Verfügbarkeit: Longevity :: THWS Bibkatalog

Longevity: the biology and demography of life span

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Carey, James R. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Princeton [u.a.] Princeton University Press 2003
Schlagworte:	Biologische aspecten Demografische aspecten Ouderdom Animals Longevity Bevölkerungsentwicklung Langlebigkeit
Online-Zugang:	Sample text Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references (p.[245]-270) and index
Beschreibung:	XXV, 278 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0691088489 0691088497

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents___________________________________ List of Figures xiii List of Tables xvii Preface and Acknowledgments xix Permissions xxiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. The Problem 1 1.2. The Epistemologicul Framework 2 1.2.1. Mortality and Aging as Fundamental Processes 2 1.2.2. Model Systems and Actuarial Patterns 3 1.3. Importance of Scale 3 1.3.1. Historical Background 3 1.3.2. Large-scale Medfly Life Tables 4 1.3.3. Experimental Principles 5 1.3.4. Overview of the Medfly Mortality Database 5 1.4. Overarching Themes 7 1.5. Organization of the Book 8 2. Operational Framework 10 2.1. Background 10 2.1.1. The Mediterranean Fruit Fly 10 2.1.2. Medfly as a Model Species 10 2.1.3. The Moscamed Mass-rearing Facility 11 2.2. Empirical Methods 11 2.2.1. Cages 11 2.2.2. Adult Rearing 12 2.2.3. General Experimental Procedure 13 2.3. Analytical Methods 13 2.3.1. The Life Table 13 2.3.2. Life Table Construction and Interpretation 14 2.3.3. Additional Life Table Parameters and Relationships 14 2.3.4. The Mortality Function and Its Importance 20 2.3.5. The Force of Mortality 21 2.3.6. Smoothing Age-specific Mortality Rates 22 2.3.7. The Gompertz Model 23 2.3.8. Below-threshold Mortality 23 2.3.9. Peak-aligned Averaging 24 2.4. Summary 25 VÜi CONTENTS 3. Mortality Deceleration 27 3.1. Background 27 3.2. Slowing of Mortality at Older Ages 28 3.3. Implications of Mortality Deceleration 33 3.4. Demographic Selection 34 3.4.1. Background and Concept 35 3.4.2. Explaining Mortality Patterns 35 3.4.3. Epistemological Concepts of Demographic Selection 37 3.5. Sex Differentials Ъ1 3.5.1. Background 38 3.5.2. Mortality Trajectories 39 3.5.3. Medfly Mortality in Solitary Confinement 42 3.5.4. Cohort Variability 42 3.5.5. Sex Mortality Crossover 42 3.5.6. A General Framework 49 3.6. Summary 51 4. Reproduction and Behavior 53 4.1. Reproduction and Longevity: Visualizing Linkages 53 4.1.1. Graphic Concept — Event History Diagrams 53 4.1.2. Application to Medfly Reproduction 54 4.1.3. Insights from Graphs 54 4.1.4. Implications 57 4.2. Relationship of Reproduction and Mortality 59 4.2.1. Empirical Framework 60 4.2.2. Basic Birth and Death Rates 60 4.2.3. Bimodal Distribution of Deaths for Infertile Females 64 4.2.4. Age Patterns of Lifetime Reproduction 65 4.2.5. Implications 68 4.3. Cost of Virginity 70 4.3.1. Operational Framework 70 4.3.2. Sex-specific Survival of Virgins 71 4.3.3. Mortality Crossovers 74 4.3.4. Implications 75 4.4. Supine Behavior — a Predictor of Time-to-death 77 4.4.1. Background 77 4.4.2. Empirical and Statistical Framework 78 4.4.3. Results 79 4.4.4. Implications 83 4.5. Summary 84 5. Mortality Dynamics of Density 86 5.1. Background 86 CONTENTS IX 5.2. Operational Framework 88 5.2.1. Types of Density Effects 88 5.2.2. Experimental Details 88 5.2.3. Age-Density Models 