Environmental health and child survival: epidemiology, economics, experiences
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
<<The>> World Bank
2008
|
Schriftenreihe: | Environment and development
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XIII, 209 S. graph. Darst. |
Internformat
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental health and child survival |b epidemiology, economics, experiences |
264 | 1 | |a Washington, DC |b <<The>> World Bank |c 2008 | |
300 | |a XIII, 209 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 0 | |a Environment and development | |
650 | 4 | |a Environmentally induced diseases in children / Developing countries | |
650 | 4 | |a Malnutrition in children / Developing countries | |
650 | 4 | |a Child, Preschool | |
650 | 4 | |a Environmental Health | |
650 | 4 | |a Cost of Illness | |
650 | 4 | |a Developing Countries | |
650 | 4 | |a Disorders of Environmental Origin | |
650 | 4 | |a Malnutrition | |
650 | 4 | |a Hygiène du milieu - Pays en voie de développement | |
650 | 4 | |a Maladies de l'environnement chez l'enfant - Pays en voie de développement | |
650 | 4 | |a Malnutrition chez l'enfant - Pays en voie de développement | |
650 | 4 | |a Entwicklungsländer | |
650 | 4 | |a Child, Preschool | |
650 | 4 | |a Cost of Illness | |
650 | 4 | |a Developing Countries | |
650 | 4 | |a Environmental Health | |
650 | 4 | |a Environmentally induced diseases in children |z Developing countries | |
650 | 4 | |a Malnutrition | |
650 | 4 | |a Malnutrition in children |z Developing countries | |
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adam_text | CONTENTS
xi Acknowledgments
xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms
CHAPTER 1
1 Introduction
4 Objectives
5 Audience
5 A Primer on Environmental Health
6 A Primer on Malnutrition
7 Content and Organization
PART I
15 Epidemioloqy
CHAPTER 2
17 Environmental Health, Malnutrition, and Child Health
18 Environmental Factors, Exposure, and Transmission Pathways
19 Vicious Cycle of Infections and Malnutrition
23 Environmental Role in Early Childhood Health
28 Averting Cognition and Learning Impacts
30 Key Messages
30 Note
CHAPTER 3
31 How Environmental Health Supplements Other
Child Survival Strategies
32 Adding Value to Health Systems
38 Adapting Environmental Management Programs
39 Adjusting Infrastructure Strategies
43 Key Messages
43 Notes
PART II
45 Economics
CHAPTER 4
47 How Large Is the Environmental Health Burden?
48 Burden of Disease
51 Environmental Health Burdens
58 Areas for Future Research
v
Vi CONTENTS
59 Key Messages
59 Notes
CHAPTER 5
61 Estimating the Environmental Health Burden and
Costs at the Country Level
61 Existing Practice in Environmental Health Valuation
62 Building New Estimates for Environmental Health Costs
64 Case Studies of Ghana and Pakistan
66 Results for Ghana and Pakistan
77 Conclusion
79 Next Steps
81 Key Messages
81 Notes
P A R T I I I
83 Experiences
CHAPTER 6
85 Approaches to Environmental Health
86 History of Environmental Health
88 Agenda Falling through the Cracks
90 Environmental Health Experiences in Developing Countries
97 Understanding the Enabling Environment
100 Governance and Institutional Implications
104 Institutional Requirements for Successful Environmental
Health Governance
109 A Critical Moment
109 Key Messages
110 Note
CHAPTER 7
111 Conclusion
111 Contributions of This Report
113 Next Steps
Appendixes
117 APPENDIX A: Technical Review of Cohort Studies
117 Background
118 Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
118 Findings and Discussion
122 Experimental Evidence from Deworming
123 Conclusions
125 Notes
141 APPENDIX B: Review of Studies on Nutritional
Status and Education
145 Diarrhea and Education
CONTENTS Vli
145 Conclusions
146 Note
147 APPENDIX C: New Estimates for Burden of Disease from Water,
Sanitation, and Hygiene
151 APPENDIX D: Computing Country-Level Environmental Health
Burden of Disease
151 Mortality
160 Education
170 Notes
173 APPENDIX E: Methodological Aspects of Assessing Environmental
Health Burden of Disease
173 From Relative Risks to Attributable Fractions
176 Dealing with Biased Estimates of Relative Risk
177 Notes
179 APPENDIX F: Monetary Valuation of the Cost of Environmental
Health Risks
181 Note
183 References
201 Index
Boxes
2 1.1 What Is Environmental Health?
