Principles of European constitutional law:
This volume presents European constitutional law not as a theoretical construct but as binding law. While politicians wrestle with the Constitutional Treaty, this volume presents European constitutional law as it stands, setting out its theoretical and doctrinal fundamentals from the perspective of...
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Hart
2007
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| Edition: | Repr. |
| Series: | Modern studies in European law
8 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | This volume presents European constitutional law not as a theoretical construct but as binding law. While politicians wrestle with the Constitutional Treaty, this volume presents European constitutional law as it stands, setting out its theoretical and doctrinal fundamentals from the perspective of German-speaking scholarship. |
| Physical Description: | LXXVI, 833 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781841137339 9781841134642 1841134643 1841137332 |
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CONTENTS PREFACE V TABLE OF CASES , XXXI TABLE OF EUROPEAN FOUNDING
TREATIES XLIX TABLE OF NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONS LXV TABLE OF LEGISLATION
LXXI TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS LXXV I DEFINING THE
FIELD OF EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 1 ARMIN VON BOGDANDY:
CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES 3 I. A THEORY OF A DOCTRINE OF PRINCIPLES 3 1.
PRINCIPLES AND CONSTITUTIONAL SCHOLARSHIP 3 2. FUNCTIONS OF A DOCTRINE
OF PRINCIPLES 5 3. INTEGRATION AS A FORMATION OF PRINCIPLES 7 II.
GENERAL ISSUES OF A EUROPEAN DOCTRINE OF PRINCIPLES 8 1. THE SUBJECT
MATTER 8 2. NATIONAL AND SUPRANATIONAL PRINCIPLES: ON THE QUESTION OF
TRANSFERABILITY 9 3. CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES IN VIEW OF VARYING
SECTORAL PROVISIONS 11 III. FOUNDING PRINCIPLES OF SUPRANATIONAL
AUTHORITY 12 1. EQUAL LIBERTY 12 2. THE RULE OF LAW 15 A) A COMMUNITY OF
LAW 15 B) PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION FOR THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF RATIONAL
PROCEDURE 18 3. DEMOCRACY 2 0 A) DEVELOPMENT AND BASIC FEATURES. 20 B)
THE PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRACY AND THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE 25 C)
TRANSPARENCY, PARTICIPATION, DELIBERATION AND FLEXIBILITY 27 D)
SUPRANATIONAL DEMOCRACY: AN EVALUATION 30 4. SOLIDARITY 32 X CONTENTS
IV. THE FEDERAL BALANCE BETWEEN UNITY AND DIVERSITY 34 1. DIVERSITY IN A
SYSTEM OF COMPLEMENTARY CONSTITUTIONS 34 2. PRINCIPLES PROMOTING UNITY
36 A) REALISATION OF GOALS OR INTEGRATION TOUT COURT? 36 B) STRUCTURAL
COMPATIBILITY OR OUTRIGHT HOMOGENEITY? 38 C) SUPRANATIONALITY? 40 D) THE
SINGLE AND PRIMARY LEGAL ORDER 41 3. PRINCIPLES PROTECTING DIVERSITY
.42 A) DOCTRINE OF COMPETENCES 43 B) A GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF
DIVERSITY? -.45 C) PROTECTION OF DIVERSITY THROUGH ORGANISATION AND
PROCEDURE 46 4. THE PRINCIPLE OF LOYALTY AND THE FEDERAL BALANCE 49 V.
CONCLUDING REMARKS 51 STEFAN OETER: FEDERALISM AND DEMOCRACY 53 I.