89 5.3. Mortality Dynamics 91 5.3.1. Density Effects on Survival and Life Expectancy 91 5.3.2. Effects of Initial Density on Mortality 93 5.3.3. Effects of Initial Density on Mortality Patterns 94 5.3.4. Correlation of Density and Mortality 97 5.3.5. Density Effects on Sex Survival Ratios 98 5.3.6. Equivalent Current Densities 101 5.3.7. Regression Model 104 5.4. Implications 107 5.4.1. Medfly Mortality Patterns at Older Ages 107 5.4.2. Density in Human Context 109 5.5. Summary 109 6. Dietary Effects 111 6.1. Early Mortality Surge in Protein-deprived Females 111 6.1.1. Reversal of Life-expectancy Sex Differential 112 6.1.2. Hazard Rates and Early Surge in Mortality 112 6.1.3. Vulnerable Periods 114 6.1.4. Implications and Conclusions 116 6.2. Female Sensitivity Underlies Sex Mortality Differential 118 6.2.1. Experimental Framework 118 6.2.2. Sex-specific Life Expectancy 119 6.2.3. Sex Differences in Mortality Trajectories 121 6.2.4. Mean Sex-mortality Trajectories 123 6.2.5. Relative Cost of Reproduction in Females 125 6.2.6. Implications 125 6.2.7. Conclusions 127 6.3. Mortality Oscillations Induced by Periodic Starvation 127 6.3.1. Experimental Framework 128 6.3.2. Statistical Summary 128 6.3.3. Treatment Effects on Longevity 130 6.3.4. Interactions 130 6.3.5. Within-cycle Distributions of Deaths 134 6.3.6. Mortality Patterns and Oscillations 135 6.3.7. Implications and Conclusions 140 6.4. Summary 142 7. Linkages between Reproduction and Longevity 143 7.1. Dual Modes of Aging 143 X CONTENTS 7.1.1. Hypothesis 143 7.1.2. Life Expectancies 144 7.1.3. Reproduction 146 7.1.4. Mortality Trajectories 146 7.1.5. Implications 150 7.2. Reproductive Clock 150 7.2.1. Constant Rate of Egg-laying Decline 151 7.2.2. Mortality and Exhaustion of Reproductive Potential 153 7.2.3. Confirming the Association between Reproductive Potential and Longevity 153 7.2.4. Graphical Confirmation of the Association 154 7.2.5. Exchanging Lifetimes between Flies in Randomly Selected Pairs 154 7.2.6. Predicted Subsequent Egg Laying 156 7.2.7. Discussion and Implications 156 7.3. Food Pulses 157 7.3.1. Experimental Methods 159 7.3.2. Descriptive Statistics 160 7.3.3. Cohort Survival 160 7.3.4. Age Patterns of Reproduction 162 7.3.5. Within-cycle Reproductive Patterns 165 7.3.6. Modeling Relationships and Graphical Analysis 168 7.3.7. Discussion and Implications 171 7.4. Summary 174 8. General Biodemographic Principles 176 8.1. Why Biological Data Is Important for Deriving General Principles 176 8.2. Principles of Senescence 177 8.2.1. All Sexual Organisms Senesce 177 8.2.2. Natural Selection Shapes Senescence Rate 178 8.3. Principles of Mortality 178 8.3.1. Biological Organisms Die Whereas Mechanical Systems Fail 179 8.3.2. Mortality Decelerates at Advanced Ages 180 8.3.3. Mortality Is Sex-specific 180 8.3.4. Mortality Trajectories Are Facultative 181 8.3.5. Selection Shapes Mortality Trajectories 181 8.3.6. Mortality Rates Are Undetectable below 1/n 182 8.3.7. Mortality Variance Increases with Cohort Age 182 8.4. Principles of Longevity 183 8.4.1. Longevity Is Adaptive 184 8.4.2. Maximal Age Is Influenced by Sample Size 184 8.4.3. Life Span Is Indeterminate 186 CONTENTS ХІ 8.4.4. Reproduction Is a Fundamental Longevity Determinant 186 8.4.5. The Heritability of Individual Life Span Is Small 187 8.5. Biodemographic Principles and the Human Primate 187 8.5.1. Body and Brain Size Predict Extended Human Longevity 188 8.5.2. Long-lived Monkeys Have Life