Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005: aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne
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Opole
Fundacja Nauki i Kultury na Śląsku
2007
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005 |b aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne |c Marta Rostropowicz-Miśko |
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| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1989-2005 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
.........................................................7
Rozdziali. Migracje w świetle ujęć teoretycznych
......................9
1.1.
Podstawowe definicje i pojęcia
..................................11
1.2.
Rodzaje migracji i ich klasyfikacja
...............................13
1.3.
Czynniki migracji
............................................19
1.4.
Teorie migracji
..............................................21
Rozdział
2.
Sytuacja demograficzna społeczeństwa Śląska Opolskiego
w świetle pochodzenia regionalnego ludności wiatach
1950-2002......31
2.1.
Sytuacja społeczno-polityczna ludności Śląska po
II
wojnie światowej
... 36
2.2.
Sytuacja demograficzna ludności Śląska Opolskiego
wiatach
1950-2002..........................................43
2.2.1.
Sytuacja demograficzna w województwie opolskim w okresie
powojennym
...........................................43
2.2.2.
Rozwój ludności Śląska Opolskiego w latach
1950-2002
według pochodzenia regionalnego i etnicznego
................47
2.3.
Podsumowanie
..............................................75
Rozdział
3.
Rozmiary emigracji i struktura społeczno-demograficzna
emigrantów stałych i czasowych z województwa opolskiego
w układzie przestrzennym w latach
1950-2003......... ............77
3.1.
Rozmiary i struktura emigracji stałej z województwa opolskiego
wiatach
1979-1987..........................................82
3.1.1.
Struktura emigrantów według wieku i płci
....................82
3.1.2.
Struktura emigrantów według źródeł utrzymania
...............93
3.1.3.
Struktura emigrantów według poziomu wykształcenia
...........97
3.2.
Rozmiary i struktura migracji stałych i czasowych
z województwa opolskiego w latach
1988-2003 ...................101
3.3.
Migracje zagraniczne z województwa opolskiego w świetle
Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego
2002
r
.........................116
3.4.
Fazy migracji zagranicznych
..................................122
3.4.1.
Faza wysiedleń
........................................123
3.4.2.
Faza łączenia rodzin
....................................123
6
Spis
tresei
3.4.3.
Faza
emigracji o różnorodnych czynnikach (etnicznych,
politycznych, społecznych)
..............................124
3.4.4.
Faza migracji o podłożu ekonomicznym
.....................130
3.5.
Podsumowanie
.............................................132
Rozdział
4.
Wpływ migracji zagranicznych na lokalne rynki pracy
Śląska Opolskiego wiatach
1992-2004..........................135
4.1.
Bezrobocie na lokalnych rynkach pracy w latach
1992-2004..........136
4.2.
Struktura bezrobotnych w województwie opolskim w
2002
r
..........145
4.3.
Bezrobocie a migracje zarobkowe z województwa opolskiego
po przystąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej
......................149
4.4.
Podsumowanie
.............................................154
Rozdział
5.
Społeczno-ekonomiczne skutki migracji do Niemiec
w świetle własnych badań empirycznych
.........................155
5.1.
Charakterystyka społeczno-demograficzna badanych gmin
...........155
5.2.
Metodologia badań
..........................................158
5.3.
Struktura społeczno-demograficzna migrantów z indywidualnych
badań ankietowych
.........................................159
5.3.1.
Wiek i płeć migrantów
..................................159
5.3.2.
Stan cywilny i rodzina
...................................162
5.3.3.
Poziom wykształcenia migrantów
.........................163
5.3.4.
Znajomość języka niemieckiego
...........................163
5.4.
Sytuacja społeczno-ekonomiczna migrantów w świetle badań
własnych
.................................................165
5.4.1.
Zagadnienia ogólne
.....................................165
5.4.2.
Zagadnienia szczegółowe
................................169
5.4.3.
