Structure and meaning in English: a guide for teachers
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Harlow [u.a.]
Pearson Longman
2004
|
| Edition: | 1. ed., reprint |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 390 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0582506328 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kennedy, Graeme D. |d 1939-2016 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)124793916 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Structure and meaning in English |b a guide for teachers |c Graeme Kennedy |
| 250 | |a 1. ed., reprint | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Harlow [u.a.] |b Pearson Longman |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 390 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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Contents
Acknowledgements
xiv
Preface
xv
Introduction
1
Grammar and grammars
1
Studying grammar
5
Teaching grammar to learners of English
6
Chapter
1:
The sounds of English
8
Objectives
8
1.1
Speech sounds
9
1.1.1
Sounds and symbols
9
1.1.2
Practice in reading a phonemic transcription
13
1.1.3
Food for thought on English spelling
14
1.1.4
Phonemes and allophones
16
1.2
The speech process and the organs of speech
18
1.2.1
The airstream
19
1.2.2
Voicing
20
1.2.3
The oral-nasal process
20
1.2.4
Advising learners
21
1.3
English consonants
21
1.3.1
Place of articulation
22
1.3.2
Manner of articulation
22
1.3.3
Voicing
23
1.4
English vowels
24
1.5
The distribution of English sounds
30
1.5.1
Frequency of English phonemes
30
CONTENTS
1.5.2
Redundancy
31
1.5.3
The positions that phonemes can occur in
32
1.5.4
English consonant clusters
32
1.5.5
Vowel sequences
34
1.5.6
The effect of the environment in which sounds occur
36
1.5.6.1
Linking
36
1.5.6.2
Rhotidty
36
1.5.6.3
Elision
37
1.5.6.4
Assimilation
37
1.5.6.5
Vowel length
39
1.6
Prosodie
features
39
1.6.1
Stress
39
1.6.1.1
Function word stress
40
1.6.1.2
Content word stress
41
1.6.1.3
Sentence stress and rhythm
44
1.6.2
Intonation
46
1.6.2.1
Intonation patterns
47
1.6.2.2
Functions of intonation patterns
48
1.7
Accents
49
1.8
Learners' difficulties with English sounds
52
1.8.1
Common problems
52
1.8.2
Predicting pronunciation difficulties for learners
of English
53
Chapter
2:
Words and their meanings
56
Objectives
56
2.1
Categories of words
57
2.1.1
What is a word?
57
2.1.2
Function words and content words
58
2.1.3
Word classes
59
2.1.4
Word lemmas
61
2.1.5
Word families
61
2.2
Word meanings and functions
63
2.2.1
Sense
63
2.2.2
Reference
63
2.2.3
Connotation
64
2.2.4
Word associations
64
2.2.5
Semantic components of words
65
vi
2.2.6
Prototypes
2.2.7
Extended meaning
2.2.8
Polysemy
2.2.9
Homonymy
2.2.10
Synonymy
2.2.11
Antonymy
2.2.12
Hyponymy
CONTENTS
66
66
67
68
68
69
69
2.3
Categories of meaning
69
2.3.1
Propositional meaning
70
2.3.2
Modal meaning
72
2.3.3
Social meaning
72
2.4
Word structure and word formation
72
73
73
73
75
76
77
77
77
78
78
78
78
2.5
Word compounds and collocations
