Verfügbarkeit: Software engineering

Software engineering: principles and practice

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Vliet, Hans van (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2008
Ausgabe:	3. ed.
Schlagworte:	Génie logiciel Software engineering Software Engineering Softwareentwicklung
Online-Zugang:	Publisher description Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Literaturverz. S. 673 - 703 Includes bibliographical references and index
Beschreibung:	XXVI, 713 S.
ISBN:	9780470031469

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Foreword xvii Preface xix Introduction ....................................................... 1 1.1 What Is Software Engineering? ................................. 5 1.2 Phases in the Development of Software ......................... 10 1.3 Maintenance or Evolution ..................................... 15 1.4 From the Trenches ............................................ 17 1.4.1 Ariane 5, Flight 501.................................... 18 1.4.2 Therac^ ............................................ 19 1.4.3 The London Ambulance Service ........................ 21 1.4.4 Who Counts the Votes? ................................ 23 1.5 Software Engineering Ethics ................................... 24 1.6 Quo Vadis? .................................................. 27 1.7 Summary .................................................... 29 1.8 Further Reading .............................................. 30 Exercises ..................................................... 31 Part I Software Management 35 1 Introduction to Software Engineering Management ................... 37 2.1 Planning a Software Development Project ....................... 40 2.2 Controlling a Software Development Project .................... 43 2.3 Summary .................................................... 45 Exercises ..................................................... 46 3 The Software Life Cycle Revisited ................................... 49 3.1 The Waterfall Model .......................................... 52 3.2 Agile Methods ............................................... 54 Viii CONTENTS 3.2.1 Prototyping ........................................... 56 3.2.2 Incremental Development .............................. 60 3.2.3 Rapid Application Development and Dynamic Systems Development Method ................................. 62 3.2.4 Extreme Programming ................................. 66 3.3 The Rational Unified Process (RUP) ............................ 68 3.4 Model-Driven Architecture .................................... 71 3.5 Intermezzo: Maintenance or Evolution .......................... 72 3.6 Software Product Lines ........................................ 75 3.7 Process Modeling ............................................. ~П 3.8 Summary .................................................... 80 3.9 Further Reading .............................................. 81 Exercises ..................................................... 82 4 Configuration Management ......................................... 85 4.1 Tasks and Responsibilities ..................................... 87 4.2 Configuration Management Plan ............................... 92 4.3 Summary .................................................... 93 4.4 Further Reading .............................................. 94 Exercises ..................................................... 94 5 People Management and Team Organization ......................... 97 5.1 People Management .......................................... 99 5.1.1 Coordination Mechanisms ............................. 101 5.1.2 Management Styles .................................... 102 5.2 Team Organization ........................................... 104 5.2.1 Hierarchical Organization .............................. 104 5.2.2 Matrix Organization ................................... 106 5.2.3 Chief Programmer Team ............................... 107 5.2.4 SWAT Team .......................................... 107 5.2.5 Agile Team ........................................... 108 5.2.6 Open Source Software Development .................... 108 5.2.7 General Principles for Organizing a Team ............... Ill 5.3 Summary .................................................... 112 5.4 Further Reading .............................................. 113 Exercises ..................................................... 113 6 On Managing Software Quality ..................................... 115 6.1 On Measures and Numbers .................................... 118 6.2 A Taxonomy of Quality Attributes ............................. 123 6.3 Perspectives on Quality ....................................... 130 6.4 The Quality System .......................................... 134 6.5 Software Quality Assurance .................................... 135 6.6 The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) ........................ 