Stosunek badanych i ichrodzin do migracji
..................184
Zakończenie
..................................................193
Aneks
........................................................201
Summary
.....................................................207
Resume
.......................................................213
Literatura
.....................................................219
Migrations
of the
Opole
Silesia Population
to Germany in the Years
1989-2005
Demographic, Social and Economic Aspects
Migrations of the
Opole
Silesia Population taking place incessantly from the
middle of 19the century resulted from historical conditions, traditions and nume¬
rous family connections with Germany. Over the decades both the basis of this
phenomenon and its intensity was changing. However, the greatest influence on
the course of migrational processes exerted the World War II, and afterwards,
after the war had finished, the annexation of Silesia to Poland. In the concequence
of new political situation followed a mass-migration of local population to Ger¬
many. And it was just the moment from whitch we can recognize migrations
abroad of Silesian population as a permament phenomenon taking place in
Opole
Silesia.
The intensive migrational movements were conditioned (and still are) by
different factors resulting from international, social, political and economic situa¬
tion. After the World War II there took place mass-displacements of the German
population from Polish territories. In the fifties the migration of the population
from Silesia was connected mainly witch the socalled action of family reunion.
Towards the end of the
60s
appeared a tide of emigration of political character.
The seventies brought an increase in emigration to Germany, in particular, a tem¬
porary migration. In
1981,
afther the state of war had been introduced, a mass-flight
abroad took place, very often in illegal way. The turning-point was a regulation of
free
acces
to passports of Polish citizens, which came into force in
1989.
Since
that time every citizen had possibility to freely move abroad and to return.
In the
90s
very popular among the local people became migrations of eco-
momic character. Here famiy and neighbourly connetions with Silesian emigrants
living in Germany were of great importance. They gave facilities for finding
employment abroad. The fact that a lot of Silesians held dual citizenship: Polish
and German, made it possible to find a legal mployment. This was just a period in
which appeared a real exodus of Silesian people to the Western Europe.
The total number of emigrants who left
Opole
Silesia for good in the years
1950-2003
amounts to
217
thousand people. The number of temporary emigrants
208
Summary
from
Opole
voivodeship staying more than
2
months abroad looks as follows: in
1988 - 53 020,
in
1995 - 77 341,
and in
2002
this number amounted tolO
5246
people, which made almost
10,0%
of the inhabitants of this region. Such great
proportions of migration cannot remain without influence upon a demographic,
social and economic situation of
Opole
Silesia.
As a result of historical conditions (displacement of the local population and
settlement of foreign people from the East), the
Opole
voivodeship is inhabited by
varied population in respect of regional origin. The central-eastern part is inha¬
bited by autochthonous people, and the remaining parts are inhabited by people
who came from the East. Among both groups of population all demographic
processes have passed in a different manner. The socioeconomic situation of both
groups is also different. These differences intensify due to the mass-migration of
Silesian population. And just in such a formulation showing differences between
both groups of population the present paper has been written.
The sociodemographic situation of Silesian population looks extremely unfa¬
vourable. As early as in the post-war period the development of this population
was much slower than the one of people who arrived at
Opole
Silesia from the
East. At that time distinct differences appeared manifesting themselves in the high
majority of women among the autochthonous population, a considerable number
of people aged over sixty and in much lower birth-rate, which in
1950
was about
three times as low as the birth-rate of immigrants.
The aforementioned predispositions and numerous migrations abroad had
a bearing on this unfavourable demographic situation of the Silesian population.
The main sociodemographic problems of contemporary
Opole
Silesia are, among
others, following: a drop in the number of birth, a drop in birth-rate, a drop in the
number of marriages contracted, fluctuation of demographic explosions and de¬
pressions, a rise in the number of incomplete families, a rise in the number of pe¬
ople aged
65
years and more, a considerable majority of women (in many villages
the number of women falling to
100
men ranges from
150
to
180).
The mass-migrations of Silesian population from the
Opole
voivodeship to the
West make the above mentioned problems much deeper. They bring about a rise
of irreversible biological losses in human resourses, they cause depopulation of
villages.
In numerous villages inhabited by the Silesian population the proportions of
emigration outnumber the birth-rate, which in turn results in the formation of
numerous demographic deformations. For the most part young people aged
20-44
emigrate abroad. In
2002
the number of emigrants of this age staying temporarily
(over
2
months) abroad amounted to about
63
thousand including over
31,3
thousand men and
31,7
thousand women.