Spans Proportional to Human Centenarians 189 8.5.3. Post-reproduction Expected from Primate Patterns 189 8.6. Biodemography of Human Development, Reproduction, and Genetics 190 8.6.1. Developmental Stages and Mortality 190 8.6.2. The Cost of Reproduction in Women 192 8.6.3. Extreme Longevity in Families and Close Kin 194 8.7. Proximate Determinants of Human Longevity 196 8.7.1. Socioeconomic Factors 196 8.7.2. Physical Fitness, Exercise, and Nutrition 197 8.7.3. Behavioral Factors: Smoking and Alcohol Use 197 8.8. Longevity Gains Are Self-reinforcing 198 8.9. Summary 198 9. A General Theory of Longevity 200 9.1. Comparative Demography of Longevity 201 9.1.1. A General Classification Scheme 201 9.1.2. Evolution of Extended Longevity in Wasps: The Interactive Role of Sociality 202 9.2. Foundational Principles 206 9.2.1. Principle #1: Evolutionary Theory of Aging 206 9.2.2. Principle #2: Intergenerational Transfers 207 9.2.3. Principle #3: Division of Labor 207 9.3. Model of Longevity Extension 208 9.3.1. Reduced Infant Mortality 208 9.3.2. Demographic Transition 209 9.3.3. Improvement in Parental Health and Survival 210 9.3.4. Increase in Offspring Quality 210 9.3.5. Incremental Increase in Longevity as Cause and Consequence 211 9.4. Model Application 212 9.4.1. Human Longevity in Biodemographic Context 212 9.4.2. Primate Origins of Longevity Extension 213 9.4.3. Prehistoric and Historical Patterns of Longevity Change 215 9.4.4. Health, Wealth, and Longevity 216 9.5. Implications of Longevity-oriented Theory 216 9.6. Human Life Span Extension: A Framework for the Future 218 9.7. Summary 219 XU CONTENTS 10. Epilogue: A Conceptual Overview of Life Span 221 10.1. Background 221 10.2. Abstract Perspectives 222 10.3. Death and Extinction 223 10.4. Boundary and Perpetuity 224 10.5. Evolution 224 10.5.1. Evolutionary Origins of Senescence 224 10.5.2. Life Span as an Evolutionary Adaptation 225 10.5.3. Evolutionary Ecology of Life Span 225 10.6. Roles of the Elderly 231 ЮЛ. Minimal Life Spans 231 10.8. Absence of Life Span Limits 232 10.9. Humans 233 10.9.1. Life-Span Patterns: Humans as Primates 233 10.9.2. Sex Life-Span Differentials 234 10.9.3. Age Classification 235 10.10. Theory of Longevity Extension in Social Species: A Self-reinforcing Process 237 10.11. Future 238 10.12. Scientific and Biomedical Determinants 239 10.13. Demographic Ontogeny 241 10.13.1. Individuals 241 10.13.2. Societies 241 10.14. Postscript 243 Bibliography 245 Index 271
adam_txt	Contents_ List of Figures xiii List of Tables xvii Preface and Acknowledgments xix Permissions xxiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. The Problem 1 1.2. The Epistemologicul Framework 2 1.2.1. Mortality and Aging as Fundamental Processes 2 1.2.2. Model Systems and Actuarial Patterns 3 1.3. Importance of Scale 3 1.3.1. Historical Background 3 1.3.2. Large-scale Medfly Life Tables 4 1.3.3. Experimental Principles 5 1.3.4. Overview of the Medfly Mortality Database 5 1.4. Overarching Themes 7 1.5. Organization of the Book 8 2. Operational Framework 10 2.1. Background 10 2.1.1. The Mediterranean Fruit Fly 10 2.1.2. Medfly as a Model Species 10 2.1.3. The Moscamed Mass-rearing Facility 11 2.2. Empirical Methods 11 2.2.1. Cages 11 2.2.2. Adult Rearing 12 2.2.3. General Experimental Procedure 13 2.3. Analytical Methods 13 2.3.1. The Life Table 13 2.3.2. Life Table Construction and Interpretation 14 2.3.3. Additional Life Table Parameters and Relationships 14 2.3.4. The