Polymer photovoltaics: a practical approach
This book is intended to be a practical guide in the laboratory for the experimental solar-cell scientist whether he or she is involved with synthesis, device preparation, processing, or device characterization. Useful to all scientists working practically in the field, the book presents the process...
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Bellingham, Wash.
SPIE Press
2008
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | This book is intended to be a practical guide in the laboratory for the experimental solar-cell scientist whether he or she is involved with synthesis, device preparation, processing, or device characterization. Useful to all scientists working practically in the field, the book presents the process of creating a polymer solar-cell device beginning with a description of materials, including how they are made and characterized, followed by how the materials are processed into devices and films, and how these are characterized. From there, the status of two emerging fields of polymer solar cells are described: degradation and stability and large-scale processing. |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 315 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780819467812 |
Staff View
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| adam_text | POLYMER PHOTOVOLTAICS A PRACTICAL APPROACH FREDERIK *. KREBS, EDITOR
SPIE PRESS BELLINGHAM,WASHINGTON USA CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 HUMAN ENERGY
CONSUMPTION NOW AND IN THE FUTURE 1.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 1.3
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT ENERGY, ENERGY CONVERSION, THE EARTH, AND THE SUN
1.4 SOLAR ENERGY 1.5 THE STORAGE AND RELOCATION PROBLEM 1.6 TYPES OF
SOLAR CELLS 1.7 CURRENT CHALLENGES REFERENCES 2 THE POLYMER SOLAR CELL
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 MATERIALS 2.2.1 POLYMERS 2.2.2 MOLECULES AND
OLIGOMERS 2.3 FAST AND SIMPLE GUIDE TO A POLYMER SOLAR CELL FROM SCRATCH
2.3.1 EQUIPMENT 2.3.2 THE SUBSTRATE 2.3.3 THE PEDOT:PSS LAYER 2.3.4 THE
ACTIVE LAYER 2.3.5 EVAPORATING THE ELECTRODE 2.3.6 APPLYING ELECTRODES
AND MEASURING THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE DEVICES 2.3.7 DEVICE
PREPARATION AND PERFORMANCE REFERENCES CONTENTS 3 CHARACTERIZATION OF
ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS 91 3.1 TAKING THE SUN INSIDE 91 3.1.1 AIR MASS 92
3.1.2 THE ASTM E 927-05 STANDARD AND THE I EC 904-9 STANDARD 94 3.1.3
TYPES OF SIMULATORS 97 3.1.4 HALOGEN LAMPS 97 3.1.5 RECORDING THE
SPECTRUM 99 3.1.6 APPLYING FILTERS TO IMPROVE THE SPECTRUM 100 3.1.7
SPECTRAL, TEMPORAL, AND SPATIAL HOMOGENEITY OF THE LIGHT FIELD 101 3.1.8
CALIBRATION OF THE SUN SIMULATOR 103 3.2 IV-CURVES AND EFFICIENCIES 105
3.2.1 THE SOURCE METER 105 3.2.2 WHERE THE ELECTRONS ARE AND HOW TO
CONNECT YOUR CELL TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD 105 3.2.3 SPEED OF IV-CURVE
MEASUREMENT, DIELECTRIC RELAXATION, AND CAPACITIVE LOADING 108 3.2.4
ACTION SPECTRA USING A HIGH-POWER SPECTROMETER 109 3.2.5 IPCE
MEASUREMENTS USING A SIMPLE HIGH-POWER SPECTROMETER 110 3.2.6
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 112 3.3 OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS 112 3.3.1 WHY OUTDOOR
PHOTOVOLTAIC CHARACTERIZATION IS NECESSARY FOR ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS 112
3.3.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 113 3.3.3 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE
PHOTOVOLTAIC PARAMETERS OF BHJ SOLAR CELLS 116 3.3.4 EXAMPLE OF
LONG-TERM OUTDOOR TESTING OF STABILITY OF ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS 123 3.3.5
SOME NEW EXPERIMENTAL POSSIBILITIES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES
128 3.4 METHODS FOR PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THIN FILMS 131
3.4.1 CONTROLLING MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 133 3.4.2 TECHNIQUES FOR
MONITORING MORPHOLOGY 144 REFERENCES 148 4 LIFETIME AND STABILITY
STUDIES 155 4.1 OVERVIEW 155 4.2 STUDIES OF DEGRADATION MECHANISMS USING
TOF-SIMS 156 4.2.1 PRINCIPLE OF TOF-SIMS 156 4.2.2 ISOTOPIC LABELING 159
CONTENTS VII 4.2.3 TOF-SIMS DEPTH PROFILING 159 4.2.4 GAINING ACCESS TO
THE VARIOUS LAYERS IN THE PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE 167 4.2.5 TOF-SIMS IMAGING
170 4.2.6 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION BASED ON MASS SPECTRAL
INFORMATION 178 4.2.7 MONITORING PHOTOOXIDATION IN TIME*MAPPING THE
HISTORY OF DEGRADATION 185 4.3 STUDIES OF DEGRADATION MECHANISMS USING
XPS 187 4.3.1 THE PRINCIPLE OF XPS 188 4.3.2 CHEMICAL SHIFTS 189 4.3.3
ANGLE-DEPENDENT STUDIES 189 4.3.4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 189 4.3.5 DEVICE
AGING AND IV MEASUREMENT 191 4.3.6 XPS OVERALL OBSERVATIONS 192 4.3.7 LI
AND F DISTRIBUTION 193 4.4 STUDIES OF DEGRADATION MECHANISMS USING RBS
197 4.4.1 PRINCIPLES AND QUANTITATIVE DEPTH PROFILE OF THE COMPOSITION
198 4.4.2 STUDIES OF CATHODE DEGRADATION USING RBS 201 4.5 STUDIES OF
DEGRADATION MECHANISMS USING PHYSICAL AND/OR SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
210 4.5.1 INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPY 211 4.5.2 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY
(AFM) 212 4.5.3 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) 213 4.5.4
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY 216 4.6 ACCELERATED LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS FOR
EXTENDED PERIODS OF TIME 217 4.7 APPARATUS FOR LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS AND
FOR ISOTOPE LABELING 220 REFERENCES 223 5 PROCESSING AND PRODUCTION OF
LARGE MODULES 229 5.1 PRINTING AND COATING METHODS 232 5.1.1 R2R COATING
232 5.1.2 SCREEN PRINTING 234 5.1.3 PAD PRINTING 237 5.1.4 DOCTOR
BLADING 237 5.1.5 OTHER PRINTING METHODS 239 5.2 PRINTING THE ACTIVE
LAYER 239 5.2.1 SCREEN PRINTING 239 5.3 CARRIER SUBSTRATES 266 VIII
CONTENTS 5.4 ANODES AND CATHODES 266 5.5 PROCESSING OF THE TRANSPARENT
FRONT-SIDE CONTACT 267 5.5.1 PEDOT AS TRANSPARENT CONTACT 269 5.5.2
INTRODUCTION OF A CONDUCTIVE GRID INTO PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES 272 5.6
PROCESSING OF THE OPAQUE BACK-SIDE CONTACT 274 5.6.1 AG-BASED PASTES AS
BACK-SIDE CONTACTS 275 5.7 ENCAPSULATION AND PERMEABILITY 279 5.7.1
MEASUREMENT OF PERMEABILITY 279 5.7.2 MEASUREMENT OF THE DIFFUSION
COEFFICIENT D 281 5.7.3 UNITS 282 5.7.4 APPARATUS 282 5.7.5 AN EXAMPLE
OF A COMMERCIAL INSTRUMENT 283 5.7.6 THE CALCIUM TEST 283 5.7.7 MASS
SPECTROMETRY 285 5.7.8 TRITIATED WATER 285 5.7.9 OXYGEN PERMEATION IN
PEDOT 285 5.8 PRACTICAL ENCAPSULATION TECHNIQUES 286 5.8.1 RIGID
ENCASEMENT AT IMEC (BELGIUM) 287 5.8.2 SMALL RIGID ENCASEMENT AT RISO
NATIONAL LABORATORY (DENMARK) 287 5.8.3 LARGE RIGID ENCASEMENT AT RISO
NATIONAL LABORATORY (DENMARK) 289 5.8.4 FLEXIBLE ENCASEMENT 290 5.9
PRODUCTION AND COMPANIES 2007 291 5.9.1 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN
EUROPE, THE UNITED STATES, AND ASIA 2007 293 5.9.2 A ROAD MAP FOR
SETTING UP A COMPANY PRODUCING OPVS IN EUROPE 294 5.9.3 WHAT PRODUCTION
EQUIPMENT IS AVAILABLE IN 2007 295 REFERENCES 295 6 OUTLOOK 301 6.1
WHERE IS THE TECHNOLOGY NOW? 301 6.2 WHERE IS IT SUITABLE? 302 6.3 WHERE
COULD IT BE IN THE NEXT DECADES? 303 REFERENCES 306 INDEX 307
|
| adam_txt |
POLYMER PHOTOVOLTAICS A PRACTICAL APPROACH FREDERIK *. KREBS, EDITOR
SPIE PRESS BELLINGHAM,WASHINGTON USA CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 HUMAN ENERGY
CONSUMPTION NOW AND IN THE FUTURE 1.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 1.3
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT ENERGY, ENERGY CONVERSION, THE EARTH, AND THE SUN
1.4 SOLAR ENERGY 1.5 THE STORAGE AND RELOCATION PROBLEM 1.6 TYPES OF
SOLAR CELLS 1.7 CURRENT CHALLENGES REFERENCES 2 THE POLYMER SOLAR CELL
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 MATERIALS 2.2.1 POLYMERS 2.2.2 MOLECULES AND
OLIGOMERS 2.3 FAST AND SIMPLE GUIDE TO A POLYMER SOLAR CELL FROM SCRATCH
2.3.1 EQUIPMENT 2.3.2 THE SUBSTRATE 2.3.3 THE PEDOT:PSS LAYER 2.3.4 THE
ACTIVE LAYER 2.3.5 EVAPORATING THE ELECTRODE 2.3.6 APPLYING ELECTRODES
AND MEASURING THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE DEVICES 2.3.7 DEVICE
PREPARATION AND PERFORMANCE REFERENCES CONTENTS 3 CHARACTERIZATION OF
ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS 91 3.1 TAKING THE SUN INSIDE 91 3.1.1 AIR MASS 92
3.1.2 THE ASTM E 927-05 STANDARD AND THE I EC 904-9 STANDARD 94 3.1.3
TYPES OF SIMULATORS 97 3.1.4 HALOGEN LAMPS 97 3.1.5 RECORDING THE
SPECTRUM 99 3.1.6 APPLYING FILTERS TO IMPROVE THE SPECTRUM 100 3.1.7
SPECTRAL, TEMPORAL, AND SPATIAL HOMOGENEITY OF THE LIGHT FIELD 101 3.1.8
CALIBRATION OF THE SUN SIMULATOR 103 3.2 IV-CURVES AND EFFICIENCIES 105
3.2.1 THE SOURCE METER 105 3.2.2 WHERE THE ELECTRONS ARE AND HOW TO
CONNECT YOUR CELL TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD 105 3.2.3 SPEED OF IV-CURVE
MEASUREMENT, DIELECTRIC RELAXATION, AND CAPACITIVE LOADING 108 3.2.4
ACTION SPECTRA USING A HIGH-POWER SPECTROMETER 109 3.2.5 IPCE
MEASUREMENTS USING A SIMPLE HIGH-POWER SPECTROMETER 110 3.2.6
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 112 3.3 OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS 112 3.3.1 WHY OUTDOOR
PHOTOVOLTAIC CHARACTERIZATION IS NECESSARY FOR ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS 112
3.3.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 113 3.3.3 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE
PHOTOVOLTAIC PARAMETERS OF BHJ SOLAR CELLS 116 3.3.4 EXAMPLE OF
LONG-TERM OUTDOOR TESTING OF STABILITY OF ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS 123 3.3.5
SOME NEW EXPERIMENTAL POSSIBILITIES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES
128 3.4 METHODS FOR PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THIN FILMS 131
3.4.1 CONTROLLING MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 133 3.4.2 TECHNIQUES FOR
MONITORING MORPHOLOGY 144 REFERENCES 148 4 LIFETIME AND STABILITY
STUDIES 155 4.1 OVERVIEW 155 4.2 STUDIES OF DEGRADATION MECHANISMS USING
TOF-SIMS 156 4.2.1 PRINCIPLE OF TOF-SIMS 156 4.2.2 ISOTOPIC LABELING 159
CONTENTS VII 4.2.3 TOF-SIMS DEPTH PROFILING 159 4.2.4 GAINING ACCESS TO
THE VARIOUS LAYERS IN THE PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE 167 4.2.5 TOF-SIMS IMAGING
170 4.2.6 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION BASED ON MASS SPECTRAL
INFORMATION 178 4.2.7 MONITORING PHOTOOXIDATION IN TIME*MAPPING THE
"HISTORY" OF DEGRADATION 185 4.3 STUDIES OF DEGRADATION MECHANISMS USING
XPS 187 4.3.1 THE PRINCIPLE OF XPS 188 4.3.2 CHEMICAL SHIFTS 189 4.3.3
ANGLE-DEPENDENT STUDIES 189 4.3.4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 189 4.3.5 DEVICE
AGING AND IV MEASUREMENT 191 4.3.6 XPS OVERALL OBSERVATIONS 192 4.3.7 LI
AND F DISTRIBUTION 193 4.4 STUDIES OF DEGRADATION MECHANISMS USING RBS
197 4.4.1 PRINCIPLES AND QUANTITATIVE DEPTH PROFILE OF THE COMPOSITION
198 4.4.2 STUDIES OF CATHODE DEGRADATION USING RBS 201 4.5 STUDIES OF
DEGRADATION MECHANISMS USING PHYSICAL AND/OR SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
210 4.5.1 INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPY 211 4.5.2 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY
(AFM) 212 4.5.3 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) 213 4.5.4
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY 216 4.6 ACCELERATED LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS FOR
EXTENDED PERIODS OF TIME 217 4.7 APPARATUS FOR LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS AND
FOR ISOTOPE LABELING 220 REFERENCES 223 5 PROCESSING AND PRODUCTION OF
LARGE MODULES 229 5.1 PRINTING AND COATING METHODS 232 5.1.1 R2R COATING
232 5.1.2 SCREEN PRINTING 234 5.1.3 PAD PRINTING 237 5.1.4 DOCTOR
BLADING 237 5.1.5 OTHER PRINTING METHODS 239 5.2 PRINTING THE ACTIVE
LAYER 239 5.2.1 SCREEN PRINTING 239 5.3 CARRIER SUBSTRATES 266 VIII
CONTENTS 5.4 ANODES AND CATHODES 266 5.5 PROCESSING OF THE TRANSPARENT
FRONT-SIDE CONTACT 267 5.5.1 PEDOT AS TRANSPARENT CONTACT 269 5.5.2
INTRODUCTION OF A CONDUCTIVE GRID INTO PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES 272 5.6
PROCESSING OF THE OPAQUE BACK-SIDE CONTACT 274 5.6.1 AG-BASED PASTES AS
BACK-SIDE CONTACTS 275 5.7 ENCAPSULATION AND PERMEABILITY 279 5.7.1
MEASUREMENT OF PERMEABILITY 279 5.7.2 MEASUREMENT OF THE DIFFUSION
COEFFICIENT D 281 5.7.3 UNITS 282 5.7.4 APPARATUS 282 5.7.5 AN EXAMPLE
OF A COMMERCIAL INSTRUMENT 283 5.7.6 THE CALCIUM TEST 283 5.7.7 MASS
SPECTROMETRY 285 5.7.8 TRITIATED WATER 285 5.7.9 OXYGEN PERMEATION IN
PEDOT 285 5.8 PRACTICAL ENCAPSULATION TECHNIQUES 286 5.8.1 RIGID
ENCASEMENT AT IMEC (BELGIUM) 287 5.8.2 SMALL RIGID ENCASEMENT AT RISO
NATIONAL LABORATORY (DENMARK) 287 5.8.3 LARGE RIGID ENCASEMENT AT RISO
NATIONAL LABORATORY (DENMARK) 289 5.8.4 FLEXIBLE ENCASEMENT 290 5.9
PRODUCTION AND COMPANIES 2007 291 5.9.1 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN
EUROPE, THE UNITED STATES, AND ASIA 2007 293 5.9.2 A ROAD MAP FOR
SETTING UP A COMPANY PRODUCING OPVS IN EUROPE 294 5.9.3 WHAT PRODUCTION
EQUIPMENT IS AVAILABLE IN 2007 295 REFERENCES 295 6 OUTLOOK 301 6.1
WHERE IS THE TECHNOLOGY NOW? 301 6.2 WHERE IS IT SUITABLE? 302 6.3 WHERE
COULD IT BE IN THE NEXT DECADES? 303 REFERENCES 306 INDEX 307 |
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| id | DE-604.BV023333083 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:58:25Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:16:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780819467812 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016516982 |
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| publisher | SPIE Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Polymer photovoltaics a practical approach Frederik C. Krebs, ed. Bellingham, Wash. SPIE Press 2008 XVI, 315 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier This book is intended to be a practical guide in the laboratory for the experimental solar-cell scientist whether he or she is involved with synthesis, device preparation, processing, or device characterization. Useful to all scientists working practically in the field, the book presents the process of creating a polymer solar-cell device beginning with a description of materials, including how they are made and characterized, followed by how the materials are processed into devices and films, and how these are characterized. From there, the status of two emerging fields of polymer solar cells are described: degradation and stability and large-scale processing. Conducting polymers Photovoltaic cells Materials Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd rswk-swf Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 gnd rswk-swf Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 s Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 s DE-604 Krebs, Frederik Christian Sonstige oth GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016516982&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Polymer photovoltaics a practical approach Conducting polymers Photovoltaic cells Materials Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046699-1 (DE-588)4121476-6 |
| title | Polymer photovoltaics a practical approach |
| title_auth | Polymer photovoltaics a practical approach |
| title_exact_search | Polymer photovoltaics a practical approach |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Polymer photovoltaics a practical approach |
| title_full | Polymer photovoltaics a practical approach Frederik C. Krebs, ed. |
| title_fullStr | Polymer photovoltaics a practical approach Frederik C. Krebs, ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polymer photovoltaics a practical approach Frederik C. Krebs, ed. |
| title_short | Polymer photovoltaics |
| title_sort | polymer photovoltaics a practical approach |
| title_sub | a practical approach |
| topic | Conducting polymers Photovoltaic cells Materials Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Conducting polymers Photovoltaic cells Materials Polymere Fotovoltaik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016516982&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT krebsfrederikchristian polymerphotovoltaicsapracticalapproach |