The situation of Silesian family looks exstremely unfavourable. Due to the
so-called wage-earning migrations a lot of families live in separation with their
Summary
209
own families and closest
fřiendus,
which exerts a negative influence not only upon
the durability of their relationships but also on children who are educated in
„migrational families. It is beyond dispute that these families derive financial
profits and material means from the work done abroad by one of their members
(mostly by the husband or father), but at the same time they bear moral and social
costs resulting from a long-lasting separation.
The economic consequences of migrations abroad from the view-point of
emigrants and their families are undoubtedly positive. It can be observed mainly
in improvement of the quality of family life. In the light of my investigations the
main motive of wage-earning emigrations for
59,0%
of emigrants, who have been
examined in these investigations, are higher wages. The investigations have
indicated that the majority of emigrants spend a part of their money earned on
consumption: purchase of food, clothes and shoes, repairs or building houses and
maintenance of flats.
In the last years we can also observe a clear progressing process of ageing the
society. The number of people aged
65
and more have increased as much as by
45,0%
in comparison with the year
1988
and amounted to about
131
thousand in
2002.
Prognoses forecast that up to the year
2020
there will be a considerable rise
in the number of people aged
60
and more with a little participation of young
people in the total population. The problem of health and social care will arise for
those people. Indeed, it becomes evident nowadays that in near future self-go¬
vernments will have to take this problem into consideration while planning their
social policy.
Migrations abroad have also a great influence upon the situation on labour
market. Here one should consider them estimating their positive and negative
consequences. There is no doubt that wage-earning migrations distinctly reduce
unemployment on the local labour markets. The comparative analysis of unem¬
ployment rates carried out in time and in space can demonstrate it. In villages in¬
habited by the Silesian population the unemployment was and still is much lower
(about
10,0%)
than in the remaining regions of the
Opole
voivodeship. Surely it is
one of the most favourable aspects of the phenomenon resulting from wage-ear¬
ning migrations. However, there appears a problem of the outflow of qualified
personnel abroad. The greatest shortage of labour force can be observed in pro¬
fessions connected with the building trade. These are emigrants working abroad
in the building trade that made the most nmerous group
(70,0%)
examined in my
investigations. It may be well to add that as aerly as in
1988
in the najority of
Silesian villages the participation of temporary emigrants in their working (pro¬
duction) age in the total labour resources amounted from
10,0
to
20,0%.
As a result of high migration, there is a total lack of skilled workers carrying on
professions connected with building on some local labour markets of the
Opole
14 —
210
Summary
voivodeship. It is also distressing that the number of persons with higher
education is growing. In the light of the census of
2002
the number of temporay
emigrants with higher education has grown up to
3729
while the number of those
with secondary and post-secondary education has grown up to
17 650.
It is worthy
of notice that the level of education among the inhabitants of the
Opole
voivo¬
deship in
2002
was much higher than in
1988.
In this period the number of people
with higher education has grown by
32,5
thousand (from
40,4
thousand in
1988
to
73
thousand in
2002)
and by
75
thousand persons with secondary education (from
177,6
thousand in 1988to
252
thousand in
2002)
with the simultaneous drop in the
number of persons with elementary education. Thus, a positive direction of chan¬
ges followed in the domain of education acquired by the
Opole
Silesia inhabitants.
However, it does not find a reflexion in the rise in employment of the persons with
higher education.
Thus migrations abroad contribute a lot to a quantitative and qualitative drop in
the supply of labour force on the local labour markets. One should also keep it
mind that costs of educating skilled personnel are not refunded in the situation
when they do work abroad. One can speak simply about a waste of human capital
in the situation when the Silesians employed in foreign countries do work below
their qualifications. It is worthy of notice that, in spite of the fact that the level of
education of the
Opole
Silesia population has grown considerably, the Silesian
youth, however, choose education in vocational schools in order to aquire a de¬
finite profession and emigrate to the West. Distinct proportions existing in the le¬
vel and living conditions of local communities do not remain without influence on
the whole society of
Opole
voivodeship, which one can recognize as a divided
society. It results from many factors, but first of all one should place ethnic and
cultural differences of the local inhabitants. In the light of the census of
2002
95,4%
of the
Opole
Voivodeship inhabitants declared Polish citizenship, inclu¬
ding
80,6% -
Polish citizenship exlusively (the fewest in the whole country).