137 CONTENTS ІХ 6.6.1 Personal Software Process .............................. 142 6.6.2 BOOTSTRAP and SPICE .............................. 143 6.6.3 Some Critical Notes ................................... 143 6.7 Getting Started ............................................... 144 6.8 Summary .................................................... 147 6.9 Further Reading .............................................. 148 Exercises ..................................................... 149 Cost Estimation .................................................... 153 7.1 Algorithmic Models ........................................... 158 7.1.1 Walston-Felix ........................................ 160 7.1.2 COCOMO ........................................... 162 7.1.3 Putnam ............................................... 163 7.1.4 Function Point Analysis ................................ 165 7.1.5 COCOMO 2: Variations on a Theme ................... 168 7.1.6 Use-Case Points: Another Variation on a Theme ......... 173 7.2 Guidelines for Estimating Cost ................................. 175 7.3 Distribution of Manpower over Time ........................... 179 7.4 Agile Cost Estimation ......................................... 183 7.5 Summary .................................................... 184 7.6 Further Reading .............................................. 186 Exercises ..................................................... 187 Project Planning and Control ........................................ 189 8.1 A Systems View of Project Control ............................. 190 8.2 A Taxonomy of Software Development Projects ................. 192 8.2.1 Realization Control Situation ........................... 194 8.2.2 Allocation Control Situation ............................ 195 8.2.3 Design Control Situation ............................... 195 8.2.4 Exploration Control Situation ........................... 196 8.2.5 Summary of Control Situations ......................... 197 8.3 Risk Management ............................................. 198 8.4 Techniques for Project Planning and Control .................... 201 8.5 Summary .................................................... 207 8.6 Further Reading .............................................. 208 Exercises ..................................................... 208 Part II The Software Life Cycle 211 9 Requirements Engineering ........................................... 213 9.1 Requirements Elicitation ....................................... 220 9.1.1 Requirements Engineering Paradigms .................... 224 CONTENTS 9.1.2 Requirements Elicitation Techniques .................... 226 9.1.3 Goals and Viewpoints .................................. 234 9.1.4 Prioritizing Requirements .............................. 237 9.1.5 COTS selection ....................................... 239 9.1.6 Crowdsourcing ........................................ 240 9.2 Requirements Documentation and Management ................. 241 9.2.1 Requirements Specification ............................. 241 9.2.2 Requirements Management ............................. 247 9.3 Requirements Specification Techniques ......................... 249 9.3.1 Choosing a Notation .................................. 250 9.3.2 Specifying Non-Functional Requirements ................ 252 9.4 Verification and Validation .................................... 253 9.5 Summary .................................................... 254 9.6 Further Reading .............................................. 255 Exercises ........................................................... 257 10 Modeling .......................................................... 261 10.1 Classic Modeling Techniques .................................. 263 10.1.1 Entity-Relationship Modeling .......................... 263 10.1.2 Finite State Machines .................................. 265 10.1.3 Data Flow Diagrams ................................... 267 10.1.4 CRC Cards ........................................... 267 10.2 On Objects and Related Stuff .................................. 268 10.3 The Unified Modeling Language ............................... 274 10.3.1 The Class Diagram .................................... 276 10.3.2 The State Machine Diagram ............................ 279 10.3.3 The Sequence Diagram ................................ 283 10.3.4 The Communication Diagram .......................... 284 10.3.5 The Component Diagram .............................. 285 10.3.6 The Use Case ......................................... 286 10.4 Summary .................................................... 287 10.5 Further Reading .............................................. 287 Exercises ..................................................... 288 11 Software Architecture ............................................... 