79
2.5.1
Compounds
79
2.5.2
Collocations
80
2.6
Word distribution
84
2.6.1
High frequency words
84
2.6.2
Academic words
84
2.6.3
Technical words
85
2.6.4
Low frequency words
85
2.6.5
Information on word frequency from the
British National Corpus
86
2.6.6
An academic word list (AWL)
103
Chapter
3:
Simple sentence parts, structures and functions
107
Objectives
107
3.1
Utterances and sentences
108
VII
Word
structure
and word formation
2.4.1
Roots and affixes
2.4.2
Types of
affixes
2.4.2.1
Inflectional affixes
2.4.2,2
Derivational affixes
2.4.3
Greek and Latin affixes
2.4.4
Word formation
2.4.4.1
Borrowing
2.4.4.2
Word combinations
2.4.4.3
Blends
2.4.4.4
Conversion
2.4.4.5
Abbreviations
2.4.4.6
Acronyms
CONTENTS
3.2
Constituents and
structures
of
simple sentences
111
3.2.1
Word
order 111
3.2.2
Phrases
112
3.2.3
Clause elements
114
3.2.3.1
Subject
114
3.2.3.2
Predicate
115
3.3
Clause patterns
118
3.3.1
Major clause patterns
119
3.3.1.1
Pattern
1:
SV
119
3.3.1.2
Pattern
2:
SVO
120
3.3.1.3
Pattern
3:
SVC
120
3.3.1.4
Pattern
4:
SVA
122
3.3.1.5
Pattern
5:
SVOO
123
3.3.1.6
Pattern
6:
SVOC
123
3.3.1.7
Pattern
7:
SVOA
123
3.3.1.8
Formal there
125
3.3.2
Frequency information on the use of clause patterns
126
3.3.3
Subject-verb concord
127
3.4
Sentence types and functions
127
3.4.1 Interrogatives 128
3.4.1.1
Yes-No questions
128
129
130
132
132
132
3.4.1.2
Tag questions
3.4.1.3
WTî-questions
3.4.1.4
Alternative questions
3.4.1.5
Indirect questions
3.4.2
Imperatives
Negation
3.5.1
Meaning
3.5.2
Affixes
3.5.3
Other ways of expressing negation
3.5.4
The use of negatives
3.5.5
Focus and scope of negation
3.5
Negation
133
133
134
134
135
135
3.6
Learning about clause patterns
136
Chapter
4:
Nouns and noun phrases
138
Objectives
138
4.1
Noun identification and classification
139
4.1.1
The forms of nouns
140
4.1.2
The positions of nouns in sentences
140
4.1.3
Learning noun identification
142
4.1.4
Categories of nouns
142
VIII
CONTENTS
4.1.5
Countable nouns and uncountable nouns
143
4.1.6
Grammatical number
144
4.1.7
Grammatical case
144
4.1.8
Irregular nouns
145
4.1.9
Nouns which are sometimes countable and
sometimes uncountable
146
4.1.10
Collective nouns
147
4.1.11
Proper nouns
147
4.1.12
Quantifying nouns
148
4.1.13
Noun equivalents
148
4.1.14
A teaching order for noun classes
148
4.2
The structure of noun phrases
149
4.2.1
Premodifiers ISO
4.2.2
Postmodifiers
151
4.2.3
Functions of noun phrases
152
4.3
Determiners
152
4.3.1
The main English determiners
153
4.3.1.1
Functions of determiners
153
4.3.1.2
Position of determiners
154
4.3.1.3
Categories of determiners
154
4.3.1.4
Phrasal quantifiers
156
4.3.1.5
Sequences of determiners
157
4.3.2
Articles
157
4.3.2.1
The meaning and use of articles
161
4.3.2.2
General reference
161
4.3.2.3
Specific reference
162
4.4
Learning the structure and use of noun phrases
166
4.5
Pronouns
168
4.5.1
Personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns
169
4.5.2
Demonstrative pronouns
171
4.5.3
Indefinite pronouns
172
4.5.4