14,8%
of persons have dual citizenship (Polish or other), including
14,5% -
German citizenship.
81,6%
of the population declared Polish nationality,
12,5% -
non-Polish nationality. The declared nationality different from Polish is first of all
German
- 10,0%
and Silesian nationality
- 2,3%.
The data concerning the
language used by the populantion in family contacts indicate that
84,0%
of the
inhabitants use only the Polish language,
8,3%
speak German and
1,5%
use the
Silesian language (dialect). The above-mentioned three categories: citizenship,
nationality and the language used in family contacts distinctly separate two groups
of people: Polish and local. The next factor dividing the
Opole
voivodeship
inhabitants strictly connected with their citizenship is the possibility of taking up
employment abroad by the persons possessing the dual citizenship (Polish and
German). In turn, the wage-earning migrations of Silesian population contribute
Summary
211
to the improvement of living conditions of this group of people and their
economic situation, causing the afore-mentioned disproportions which can bring
about crises and social conflicts.
There is still a problem of future migrational processes in
Opole
Silesia. The
present trends of development of this phenomenon indicate that it tends to go on.
The high absorptive power of the western markets and terms of payment attract
the labour force. On the other hand, factors making people leave Silesia for
Germany
-
low wages and unemployment
-
are so strong that the wage-earning
migrations in the perspective of following years will be one of the most signficant
processes in
Opole
Silesia. Since the phenomenon of wage-earning migrations
becomes durable and tends to develope, one should take up all possible activities
in order to reduce both losses resulting from excessive migrations for the region
and reduce those migrations, on the one hand and on the other, derive as great pro¬
fits as possible from them. In connection with that there is a need to lead a reasona¬
ble regional policy, which in my opinion would include the following activities:
-
appointment of the Voivode s representative (proxy) for the matters of mi¬
grations;
-
establishment of regional centre of investigations on migrations, whose
tasks would be, among others, monitoring of the course and intensity of mi¬
grational processes in the spational arrangement of towns and villages;
-
establishment of the centre for supplying needs of emigrants (vocational
guidance, employment agency, protection of interests of employees wor¬
king abroad, establishing contacts and co-operation with foreign employers,
schools and colleges);
-
establishment of a bank attending to the emigrants needs (savings deposits,
granting easy credits for opening and developing an economic activity);
-
directing school programmes towards the needs of local and foreign labour
markets;
-
enlargement of education acquired abroad by students from the
Opole
voivodeship and educating foreign students by our local schools or colleges;
-
informing the youth about problems connected with migrations;
-
regulation of principles concerning the transportation of people to work
abroad;
-
creation of conditions inducing the emigrants being in their pensionable age
to return to
Opole
Silesia.
The increasing number of wage-earning emigrants, especially after the ope¬
ning of many labour markets for our citizens in connection with the access of
Poland to the European Union evokes the necessity of conducting a migrational
policy for the whole country. It should be necessary to use knowledge and
212
Summary
experience concerning the wage-earning migrations from the
Opole
voivodeship,
because the Poles inclinations to emigrate abroad are greater and greater and soon
other regions of Poland will meet the same problems as there are in
Opole
Silesia
at present.
Translated by
Stanisław Jędrzejowski
|
| adam_txt |
Spis
tresei
Wstęp
.7
Rozdziali. Migracje w świetle ujęć teoretycznych
.9
1.1.
Podstawowe definicje i pojęcia
.11
1.2.
Rodzaje migracji i ich klasyfikacja
.13
1.3.
Czynniki migracji
.19
1.4.
Teorie migracji
.21
Rozdział
2.
Sytuacja demograficzna społeczeństwa Śląska Opolskiego
w świetle pochodzenia regionalnego ludności wiatach
1950-2002.31
2.1.
Sytuacja społeczno-polityczna ludności Śląska po
II
wojnie światowej
. 36
2.2.