289 11.1 Software Architecture and the Software Life Cycle ............... 293 11.2 Architecture Design ........................................... 294 11.3 Architectural Views ........................................... 298 11.4 Architectural Styles ........................................... 303 11.5 Software Architecture Assessment .............................. 317 11.6 Summary .................................................... 321 11.7 Further Reading .............................................. 322 Exercises ..................................................... 322 CONTENTS Xi 12 Software Design.................................................... 325 12.1 Design Considerations ........................................ 329 12.1.1 Abstraction........................................... 330 12.1.2 Modularity ........................................... 333 12.1.3 Information Hiding .................................... 336 12.1.4 Complexity ........................................... 337 12.1.5 System Structure ...................................... 344 12.1.6 Object-Oriented Metrics ............................... 348 12.2 Classical Design Methods ..................................... 351 12.2.1 Functional Decomposition .............................. 353 12.2.2 Data Flow Design (SA/SD) ............................. 356 12.2.3 Design Based on Data Structures ........................ 361 12.3 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Methods .................. 369 12.3.1 The Booch Method .................................... 376 12.3.2 Fusion ................................................ 377 12.3.3 RUP Revisited ......................................... 379 12.4 How to Select a Design Method ............................... 380 12.4.1 Design Method Classification ........................... 381 12.4.2 Object Orientation: Hype or the Answer? ................ 382 12.5 Design Patterns ............................................... 385 12.6 Design Documentation ........................................ 389 12.7 Verification and Validation .................................... 393 12.8 Summary .................................................... 393 12.9 Further Reading .............................................. 398 Exercises ..................................................... 399 1 3 Software Testing ................................................... 405 13.1 Test Objectives .............................................. 410 13.1.1 Test Adequacy Criteria ................................. 412 13.1.2 Fault Detection Versus Confidence Building .............. 413 13.1.3 From Fault Detection to Fault Prevention ................ 415 13.2 Testing and the Software Life Cycle ............................ 417 13.2.1 Requirements Engineering .............................. 417 13.2.2 Design ............................................... 419 13.2.3 Implementation ....................................... 420 13.2.4 Maintenance .......................................... 420 13.2.5 Test-Driven Development (TDD) ....................... 421 13.3 Verification and Validation Planning and Documentation ......... 422 13.4 Manual Test Techniques ...................................... 425 13.4.1 Reading .............................................. 425 13.4.2 Walkthroughs and Inspections .......................... 426 13.4.3 Correctness Proofs .................................... 428 13.4.4 Stepwise Abstraction ................................... 429 Xii CONTENTS 13.5 Coverage-Based Test Techniques ............................... 430 13.5.1 Control-Flow Coverage ................................ 431 13.5.2 Data Flow Coverage ................................... 433 13.5.3 Coverage-Based Testing of Requirements Specifications ... 435 13.6 Fault-Based Test Techniques ................................... 437 13.6.1 Error Seeding ......................................... 437 13.6.2 Mutation Testing ...................................... 438 13.7 Error-Based Test Techniques ................................... 440 13.8 Comparison of Test Techniques ................................ 441 13.8.1 Comparison of Test Adequacy Criteria .................. 442 13.8.2 Properties of Test Adequacy Criteria .................... 443 1 3.8.3 Experimental Results ................................... 446 13.9 Test Stages ................................................... 448 13.10 Estimating Software Reliability ................................. 450 13.11 Summary .................................................... 457 13.12 Further Reading .............................................. 458 Exercises ..................................................... 459 14 Software Maintenance .............................................. 465 14.1 Maintenance Categories Revisited .............................. 468 14.2 Major Causes of Maintenance Problems ......................... 