Interrogative and relative pronouns
173
Chapter
5:
Verbs and verb phrases
176
Objectives
176
5.1
Verb identification and classification
177
5.1.1
Lexical verbs
177
5.1.1.1
Regular verbs
180
5.1.1.2
Irregular verb forms
180
5.1.1.3
Other sub-classes of lexical verbs
181
CONTENTS
5.1.2
Auxiliary verbs
183
5.1.2.1
Primary auxiliary verbs
183
5.1.2.2
Modal auxiliary verbs
184
5.2
Finite verb forms and verb phrases
193
5.2.1
Finite verbs
193
5.2.2
Finite verb phrases
196
5.3
Non-finite verb forms and verb phrases
200
5.3.1
The infinitive (or non-finite stem)
200
5.3.1.1
Structures, functions and distribution
of infinitives
202
5.3.1.2
Meanings of to
+
infinitive
203
5.3.1.3
Learning to use infinitives
204
5.3.2
-ing participles (stem
+
-ing)
205
5.3.2.1
Learning to use -ing participles
207
5.3.3
-ed
participles (non-finite stem
+
-ed)
208
5.4
Verb phrase functions
211
5.4.1
Tense
211
5.4.1.1
Expressing future time
213
5.4.1.2
Learning to use tenses
214
5.4.2
Aspect
215
5.4.2.1
Perfect aspect
216
5.4.2.2
Progressive aspect
220
5.4.3
Voice
221
5.4.3.1
Learning to use the passive voice
223
5.4.4
Mood
224
5.5
Distribution of simple and complex verb phrase structures
225
Chapter
6:
Modification of noun phrases, verb phrases
and sentences
229
Objectives
229
6.1
Adjectives
230
6.1.1
Adjective forms
230
6.1.2
Adjective types
230
6.1.2.1
Attributive and predicative adjectives
230
6.1.2.2
Postpositional adjectives
231
6.1.2.3
Compounds
231
6.1.2.4 Stative
and dynamic adjectives
232
CONTENTS
6.1.3
Ordering of adjectives
232
6.1.4
Adjectives and verb participles
233
6.1.5
Adjective complementation
235
6.1.6
Comparative and superlative
236
6.1.7
Other ways of making comparisons
237
6.1.8
Adjectives and adverbs
238
6.2
Adverbs and
adverbiais
238
6.2.1
Forms of adverbs
239
6.2.2
Forms of
adverbiais
239
6.2.3
Grammatical functions of adverbs
239
6.2.4
Semantic functions of
adverbiais
243
6.3
Prepositions and prepositional phrases
246
6.3.1
Functions of prepositions
248
6.3.2
Prepositional structures
249
6.3.3
Prepositional verbs
249
6.3.4
Meanings of prepositions
251
6.3.5
Prepositional collocations
256
6.3.6
Learning to use prepositions
257
Chapter
7:
Beyond the simple sentence
258
Objectives
258
7.1
Sentences and clauses
259
7.2
Co-ordination
261
7.2.1
Functions of co-ordinators
263
7.2.2
Learning about co-ordination
264
7.3
Ellipsis
265
7.4
Subordination
268
7.4.1
The marking of subordination
269
7.4.2
Functions of subordinate clauses
270
7.4.2.1
Nominal clauses
272
7.4.2.1.1
raírf-clauses
272
7.4.2.1.2
Мг
-clauses
273
7.4.2.1.3
Nominal clauses in apposition
274
7.4.2.1.4
Indirect speech
276
7.4.2.1.5
Learning how to use nominal
clauses
277
CONTENTS
7.4.2.2
7.4.2.3
Relative
clauses
278
7.4.2.2.1
Functions of relative clauses
278
7.4.2.2.2
Restrictive and non-restrictive
relative clauses
279
7.4.2.2.3
Relative clauses and adjectives
281
7.4.2.2.4
Reduced relative clauses
281
7.4.2.2.5
Learning how to use relative
clauses
285
Adverbial
clauses
287
7.4.2.3.1
Semantic functions of adverbial
clauses