Sytuacja demograficzna ludności Śląska Opolskiego
wiatach
1950-2002.43
2.2.1.
Sytuacja demograficzna w województwie opolskim w okresie
powojennym
.43
2.2.2.
Rozwój ludności Śląska Opolskiego w latach
1950-2002
według pochodzenia regionalnego i etnicznego
.47
2.3.
Podsumowanie
.75
Rozdział
3.
Rozmiary emigracji i struktura społeczno-demograficzna
emigrantów stałych i czasowych z województwa opolskiego
w układzie przestrzennym w latach
1950-2003.'.77
3.1.
Rozmiary i struktura emigracji stałej z województwa opolskiego
wiatach
1979-1987.82
3.1.1.
Struktura emigrantów według wieku i płci
.82
3.1.2.
Struktura emigrantów według źródeł utrzymania
.93
3.1.3.
Struktura emigrantów według poziomu wykształcenia
.97
3.2.
Rozmiary i struktura migracji stałych i czasowych
z województwa opolskiego w latach
1988-2003 .101
3.3.
Migracje zagraniczne z województwa opolskiego w świetle
Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego
2002
r
.116
3.4.
Fazy migracji zagranicznych
.122
3.4.1.
Faza wysiedleń
.123
3.4.2.
Faza łączenia rodzin
.123
6
Spis
tresei
3.4.3.
Faza
emigracji o różnorodnych czynnikach (etnicznych,
politycznych, społecznych)
.124
3.4.4.
Faza migracji o podłożu ekonomicznym
.130
3.5.
Podsumowanie
.132
Rozdział
4.
Wpływ migracji zagranicznych na lokalne rynki pracy
Śląska Opolskiego wiatach
1992-2004.135
4.1.
Bezrobocie na lokalnych rynkach pracy w latach
1992-2004.136
4.2.
Struktura bezrobotnych w województwie opolskim w
2002
r
.145
4.3.
Bezrobocie a migracje zarobkowe z województwa opolskiego
po przystąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej
.149
4.4.
Podsumowanie
.154
Rozdział
5.
Społeczno-ekonomiczne skutki migracji do Niemiec
w świetle własnych badań empirycznych
.155
5.1.
Charakterystyka społeczno-demograficzna badanych gmin
.155
5.2.
Metodologia badań
.158
5.3.
Struktura społeczno-demograficzna migrantów z indywidualnych
badań ankietowych
.159
5.3.1.
Wiek i płeć migrantów
.159
5.3.2.
Stan cywilny i rodzina
.162
5.3.3.
Poziom wykształcenia migrantów
.163
5.3.4.
Znajomość języka niemieckiego
.163
5.4.
Sytuacja społeczno-ekonomiczna migrantów w świetle badań
własnych
.165
5.4.1.
Zagadnienia ogólne
.165
5.4.2.
Zagadnienia szczegółowe
.169
5.4.3.
Stosunek badanych i ichrodzin do migracji
.184
Zakończenie
.193
Aneks
.201
Summary
.207
Resume
.213
Literatura
.219
Migrations
of the
Opole
Silesia Population
to Germany in the Years
1989-2005
Demographic, Social and Economic Aspects
Migrations of the
Opole
Silesia Population taking place incessantly from the
middle of 19the century resulted from historical conditions, traditions and nume¬
rous family connections with Germany. Over the decades both the basis of this
phenomenon and its intensity was changing. However, the greatest influence on
the course of migrational processes exerted the World War II, and afterwards,
after the war had finished, the annexation of Silesia to Poland. In the concequence
of new political situation followed a mass-migration of local population to Ger¬
many. And it was just the moment from whitch we can recognize migrations
abroad of Silesian population as a permament phenomenon taking place in
Opole
Silesia.
The intensive migrational movements were conditioned (and still are) by
different factors resulting from international, social, political and economic situa¬
tion. After the World War II there took place mass-displacements of the German
population from Polish territories. In the fifties the migration of the population
from Silesia was connected mainly witch the socalled action of family reunion.
Towards the end of the
60s
appeared a tide of emigration of political character.