Mortality Function and Its Importance 20 2.3.5. The Force of Mortality 21 2.3.6. Smoothing Age-specific Mortality Rates 22 2.3.7. The Gompertz Model 23 2.3.8. Below-threshold Mortality 23 2.3.9. Peak-aligned Averaging 24 2.4. Summary 25 VÜi CONTENTS 3. Mortality Deceleration 27 3.1. Background 27 3.2. Slowing of Mortality at Older Ages 28 3.3. Implications of Mortality Deceleration 33 3.4. Demographic Selection 34 3.4.1. Background and Concept 35 3.4.2. Explaining Mortality Patterns 35 3.4.3. Epistemological Concepts of Demographic Selection 37 3.5. Sex Differentials Ъ1 3.5.1. Background 38 3.5.2. Mortality Trajectories 39 3.5.3. Medfly Mortality in Solitary Confinement 42 3.5.4. Cohort Variability 42 3.5.5. Sex Mortality Crossover 42 3.5.6. A General Framework 49 3.6. Summary 51 4. Reproduction and Behavior 53 4.1. Reproduction and Longevity: Visualizing Linkages 53 4.1.1. Graphic Concept — Event History Diagrams 53 4.1.2. Application to Medfly Reproduction 54 4.1.3. Insights from Graphs 54 4.1.4. Implications 57 4.2. Relationship of Reproduction and Mortality 59 4.2.1. Empirical Framework 60 4.2.2. Basic Birth and Death Rates 60 4.2.3. Bimodal Distribution of Deaths for Infertile Females 64 4.2.4. Age Patterns of Lifetime Reproduction 65 4.2.5. Implications 68 4.3. Cost of Virginity 70 4.3.1. Operational Framework 70 4.3.2. Sex-specific Survival of Virgins 71 4.3.3. Mortality Crossovers 74 4.3.4. Implications 75 4.4. Supine Behavior — a Predictor of Time-to-death 77 4.4.1. Background 77 4.4.2. Empirical and Statistical Framework 78 4.4.3. Results 79 4.4.4. Implications 83 4.5. Summary 84 5. Mortality Dynamics of Density 86 5.1. Background 86 CONTENTS IX 5.2. Operational Framework 88 5.2.1. Types of Density Effects 88 5.2.2. Experimental Details 88 5.2.3. Age-Density Models 89 5.3. Mortality Dynamics 91 5.3.1. Density Effects on Survival and Life Expectancy 91 5.3.2. Effects of Initial Density on Mortality 93 5.3.3. Effects of Initial Density on Mortality Patterns 94 5.3.4. Correlation of Density and Mortality 97 5.3.5. Density Effects on Sex Survival Ratios 98 5.3.6. Equivalent Current Densities 101 5.3.7. Regression Model 104 5.4. Implications 107 5.4.1. Medfly Mortality Patterns at Older Ages 107 5.4.2. Density in Human Context 109 5.5. Summary 109 6. Dietary Effects 111 6.1. Early Mortality Surge in Protein-deprived Females 111 6.1.1. Reversal of Life-expectancy Sex Differential 112 6.1.2. Hazard Rates and Early Surge in Mortality 112 6.1.3. Vulnerable Periods 114 6.1.4. Implications and Conclusions 116 6.2. Female Sensitivity Underlies Sex Mortality Differential 118 6.2.1. Experimental Framework 118 6.2.2. Sex-specific Life Expectancy 119 6.2.3. Sex Differences in Mortality Trajectories 121 6.2.4. Mean Sex-mortality Trajectories 123 6.2.5. Relative Cost of Reproduction in Females 125 6.2.6. Implications 125 6.2.7. Conclusions 127 6.3. Mortality Oscillations Induced by Periodic Starvation 127 6.3.1. Experimental Framework 128 6.3.2. Statistical Summary 128 6.3.3. Treatment Effects on Longevity 130 6.3.4. Interactions 130 6.3.5. Within-cycle Distributions of Deaths 134 6.3.6. Mortality Patterns and Oscillations 135 6.3.7. Implications and Conclusions 140 6.4. Summary 142 7. Linkages between Reproduction and Longevity 143 7.1. Dual Modes of Aging 143 X CONTENTS 7.1.1. Hypothesis 143 7.1.2. Life Expectancies 144 7.1.3. Reproduction 146 7.1.4. Mortality Trajectories 146 7.1.5. Implications 150 7.2. Reproductive