471 14.3 Reverse Engineering and Refactoring ........................... 475 14.3.1 Refactoring........................................... 478 14.3.2 Inherent Limitations ................................... 480 14.3.3 Tools ................................................. 484 14.4 Software Evolution Revisited ................................... 486 14.5 Organizational and Managerial Issues ........................... 488 14.5.1 Organization of Maintenance Activities .................. 488 14.5.2 Software Maintenance from a Service Perspective ......... 492 14.5.3 Control of Maintenance Tasks .......................... 497 14.5.4 Quality Issues ......................................... 500 14.6 Summary .................................................... 501 14.7 Further Reading .............................................. 502 Exercises ..................................................... 504 1 5 Software Tools ..................................................... 507 15.1 Toolkits ..................................................... 511 15.2 Language-Centered Environments .............................. 513 15.3 Integrated Environments and WorkBenches ..................... 514 15.3.1 Analyst WorkBenches .................................. 515 15.3.2 Programmer WorkBenches ............................. 516 15.3.3 Management WorkBenches ............................. 520 15.3.4 Integrated Project Support Environments ................ 520 CONTENTS Xiii 15.4 Process-Centered Environments................................ 521 15.5 Summary .................................................... 522 15.6 Further Reading .............................................. 524 Exercises..................................................... 525 Partili Advanced Topics 527 1 6 User Interface Design............................................... 529 16.1 Where Is the User Interface?................................... 532 16.2 What Is the User Interface? .................................... 536 16.3 Human Factors in Human-Computer Interaction ................ 537 16.3.1 Humanities ........................................... 537 16.3.2 Artistic Design ........................................ 538 16.3.3 Ergonomics ........................................... 539 16.4 The Role of Models in Human-Computer Interaction ............ 540 16.4.1 A Model of Human Information Processing .............. 542 16.4.2 Mental Models of Information Systems .................. 544 16.4.3 Conceptual Models in User Interface Design ............. 547 16.5 The Design of Interactive Systems .............................. 549 16.5.1 Design as an Activity Structure ......................... 550 16.5.2 Design as Multi-Disciplinary Collaboration .............. 552 16.6 Task Analysis ................................................ 553 16.6.1 Task Analysis in HCI Design ........................... 554 16.6.2 Analysis Approaches for Collaborative Work ............. 556 16.6.3 Sources of Knowledge and Collection Methods .......... 557 16.6.4 An Integrated Approach to Task Analysis: СТА .......... 558 16.7 Specification of the User Interface Details ....................... 559 16.7.1 Dialog ................................................ 560 16.7.2 Representation ........................................ 561 16.8 Evaluation ................................................... 562 16.8.1 Evaluation of Analysis Decisions ........................ 562 16.8.2 Evaluation of UVM Specifications ....................... 563 16.8.3 Evaluation of Prototypes ............................... 566 16.9 Summary .................................................... 567 16.10 Further Reading .............................................. 568 Exercises ..................................................... 569 1 7 Software Reusability ................................................ 571 17.1 Reuse Dimensions ............................................ 574 17.2 Reuse of Intermediate Products ................................. 576 17.2.1 Libraries of Software Components ...................... 576 17.2.2 Templates ............................................ 580 Xiv CONTENTS 17.2.3 Reuse of Architecture .................................. 581 17.2.4 Application Generators and Fourth-Generation Languages . 581 17.3 Reuse and the Software Life Cycle .............................. 582 17.4 Reuse Tools and Techniques ................................... 585 17.4.1 From Module Interconnection Language to Architecture Description Language ................... 586 17.4.2 Middleware ........................................... 588 17.5 Perspectives of Software Reuse ................................. 591 17.6 Non-Technical Aspects of Software Reuse ....................... 594 17.6.1 Economics ............................................ 596 17.6.2 Management .......................................... 597 17.6.3 Psychology of Programmers ............................ 598 17.7 Summary .................................................... 599 17.8 Further Reading .............................................. 601 Exercises ..................................................... 601 18 Component-Based Software Engineering ............................. 605 18.1 Why Component-Based Software Engineering? .................. 607 18.2 Component Models and Components .......................... 608 18.2.1 Component Forms in Component Models ............... 610 18.2.2 Architecture and Component Models .................... 614 18.3 Component-Based Development Process and Component Life Cycle ................................................... 619 18.3.1 Component-Based System Development Process ......... 620 18.3.2 Component Assessment ................................ 622 18.3.3 Component Development Process ...................... 623 18.4 Architectural Approaches in Component-Based Development ..... 625 18.4.1 Architecture-Driven Component Development ........... 626 18.4.2 Product-Line Development ............................. 626 18.4.3 COTS-Based Development ............................. 627 18.4.4 Selecting an Approach ................................. 627 18.5 Summary .................................................... 628 18.6 Further Reading .............................................. 628 Exercises ..................................................... 629 19 Service Orientation ................................................. 631 19.1 Services, Service Descriptions, and Service Communication ....... 634 19.2 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) ........................... 639 19.3 Web Services ................................................ 641 19.3.1 Extensible Markup Language (XML) ..................... 643 19.3.2 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) .................. 644 19.3.3 Web Services Description Language (WSDL) ............ 644 19.3.4 Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) 646 CONTENTS XV 19.3.5 Business Process Execution Language for Web Services (BPEL4WS) ........................................... 647 19.4 Service-Oriented Software Engineering ......................... 650 19.5 Summary .................................................... 652 19.6 Further Reading .............................................. 652 Exercises ..................................................... 653 20 Global Software Development ....................................... 655 20.1 Challenges of Global System Development ..................... 657 20.2 How to Overcome Distance ................................... 664 20.2.1 Common Ground ..................................... 664 20.2.2 Coupling of Work ..................................... 666 20.2.3 Collaboration Readiness ................................ 666 20.2.4 Technology Readiness ................................. 666 20.2.5 Organizing Work in Global Software Development ....... 668 20.3 Summary .................................................... 670 20.4 Further Reading .............................................. 670 Exercises ..................................................... 671 Bibliography 673 Index 705
adam_txt	Contents Foreword xvii Preface xix Introduction . 1 1.1 What Is Software Engineering? . 5 1.2 Phases in the Development of Software . 10 1.3 Maintenance or Evolution . 15 1.4 From the Trenches . 17 1.4.1 Ariane 5, Flight 501. 18 1.4.2 Therac^ . 19 1.4.3 The London Ambulance Service . 21 1.4.4 Who Counts the Votes? . 23 1.5 Software Engineering Ethics . 24 1.6 Quo Vadis? . 27 1.7 Summary . 29 1.8 Further Reading . 30 Exercises . 31 Part I Software Management 35 1 Introduction to Software Engineering Management . 37 2.1 Planning a Software Development Project . 40 2.2 Controlling a Software Development Project . 43 2.3 Summary . 45 Exercises . 46 3 The Software Life Cycle Revisited . 49 3.1 The Waterfall Model . 52 3.2 Agile Methods . 54 Viii CONTENTS 3.2.1 Prototyping . 56 3.2.2 Incremental Development . 60 3.2.3 Rapid Application Development and Dynamic Systems Development Method . 62 3.2.4 Extreme Programming . 66 3.3 The Rational Unified Process (RUP) . 68 3.4 Model-Driven Architecture . 71 3.5 Intermezzo: Maintenance or Evolution . 72 3.6 Software Product Lines . 75 3.7 Process Modeling . ~П 3.8 Summary . 80 3.9 Further Reading . 81 Exercises . 82 4 Configuration Management . 85 4.1 Tasks and Responsibilities . 87 4.2 Configuration Management Plan . 92 4.3 Summary . 93 4.4 Further Reading . 94 Exercises . 94 5 People Management and Team Organization . 97 5.1 People Management . 99 5.1.1 Coordination Mechanisms . 101 5.1.2 Management Styles . 102 5.2 Team Organization . 104 5.2.1 Hierarchical Organization . 104 5.2.2 Matrix Organization . 106 5.2.3 Chief Programmer Team . 107 5.2.4 SWAT Team . 107 5.2.5 Agile Team . 108 5.2.6 Open Source Software Development . 108 5.2.7 General Principles for Organizing a Team . Ill 5.3 Summary . 112 5.4 Further Reading . 113 Exercises . 113 6 On Managing Software Quality . 115 6.1 On Measures and Numbers . 118 6.2 A Taxonomy of Quality Attributes . 123 6.3 Perspectives on Quality . 130 6.4 The Quality System . 134 6.5 Software Quality Assurance . 135 6.6 The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) . 137 CONTENTS ІХ 6.6.1 Personal Software Process . 142 6.6.2 BOOTSTRAP and SPICE . 143 6.6.3 Some Critical Notes . 143 6.7 Getting Started . 144 6.8 Summary . 147 6.9 Further Reading . 148 Exercises . 149 Cost Estimation . 153 7.1 Algorithmic Models . 158 7.1.1 Walston-Felix . 160 7.1.2 COCOMO . 162 7.1.3 Putnam . 163 7.1.4 Function Point Analysis . 165 7.1.5 COCOMO 2: Variations on a Theme . 168 7.1.6 Use-Case Points: Another Variation on a Theme . 173 7.2 Guidelines for Estimating Cost . 175 7.3 Distribution of Manpower over Time . 179 7.4 Agile Cost Estimation . 183 7.5 Summary . 184 7.6 Further Reading . 186 Exercises . 187 Project Planning and Control . 189 8.1 A Systems View of Project Control . 190 8.2 A Taxonomy of Software Development Projects . 192 8.2.1 Realization Control Situation . 194 8.2.2 Allocation Control Situation . 195 8.2.3 Design Control Situation . 195 8.2.4 Exploration Control Situation . 196 8.2.5 Summary of Control Situations . 197 8.3 Risk Management . 198 8.4 Techniques for Project Planning and Control . 201 8.5 Summary . 207 8.6 Further Reading . 208 Exercises . 208 Part II The Software Life Cycle 211 9 Requirements Engineering . 213 9.1 Requirements Elicitation . 220 9.1.1 Requirements Engineering Paradigms . 224 CONTENTS 9.1.2 Requirements Elicitation Techniques . 226 9.1.3 Goals and Viewpoints . 234 9.1.4 Prioritizing Requirements . 237 9.1.5 COTS selection . 239 9.1.6 Crowdsourcing . 240 9.2 Requirements Documentation and Management . 241 9.2.1 Requirements Specification . 241 9.2.2 Requirements Management . 247 9.3 Requirements Specification Techniques . 249 9.3.1 Choosing a Notation . 250 9.3.2 Specifying Non-Functional Requirements . 252 9.4 Verification and Validation . 253 9.5 Summary . 254 9.6 Further Reading . 255 Exercises . 257 10 Modeling . 261 10.1 Classic Modeling Techniques . 263 10.1.1 Entity-Relationship Modeling . 263 10.1.2 Finite State Machines . 265 10.1.3 Data Flow Diagrams . 267 10.1.4 CRC Cards . 267 10.2 On Objects and Related Stuff . 268 10.3 The Unified Modeling Language . 274 10.3.1 The Class Diagram . 276 10.3.2 The State Machine Diagram . 279 10.3.3 The Sequence Diagram . 283 10.3.4 The Communication Diagram . 284 10.3.5 The Component Diagram . 285 10.3.6 The Use Case . 286 10.4 Summary . 287 10.5 Further Reading . 287 Exercises . 288 11 Software Architecture . 289 11.1 Software Architecture and the Software Life Cycle . 293 11.2 Architecture Design . 294 11.3 Architectural Views . 298 11.4 Architectural Styles . 303 11.5 Software Architecture Assessment . 317 11.6 Summary . 321 11.7 Further Reading . 322 Exercises . 322 CONTENTS Xi 12 Software Design. 325 12.1 Design Considerations . 329 12.1.1 Abstraction. 330 12.1.2 Modularity . 333 12.1.3 Information Hiding . 336 12.1.4 Complexity . 337 12.1.5 System Structure . 344 12.1.6 Object-Oriented Metrics . 348 12.2 Classical Design Methods . 351 12.2.1 Functional Decomposition . 353 12.2.2 Data Flow Design (SA/SD) . 356 12.2.3 Design Based on Data Structures . 361 12.3 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Methods . 369 12.3.1 The Booch Method . 376 12.3.2 Fusion . 377 12.3.3 RUP Revisited . 379 12.4 How to Select a Design Method . 380 12.4.1 Design Method Classification . 381 12.4.2 Object Orientation: Hype or the Answer? . 382 12.5 Design Patterns . 385 12.6 Design Documentation . 389 12.7 Verification and Validation . 393 12.8 Summary . 393 12.9 Further Reading . 398 Exercises . 399 1 3 Software Testing . 405 13.1 Test Objectives . 410 13.1.1 Test Adequacy Criteria . 412 13.1.2 Fault Detection Versus Confidence Building . 413 13.1.3 From Fault Detection to Fault Prevention . 415 13.2 Testing and the Software Life Cycle . 417 13.2.1 Requirements Engineering . 417 13.2.2 Design . 419 13.2.3 Implementation . 420 13.2.4 Maintenance . 420 13.2.5 Test-Driven Development (TDD) . 421 13.3 Verification and Validation Planning and Documentation . 422 13.4 Manual Test Techniques . 425 13.4.1 Reading . 425 13.4.2 Walkthroughs and Inspections . 426 13.4.3 Correctness Proofs . 428 13.4.4 Stepwise Abstraction . 429 Xii CONTENTS 13.5 Coverage-Based Test Techniques . 430 13.5.1 Control-Flow Coverage . 431 13.5.2 Data Flow Coverage . 433 13.5.3 Coverage-Based Testing of Requirements Specifications . 435 13.6 Fault-Based Test Techniques . 437 13.6.1 Error Seeding . 437 13.6.2 Mutation Testing . 438 13.7 Error-Based Test Techniques . 440 13.8 Comparison of Test Techniques . 441 13.8.1 Comparison of Test Adequacy Criteria . 