The seventies brought an increase in emigration to Germany, in particular, a tem¬
porary migration. In
1981,
afther the state of war had been introduced, a mass-flight
abroad took place, very often in illegal way. The turning-point was a regulation of
free
acces
to passports of Polish citizens, which came into force in
1989.
Since
that time every citizen had possibility to freely move abroad and to return.
In the
90s
very popular among the local people became migrations of eco-
momic character. Here famiy and neighbourly connetions with Silesian emigrants
living in Germany were of great importance. They gave facilities for finding
employment abroad. The fact that a lot of Silesians held dual citizenship: Polish
and German, made it possible to find a legal mployment. This was just a period in
which appeared a real exodus of Silesian people to the Western Europe.
The total number of emigrants who left
Opole
Silesia for good in the years
1950-2003
amounts to
217
thousand people. The number of temporary emigrants
208
Summary
from
Opole
voivodeship staying more than
2
months abroad looks as follows: in
1988 - 53 020,
in
1995 - 77 341,
and in
2002
this number amounted tolO
5246
people, which made almost
10,0%
of the inhabitants of this region. Such great
proportions of migration cannot remain without influence upon a demographic,
social and economic situation of
Opole
Silesia.
As a result of historical conditions (displacement of the local population and
settlement of foreign people from the East), the
Opole
voivodeship is inhabited by
varied population in respect of regional origin. The central-eastern part is inha¬
bited by autochthonous people, and the remaining parts are inhabited by people
who came from the East. Among both groups of population all demographic
processes have passed in a different manner. The socioeconomic situation of both
groups is also different. These differences intensify due to the mass-migration of
Silesian population. And just in such a formulation showing differences between
both groups of population the present paper has been written.
The sociodemographic situation of Silesian population looks extremely unfa¬
vourable. As early as in the post-war period the development of this population
was much slower than the one of people who arrived at
Opole
Silesia from the
East. At that time distinct differences appeared manifesting themselves in the high
majority of women among the autochthonous population, a considerable number
of people aged over sixty and in much lower birth-rate, which in
1950
was about
three times as low as the birth-rate of immigrants.
The aforementioned predispositions and numerous migrations abroad had
a bearing on this unfavourable demographic situation of the Silesian population.
The main sociodemographic problems of contemporary
Opole
Silesia are, among
others, following: a drop in the number of birth, a drop in birth-rate, a drop in the
number of marriages contracted, fluctuation of demographic explosions and de¬
pressions, a rise in the number of incomplete families, a rise in the number of pe¬
ople aged
65
years and more, a considerable majority of women (in many villages
the number of women falling to
100
men ranges from
150
to
180).
The mass-migrations of Silesian population from the
Opole
voivodeship to the
West make the above mentioned problems much deeper. They bring about a rise
of irreversible biological losses in human resourses, they cause depopulation of
villages.
In numerous villages inhabited by the Silesian population the proportions of
emigration outnumber the birth-rate, which in turn results in the formation of
numerous demographic deformations. For the most part young people aged
20-44
emigrate abroad. In
2002
the number of emigrants of this age staying temporarily
(over
2
months) abroad amounted to about
63
thousand including over
31,3
thousand men and
31,7
thousand women.
The situation of Silesian family looks exstremely unfavourable. Due to the
so-called wage-earning migrations a lot of families live in separation with their
Summary
209
own families and closest
fřiendus,
which exerts a negative influence not only upon
the durability of their relationships but also on children who are educated in
„migrational" families. It is beyond dispute that these families derive financial
profits and material means from the work done abroad by one of their members
(mostly by the husband or father), but at the same time they bear moral and social
costs resulting from a long-lasting separation.
The economic consequences of migrations abroad from the view-point of
emigrants and their families are undoubtedly positive. It can be observed mainly
in improvement of the quality of family life. In the light of my investigations the
main motive of wage-earning emigrations for
59,0%
of emigrants, who have been
examined in these investigations, are higher wages. The investigations have
indicated that the majority of emigrants spend a part of their money earned on
consumption: purchase of food, clothes and shoes, repairs or building houses and
maintenance of flats.
In the last years we can also observe a clear progressing process of ageing the
society. The number of people aged
65
and more have increased as much as by
45,0%
in comparison with the year
1988
and amounted to about
131
thousand in
2002.