22 2.1 Impact of Diarrhea on Child Malnutrition:
Evidence from Research
25 2.2 Overweight Mothers Carrying Underweight Children
50 4.1 Why 50 Percent? Supporting Evidence from
Recent Cohort Studies
54 4.2 Revisiting the Asian Enigma
56 4.3 The Mills-Reincke Phenomenon
65 5.1 Basic Indicators for Ghana and Pakistan
75 5.2 Attributable Fractions and Burden of Disease
When Multiple Risk Factors Are Present
80 5.3 How Policy-Makers Should Interpret These Results
87 6.1 Combating Disease through Improved Milk
92 6.2 Mexico: Multisectorality through a Diagonal Approach
93 6.3 Thailand s National Nutrition Program
95 6.4 Ethiopia: The Toilet Revolution
97 6.5 Vietnam s Dengue Program
101 6.6 Atrophy of Environmental Health Functions in India
102 6.7 Institutional Evolution of Environmental Health:
The Case of Ethiopia
Figures
19 2.1 The F-Diagram: Transmission Routes for Infection
20 2.2 Relationship between Nutrition and Infection
I
i
Viii CONTENTS
24 2.3 Environmental Health Inputs and Health Outcomes
in the Child s Life Cycle
27 2.4 The Window of Opportunity for Addressing Undernutrition
32 3.1 Range of Preventive Activities in Child Survival
52 4.1 The Health Effects of Environmental Risks Factors
53 4.2 Water-Related (WSH plus WRM) Burden of Disease in
Children under Five Attributable to Environmental Risk Factors
by WHO Region, 2002
55 4.3 Mills-Reincke Ratios for Subregions
63 5.1 Cost of Environmental Health Risks
70 5.2 Weight-for-Age Distribution of Children in Ghana and Pakistan
71 5.3 Two-Week Diarrheal Prevalence Rate by Age and Underweight
Status in Ghana and Pakistan
73 5.4 Underweight Malnutrition Rates in Children with and without
Diarrheal Infections in Ghana and Pakistan
74 5.5 Calculating Revised Estimates (Indirect and Direct Effects)
78 5.6 Final Results of Ghana and Pakistan Case Studies
152 D.I Summary of the Methodology
155 D.2 Exposure Categories
159 D.3 Exposure Categories, Population Shares, and Relative Risks
of ALRI in Ghana
Tables
3 1.1 Millennium Development Goals and Environmental Health
10 1.2 Annual Cost of Direct and Indirect Impact of Environmental
Risk Factors in 2005
18 2.1 Water-Related Transmission Routes and Disease Outcome
21 2.2 Impact of Infection on Nutritional Status
33 3.1 Role of Environmental Health in Supplementing Health
System Strategies
49 4.1 Environmental Risk Factors and Related Diseases Included in the
Comparative Risk Assessment
67 5.1 Environmentally Attributable Fractions of Child Mortality,
Keeping Malnutrition Unchanged
67 5.2 Estimated Mortality in Under-Five Children from Environmental
Risk Factors, 2005
68 5.3 Malnutrition Rates in Children under the Age of Five
70 5.4 Malnutrition-Attributable Fractions of Child Mortality
74 5.5 Environmentally Attributable Fractions and Child Mortality with
Malnutrition-Mediated Effects
76 5.6 Effects of Malnutrition on Education
79 5.7 Annual Cost of Direct and Indirect Effect of Environmental Risk
Factors in 2005
126 A.1 Cohort Follow-up Studies Relating Infectious Disease and
Nutritional Status of Children in Developing Countries
142 B.1 Studies of the Effects of Malnutrition on Educational Outcomes
CONTENTS ix
148 C.1 Burden of Disease (in DALYs) in Children under Five Years
Attributable to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, by World Health
Organization Subregions, 2002
152 D.I Causes of Death and Risk Factors Considered in this Study
154 D.2 Estimating the Cost of Environmental Health Risks: Information
Types and Sources
156 D.3 Relative Risks by Exposure Categories, Assuming Cox
Hazard Model
157 D.4 Weight Gain Retardation Factors by Age and z-Score
158 D.5 Weight for Age in Children under Five: Current Rates and