287
7.4.2.3.2
Main conjunctions used in
adverbial clauses
287
7.4.2.3.3
Adverbial clauses of time
289
7.4.2.3.4
Adverbial clauses of condition
290
7.4.2.3.5
Adverbial clauses of cause
or reason
293
7.4.2.3.6
Learning how to use adverbial
clauses
295
Comparative clauses
296
7.4.2.4
7.5
Non-finite and verbless clauses
297
7.5.1
Non-finite verb forms
298
7.5.2
Verbless clauses
298
7.5.3
The structure of non-finite clauses
299
7.5.4
Non-finite clauses without subjects
302
7.5.5
The functions of non-finite clauses
302
7.5.5.1
Nominal clauses
302
7.5.5.2
Relative clauses
303
7.5.5.3
Adverbial clauses
303
7.5.6
Learning to use non-finite clauses
306
7.5.6.1
Comprehension
306
7.5.6.2
Production
307
Chapter
8:
Language in use
308
Objectives
308
8.1
Functions of texts
309
8.1.1
Macro-functions
309
8.1.2
Speech acts
312
8.1.3
Form and function
316
8.1.4
Direct and indirect speech functions
318
8.1.5
Seeking clarification and making repairs
319
Xii
CONTENTS
8.2
The internal structure of texts
321
8.2.1
Coherence
321
8.2.2
Cohesion
321
8.2.2.1
Lexical cohesion
322
8.2.2.2
Grammatical cohesion
323
8.3
Types of texts
328
8.3.1
Domains of use
329
8.3.2
Co-occurrence of linguistic items
329
8.3.3
Purpose of the text
332
8.3.4
Spoken texts and their characteristics
336
8.3.4.1
Conversation
336
8.3.4.2
Classroom discourse
340
8.3.4.3
Silence
342
USEFUL SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT ENGLISH
344
REFERENCES
348
KEY TO TASKS
352
INDEX
385 |
| adam_txt |
Contents
Acknowledgements
xiv
Preface
xv
Introduction
1
Grammar and grammars
1
Studying grammar
5
Teaching grammar to learners of English
6
Chapter
1:
The sounds of English
8
Objectives
8
1.1
Speech sounds
9
1.1.1
Sounds and symbols
9
1.1.2
Practice in reading a phonemic transcription
13
1.1.3
Food for thought on English spelling
14
1.1.4
Phonemes and allophones
16
1.2
The speech process and the organs of speech
18
1.2.1
The airstream
19
1.2.2
Voicing
20
1.2.3
The oral-nasal process
20
1.2.4
Advising learners
21
1.3
English consonants
21
1.3.1
Place of articulation
22
1.3.2
Manner of articulation
22
1.3.3
Voicing
23
1.4
English vowels
24
1.5
The distribution of English sounds
30
1.5.1
Frequency of English phonemes
30
CONTENTS
1.5.2
Redundancy
31
1.5.3
The positions that phonemes can occur in
32
1.5.4
English consonant clusters
32
1.5.5
Vowel sequences
34
1.5.6
The effect of the environment in which sounds occur
36
1.5.6.1
Linking
36
1.5.6.2
Rhotidty
36
1.5.6.3
Elision
37
1.5.6.4
Assimilation
37
1.5.6.5
Vowel length
39
1.6
Prosodie
features
39
1.6.1
Stress
39
1.6.1.1
Function word stress
40
1.6.1.2
Content word stress
41
1.6.1.3
Sentence stress and rhythm
44
1.6.2
Intonation
46
1.6.2.1
Intonation patterns
47
1.6.2.2
Functions of intonation patterns
48
1.7
Accents
49
1.8
Learners' difficulties with English sounds
52
1.8.1
Common problems
52
1.8.2
Predicting pronunciation difficulties for learners
of English
53
Chapter
2:
Words and their meanings
56
Objectives
56
2.1
Categories of words
57
2.1.1
What is a word?