INTRODUCTION; "UNDERSTANDING THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A FEDERAL POLITY" 53
II. THE DIFFERENT FEDERALISM DISCOURSES*AN OUTLINE 56 III. THE EUROPEAN
UNION AS A MIXED SYSTEM OF A FEDERATIVE CHARACTER 59 IV. THE BENEFIT OF
FEDERAL ANALOGIES*OR: THE CENTRAL STATE AS A "LEITMOTIV" OF POLITICAL
THEORY 62 1. THE QUESTION OF SOVEREIGNTY 63 2. "DIVIDED SOVEREIGNTY" AND
THE PRINCIPLE OF PEOPLE'S SOVEREIGNTY. 65 3. PEOPLE'S SOVEREIGNTY
AND THE "CONSTITUTION" OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 67 V. THE ROLE OF THE
PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRACY IN A FEDERAL COMMONWEALTH 72 VI. THE CONSTRUCTION
OF DEMOCRATIC RESPONSIBILITY- EXPERIENCES OF FEDERAL SYSTEMS 77 VII. THE
UNITED EUROPE AS A FEDERAL SYSTEM*WHERE DOES THE FEDERAL "STAATSVOLK"
COME FROM? 83 VIII. CONCLUSIONS: THE FEDERAL "UNION" AS A PROMISING
CONSTRUCTION 85 CHRISTOPB GRABENWARTER: NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN UNION 95 I. INTRODUCTION 95 II. THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNION LAW AND NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 96 1.
FULL PRIMACY OF COMMUNITY LAW 97 CONTENTS XI 2. LIMITED PRIMACY OF
COMMUNITY LAW OVER CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 98 3. PRIMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION
103 4. THE SITUATION IN THE LEGAL SYSTEMS OF NEW MEMBER STATES . 104 5.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN JUSTIFICATIONS 105 6. THE LEGAL
SITUATION ACCORDING TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY * 106 III. CONTENTS OF
NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN UNION 107 1.
SOVEREIGNTY AND TRANSFER OF SOVEREIGN RIGHTS 108 2. STRUCTURAL SAFEGUARD
CLAUSES 112 3. FEDERAL AND DECENTRALISED ENTITIES 115 4. THE POSITION OF
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS .122 5. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 127 A) EXPANDING THE
SCOPE OF NATIONAL GUARANTEES OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS DEMANDED BY COMMUNITY
LAW: THE EXAMPLE OF THE RIGHT TO VOTE IN MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS 127 B)
INCREASED PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF COMMUNITY
LAW: THE EXAMPLE OF EQUAL TREATMENT OF MEN AND WOMEN 130 C) REINFORCING
AND CHANGING THE EFFECT OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN
THE NATIONAL AREA 132 D) INDIRECT EFFECTS OF COMMUNITY LAW ON THE SCOPE
OF NATIONAL GUARANTEES OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 133 E) MATCHING NATIONAL
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS WITH INCREASED STANDARDS AT EUROPEAN LEVEL 136 IV.
CONCLUSIONS: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND UNION
LAW 137 1. BODIES ACTING UNDER THE CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER 137 2.
INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN THE CONSTITUTIONAL ORDERS OF MEMBER STATES 139
3. TYPOLOGY ACCORDING TO SUBSTANTIVE ORIENTATION: ADAPTATIONS WHICH ARE
RECEPTIVE AND DEFENSIVE TOWARDS INTEGRATION * 141 4. DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS
A RECIPROCAL LINKING OF CONSTITUTIONS 142 4 ROBERT UERPMANN-WITTZACK:
THE CONSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF MULTILATERAL TREATY SYSTEMS 145 I. A
CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION: THE EXPOSURE OF A LEGAL ORDER TO INTERNATIONAL
LAW 145 XII CONTENTS II. ACCESSION 149 1. WTO 149 A) ART 300(7) EC AS A
STARTING POINT 150 B) THE THEORY OF DIRECT EFFECT 151 C) INTERCONNECTING
D IFF EVENT JURISDICTIONS 154 D) THE PRINCIPLE OF RECIPROCITY 156 E)
UNILATERAL COUNCIL ACTION 159 F) INTERNAL EFFECT SHORT OF DIRECT EFFECT
160 G) MONISM AND DUALISM REVISITED 162 2.ECHR 164 III. LEGAL SUCCESSION
BY VIRTUE OF FUNCTIONAL SUCCESSION 166 1. LEGAL SUCCESSION IN
INTERNATIONAL LAW 166 A) GATT 1947 166 B) ECHR 167 AA) THE MEMBER
STATES' RESPONSIBILITY TO GUARANTEE THE OBSERVANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS BY
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 167 BB) LEGAL SUCCESSION IN A NARROWER SENSE 16 8
CC) DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY OF EC MEMBER STATES 169 2. LEGAL SUCCESSION
UNDER COMMUNITY LAW 171 IV. EXPRESS INCORPORATION IN PRIMARY LAW*IN
PARTICULAR ART 6(2) EU 172 V. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW 174 VI.