Estimated Rates in the Absence of Diarrheal Infections in Ghana
159 D.6 Estimated Mortality in Children under Five from Environmental
Risk Factors, Ghana
161 D.7 Estimated Annual Cost of Education Outcomes from Stunting
and Share from Environmental Factors in Ghana
162 D.8 Height Growth Retardation Factors by Age and z-Score
162 D.9 Height-for-Age Rates in Children under Five: Current Rates and
Estimated Rates in the Absence of Diarrheal Infections in Ghana
165 D.1O Parameter Values Applied in Estimation of Income Losses
167 D.11 Income Distribution across Malnutrition Categories and Wealth
Quintiles in Ghana
168 D.12 Annual Cost of Environmental Factors (Percentage of GDP in 2005),
Using 3 Percent Discount Rate
169 D.13 Annual Cost of Environmental Factors (Percentage of GDP in 2005),
Using 5 Percent Discount Rate
174 E.1 Environmental Risk Factors and Related Diseases Included
in the WHO Comparative Risk Assessment
t
|
adam_txt |
CONTENTS
xi Acknowledgments
xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms
CHAPTER 1
1 Introduction
4 Objectives
5 Audience
5 A Primer on Environmental Health
6 A Primer on Malnutrition
7 Content and Organization
PART I
15 Epidemioloqy
CHAPTER 2
17 Environmental Health, Malnutrition, and Child Health
18 Environmental Factors, Exposure, and Transmission Pathways
19 Vicious Cycle of Infections and Malnutrition
23 Environmental Role in Early Childhood Health
28 Averting Cognition and Learning Impacts
30 Key Messages
30 Note
CHAPTER 3
31 How Environmental Health Supplements Other
Child Survival Strategies
32 Adding Value to Health Systems
38 Adapting Environmental Management Programs
39 Adjusting Infrastructure Strategies
43 Key Messages
43 Notes
PART II
45 Economics
CHAPTER 4
47 How Large Is the Environmental Health Burden?
48 Burden of Disease
51 Environmental Health Burdens
58 Areas for Future Research
v
Vi CONTENTS
59 Key Messages
59 Notes
CHAPTER 5
61 Estimating the Environmental Health Burden and
Costs at the Country Level
61 Existing Practice in Environmental Health Valuation
62 Building New Estimates for Environmental Health Costs
64 Case Studies of Ghana and Pakistan
66 Results for Ghana and Pakistan
77 Conclusion
79 Next Steps
81 Key Messages
81 Notes
P A R T I I I
83 Experiences
CHAPTER 6
85 Approaches to Environmental Health
86 History of Environmental Health
88 Agenda Falling through the Cracks
90 Environmental Health Experiences in Developing Countries
97 Understanding the Enabling Environment
100 Governance and Institutional Implications
104 Institutional Requirements for Successful Environmental
Health Governance
109 A Critical Moment
109 Key Messages
110 Note
CHAPTER 7
111 Conclusion
111 Contributions of This Report
113 Next Steps
Appendixes
117 APPENDIX A: Technical Review of Cohort Studies
117 Background
118 Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
118 Findings and Discussion
122 Experimental Evidence from Deworming
123 Conclusions
125 Notes
141 APPENDIX B: Review of Studies on Nutritional
Status and Education
145 Diarrhea and Education
CONTENTS Vli
145 Conclusions
146 Note
147 APPENDIX C: New Estimates for Burden of Disease from Water,
Sanitation, and Hygiene
151 APPENDIX D: Computing Country-Level Environmental Health
Burden of Disease
151 Mortality
160 Education
170 Notes
173 APPENDIX E: Methodological Aspects of Assessing Environmental
Health Burden of Disease
173 From Relative Risks to Attributable Fractions
176 Dealing with Biased Estimates of Relative Risk
177 Notes
179 APPENDIX F: Monetary Valuation of the Cost of Environmental
Health Risks
181 Note
183 References
201 Index
Boxes
2 1.1 What Is Environmental Health?