57
2.1.2
Function words and content words
58
2.1.3
Word classes
59
2.1.4
Word lemmas
61
2.1.5
Word families
61
2.2
Word meanings and functions
63
2.2.1
Sense
63
2.2.2
Reference
63
2.2.3
Connotation
64
2.2.4
Word associations
64
2.2.5
Semantic components of words
65
vi
2.2.6
Prototypes
2.2.7
Extended meaning
2.2.8
Polysemy
2.2.9
Homonymy
2.2.10
Synonymy
2.2.11
Antonymy
2.2.12
Hyponymy
CONTENTS
66
66
67
68
68
69
69
2.3
Categories of meaning
69
2.3.1
Propositional meaning
70
2.3.2
Modal meaning
72
2.3.3
Social meaning
72
2.4
Word structure and word formation
72
73
73
73
75
76
77
77
77
78
78
78
78
2.5
Word compounds and collocations
79
2.5.1
Compounds
79
2.5.2
Collocations
80
2.6
Word distribution
84
2.6.1
High frequency words
84
2.6.2
Academic words
84
2.6.3
Technical words
85
2.6.4
Low frequency words
85
2.6.5
Information on word frequency from the
British National Corpus
86
2.6.6
An academic word list (AWL)
103
Chapter
3:
Simple sentence parts, structures and functions
107
Objectives
107
3.1
Utterances and sentences
108
VII
Word
structure
and word formation
2.4.1
Roots and affixes
2.4.2
Types of
affixes
2.4.2.1
Inflectional affixes
2.4.2,2
Derivational affixes
2.4.3
Greek and Latin affixes
2.4.4
Word formation
2.4.4.1
Borrowing
2.4.4.2
Word combinations
2.4.4.3
Blends
2.4.4.4
Conversion
2.4.4.5
Abbreviations
2.4.4.6
Acronyms
CONTENTS
3.2
Constituents and
structures
of
simple sentences
111
3.2.1
Word
order 111
3.2.2
Phrases
112
3.2.3
Clause elements
114
3.2.3.1
Subject
114
3.2.3.2
Predicate
115
3.3
Clause patterns
118
3.3.1
Major clause patterns
119
3.3.1.1
Pattern
1:
SV
119
3.3.1.2
Pattern
2:
SVO
120
3.3.1.3
Pattern
3:
SVC
120
3.3.1.4
Pattern
4:
SVA
122
3.3.1.5
Pattern
5:
SVOO
123
3.3.1.6
Pattern
6:
SVOC
123
3.3.1.7
Pattern
7:
SVOA
123
3.3.1.8
Formal there
125
3.3.2
Frequency information on the use of clause patterns
126
3.3.3
Subject-verb concord
127
3.4
Sentence types and functions
127
3.4.1 Interrogatives 128
3.4.1.1
Yes-No questions
128
129
130
132
132
132
3.4.1.2
Tag questions
3.4.1.3
WTî-questions
3.4.1.4
Alternative questions
3.4.1.5
Indirect questions
3.4.2
Imperatives
Negation
3.5.1
Meaning
3.5.2
Affixes
3.5.3
Other ways of expressing negation
3.5.4
The use of negatives
3.5.5
Focus and scope of negation
3.5
Negation
133
133
134
134
135
135
3.6
Learning about clause patterns
136
Chapter
4:
Nouns and noun phrases
138
Objectives
138
4.1
Noun identification and classification
139
4.1.1
The forms of nouns
140
4.1.2
The positions of nouns in sentences
140
4.1.3
Learning noun identification
142
4.1.4
Categories of nouns
142
VIII
CONTENTS
4.1.5
Countable nouns and uncountable nouns
143
4.1.6
Grammatical number
144
4.1.7
Grammatical case
144
4.1.8
Irregular nouns
145
4.1.9
Nouns which are sometimes countable and
sometimes uncountable
146
4.1.10
Collective nouns
147
4.1.11
Proper nouns
147
4.1.12
Quantifying nouns
148
4.1.13
Noun equivalents
148
4.1.14
A teaching order for noun classes
148
4.2
The structure of noun phrases
149
4.2.1
Premodifiers ISO
4.2.2
Postmodifiers
151
4.2.3
Functions of noun phrases
152
4.3
Determiners
152
4.3.1
The main English determiners
153
4.3.1.1
Functions of determiners
153
4.3.1.2
Position of determiners
154
4.3.1.3
Categories of determiners
154
4.3.1.4
Phrasal quantifiers
156
4.3.1.5
Sequences of determiners
157
4.3.2
Articles
157
4.3.2.1
The meaning and use of articles
161
4.3.2.2
General reference
161
4.3.2.3
Specific reference
162
4.4
Learning the structure and use of noun phrases
166
4.5
Pronouns
168
4.5.1
Personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns
169
4.5.2
Demonstrative pronouns
171
4.5.3
Indefinite pronouns
172
4.5.4
Interrogative and relative pronouns
173
Chapter