442 13.8.2 Properties of Test Adequacy Criteria . 443 1 3.8.3 Experimental Results . 446 13.9 Test Stages . 448 13.10 Estimating Software Reliability . 450 13.11 Summary . 457 13.12 Further Reading . 458 Exercises . 459 14 Software Maintenance . 465 14.1 Maintenance Categories Revisited . 468 14.2 Major Causes of Maintenance Problems . 471 14.3 Reverse Engineering and Refactoring . 475 14.3.1 Refactoring. 478 14.3.2 Inherent Limitations . 480 14.3.3 Tools . 484 14.4 Software Evolution Revisited . 486 14.5 Organizational and Managerial Issues . 488 14.5.1 Organization of Maintenance Activities . 488 14.5.2 Software Maintenance from a Service Perspective . 492 14.5.3 Control of Maintenance Tasks . 497 14.5.4 Quality Issues . 500 14.6 Summary . 501 14.7 Further Reading . 502 Exercises . 504 1 5 Software Tools . 507 15.1 Toolkits . 511 15.2 Language-Centered Environments . 513 15.3 Integrated Environments and WorkBenches . 514 15.3.1 Analyst WorkBenches . 515 15.3.2 Programmer WorkBenches . 516 15.3.3 Management WorkBenches . 520 15.3.4 Integrated Project Support Environments . 520 CONTENTS Xiii 15.4 Process-Centered Environments. 521 15.5 Summary . 522 15.6 Further Reading . 524 Exercises. 525 Partili Advanced Topics 527 1 6 User Interface Design. 529 16.1 Where Is the User Interface?. 532 16.2 What Is the User Interface? . 536 16.3 Human Factors in Human-Computer Interaction . 537 16.3.1 Humanities . 537 16.3.2 Artistic Design . 538 16.3.3 Ergonomics . 539 16.4 The Role of Models in Human-Computer Interaction . 540 16.4.1 A Model of Human Information Processing . 542 16.4.2 Mental Models of Information Systems . 544 16.4.3 Conceptual Models in User Interface Design . 547 16.5 The Design of Interactive Systems . 549 16.5.1 Design as an Activity Structure . 550 16.5.2 Design as Multi-Disciplinary Collaboration . 552 16.6 Task Analysis . 553 16.6.1 Task Analysis in HCI Design . 554 16.6.2 Analysis Approaches for Collaborative Work . 556 16.6.3 Sources of Knowledge and Collection Methods . 557 16.6.4 An Integrated Approach to Task Analysis: СТА . 558 16.7 Specification of the User Interface Details . 559 16.7.1 Dialog . 560 16.7.2 Representation . 561 16.8 Evaluation . 562 16.8.1 Evaluation of Analysis Decisions . 562 16.8.2 Evaluation of UVM Specifications . 563 16.8.3 Evaluation of Prototypes . 566 16.9 Summary . 567 16.10 Further Reading . 568 Exercises . 569 1 7 Software Reusability . 571 17.1 Reuse Dimensions . 574 17.2 Reuse of Intermediate Products . 576 17.2.1 Libraries of Software Components . 576 17.2.2 Templates . 580 Xiv CONTENTS 17.2.3 Reuse of Architecture . 581 17.2.4 Application Generators and Fourth-Generation Languages . 581 17.3 Reuse and the Software Life Cycle . 582 17.4 Reuse Tools and Techniques . 585 17.4.1 From Module Interconnection Language to Architecture Description Language . 586 17.4.2 Middleware . 588 17.5 Perspectives of Software Reuse . 591 17.6 Non-Technical Aspects of Software Reuse . 594 17.6.1 Economics . 596 17.6.2 Management . 597 17.6.3 Psychology of Programmers . 598 17.7 Summary . 599 17.8 Further Reading . 601 Exercises . 601 18 Component-Based Software Engineering . 605 18.1 Why Component-Based Software Engineering? . 607 18.2 Component Models and Components . 608 18.2.1 Component Forms in Component Models . 610 18.2.2 Architecture and Component Models . 614 18.3 Component-Based Development Process and Component Life Cycle . 619 18.3.1 Component-Based System Development Process . 620 18.3.2 Component Assessment . 622 18.3.3 Component Development Process . 623 18.4 Architectural Approaches in Component-Based Development . 625 18.4.1 Architecture-Driven Component Development . 626 18.4.2 Product-Line Development . 626 18.4.3 COTS-Based Development . 627 18.4.4 Selecting an Approach . 627 18.5 Summary . 628 18.6 Further Reading . 628 Exercises . 629 19 Service Orientation . 631 19.1 Services, Service Descriptions, and Service Communication . 634 19.2 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) . 639 19.3 Web Services . 641 19.3.1 Extensible Markup Language (XML) . 643 19.3.2 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) . 644 19.3.3 Web Services Description Language (WSDL) . 644 19.3.4 Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) 646 CONTENTS XV 19.3.5 Business Process Execution Language for Web Services (BPEL4WS) . 647 19.4 Service-Oriented Software Engineering . 650 19.5 Summary . 652 19.6 Further Reading . 652 Exercises . 653 20 Global Software Development . 655 20.1 Challenges of Global System Development . 657 20.2 How to Overcome Distance . 664 20.2.1 Common Ground . 664 20.2.2 Coupling of Work . 666 20.2.3 Collaboration Readiness . 666 20.2.4 Technology Readiness . 666 20.2.5 Organizing Work in Global Software Development . 668 20.3 Summary . 670 20.4 Further Reading . 670 Exercises . 671 Bibliography 673 Index 705
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