22 2.1 Impact of Diarrhea on Child Malnutrition:
Evidence from Research
25 2.2 Overweight Mothers Carrying Underweight Children
50 4.1 Why 50 Percent? Supporting Evidence from
Recent Cohort Studies
54 4.2 Revisiting the "Asian Enigma"
56 4.3 The Mills-Reincke Phenomenon
65 5.1 Basic Indicators for Ghana and Pakistan
75 5.2 Attributable Fractions and Burden of Disease
When Multiple Risk Factors Are Present
80 5.3 How Policy-Makers Should Interpret These Results
87 6.1 Combating Disease through Improved Milk
92 6.2 Mexico: Multisectorality through a Diagonal Approach
93 6.3 Thailand's National Nutrition Program
95 6.4 Ethiopia: The Toilet Revolution
97 6.5 Vietnam's Dengue Program
101 6.6 Atrophy of Environmental Health Functions in India
102 6.7 Institutional Evolution of Environmental Health:
The Case of Ethiopia
Figures
19 2.1 The F-Diagram: Transmission Routes for Infection
20 2.2 Relationship between Nutrition and Infection
I
i
Viii CONTENTS
24 2.3 Environmental Health Inputs and Health Outcomes
in the Child's Life Cycle
27 2.4 The Window of Opportunity for Addressing Undernutrition
32 3.1 Range of Preventive Activities in Child Survival
52 4.1 The Health Effects of Environmental Risks Factors
53 4.2 Water-Related (WSH plus WRM) Burden of Disease in
Children under Five Attributable to Environmental Risk Factors
by WHO Region, 2002
55 4.3 Mills-Reincke Ratios for Subregions
63 5.1 Cost of Environmental Health Risks
70 5.2 Weight-for-Age Distribution of Children in Ghana and Pakistan
71 5.3 Two-Week Diarrheal Prevalence Rate by Age and Underweight
Status in Ghana and Pakistan
73 5.4 Underweight Malnutrition Rates in Children with and without
Diarrheal Infections in Ghana and Pakistan
74 5.5 Calculating Revised Estimates (Indirect and Direct Effects)
78 5.6 Final Results of Ghana and Pakistan Case Studies
152 D.I Summary of the Methodology
155 D.2 Exposure Categories
159 D.3 Exposure Categories, Population Shares, and Relative Risks
of ALRI in Ghana
Tables
3 1.1 Millennium Development Goals and Environmental Health
10 1.2 Annual Cost of Direct and Indirect Impact of Environmental
Risk Factors in 2005
18 2.1 Water-Related Transmission Routes and Disease Outcome
21 2.2 Impact of Infection on Nutritional Status
33 3.1 Role of Environmental Health in Supplementing Health
System Strategies
49 4.1 Environmental Risk Factors and Related Diseases Included in the
Comparative Risk Assessment
67 5.1 Environmentally Attributable Fractions of Child Mortality,
Keeping Malnutrition Unchanged
67 5.2 Estimated Mortality in Under-Five Children from Environmental
Risk Factors, 2005
68 5.3 Malnutrition Rates in Children under the Age of Five
70 5.4 Malnutrition-Attributable Fractions of Child Mortality
74 5.5 Environmentally Attributable Fractions and Child Mortality with
Malnutrition-Mediated Effects
76 5.6 Effects of Malnutrition on Education
79 5.7 Annual Cost of Direct and Indirect Effect of Environmental Risk
Factors in 2005
126 A.1 Cohort Follow-up Studies Relating Infectious Disease and
Nutritional Status of Children in Developing Countries
142 B.1 Studies of the Effects of Malnutrition on Educational Outcomes
CONTENTS ix
148 C.1 Burden of Disease (in DALYs) in Children under Five Years
Attributable to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, by World Health
Organization Subregions, 2002
152 D.I Causes of Death and Risk Factors Considered in this Study
154 D.2 Estimating the Cost of Environmental Health Risks: Information
Types and Sources
156 D.3 Relative Risks by Exposure Categories, Assuming Cox
Hazard Model
157 D.4 Weight Gain Retardation Factors by Age and z-Score
158 D.5 Weight for Age in Children under Five: Current Rates and
Estimated Rates in the Absence of Diarrheal Infections in Ghana
159 D.6 Estimated Mortality in Children under Five from Environmental
Risk Factors, Ghana
161 D.7 Estimated Annual Cost of Education Outcomes from Stunting
and Share from Environmental Factors in Ghana
162 D.8 Height Growth Retardation Factors by Age and z-Score
162 D.9 Height-for-Age Rates in Children under Five: Current Rates and
Estimated Rates in the Absence of Diarrheal Infections in Ghana
165 D.1O Parameter Values Applied in Estimation of Income Losses
167 D.11 Income Distribution across Malnutrition Categories and Wealth
Quintiles in Ghana
168 D.12 Annual Cost of Environmental Factors (Percentage of GDP in 2005),
Using 3 Percent Discount Rate
169 D.13 Annual Cost of Environmental Factors (Percentage of GDP in 2005),
Using 5 Percent Discount Rate
174 E.1 Environmental Risk Factors and Related Diseases Included
in the WHO Comparative Risk Assessment
t |
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geographic | Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 gnd |
geographic_facet | Entwicklungsländer |
id | DE-604.BV023383865 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-02T21:17:25Z |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:17:22Z |