5:
Verbs and verb phrases
176
Objectives
176
5.1
Verb identification and classification
177
5.1.1
Lexical verbs
177
5.1.1.1
Regular verbs
180
5.1.1.2
Irregular verb forms
180
5.1.1.3
Other sub-classes of lexical verbs
181
CONTENTS
5.1.2
Auxiliary verbs
183
5.1.2.1
Primary auxiliary verbs
183
5.1.2.2
Modal auxiliary verbs
184
5.2
Finite verb forms and verb phrases
193
5.2.1
Finite verbs
193
5.2.2
Finite verb phrases
196
5.3
Non-finite verb forms and verb phrases
200
5.3.1
The infinitive (or non-finite stem)
200
5.3.1.1
Structures, functions and distribution
of infinitives
202
5.3.1.2
Meanings of to
+
infinitive
203
5.3.1.3
Learning to use infinitives
204
5.3.2
-ing participles (stem
+
-ing)
205
5.3.2.1
Learning to use -ing participles
207
5.3.3
-ed
participles (non-finite stem
+
-ed)
208
5.4
Verb phrase functions
211
5.4.1
Tense
211
5.4.1.1
Expressing future time
213
5.4.1.2
Learning to use tenses
214
5.4.2
Aspect
215
5.4.2.1
Perfect aspect
216
5.4.2.2
Progressive aspect
220
5.4.3
Voice
221
5.4.3.1
Learning to use the passive voice
223
5.4.4
Mood
224
5.5
Distribution of simple and complex verb phrase structures
225
Chapter
6:
Modification of noun phrases, verb phrases
and sentences
229
Objectives
229
6.1
Adjectives
230
6.1.1
Adjective forms
230
6.1.2
Adjective types
230
6.1.2.1
Attributive and predicative adjectives
230
6.1.2.2
Postpositional adjectives
231
6.1.2.3
Compounds
231
6.1.2.4 Stative
and dynamic adjectives
232
CONTENTS
6.1.3
Ordering of adjectives
232
6.1.4
Adjectives and verb participles
233
6.1.5
Adjective complementation
235
6.1.6
Comparative and superlative
236
6.1.7
Other ways of making comparisons
237
6.1.8
Adjectives and adverbs
238
6.2
Adverbs and
adverbiais
238
6.2.1
Forms of adverbs
239
6.2.2
Forms of
adverbiais
239
6.2.3
Grammatical functions of adverbs
239
6.2.4
Semantic functions of
adverbiais
243
6.3
Prepositions and prepositional phrases
246
6.3.1
Functions of prepositions
248
6.3.2
Prepositional structures
249
6.3.3
Prepositional verbs
249
6.3.4
Meanings of prepositions
251
6.3.5
Prepositional collocations
256
6.3.6
Learning to use prepositions
257
Chapter
7:
Beyond the simple sentence
258
Objectives
258
7.1
Sentences and clauses
259
7.2
Co-ordination
261
7.2.1
Functions of co-ordinators
263
7.2.2
Learning about co-ordination
264
7.3
Ellipsis
265
7.4
Subordination
268
7.4.1
The marking of subordination
269
7.4.2
Functions of subordinate clauses
270
7.4.2.1
Nominal clauses
272
7.4.2.1.1
raírf-clauses
272
7.4.2.1.2
Мг
-clauses
273
7.4.2.1.3
Nominal clauses in apposition
274
7.4.2.1.4
Indirect speech
276
7.4.2.1.5
Learning how to use nominal
clauses
277
CONTENTS
7.4.2.2
7.4.2.3
Relative
clauses
278
7.4.2.2.1
Functions of relative clauses
278
7.4.2.2.2
Restrictive and non-restrictive
relative clauses
279
7.4.2.2.3
Relative clauses and adjectives
281
7.4.2.2.4
Reduced relative clauses
281
7.4.2.2.5
Learning how to use relative
clauses
285
Adverbial
clauses
287
7.4.2.3.1
Semantic functions of adverbial
clauses
287
7.4.2.3.2
Main conjunctions used in
adverbial clauses
287
7.4.2.3.3
Adverbial clauses of time
289
7.4.2.3.4
Adverbial clauses of condition
290
7.4.2.3.5
Adverbial clauses of cause
or reason
293
7.4.2.3.6
Learning how to use adverbial
clauses
295
Comparative clauses
296
7.4.2.4
7.5
Non-finite and verbless clauses
297
7.5.1
Non-finite verb forms
298
7.5.2
Verbless clauses
298
7.5.3
The structure of non-finite clauses
299
7.5.4
Non-finite clauses without subjects
302
7.5.5
The functions of non-finite clauses
302
7.5.5.1
Nominal clauses
302
7.5.5.2
Relative clauses
303
7.5.5.3
Adverbial clauses
303
7.5.6
Learning to use non-finite clauses
306
7.5.6.1
Comprehension
306
7.5.6.2
Production
307
