12.3.2 Trions in Charged Quantum Dots. 243
xiv Contents
12.4 Coherent Control of the Exciton-Biexciton System . 245
12.5 Spin Relaxation of Excitons, Holes, and Electrons. 247
12.5.1 Exciton Quantum Coherence. 247
12.5.2 Hole Spin Lifetime. 248
12.5.3 Spin Dynamics of the Resident Electron . 249
12.6 Diluted Magnetic Quantum Dots. 251
References. 253
13 Narrow-Gap Nanostructures in Strong Magnetic Fields
T. Tran-Anh and M. Ortenberg.255
13.1 Introduction. 255
13.2 Materials: HgSe/HgSe:Fe. 256
13.3 Fabrication of HgSe/HgSe:Fe Nanostructures. 256
13.3.1 Quantum Wells. 257
13.3.2 Roof-Ridge Quantum Wires . 258
13.3.3 Quantum Dots. 259
13.4 Electronic Characterization of the HgSe/HgSe:Fe Nano-Structures in
Strong Magnetic Fields. 262
13.4.1 High-Field Magneto Transport . 262
13.4.2 Infrared Magneto-Resonance Spectroscopy. 263
13.5 Summary . 267
References. 267
14 Optical Properties of HI—V Quantum Dots
Udo W. Pohl, Sven Rodt and Axel Hoffmann.269
14.1 Introduction. 269
14.2 Confined States and Many-Particle Effects. 270
14.2.1 Renormalization. 270
14.2.2 Phonon Interaction. 274
14.2.3 Electronic Tuning by Strain Engineering. 276
14.2.4 Multimodal InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots . 278
14.3 Single InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots. 281
14.3.1 Spectral Diffusion. 281
14.3.2 Size-Dependent Anisotropic Exchange Interaction. 282
14.3.3 Binding Energies of Excitonic Complexes. 285
14.3.4 Data Storage Using Confined Trions. 286
14.3.5 Electronic Tuning by Annealing. 287
14.4 Optical Properties of InGaN/GaN Quantum Dots. 288
14.4.1 Time-Resolved Studies on Quantum Dot Ensembles. 289
14.4.2 Single-Dot Spectroscopy. 292
14.5 Summary . 296
References. 298
Contents xv
15 Ultrafast Coherent Spectroscopy of Single Semiconductor Quantum
Dots
Christoph Lienau and Thomas Ehaesser. 301
15.1 Introduction. 301
15.2 Interface Quantum Dots. 303
15.3 Coherent Spectroscopy of Interface Quantum Dots: Experimental
Technique. 305
15.4 Coherent Control in Single Interface Quantum Dots. 308
15.4.1 Ultrafast Optical Nonlinearities of Single Interface Quantum Dots 308
15.4.2 Rabi Oscillations in a Quantum Dot. 312
15.4.3 Optical Stark Effect: Ultrafast Control of Single Exciton
Polarizations. 315
15.5 Coupling Two Quantum Dots via the Dipole-Dipole Interaction. 319
15.6 Summary and Conclusions. 323
References. 325
16 Single-Photon Generation from Single Quantum Dots
Matthias Scholz, Thomas Aichele and Oliver Benson. 329
16.1 Introduction. 329
16.2 Single Quantum Dots as Single-Photon Emitters. 331
16.2.1 Photon Statistics of Single-Photon Emitters. 331
16.2.2 Micro-Photoluminescence. 332
16.2.3 Single Photons from InP Quantum Dots. 333
16.3 Multiphoton Emission from Single Quantum Dots. 334
16.4 Realization of the Ultimate Limit of a Light Emitting Diode. 339
16.5 Applications in Quantum Information Processing. 343
16.5.1 Quantum Key Distribution. 343
16.5.2 Quantum Computing . 344
16.6 Outlook. 346
References. 347
Index. 351 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:24:03Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:17:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540778981 9783642096730 3540778985 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XXI, 357 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2008 |
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| series2 | NanoScience and technology |
| spelling | Semiconductor nanostructures Dieter Bimberg (Ed.) Berlin Springer 2008 XXI, 357 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NanoScience and technology Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Points quantiques ram Semiconducteurs ram Systèmes mésoscopiques ram Nanostructures Semiconductor nanocrystals Semiconductor nanoparticles Semiconductors Nanostruktur (DE-588)4204530-7 gnd rswk-swf Halbleiter (DE-588)4022993-2 gnd rswk-swf Quantenpunkt (DE-588)4263396-5 gnd rswk-swf Halbleiter (DE-588)4022993-2 s Nanostruktur (DE-588)4204530-7 s DE-604 Quantenpunkt (DE-588)4263396-5 s Bimberg, Dieter 1942- (DE-588)108031071 edt HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016584615&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Semiconductor nanostructures Points quantiques ram Semiconducteurs ram Systèmes mésoscopiques ram Nanostructures Semiconductor nanocrystals Semiconductor nanoparticles Semiconductors Nanostruktur (DE-588)4204530-7 gnd Halbleiter (DE-588)4022993-2 gnd Quantenpunkt (DE-588)4263396-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4204530-7 (DE-588)4022993-2 (DE-588)4263396-5 |
| title | Semiconductor nanostructures |
| title_auth | Semiconductor nanostructures |
| title_exact_search | Semiconductor nanostructures |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Semiconductor nanostructures |
| title_full | Semiconductor nanostructures Dieter Bimberg (Ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Semiconductor nanostructures Dieter Bimberg (Ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Semiconductor nanostructures Dieter Bimberg (Ed.) |
| title_short | Semiconductor nanostructures |
| title_sort | semiconductor nanostructures |
| topic | Points quantiques ram Semiconducteurs ram Systèmes mésoscopiques ram Nanostructures Semiconductor nanocrystals Semiconductor nanoparticles Semiconductors Nanostruktur (DE-588)4204530-7 gnd Halbleiter (DE-588)4022993-2 gnd Quantenpunkt (DE-588)4263396-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Points quantiques Semiconducteurs Systèmes mésoscopiques Nanostructures Semiconductor nanocrystals Semiconductor nanoparticles Semiconductors Nanostruktur Halbleiter Quantenpunkt |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016584615&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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