Prognoses forecast that up to the year
2020
there will be a considerable rise
in the number of people aged
60
and more with a little participation of young
people in the total population. The problem of health and social care will arise for
those people. Indeed, it becomes evident nowadays that in near future self-go¬
vernments will have to take this problem into consideration while planning their
social policy.
Migrations abroad have also a great influence upon the situation on labour
market. Here one should consider them estimating their positive and negative
consequences. There is no doubt that wage-earning migrations distinctly reduce
unemployment on the local labour markets. The comparative analysis of unem¬
ployment rates carried out in time and in space can demonstrate it. In villages in¬
habited by the Silesian population the unemployment was and still is much lower
(about
10,0%)
than in the remaining regions of the
Opole
voivodeship. Surely it is
one of the most favourable aspects of the phenomenon resulting from wage-ear¬
ning migrations. However, there appears a problem of the outflow of qualified
personnel abroad. The greatest shortage of labour force can be observed in pro¬
fessions connected with the building trade. These are emigrants working abroad
in the building trade that made the most nmerous group
(70,0%)
examined in my
investigations. It may be well to add that as aerly as in
1988
in the najority of
Silesian villages the participation of temporary emigrants in their working (pro¬
duction) age in the total labour resources amounted from
10,0
to
20,0%.
As a result of high migration, there is a total lack of skilled workers carrying on
professions connected with building on some local labour markets of the
Opole
14 —
210
Summary
voivodeship. It is also distressing that the number of persons with higher
education is growing. In the light of the census of
2002
the number of temporay
emigrants with higher education has grown up to
3729
while the number of those
with secondary and post-secondary education has grown up to
17 650.
It is worthy
of notice that the level of education among the inhabitants of the
Opole
voivo¬
deship in
2002
was much higher than in
1988.
In this period the number of people
with higher education has grown by
32,5
thousand (from
40,4
thousand in
1988
to
73
thousand in
2002)
and by
75
thousand persons with secondary education (from
177,6
thousand in 1988to
252
thousand in
2002)
with the simultaneous drop in the
number of persons with elementary education. Thus, a positive direction of chan¬
ges followed in the domain of education acquired by the
Opole
Silesia inhabitants.
However, it does not find a reflexion in the rise in employment of the persons with
higher education.
Thus migrations abroad contribute a lot to a quantitative and qualitative drop in
the supply of labour force on the local labour markets. One should also keep it
mind that costs of educating skilled personnel are not refunded in the situation
when they do work abroad. One can speak simply about a waste of human capital
in the situation when the Silesians employed in foreign countries do work below
their qualifications. It is worthy of notice that, in spite of the fact that the level of
education of the
Opole
Silesia population has grown considerably, the Silesian
youth, however, choose education in vocational schools in order to aquire a de¬
finite profession and emigrate to the West. Distinct proportions existing in the le¬
vel and living conditions of local communities do not remain without influence on
the whole society of
Opole
voivodeship, which one can recognize as a divided
society. It results from many factors, but first of all one should place ethnic and
cultural differences of the local inhabitants. In the light of the census of
2002
95,4%
of the
Opole
Voivodeship inhabitants declared Polish citizenship, inclu¬
ding
80,6% -
Polish citizenship exlusively (the fewest in the whole country).
14,8%
of persons have dual citizenship (Polish or other), including
14,5% -
German citizenship.
81,6%
of the population declared Polish nationality,
12,5% -
non-Polish nationality. The declared nationality different from Polish is first of all
German
- 10,0%
and Silesian nationality
- 2,3%.
The data concerning the
language used by the populantion in family contacts indicate that
84,0%
of the
inhabitants use only the Polish language,
8,3%
speak German and
1,5%
use the
Silesian language (dialect). The above-mentioned three categories: citizenship,
nationality and the language used in family contacts distinctly separate two groups
of people: Polish and local. The next factor dividing the
Opole
voivodeship
inhabitants strictly connected with their citizenship is the possibility of taking up
employment abroad by the persons possessing the dual citizenship (Polish and
German). In turn, the wage-earning migrations of Silesian population contribute
Summary
211
to the improvement of living conditions of this group of people and their
economic situation, causing the afore-mentioned disproportions which can bring
about crises and social conflicts.
There is still a problem of future migrational processes in
Opole
Silesia. The
present trends of development of this phenomenon indicate that it tends to go on.
The high absorptive power of the western markets and terms of payment attract
the labour force. On the other hand, factors making people leave Silesia for
Germany
-
low wages and unemployment
-
are so strong that the wage-earning
migrations in the perspective of following years will be one of the most signficant
processes in
Opole
Silesia. Since the phenomenon of wage-earning migrations
becomes durable and tends to develope, one should take up all possible activities
in order to reduce both losses resulting from excessive migrations for the region
and reduce those migrations, on the one hand and on the other, derive as great pro¬
fits as possible from them. In connection with that there is a need to lead a reasona¬
ble regional policy, which in my opinion would include the following activities:
-
appointment of the Voivode's representative (proxy) for the matters of mi¬
grations;
-
establishment of regional centre of investigations on migrations, whose
tasks would be, among others, monitoring of the course and intensity of mi¬
grational processes in the spational arrangement of towns and villages;
-
establishment of the centre for supplying needs of emigrants (vocational
guidance, employment agency, protection of interests of employees wor¬
king abroad, establishing contacts and co-operation with foreign employers,
schools and colleges);
-
establishment of a bank attending to the emigrants' needs (savings deposits,
granting easy credits for opening and developing an economic activity);
-
directing school programmes towards the needs of local and foreign labour
markets;
-
enlargement of education acquired abroad by students from the
Opole
voivodeship and educating foreign students by our local schools or colleges;
-
informing the youth about problems connected with migrations;
-
regulation of principles concerning the transportation of people to work
abroad;
-
creation of conditions inducing the emigrants being in their pensionable age
to return to
Opole
Silesia.
The increasing number of wage-earning emigrants, especially after the ope¬
ning of many labour markets for our citizens in connection with the access of
Poland to the European Union evokes the necessity of conducting a migrational
policy for the whole country. It should be necessary to use knowledge and
212
Summary
experience concerning the wage-earning migrations from the
Opole
voivodeship,
because the Poles' inclinations to emigrate abroad are greater and greater and soon
other regions of Poland will meet the same problems as there are in
Opole
Silesia
at present.
Translated by
Stanisław Jędrzejowski |
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| author | Rostropowicz-Miśko, Marta |
| author_facet | Rostropowicz-Miśko, Marta |
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| contents | Bibliogr. S. 219 - 230 |
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| id | DE-604.BV023387157 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:18:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:17:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788391754610 |
| language | Polish |
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| spelling | Rostropowicz-Miśko, Marta Verfasser aut Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005 aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne Marta Rostropowicz-Miśko Opole Fundacja Nauki i Kultury na Śląsku 2007 230 S. Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliogr. S. 219 - 230 Geschichte 1989-2005 gnd rswk-swf Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Woiwodschaft Oppeln (DE-588)4116770-3 gnd rswk-swf Woiwodschaft Oppeln (DE-588)4116770-3 g Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 s Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Geschichte 1989-2005 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016570163&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016570163&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Rostropowicz-Miśko, Marta Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005 aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne Bibliogr. S. 219 - 230 Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003920-1 (DE-588)4011882-4 (DE-588)4116770-3 |
| title | Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005 aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne |
| title_auth | Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005 aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne |
| title_exact_search | Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005 aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005 aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne |
| title_full | Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005 aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne Marta Rostropowicz-Miśko |
| title_fullStr | Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005 aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne Marta Rostropowicz-Miśko |
| title_full_unstemmed | Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005 aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne Marta Rostropowicz-Miśko |
| title_short | Migracje ludności ze Śląska Opolskiego do Niemiec w latach 1989 - 2005 |
| title_sort | migracje ludnosci ze slaska opolskiego do niemiec w latach 1989 2005 aspekty demograficzne spoleczne i ekonomiczne |
| title_sub | aspekty demograficzne, społeczne i ekonomiczne |
| topic | Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Auswanderung Deutschland Woiwodschaft Oppeln |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016570163&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016570163&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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