Chapter
8:
Language in use
308
Objectives
308
8.1
Functions of texts
309
8.1.1
Macro-functions
309
8.1.2
Speech acts
312
8.1.3
Form and function
316
8.1.4
Direct and indirect speech functions
318
8.1.5
Seeking clarification and making repairs
319
Xii
CONTENTS
8.2
The internal structure of texts
321
8.2.1
Coherence
321
8.2.2
Cohesion
321
8.2.2.1
Lexical cohesion
322
8.2.2.2
Grammatical cohesion
323
8.3
Types of texts
328
8.3.1
Domains of use
329
8.3.2
Co-occurrence of linguistic items
329
8.3.3
Purpose of the text
332
8.3.4
Spoken texts and their characteristics
336
8.3.4.1
Conversation
336
8.3.4.2
Classroom discourse
340
8.3.4.3
Silence
342
USEFUL SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT ENGLISH
344
REFERENCES
348
KEY TO TASKS
352
INDEX
385 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Kennedy, Graeme D. 1939-2016 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124793916 |
| author_facet | Kennedy, Graeme D. 1939-2016 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kennedy, Graeme D. 1939-2016 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023353552 |
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| discipline | Anglistik / Amerikanistik |
| discipline_str_mv | Anglistik / Amerikanistik |
| edition | 1. ed., reprint |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:06:11Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-26T15:01:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0582506328 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016537124 |
| oclc_num | 633852463 |
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| physical | XVI, 390 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Pearson Longman |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kennedy, Graeme D. 1939-2016 Verfasser (DE-588)124793916 aut Structure and meaning in English a guide for teachers Graeme Kennedy 1. ed., reprint Harlow [u.a.] Pearson Longman 2004 XVI, 390 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sprachschwierigkeit (DE-588)4221661-8 gnd rswk-swf Englischunterricht (DE-588)4014801-4 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s Sprachschwierigkeit (DE-588)4221661-8 s Englischunterricht (DE-588)4014801-4 s DE-604 Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016537124&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kennedy, Graeme D. 1939-2016 Structure and meaning in English a guide for teachers Sprachschwierigkeit (DE-588)4221661-8 gnd Englischunterricht (DE-588)4014801-4 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4221661-8 (DE-588)4014801-4 (DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4014777-0 |
| title | Structure and meaning in English a guide for teachers |
| title_auth | Structure and meaning in English a guide for teachers |
| title_exact_search | Structure and meaning in English a guide for teachers |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Structure and meaning in English a guide for teachers |
| title_full | Structure and meaning in English a guide for teachers Graeme Kennedy |
| title_fullStr | Structure and meaning in English a guide for teachers Graeme Kennedy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structure and meaning in English a guide for teachers Graeme Kennedy |
| title_short | Structure and meaning in English |
| title_sort | structure and meaning in english a guide for teachers |
| title_sub | a guide for teachers |
| topic | Sprachschwierigkeit (DE-588)4221661-8 gnd Englischunterricht (DE-588)4014801-4 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sprachschwierigkeit Englischunterricht Grammatik Englisch |
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