Clock 150 7.2.1. Constant Rate of Egg-laying Decline 151 7.2.2. Mortality and Exhaustion of Reproductive Potential 153 7.2.3. Confirming the Association between Reproductive Potential and Longevity 153 7.2.4. Graphical Confirmation of the Association 154 7.2.5. Exchanging Lifetimes between Flies in Randomly Selected Pairs 154 7.2.6. Predicted Subsequent Egg Laying 156 7.2.7. Discussion and Implications 156 7.3. Food Pulses 157 7.3.1. Experimental Methods 159 7.3.2. Descriptive Statistics 160 7.3.3. Cohort Survival 160 7.3.4. Age Patterns of Reproduction 162 7.3.5. Within-cycle Reproductive Patterns 165 7.3.6. Modeling Relationships and Graphical Analysis 168 7.3.7. Discussion and Implications 171 7.4. Summary 174 8. General Biodemographic Principles 176 8.1. Why Biological Data Is Important for Deriving General Principles 176 8.2. Principles of Senescence 177 8.2.1. All Sexual Organisms Senesce 177 8.2.2. Natural Selection Shapes Senescence Rate 178 8.3. Principles of Mortality 178 8.3.1. Biological Organisms Die Whereas Mechanical Systems Fail 179 8.3.2. Mortality Decelerates at Advanced Ages 180 8.3.3. Mortality Is Sex-specific 180 8.3.4. Mortality Trajectories Are Facultative 181 8.3.5. Selection Shapes Mortality Trajectories 181 8.3.6. Mortality Rates Are Undetectable below 1/n 182 8.3.7. Mortality Variance Increases with Cohort Age 182 8.4. Principles of Longevity 183 8.4.1. Longevity Is Adaptive 184 8.4.2. Maximal Age Is Influenced by Sample Size 184 8.4.3. Life Span Is Indeterminate 186 CONTENTS ХІ 8.4.4. Reproduction Is a Fundamental Longevity Determinant 186 8.4.5. The Heritability of Individual Life Span Is Small 187 8.5. Biodemographic Principles and the Human Primate 187 8.5.1. Body and Brain Size Predict Extended Human Longevity 188 8.5.2. Long-lived Monkeys Have Life Spans Proportional to Human Centenarians 189 8.5.3. Post-reproduction Expected from Primate Patterns 189 8.6. Biodemography of Human Development, Reproduction, and Genetics 190 8.6.1. Developmental Stages and Mortality 190 8.6.2. The Cost of Reproduction in Women 192 8.6.3. Extreme Longevity in Families and Close Kin 194 8.7. Proximate Determinants of Human Longevity 196 8.7.1. Socioeconomic Factors 196 8.7.2. Physical Fitness, Exercise, and Nutrition 197 8.7.3. Behavioral Factors: Smoking and Alcohol Use 197 8.8. Longevity Gains Are Self-reinforcing 198 8.9. Summary 198 9. A General Theory of Longevity 200 9.1. Comparative Demography of Longevity 201 9.1.1. A General Classification Scheme 201 9.1.2. Evolution of Extended Longevity in Wasps: The Interactive Role of Sociality 202 9.2. Foundational Principles 206 9.2.1. Principle #1: Evolutionary Theory of Aging 206 9.2.2. Principle #2: Intergenerational Transfers 207 9.2.3. Principle #3: Division of Labor 207 9.3. Model of Longevity Extension 208 9.3.1. Reduced Infant Mortality 208 9.3.2. Demographic Transition 209 9.3.3. Improvement in Parental Health and Survival 210 9.3.4. Increase in Offspring Quality 210 9.3.5. Incremental Increase in Longevity as Cause and Consequence 211 9.4. Model Application 212 9.4.1. Human Longevity in Biodemographic Context 212 9.4.2. Primate Origins of Longevity Extension 213 9.4.3. Prehistoric and Historical Patterns of Longevity Change 215 9.4.4. Health, Wealth, and Longevity 216 9.5. Implications of Longevity-oriented Theory 216 9.6. Human Life Span Extension: A Framework for the Future 218 9.7. Summary 219 XU CONTENTS 10. Epilogue: A Conceptual Overview of Life