institution | BVB |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016566916 |
oclc_num | 228701353 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-20 |
owner_facet | DE-20 |
physical | XIII, 209 S. graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 2008 |
publishDateSearch | 2008 |
publishDateSort | 2008 |
publisher | <<The>> World Bank |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Environment and development |
spelling | Environmental health and child survival epidemiology, economics, experiences Washington, DC <<The>> World Bank 2008 XIII, 209 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environment and development Environmentally induced diseases in children / Developing countries Malnutrition in children / Developing countries Child, Preschool Environmental Health Cost of Illness Developing Countries Disorders of Environmental Origin Malnutrition Hygiène du milieu - Pays en voie de développement Maladies de l'environnement chez l'enfant - Pays en voie de développement Malnutrition chez l'enfant - Pays en voie de développement Entwicklungsländer Environmentally induced diseases in children Developing countries Malnutrition in children Developing countries Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd rswk-swf Unterernährung (DE-588)4138144-0 gnd rswk-swf Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd rswk-swf Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 gnd rswk-swf Unterernährung (DE-588)4138144-0 s Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 s Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 s Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 g DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016566916&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Environmental health and child survival epidemiology, economics, experiences Environmentally induced diseases in children / Developing countries Malnutrition in children / Developing countries Child, Preschool Environmental Health Cost of Illness Developing Countries Disorders of Environmental Origin Malnutrition Hygiène du milieu - Pays en voie de développement Maladies de l'environnement chez l'enfant - Pays en voie de développement Malnutrition chez l'enfant - Pays en voie de développement Entwicklungsländer Environmentally induced diseases in children Developing countries Malnutrition in children Developing countries Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd Unterernährung (DE-588)4138144-0 gnd Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4038270-9 (DE-588)4138144-0 (DE-588)4030550-8 (DE-588)4014954-7 |
title | Environmental health and child survival epidemiology, economics, experiences |
title_auth | Environmental health and child survival epidemiology, economics, experiences |
title_exact_search | Environmental health and child survival epidemiology, economics, experiences |
title_exact_search_txtP | Environmental health and child survival epidemiology, economics, experiences |
title_full | Environmental health and child survival epidemiology, economics, experiences |
title_fullStr | Environmental health and child survival epidemiology, economics, experiences |
title_full_unstemmed | Environmental health and child survival epidemiology, economics, experiences |
title_short | Environmental health and child survival |
title_sort | environmental health and child survival epidemiology economics experiences |
title_sub | epidemiology, economics, experiences |
topic | Environmentally induced diseases in children / Developing countries Malnutrition in children / Developing countries Child, Preschool Environmental Health Cost of Illness Developing Countries Disorders of Environmental Origin Malnutrition Hygiène du milieu - Pays en voie de développement Maladies de l'environnement chez l'enfant - Pays en voie de développement Malnutrition chez l'enfant - Pays en voie de développement Entwicklungsländer Environmentally induced diseases in children Developing countries Malnutrition in children Developing countries Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd Unterernährung (DE-588)4138144-0 gnd Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd |
topic_facet | Environmentally induced diseases in children / Developing countries Malnutrition in children / Developing countries Child, Preschool Environmental Health Cost of Illness Developing Countries Disorders of Environmental Origin Malnutrition Hygiène du milieu - Pays en voie de développement Maladies de l'environnement chez l'enfant - Pays en voie de développement Malnutrition chez l'enfant - Pays en voie de développement Entwicklungsländer Environmentally induced diseases in children Developing countries Malnutrition in children Developing countries Medizinische Versorgung Unterernährung Kind |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016566916&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |