Science and civilisation in China: 5,12 Vol. 5, Chemistry and chemical technology ; Pt. 12, Ceramic technology
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Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2004
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
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| Physical Description: | XLIX, 918 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0521838339 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Science and civilisation in China |n 5,12 |p Vol. 5, Chemistry and chemical technology ; Pt. 12, Ceramic technology |c by Joseph Needham |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XLIX, 918 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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CONTENTS
List of illustrations
.
page
xxii
List of charts
.xxxi
List of tables
.xxxii
List of abbreviations
.xxxviii
Series editor's preface
.xliii
Preface
.xlv
PARTI: SETTING THE SCENE
.
page
ι
The status of ceramics in early China, p.
ι
Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, p.
ι
Bronze Age, p.
7
Ceramic types and Chinese terms, p.
9
Early historiography of Chinese ceramics, p.
12
Chhin and Han periods, p.
15
The status of potters,/).
16
Later texts on Chinese ceramics, p.
20
Treatises concerned with agriculture and crafts, p.
20
Gazetteers, p.
22
Literature concerned specifically with Ching-te-chen,
ƒ>. 24
The literature of connoisseurship,
ƒ?. 28
Official historiography: the standard histories, veritable records and collected
statutes, p.
34
Literature in Western languages, p.
36
The +2O1'1- to
+2
ť'-century
literature of archaeology, p.
38
Introductory remarks on raw materials, firing, forming and glazing, p.
40
The nature of clay, p.
41
Origins of clays, jo.
42
Mechanical weathering, p.
44
Chemical weathering, p.
44
Tropical weathering, p.
47
Hydro-thermal alteration, p.
48
Volcanic alteration, p.
48
Main clay-types in China, p.
49
The Nan-shan Chhin-ling divide, p.
49
Kilns and firing, p.
52
ix
X CONTENTS
The process and stages of firing, p.
55
Firing of clays in north and south China, p.
59
Fuel, p.
60
Sources of energy in firing historical ceramics, p.
61
Stages in burning, p.
61
Different solid fuels, p.
63
Fuels in China, p.
63
Kilns,/;.
65
Using clays to form pots, p.
65
Working with plastic clay, p.
65
Throwing, p.
66
Removing the vessel, p.
67
Turning, p.
68
Moulding, p.
73
A reflection on glazes, p.
74
The nature of glass and glaze, p.
75
Glass theory, p.
76
Fluxes,/;.
77
Eutectic mixtures,/).
78
The silica-sodium oxide system, p.
80
From glaze to glass, p.
81
The use of
calcia
as a stabiliser, p.
85
Early Chinese glazes, p.
85
Summary of Part
1:
'Setting the scene', p.
85
PART
2:
CLAYS
.
p.
87
Earthenwares and stonewares to the Han dynasty, p.
87
The north-south divide and its influence on Chinese ceramics, p.
87
Glazes, p.
90
North China and loess, p.
90
Palaeosols, p.
94
Loess and fertility, p.
95
The use of loess in Chinese ceramics: the Neolithic period,/).
96
Character ofloessic Neolithic wares,/).
100
From oxidation to reduction in Neolithic ceramics, p.
101
Properties of loess in Neolithic wares, p.
101
Loess in Shang dynasty ceramics and bronze-casting,/).
102
Refractoriness, p.
103
The use of loess in building materials in early China, p.
104
Pipes and wells, p.
105
Hollow bricks, strip bricks and tiles, p.
m
Tiles, p.
112
Architectural ceramics in the Chhin dynasty,/).
112
CONTENTS
Xl
Loess in Bronze Age ceramic vessels,
/. 114
Use of loess in the Han dynasty: architectural ceramics and vessels,
/. 114
Han dynasty glazed ceramics, p.
115
Loess in high-fired glazes, p.
116
Loess in pyrometric cones,/).
117
The significance of loess's use in China, p.
117
Northern whitewares, p.
120
Oxide analyses of clays and glazes,/.
121
Kaolinitic clays in north China, p.
122
Shang dynasty whitewares, p.
123
Glazed stonewares at An-yang, p.
126
Compositional differences between northern and southern stoneware
clays,/?.
129
The nature of southern stoneware clay,/.
132
Development of southern glazed stonewares,/.
135
Rock or clay?, p.
140
Porcelain: developments in north China,/?.
143
The growth of glazed stoneware in north China,/).
143
Possible contributing factors to the success of southern glazed
stoneware,/.
145
Chinese porcelain,
/. 146
Slips,/).
147
Kung-hsien,
/. 149
Hsing wares, p.
151
The nature of Hsing ware raw materials, p.
153
Feldspathic Hsing wares, p.
155
Ting ware,/.
157
Composition of Ting wares, p.
160
Other northern porcelain sites,/.
163
Stoneware in north China in the post +ioth century,/.
164
Northern stoneware,/.
164
Yao-chou,/.
164
Historical monuments documenting stoneware manufacture,/.
166
Other important northern stonewares,/.
167
Ju ware,/.
167
Chün
ware,/.
169
Tzhu-chou ware,/.
170
Compositions of northern clays,/.
175
Development and growth of southern porcelain,/.
181
Development of southern whitewares,/.
181
Xli
CONTENTS
Chinese porcelain and the city of Ching-te-chen, p.
184
The porcelain industry at Ghing-te-chen, p.
184
Official control of the pottery industry and the imperial kilns at
Ching-te-chen,//.
184
Official control of the imperial factory: taxes, requisitions and
problems,/).
189
Production quotas, p.
197
Porcelain decorations and sumptuary regulations, p.
201
Labour relations, p.
209
Technological development of Ching-te-chen porcelain,/.
214
The nature of Ching-te-chen Five Dynasties whiteware, p.
216
Vogt's paper,/.
216
The geology of Ching-te-chen porcelain stone,/.
219
Mining,/.
225
Preparation, p.
226
The effects of refining porcelain stone, p.
228
The introduction of kaolin at Ching-te-chen,/.
229
The nature and preparation of kaolin, p.
235
Why kaolin?, p.
237
Other notable southern wares, p.
240
Te-hua porcelain, p.
240
Te-hua production, p.
244
Te-hua porcelain clay,
/. 244
Te-hua glazes,
/. 247
Oxidation and translucency, p.
248
Lung-chhüan
celadon wares, p.
249
The technical development of
Lung-chhüan
celadon ware,/>.
252
Physical nature of
Lung-chhüan
porcelain stone,/).
253
Lung-chhüan
red clays,
/. 254
The porcellaneous
Lung-chhüan
material, p.
258
Southern Sung dynasty Kuan ware,
/. 258
The two Kuan kilns at Hang-chou: Hsiu-nei Ssu and Chiao-than Hsia,/?.
260
The Lao-hu-tung sherds,/.
261
Hang-chou and
Lung-chhüan
Kuan wares, p.
264
The continuing mystery of
Ko
ware,
/. 265
Stonewares and teawares in south China,
/. 267
Dark-bodied stonewares in south China,
/. 267
Chien
ware, p.
267
Tea-drinking and teawares, p.
271
Hsing and
Yüeh
teawares, p.
271
CONTENTS Xlii
Sung dynasty teawares, p.
273
I-hsing teawares, p.
273
Chi-chou ware, p.
277
Chi-chou ware clays, p.
278
Summary of Part
2:
'Clays', p.
279
PART
3:
KILNS
.ƒ>. 283
Neolithic bonfire kilns, up-draught kilns and reduction-firing, p.
283
Bonfire-firing, p.
283
Early Chinese 'bonfired' wares, p.
284
True ceramic kilns, p.
287
Earliest Chinese Neolithic wares, p.
289
Early northern up-draught kilns, p.
289
Size of firebox, p.
292
Kiln superstructure, p.
293
Oxidation, reduction and carbonisation, p.
296
Chinese grey-brick production, p.
297
Water-gas reduction in Chinese brick kilns, p.
298
Other possible reasons for the use of water in brick and tile kilns, p.
299
Air-starved fuel reduction and carbonising, p.
300
Liang-chu culture blackwares of south China,/).
301
Cross-draught kilns, p.
302
Bronze Age kilns, p.
302
Northern ceramics and iron-casting, p.
307
Later northern brick kilns, p.
308
The cross-draught kiln design: A summary, p.
312
Man-thou kilns, p.
314
High-temperature kilns in north China,/?.
314
Advantages of coal, p.
316
Burning wood and coal in high-temperature kilns, p.
318
Chimneys on northern high-temperature kilns, p.
322
Early firing stages in a man-thou kiln, p.
324
Cross-draught versus down-draught, p.
325
Cooling, p.
327
Long soaking, p.
328
Distribution of'man-thou kilns in China, p.
330
Summary of the development of the northern man-thou kiln, p.
332
Setting techniques and kiln furniture for northern kilns, p.
334
Shang dynasty setting practices, p.
334
Han dynasty glazed wares, p.
335
Thang dynasty san-tshai wares, p.
335
XIV
CONTENTS
Early setting methods in high-temperature kilns, p.
336
Saggers,/).
341
Step setters, p.
345
Dragon or lung kilns, p.
347
Origins of southern dragon kilns,/?.
348
Side-stoking,^.
351
Evenness of firing, jo.
354
Geography and clays, p.
354
Features of construction, p.
355
Kilns at
Lung-chhüan,
p.
357
Improvements,/).
358
North and south: a comparison, p.
359
The step kiln, p.
360
Kilns at Ching-te-chen, p.
365
Development of Ching-te-chen kilns,/).
365
The Ching-te-chen 'egg-shaped' kiln, p.
366
Historical descriptions of the setting and firing of the egg-shaped kiln,/*.
372
'Dragon cistern' kilns, 'green kilns' and enamel kilns,/).
375
Sagger kilns,/).
377
Summary of Part
3:
'Kilns', p.
378
PART
4:
MANUFACTURING METHODS AND
SEQUENCES
.
p.
379
Neolithic techniques, p.
379
Modelling clay in the Palaeolithic period, p.
379
Making the vessel from Hsien-jen-tung, p.
380
'Stone Age' styles of pottery-making in present-day Yunnan,/).
381
Xeroradiography, p.
382
Hand-building methods, p.
385
Slow wheels, p.
387
Chinese Neolithic potter's wheels,/).
388
Decoration, p.
389
From slow wheel to fast wheel, p.
390
The origins of throwing in China,/).
391
The throwing and turning of Lung-shan culture wares,/).
392
Handles, p.
393
Liang-chu culture blackwares from south China,/).
394
Bronze Age techniques, p.
396
Clay-working in Shang dynasty bronze-casting, p.
396
Model-making, p.
396
CONTENTS
XV
Jigs in clay-forming, p.
397
The running profile, p.
398
Mould-taking, p.
399
Shang dynasty moulds, p.
400
The core, p.
401
Ornament, p.
402
Eastern
Chou
dynasty clay-working techniques in bronze foundries, p.
403
Ceramic moulds in iron-casting, p.
404
Bronze-working techniques using clay and Bronze Age ceramics, p.
405
Architectural ceramics: bricks and tiles, p.
407
Tiles, p.
407
Architectural ceramics in the Chhin dynasty, p.
410
Architectural ceramics in the Han dynasty, p.
415
The
terra-cotta
warriors, p.
423
Constructing the tcrra-cotta warriors, p.
424
The horses, p.
426
Later ceramic-making techniques, p.
428
Later manufacturing processes and sequences in China, p.
428
Yao-chou, p.
428
Thang dynasty manufacture, p.
429
Moulding at Huang-pao in the Five Dynasties period, p.
430
Sung dynasty manufacture, p.
431
Moulding of Yao-chou 'carved' patterns, p.
433
Influences from silver on Chinese ceramics
,
p.
434
After Yao-chou, p.
435
Moulds used at Jung-hsicn in Kuangsi province, p.
436
Spouts and handles, p.
437
Faceting, p.
438
Manufacture at Lung-chhiian, p.
439
Double moulding, p.
440
Manufacture at Ching-tc-chen from the Five Dynasties to the Yuan
dynasty, p.
442
Manufacture at Ching-tc-chen in the Ming and Chhing dynasties, p.
443
Decorating, glazing and the completion of turning, p.
448
Production methods for I-hsing stonewares, p.
450
Summary of Part
4:
'Manufacturing methods and sequences', p.
453
PART
5:
GLAZES
.
p.
455
Ash-glazes, p.
455
Origins of Chinese glazes, p.
455
Dating the first Chinese glazes, p.
456
Application, p.
457
XVI CONTENTS
Wood ash, p.
458
Variations in wood-ash compositions, p.
458
Wood- and plant-ash types in glass and glaze history, p.
459
Preparation of ash,/).
460
Progress in Chinese ash-glazes, p.
462
Partial glazing of Han dynasty wares
,
p.
463
Taxonomy, p.
463
The nature of early Chinese stoneware glazes,/).
464
Southern high-potassia glasses and glazes, p.
464
Glazed ceramics from Vietnam, p.
466
Bronze Age blackware glazes, p.
468
Coloured glazes, glasses and lead glazes, p.
ąjo
Colour and texture in early Chinese and Near Eastern glazes, p.
470
Oxidation and reduction, p.
473
Titania
in Chinese glazes, p.
473
Low-fired glazes, glasses and 'glass-paste' in China, p.
474
Barium in early Chinese glass, p.
477
Chinese 'stonepaste' beads,/).
478
Lead-baria glazes on early ceramic vessels, p.
480
Lead poisoning, p.
484
High-lead glazes in world ceramic history, p.
485
Lead glazes from the Thang dynasty onwards: vessels, tiles and associated
wares, p.
489
The use of tiles in Chinese buildings, p.
489
Roofs in West and East, p.
491
Decoration of Chinese roofs,/?.
494
Tile manufacture, p.
498
Vessels and tiles in the Thang dynasty, p.
499
Thang dynasty lead-glazed wares, p.
500
Liao dynasty lead glazes, p.
503
Liao dynasty boric-oxide glazes, p.
505
Sung and Chin dynasty san-tshai, p.
507
Southern lead glazes, p.
508
Lead glazes and architectural ceramics in the Sung and Chin dynasties,/).
509
High-firing lime glazes, p.
523
Thang dynasty high-fired wares, p.
523
Development of southern stoneware glazes,/?.
523
The nature of lime glazes,/).
527
Sources of wood ash,/).
528
How much wood ash is present in a south Chinese stoneware bowl?, p.
528
CONTENTS XVII
Yüeh
wares, p.
529
Polychrome lime glazes, p.
531
The Chhiung-lai kilns, p.
531
The Chhang-sha kilns, p.
533
Liquid-liquid phase separation,/?.
534
Low
titania
glazes, p.
535
Early Yao-chou wares, p.
538
Northern high-firing stoneware and porcelain glazes, p.
539
Northern high-fired glazes, p.
539
Hsing whitewares and porcelains, p.
540
Magnesium oxide as a glaze-flux, p.
542
Ting wares, p.
543
Feldspathic Hsing ware glazes, p.
545
Kung-hsien glazes, p.
546
Summary on northern porcelain glazes, p.
547
Southern Chinese porcelain glazes, p.
550
Ching-te-chen whiteware and porcelain glazes, p.
550
Limestone as a Chinese glaze-flux, p.
553
Chhing-pai ware, p.
556
Glaze stone, p.
558
Ching-te-chen porcelain glazes,/».
560
High-temperature coloured porcelain glazes: red, blue and celadon-green, jr.
563
High-temperature coloured porcelain glazes at Ching-te-chen, p.
563
Ching-te-chen copper-red glazes, p.
563
Ching-te-chen monochrome blue glazes, p.
570
Ming dynasty imitation of Sung and Yuan dynasty glazes, p.
572
Lung-chhüan,
Kuan and
Ko
wares, p.
574
Colours, raw materials, and recipes for
Lung-chhüan
glazes, p.
577
Kuan ware, jo.
581
Layered glazes, p.
584
Classic northern glazes: Yao-chou,
Chün
andju, and their imitations,/).
586
Northern celadon-type wares, p.
586
Raw materials for Yao-chou celadon glazes, p.
592
Phosphorous in southern and northern glazes, p.
592
Sung dynasty Yao-chou celadon glazes and bodies, p.
593
Lin-ju wares, p. 5g4
Chün
wares, p.
595
Liquid-liquid phase separation, p.
596
Origins of
Chün
glazes,/).
597
XVIII CONTENTS
'Green Ghün'
ware, p.
599
Other qualities in
Chün
wares, p.
600
The imitation of
Chün
type wares at other kilns in northern and southern
China, p.
600
Ju wares and glazes, p.
604
Summary of Part
5:
'Glazes', p.
606
PART
6:
PIGMENTS, ENAMELS AND GILDING
. .
p.
609
Cold-painted pigments: glass, p.
609
Paints on the
terra-cotta
warriors,/).
612
The development of colours in glass,/*.
614
The development of fired enamels,/?.
615
Chinese and Persian overglaze enamels,/).
618
Overglaze enamels at Ching-te-chen in the Yuan to Chhing dynasties, p.
619
Ching-te-chen turquoise-blue alkaline glazes, p.
622
Chinese potassia-fluxed glasses and glazes, p.
624
Glaze-types, p.
630
Glaze colourants, p.
630
Use of saltpetre in Chinese alkaline glazes,/).
631
Nature and occurrence of saltpetre,/).
632
The development of enamelling in 'foreign colours' in the +i8'h century,/).
634
Later Ching-te-chen overglaze enamels, p.
634
The Chinese gold-ruby enamel, p.
638
Historical background to the development of the new enamels on porcelain,
glass and metal, p.
639
Enamelling after the Yung-Cheng reign period, p.
644
Other
famille
rose colours, p.
647
Arsenic opacification in Chhing dynasty Ching-te-chen monochrome
glazes, p.
649
The
famille
rose flux-balance, p.
650
The Khang-Hsi period overglaze-blue, p.
651
High-firing colours: copper, iron and cobalt, p.
653
Iron-Brown and Copper-Red,p.
653
Painting and lime-glazed wares, p.
653
The Thang dynasty: Chhiung-lai and Chhang-sha kilns,/).
653
Copper pigments on
Chün
glazes, p.
656
Copper pigments at Jung-hsien, p.
657
Copper pigments at Ching-te-chen, p.
658
C O BALT-
В
LUE,/).
658
Cobalt
in Chinese ceramics,/).
658
Cobalt oxide colourants in ancient Near Eastern glass,/).
661
CONTENTS XIX
Persian cobalt, p.
663
Cobalt-bearing glass from Chhang-sha, p.
664
Chinese lead-baria glasses coloured with cobalt, p.
666
Destructive analysis of cobalt pigments,/;.
668
Non-destructive analysis, p.
671
The nature and origins of Thang and Liao dynasty cobalt pigments, p.
671
Southern China: Chekiang and Yunnan provinces, and
Ching-te-chen,/).
674
Cobalt-bearing pigments used at Ching-te-chen in the Yuan dynasty, p.
676
Underglaze-blue in the Ming dynasty: Hung-Wu reign period, p.
680
Fa-hua glazes, p.
681
+i5th-century underglaze-blue pigments,
/>. 682
Names and descriptions of Chinese cobalt, p.
684
Cobalt in Chinese enamels and glass,/».
687
The metal enamel connection, p.
688
Gilding,/».
693
The use of metals to enhance ceramics,/).
693
Metal forms and ceramics, p.
695
Golden rims, p.
696
Fired on gilding, p.
697
Unfired, p.
700
Fired to conventional overglaze-gold temperatures (c. 6oo-8oo°C), p.
700
Fired to 'high' overglaze-gold temperatures (c.
800
to i,o6o°C), p.
700
Studies of gilding on Chinese ceramics, p.
703
Summary of Part
6:
'Pigments, enamels and gilding', p.
707
PART
7:
TRANSFER
./>. 709
China's technology transfer to the world and the significance of Chinese
ceramics in the context of world ceramic technology: i,p.
709
China's influence on world ceramics, p.
709
Technology transfer, p.
710
Understanding the material, p.
711
North and south,/?.
712
Export and imitation, p.
714
Economic benefits of trade, p.
714
Organisation of the export trade in China,/),
715
Local technology-transfer: the influence of Chinese ceramics in East and
South-east Asia,/;.
719
Korea,/).
719
Japan,/).
720
Chinese ceramics in South-east Asia, p.
723
XX CONTENTS
Vietnam, p.
725
Thailand and Cambodia, p.
727
Remote transfer: The influence of Chinese ceramics in South and West Asia, and
Africa, p.
y
28
Chinese ceramics in South and West Asia, p.
728
Chinese ceramics in Africa, p.
730
Ceramics from West Asia inspired by Chinese export wares, p.
732
Origin of tin-opacified glazes, p.
734
Stone-paste and soft-paste bodies, p.
735
Composition, forming and firing techniques of stone-paste wares, p.
737
Decorative techniques linking China and the Near East, p.
738
China's technology transfer to the world and the significance of Chinese
ceramics in the context of world ceramic technology:
2,
p.
740
Remote Transfer: The Influence of Chinese
Ceramics in Europe,/).
740
European knowledge about China and ceramics in the +i6th and +17111
centuries, p.
740
Missionary accounts of China and Chinese porcelain,/).
742
Export of Chinese porcelain to Europe,/».
745
Early imitations of Chinese porcelain in Europe,/).
747
French soft-pastes, p.
749
Meissen porcelain, p.
749
The first Saxon porcelain, p.
750
Feldspar, p.
752
The significance of the Meissen work, p.
754
Continental soft-pastes, p.
754
British porcelain, p.
755
John
Dwighťs
porcelain, p.
756
China clay, p.
757
Cookworthy porcelain, p.
758
Bone china,/).
763
Soapstone porcelain, p.
764
Wedgwood's Jasper ware, p.
766
English kilns, p.
767
An audit of contemporary porcelains and white-glazed earthenwares, p.
769
China's decline in the late +1901 and
+20'*'
centuries, p.
770
Situation in the Chinese ceramics industry,/).
771
CONTENTS XXI
Reconstructive transfer
through chemical analysis, p.
773
Petrik's porcelain, p.
774
Late British hard-paste porcelains, p.
775
Artist potters, p.
775
Knowledge from chemical analysis, p.
778
The significance of Chinese ceramics in the context of world ceramic technology
in the +2Olh to
+2
ist centuries, p.
77g
Technological developments, p.
779
New developments in the manufacture and use of ceramics in the +2Oth to
+2ist centuries,/).
780
Advanced ceramic compositions, p.
782
Forming processes, p.
783
The use of microscopy, p.
785
Applications, p.
786
Refractories, p.
787
Semiconductors, p.
787
Superconductors, p.
787
Domestic products, p.
788
Cost factors, p.
789
Reasons for the use of advanced ceramics, p.
789
Evolution and competition of materials, p.
790
A period of'reverse technology transfer' for China, p.
793
Synthetic single crystals, p.
794
High-temperature structural ceramics (high-temperature engineering
ceramics),/).
795
Functional ceramics (electronic ceramics), p.
795
Ceramic coatings, p.
796
Amorphous materials,/).
796
Summary of Part
7,
'Transfer',/).
797
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
.
p.m
A: Chinese and Japanese books and articles before
+1912,/). 800
B: Chinese, Korean and Japanese books
andjournal
articles since + 1912,/).
811
C: Bibliography,/;.
831
Index
./». 869
Table of Chinese Dynasties
.
p.
доб
Romanisation Conversion Table
.
p. gm |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
List of illustrations
.
page
xxii
List of charts
.xxxi
List of tables
.xxxii
List of abbreviations
.xxxviii
Series editor's preface
.xliii
Preface
.xlv
PARTI: SETTING THE SCENE
.
page
ι
The status of ceramics in early China, p.
ι
Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, p.
ι
Bronze Age, p.
7
Ceramic types and Chinese terms, p.
9
Early historiography of Chinese ceramics, p.
12
Chhin and Han periods, p.
15
The status of potters,/).
16
Later texts on Chinese ceramics, p.
20
Treatises concerned with agriculture and crafts, p.
20
Gazetteers, p.
22
Literature concerned specifically with Ching-te-chen,
ƒ>. 24
The literature of connoisseurship,
ƒ?. 28
Official historiography: the standard histories, veritable records and collected
statutes, p.
34
Literature in Western languages, p.
36
The +2O1'1- to
+2
ť'-century
literature of archaeology, p.
38
Introductory remarks on raw materials, firing, forming and glazing, p.
40
The nature of clay, p.
41
Origins of clays, jo.
42
Mechanical weathering, p.
44
Chemical weathering, p.
44
Tropical weathering, p.
47
Hydro-thermal alteration, p.
48
Volcanic alteration, p.
48
Main clay-types in China, p.
49
The Nan-shan Chhin-ling divide, p.
49
Kilns and firing, p.
52
ix
X CONTENTS
The process and stages of firing, p.
55
Firing of clays in north and south China, p.
59
Fuel, p.
60
Sources of energy in firing historical ceramics, p.
61
Stages in burning, p.
61
Different solid fuels, p.
63
Fuels in China, p.
63
Kilns,/;.
65
Using clays to form pots, p.
65
Working with plastic clay, p.
65
Throwing, p.
66
Removing the vessel, p.
67
Turning, p.
68
Moulding, p.
73
A reflection on glazes, p.
74
The nature of glass and glaze, p.
75
Glass theory, p.
76
Fluxes,/;.
77
Eutectic mixtures,/).
78
The silica-sodium oxide system, p.
80
From glaze to glass, p.
81
The use of
calcia
as a stabiliser, p.
85
Early Chinese glazes, p.
85
Summary of Part
1:
'Setting the scene', p.
85
PART
2:
CLAYS
.
p.
87
Earthenwares and stonewares to the Han dynasty, p.
87
The north-south divide and its influence on Chinese ceramics, p.
87
Glazes, p.
90
North China and loess, p.
90
Palaeosols, p.
94
Loess and fertility, p.
95
The use of loess in Chinese ceramics: the Neolithic period,/).
96
Character ofloessic Neolithic wares,/).
100
From oxidation to reduction in Neolithic ceramics, p.
101
Properties of loess in Neolithic wares, p.
101
Loess in Shang dynasty ceramics and bronze-casting,/).
102
Refractoriness, p.
103
The use of loess in building materials in early China, p.
104
Pipes and wells, p.
105
Hollow bricks, strip bricks and tiles, p.
m
Tiles, p.
112
Architectural ceramics in the Chhin dynasty,/).
112
CONTENTS
Xl
Loess in Bronze Age ceramic vessels,
/. 114
Use of loess in the Han dynasty: architectural ceramics and vessels,
/. 114
Han dynasty glazed ceramics, p.
115
Loess in high-fired glazes, p.
116
Loess in pyrometric cones,/).
117
The significance of loess's use in China, p.
117
Northern whitewares, p.
120
Oxide analyses of clays and glazes,/.
121
Kaolinitic clays in north China, p.
122
Shang dynasty whitewares, p.
123
Glazed stonewares at An-yang, p.
126
Compositional differences between northern and southern stoneware
clays,/?.
129
The nature of southern stoneware clay,/.
132
Development of southern glazed stonewares,/.
135
Rock or clay?, p.
140
Porcelain: developments in north China,/?.
143
The growth of glazed stoneware in north China,/).
143
Possible contributing factors to the success of southern glazed
stoneware,/.
145
Chinese porcelain,
/. 146
Slips,/).
147
Kung-hsien,
/. 149
Hsing wares, p.
151
The nature of Hsing ware raw materials, p.
153
Feldspathic Hsing wares, p.
155
Ting ware,/.
157
Composition of Ting wares, p.
160
Other northern porcelain sites,/.
163
Stoneware in north China in the post +ioth century,/.
164
Northern stoneware,/.
164
Yao-chou,/.
164
Historical monuments documenting stoneware manufacture,/.
166
Other important northern stonewares,/.
167
Ju ware,/.
167
Chün
ware,/.
169
Tzhu-chou ware,/.
170
Compositions of northern clays,/.
175
Development and growth of southern porcelain,/.
181
Development of southern whitewares,/.
181
Xli
CONTENTS
Chinese porcelain and the city of Ching-te-chen, p.
184
The porcelain industry at Ghing-te-chen, p.
184
Official control of the pottery industry and the imperial kilns at
Ching-te-chen,//.
184
Official control of the imperial factory: taxes, requisitions and
problems,/).
189
Production quotas, p.
197
Porcelain decorations and sumptuary regulations, p.
201
Labour relations, p.
209
Technological development of Ching-te-chen porcelain,/.
214
The nature of Ching-te-chen Five Dynasties whiteware, p.
216
Vogt's paper,/.
216
The geology of Ching-te-chen porcelain stone,/.
219
Mining,/.
225
Preparation, p.
226
The effects of refining porcelain stone, p.
228
The introduction of kaolin at Ching-te-chen,/.
229
The nature and preparation of kaolin, p.
235
Why kaolin?, p.
237
Other notable southern wares, p.
240
Te-hua porcelain, p.
240
Te-hua production, p.
244
Te-hua porcelain clay,
/. 244
Te-hua glazes,
/. 247
Oxidation and translucency, p.
248
Lung-chhüan
celadon wares, p.
249
The technical development of
Lung-chhüan
celadon ware,/>.
252
Physical nature of
Lung-chhüan
porcelain stone,/).
253
Lung-chhüan
red clays,
/. 254
The porcellaneous
Lung-chhüan
material, p.
258
Southern Sung dynasty Kuan ware,
/. 258
The two Kuan kilns at Hang-chou: Hsiu-nei Ssu and Chiao-than Hsia,/?.
260
The Lao-hu-tung sherds,/.
261
Hang-chou and
Lung-chhüan
Kuan wares, p.
264
The continuing mystery of
Ko
ware,
/. 265
Stonewares and teawares in south China,
/. 267
Dark-bodied stonewares in south China,
/. 267
Chien
ware, p.
267
Tea-drinking and teawares, p.
271
Hsing and
Yüeh
teawares, p.
271
CONTENTS Xlii
Sung dynasty teawares, p.
273
I-hsing teawares, p.
273
Chi-chou ware, p.
277
Chi-chou ware clays, p.
278
Summary of Part
2:
'Clays', p.
279
PART
3:
KILNS
.ƒ>. 283
Neolithic bonfire kilns, up-draught kilns and reduction-firing, p.
283
Bonfire-firing, p.
283
Early Chinese 'bonfired' wares, p.
284
True ceramic kilns, p.
287
Earliest Chinese Neolithic wares, p.
289
Early northern up-draught kilns, p.
289
Size of firebox, p.
292
Kiln superstructure, p.
293
Oxidation, reduction and carbonisation, p.
296
Chinese grey-brick production, p.
297
Water-gas reduction in Chinese brick kilns, p.
298
Other possible reasons for the use of water in brick and tile kilns, p.
299
Air-starved fuel reduction and carbonising, p.
300
Liang-chu culture blackwares of south China,/).
301
Cross-draught kilns, p.
302
Bronze Age kilns, p.
302
Northern ceramics and iron-casting, p.
307
Later northern brick kilns, p.
308
The cross-draught kiln design: A summary, p.
312
Man-thou kilns, p.
314
High-temperature kilns in north China,/?.
314
Advantages of coal, p.
316
Burning wood and coal in high-temperature kilns, p.
318
Chimneys on northern high-temperature kilns, p.
322
Early firing stages in a man-thou kiln, p.
324
Cross-draught versus down-draught, p.
325
Cooling, p.
327
Long soaking, p.
328
Distribution of'man-thou kilns in China, p.
330
Summary of the development of the northern man-thou kiln, p.
332
Setting techniques and kiln furniture for northern kilns, p.
334
Shang dynasty setting practices, p.
334
Han dynasty glazed wares, p.
335
Thang dynasty san-tshai wares, p.
335
XIV
CONTENTS
Early setting methods in high-temperature kilns, p.
336
Saggers,/).
341
Step setters, p.
345
Dragon or lung kilns, p.
347
Origins of southern dragon kilns,/?.
348
Side-stoking,^.
351
Evenness of firing, jo.
354
Geography and clays, p.
354
Features of construction, p.
355
Kilns at
Lung-chhüan,
p.
357
Improvements,/).
358
North and south: a comparison, p.
359
The step kiln, p.
360
Kilns at Ching-te-chen, p.
365
Development of Ching-te-chen kilns,/).
365
The Ching-te-chen 'egg-shaped' kiln, p.
366
Historical descriptions of the setting and firing of the egg-shaped kiln,/*.
372
'Dragon cistern' kilns, 'green kilns' and enamel kilns,/).
375
Sagger kilns,/).
377
Summary of Part
3:
'Kilns', p.
378
PART
4:
MANUFACTURING METHODS AND
SEQUENCES
.
p.
379
Neolithic techniques, p.
379
Modelling clay in the Palaeolithic period, p.
379
Making the vessel from Hsien-jen-tung, p.
380
'Stone Age' styles of pottery-making in present-day Yunnan,/).
381
Xeroradiography, p.
382
Hand-building methods, p.
385
Slow wheels, p.
387
Chinese Neolithic potter's wheels,/).
388
Decoration, p.
389
From slow wheel to fast wheel, p.
390
The origins of throwing in China,/).
391
The throwing and turning of Lung-shan culture wares,/).
392
Handles, p.
393
Liang-chu culture blackwares from south China,/).
394
Bronze Age techniques, p.
396
Clay-working in Shang dynasty bronze-casting, p.
396
Model-making, p.
396
CONTENTS
XV
Jigs in clay-forming, p.
397
The running profile, p.
398
Mould-taking, p.
399
Shang dynasty moulds, p.
400
The core, p.
401
Ornament, p.
402
Eastern
Chou
dynasty clay-working techniques in bronze foundries, p.
403
Ceramic moulds in iron-casting, p.
404
Bronze-working techniques using clay and Bronze Age ceramics, p.
405
Architectural ceramics: bricks and tiles, p.
407
Tiles, p.
407
Architectural ceramics in the Chhin dynasty, p.
410
Architectural ceramics in the Han dynasty, p.
415
The
terra-cotta
warriors, p.
423
Constructing the tcrra-cotta warriors, p.
424
The horses, p.
426
Later ceramic-making techniques, p.
428
Later manufacturing processes and sequences in China, p.
428
Yao-chou, p.
428
Thang dynasty manufacture, p.
429
Moulding at Huang-pao in the Five Dynasties period, p.
430
Sung dynasty manufacture, p.
431
Moulding of Yao-chou 'carved' patterns, p.
433
Influences from silver on Chinese ceramics
,
p.
434
After Yao-chou, p.
435
Moulds used at Jung-hsicn in Kuangsi province, p.
436
Spouts and handles, p.
437
Faceting, p.
438
Manufacture at Lung-chhiian, p.
439
Double moulding, p.
440
Manufacture at Ching-tc-chen from the Five Dynasties to the Yuan
dynasty, p.
442
Manufacture at Ching-tc-chen in the Ming and Chhing dynasties, p.
443
Decorating, glazing and the completion of turning, p.
448
Production methods for I-hsing stonewares, p.
450
Summary of Part
4:
'Manufacturing methods and sequences', p.
453
PART
5:
GLAZES
.
p.
455
Ash-glazes, p.
455
Origins of Chinese glazes, p.
455
Dating the first Chinese glazes, p.
456
Application, p.
457
XVI CONTENTS
Wood ash, p.
458
Variations in wood-ash compositions, p.
458
Wood- and plant-ash types in glass and glaze history, p.
459
Preparation of ash,/).
460
Progress in Chinese ash-glazes, p.
462
Partial glazing of Han dynasty wares
,
p.
463
Taxonomy, p.
463
The nature of early Chinese stoneware glazes,/).
464
Southern high-potassia glasses and glazes, p.
464
Glazed ceramics from Vietnam, p.
466
Bronze Age blackware glazes, p.
468
Coloured glazes, glasses and lead glazes, p.
ąjo
Colour and texture in early Chinese and Near Eastern glazes, p.
470
Oxidation and reduction, p.
473
Titania
in Chinese glazes, p.
473
Low-fired glazes, glasses and 'glass-paste' in China, p.
474
Barium in early Chinese glass, p.
477
Chinese 'stonepaste' beads,/).
478
Lead-baria glazes on early ceramic vessels, p.
480
Lead poisoning, p.
484
High-lead glazes in world ceramic history, p.
485
Lead glazes from the Thang dynasty onwards: vessels, tiles and associated
wares, p.
489
The use of tiles in Chinese buildings, p.
489
Roofs in West and East, p.
491
Decoration of Chinese roofs,/?.
494
Tile manufacture, p.
498
Vessels and tiles in the Thang dynasty, p.
499
Thang dynasty lead-glazed wares, p.
500
Liao dynasty lead glazes, p.
503
Liao dynasty boric-oxide glazes, p.
505
Sung and Chin dynasty san-tshai, p.
507
Southern lead glazes, p.
508
Lead glazes and architectural ceramics in the Sung and Chin dynasties,/).
509
High-firing lime glazes, p.
523
Thang dynasty high-fired wares, p.
523
Development of southern stoneware glazes,/?.
523
The nature of lime glazes,/).
527
Sources of wood ash,/).
528
How much wood ash is present in a south Chinese stoneware bowl?, p.
528
CONTENTS XVII
Yüeh
wares, p.
529
Polychrome lime glazes, p.
531
The Chhiung-lai kilns, p.
531
The Chhang-sha kilns, p.
533
Liquid-liquid phase separation,/?.
534
Low
titania
glazes, p.
535
Early Yao-chou wares, p.
538
Northern high-firing stoneware and porcelain glazes, p.
539
Northern high-fired glazes, p.
539
Hsing whitewares and porcelains, p.
540
Magnesium oxide as a glaze-flux, p.
542
Ting wares, p.
543
Feldspathic Hsing ware glazes, p.
545
Kung-hsien glazes, p.
546
Summary on northern porcelain glazes, p.
547
Southern Chinese porcelain glazes, p.
550
Ching-te-chen whiteware and porcelain glazes, p.
550
Limestone as a Chinese glaze-flux, p.
553
Chhing-pai ware, p.
556
Glaze stone, p.
558
Ching-te-chen porcelain glazes,/».
560
High-temperature coloured porcelain glazes: red, blue and celadon-green, jr.
563
High-temperature coloured porcelain glazes at Ching-te-chen, p.
563
Ching-te-chen copper-red glazes, p.
563
Ching-te-chen monochrome blue glazes, p.
570
Ming dynasty imitation of Sung and Yuan dynasty glazes, p.
572
Lung-chhüan,
Kuan and
Ko
wares, p.
574
Colours, raw materials, and recipes for
Lung-chhüan
glazes, p.
577
Kuan ware, jo.
581
Layered glazes, p.
584
Classic northern glazes: Yao-chou,
Chün
andju, and their imitations,/).
586
Northern celadon-type wares, p.
586
Raw materials for Yao-chou celadon glazes, p.
592
Phosphorous in southern and northern glazes, p.
592
Sung dynasty Yao-chou celadon glazes and bodies, p.
593
Lin-ju wares, p. 5g4
Chün
wares, p.
595
Liquid-liquid phase separation, p.
596
Origins of
Chün
glazes,/).
597
XVIII CONTENTS
'Green Ghün'
ware, p.
599
Other qualities in
Chün
wares, p.
600
The imitation of
Chün
type wares at other kilns in northern and southern
China, p.
600
Ju wares and glazes, p.
604
Summary of Part
5:
'Glazes', p.
606
PART
6:
PIGMENTS, ENAMELS AND GILDING
. .
p.
609
Cold-painted pigments: glass, p.
609
Paints on the
terra-cotta
warriors,/).
612
The development of colours in glass,/*.
614
The development of fired enamels,/?.
615
Chinese and Persian overglaze enamels,/).
618
Overglaze enamels at Ching-te-chen in the Yuan to Chhing dynasties, p.
619
Ching-te-chen turquoise-blue alkaline glazes, p.
622
Chinese potassia-fluxed glasses and glazes, p.
624
Glaze-types, p.
630
Glaze colourants, p.
630
Use of saltpetre in Chinese alkaline glazes,/).
631
Nature and occurrence of saltpetre,/).
632
The development of enamelling in 'foreign colours' in the +i8'h century,/).
634
Later Ching-te-chen overglaze enamels, p.
634
The Chinese gold-ruby enamel, p.
638
Historical background to the development of the new enamels on porcelain,
glass and metal, p.
639
Enamelling after the Yung-Cheng reign period, p.
644
Other
famille
rose colours, p.
647
Arsenic opacification in Chhing dynasty Ching-te-chen monochrome
glazes, p.
649
The
famille
rose flux-balance, p.
650
The Khang-Hsi period overglaze-blue, p.
651
High-firing colours: copper, iron and cobalt, p.
653
Iron-Brown and Copper-Red,p.
653
Painting and lime-glazed wares, p.
653
The Thang dynasty: Chhiung-lai and Chhang-sha kilns,/).
653
Copper pigments on
Chün
glazes, p.
656
Copper pigments at Jung-hsien, p.
657
Copper pigments at Ching-te-chen, p.
658
C O BALT-
В
LUE,/).
658
Cobalt
in Chinese ceramics,/).
658
Cobalt oxide colourants in ancient Near Eastern glass,/).
661
CONTENTS XIX
Persian cobalt, p.
663
Cobalt-bearing glass from Chhang-sha, p.
664
Chinese lead-baria glasses coloured with cobalt, p.
666
Destructive analysis of cobalt pigments,/;.
668
Non-destructive analysis, p.
671
The nature and origins of Thang and Liao dynasty cobalt pigments, p.
671
Southern China: Chekiang and Yunnan provinces, and
Ching-te-chen,/).
674
Cobalt-bearing pigments used at Ching-te-chen in the Yuan dynasty, p.
676
Underglaze-blue in the Ming dynasty: Hung-Wu reign period, p.
680
Fa-hua glazes, p.
681
+i5th-century underglaze-blue pigments,
/>. 682
Names and descriptions of Chinese cobalt, p.
684
Cobalt in Chinese enamels and glass,/».
687
The metal enamel connection, p.
688
Gilding,/».
693
The use of metals to enhance ceramics,/).
693
Metal forms and ceramics, p.
695
Golden rims, p.
696
Fired on gilding, p.
697
Unfired, p.
700
Fired to conventional overglaze-gold temperatures (c. 6oo-8oo°C), p.
700
Fired to 'high' overglaze-gold temperatures (c.
800
to i,o6o°C), p.
700
Studies of gilding on Chinese ceramics, p.
703
Summary of Part
6:
'Pigments, enamels and gilding', p.
707
PART
7:
TRANSFER
./>. 709
China's technology transfer to the world and the significance of Chinese
ceramics in the context of world ceramic technology: i,p.
709
China's influence on world ceramics, p.
709
Technology transfer, p.
710
Understanding the material, p.
711
North and south,/?.
712
Export and imitation, p.
714
Economic benefits of trade, p.
714
Organisation of the export trade in China,/),
715
Local technology-transfer: the influence of Chinese ceramics in East and
South-east Asia,/;.
719
Korea,/).
719
Japan,/).
720
Chinese ceramics in South-east Asia, p.
723
XX CONTENTS
Vietnam, p.
725
Thailand and Cambodia, p.
727
Remote transfer: The influence of Chinese ceramics in South and West Asia, and
Africa, p.
y
28
Chinese ceramics in South and West Asia, p.
728
Chinese ceramics in Africa, p.
730
Ceramics from West Asia inspired by Chinese export wares, p.
732
Origin of tin-opacified glazes, p.
734
Stone-paste and soft-paste bodies, p.
735
Composition, forming and firing techniques of stone-paste wares, p.
737
Decorative techniques linking China and the Near East, p.
738
China's technology transfer to the world and the significance of Chinese
ceramics in the context of world ceramic technology:
2,
p.
740
Remote Transfer: The Influence of Chinese
Ceramics in Europe,/).
740
European knowledge about China and ceramics in the +i6th and +17111
centuries, p.
740
Missionary accounts of China and Chinese porcelain,/).
742
Export of Chinese porcelain to Europe,/».
745
Early imitations of Chinese porcelain in Europe,/).
747
French soft-pastes, p.
749
Meissen porcelain, p.
749
The first Saxon porcelain, p.
750
Feldspar, p.
752
The significance of the Meissen work, p.
754
Continental soft-pastes, p.
754
British porcelain, p.
755
John
Dwighťs
porcelain, p.
756
China clay, p.
757
Cookworthy porcelain, p.
758
Bone china,/).
763
Soapstone porcelain, p.
764
Wedgwood's Jasper ware, p.
766
English kilns, p.
767
An audit of contemporary porcelains and white-glazed earthenwares, p.
769
China's decline in the late +1901 and
+20'*'
centuries, p.
770
Situation in the Chinese ceramics industry,/).
771
CONTENTS XXI
Reconstructive transfer
through chemical analysis, p.
773
Petrik's porcelain, p.
774
Late British hard-paste porcelains, p.
775
Artist potters, p.
775
Knowledge from chemical analysis, p.
778
The significance of Chinese ceramics in the context of world ceramic technology
in the +2Olh to
+2
ist centuries, p.
77g
Technological developments, p.
779
New developments in the manufacture and use of ceramics in the +2Oth to
+2ist centuries,/).
780
Advanced ceramic compositions, p.
782
Forming processes, p.
783
The use of microscopy, p.
785
Applications, p.
786
Refractories, p.
787
Semiconductors, p.
787
Superconductors, p.
787
Domestic products, p.
788
Cost factors, p.
789
Reasons for the use of advanced ceramics, p.
789
Evolution and competition of materials, p.
790
A period of'reverse technology transfer' for China, p.
793
Synthetic single crystals, p.
794
High-temperature structural ceramics (high-temperature engineering
ceramics),/).
795
Functional ceramics (electronic ceramics), p.
795
Ceramic coatings, p.
796
Amorphous materials,/).
796
Summary of Part
7,
'Transfer',/).
797
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
.
p.m
A: Chinese and Japanese books and articles before
+1912,/). 800
B: Chinese, Korean and Japanese books
andjournal
articles since + 1912,/).
811
C: Bibliography,/;.
831
Index
./». 869
Table of Chinese Dynasties
.
p.
доб
Romanisation Conversion Table
.
p. gm |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:56:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T08:28:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521838339 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Kerr, Rose 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)15187025X aut Science and civilisation in China 5,12 Vol. 5, Chemistry and chemical technology ; Pt. 12, Ceramic technology by Joseph Needham 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2004 XLIX, 918 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Needham, Joseph 1900-1995 Sonstige (DE-588)118942026 oth Wood, Nigel Sonstige oth Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin 1910-2015 Sonstige (DE-588)131347284 oth Kuhn, Dieter 1946-2024 Sonstige (DE-588)12141339X oth (DE-604)BV000136720 5,12 Digitalisierung SABAschaffenburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016511290&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kerr, Rose 1953- Science and civilisation in China |
| title | Science and civilisation in China |
| title_auth | Science and civilisation in China |
| title_exact_search | Science and civilisation in China |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Science and civilisation in China |
| title_full | Science and civilisation in China 5,12 Vol. 5, Chemistry and chemical technology ; Pt. 12, Ceramic technology by Joseph Needham |
| title_fullStr | Science and civilisation in China 5,12 Vol. 5, Chemistry and chemical technology ; Pt. 12, Ceramic technology by Joseph Needham |
| title_full_unstemmed | Science and civilisation in China 5,12 Vol. 5, Chemistry and chemical technology ; Pt. 12, Ceramic technology by Joseph Needham |
| title_short | Science and civilisation in China |
| title_sort | science and civilisation in china vol 5 chemistry and chemical technology pt 12 ceramic technology |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016511290&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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