Span 221 10.1. Background 221 10.2. Abstract Perspectives 222 10.3. Death and Extinction 223 10.4. Boundary and Perpetuity 224 10.5. Evolution 224 10.5.1. Evolutionary Origins of Senescence 224 10.5.2. Life Span as an Evolutionary Adaptation 225 10.5.3. Evolutionary Ecology of Life Span 225 10.6. Roles of the Elderly 231 ЮЛ. Minimal Life Spans 231 10.8. Absence of Life Span Limits 232 10.9. Humans 233 10.9.1. Life-Span Patterns: Humans as Primates 233 10.9.2. Sex Life-Span Differentials 234 10.9.3. Age Classification 235 10.10. Theory of Longevity Extension in Social Species: A Self-reinforcing Process 237 10.11. Future 238 10.12. Scientific and Biomedical Determinants 239 10.13. Demographic Ontogeny 241 10.13.1. Individuals 241 10.13.2. Societies 241 10.14. Postscript 243 Bibliography 245 Index 271
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illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T21:13:05Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T21:17:06Z
institution	BVB
isbn	0691088489 0691088497
language	English
lccn	2002025294
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physical	XXV, 278 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
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publisher	Princeton University Press
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spelling	Carey, James R. Verfasser aut Longevity the biology and demography of life span James R. Carey Princeton [u.a.] Princeton University Press 2003 XXV, 278 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p.[245]-270) and index Biologische aspecten gtt Demografische aspecten gtt Ouderdom gtt Animals Longevity Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 gnd rswk-swf Langlebigkeit (DE-588)4166707-4 gnd rswk-swf Langlebigkeit (DE-588)4166707-4 s Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 s DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/samples/prin031/2002025294.html Sample text http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/prin031/2002025294.html Publisher description Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016555592&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Carey, James R. Longevity the biology and demography of life span Biologische aspecten gtt Demografische aspecten gtt Ouderdom gtt Animals Longevity Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 gnd Langlebigkeit (DE-588)4166707-4 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4006292-2 (DE-588)4166707-4
title	Longevity the biology and demography of life span
title_auth	Longevity the biology and demography of life span
title_exact_search	Longevity the biology and demography of life span
title_exact_search_txtP	Longevity the biology and demography of life span
title_full	Longevity the biology and demography of life span James R. Carey
title_fullStr	Longevity the biology and demography of life span James R. Carey
title_full_unstemmed	Longevity the biology and demography of life span James R. Carey
title_short	Longevity
title_sort	longevity the biology and demography of life span
title_sub	the biology and demography of life span
topic	Biologische aspecten gtt Demografische aspecten gtt Ouderdom gtt Animals Longevity Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 gnd Langlebigkeit (DE-588)4166707-4 gnd
topic_facet	Biologische aspecten Demografische aspecten Ouderdom Animals Longevity Bevölkerungsentwicklung Langlebigkeit
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