ASSESSMENT AND PERSPECTIVES 175 1. THE STATUS QUO 175 2. CONSTITUTIONAL
PERSPECTIVES .178 A) THE CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 178 B) ANTICIPATING
THE CONSTITUTION 180 CHRISTOPH MOLLERS: POUVOIR CONSTITUANT *
CONSTITUTION * CONSTITUTIONALISATION 183 I. CONSTITUTIONAL RHETORIC:
LEVELS OF MEANING 183 II. THEORETICAL PREREQUISITES: TWO TYPES OF
CONSTITUTIONS 184 1. FOUNDING OF A NEW ORDER: CONSTITUTION AS
POLITICISATION OF LAW 185 A) FOUNDATION OF A NEW POLITICAL ORDER 185 B)
NORMATIVITY, SUPREMACY AND WRITTEN FORM OF THE CONSTITUTION 187 C)
RESULT 188 2. SHAPING OF THE POWERS: CONSTITUTION AS JURIDIFICATION OF
POLITICS IGG A) LIMITING POWERS BY LEGALISATION OF GOVERNMENT 189 B)
RESTRICTED NORMATIVITY OF THE CONSTITUTION 190 CONTENTS XIII C) RESULT
19 1 D) IN PARTICULAR: CONSTITUTIONAL TREATIES 192 3. THE TRADITIONS
CORRELATED: CONSTITUTION AS COUPLING OF POLITICS AND LAW 193 HI. BASIC
POSITIONS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL DISCUSSION*A CRITICAL INVENTORY 194 1.
ASSIGNMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION TO THE NATION-STATE 195 2. CONSTITUTIONAL
ELEMENTS*CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS ,196 3. HETERONOMY OR AUTONOMY OF EU
LAW 199 4. LIMITED RELEVANCE OF THE DISCUSSION FRONTS 202 IV. THREE
CONCEPTS OF THE CONSTITUTION IN EUROPE 202 1. POUVOUIR CONSTITUANT*THE
CRITERION FOR EQUAL FREEDOM.203 2. CONSTITUTION: THE EUROPEAN
TREATIES AS A FORMAL CONSTITUTION FOR THE UNION .208 A) THE TREATIES
IN WRITTEN FORM 209 B) SUPREMACY OF THE TREATIES 212 AA) CONSTITUTION AS
A LEGAL ARGUMENT * THE EC] AND HIERARCHIES WITHIN THE TREATIES 212 BB)
SUPREMACY OF THE TREATY LAW 213 C) THE TREATIES AS A FORMAL
CONSTITUTION: SUPRANATIONAL OVER-JURIDIFICATION AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL
POLITICISATION 215 3. CONSTITUTIONALISATION 215 A) COMMON EUROPEAN
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW * ESTABLISHING PRINCIPLES 217 B) CHARTER OF
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 218 C) ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISATION 218 D)
THE LEGITIMACY OF EVOLUTIONARY CONSTITUTIONALISATION 220 V EUROPEAN
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW*A LEGAL FIELD AND ITS ACADEMIA 220 VI. EPILOGUE: THE
CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 223 1. CONSTITUTIONAL DELIBERATION: CONVENTION AND
INTERGOVERNMENTALISM 223 2. CONSTITUTIONAL MOMENTS: THE POLITICAL
REMAINING OUTSIDE 224 3. CONSTITUTIONAL HONESTY: THE CONSTITUTIONAL
TREATY AS A SEMANTIC CONSTITUTION 226 II INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 227 6
PHILIPP DANN: THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 229 I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE
229 II. PAST RESEARCH AND RECURRENT QUESTIONS 231 XIV CONTENTS 1. TO
COUNCIL AND COMMISSION THROUGH PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES 231 2. EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT: THE PET OBJECT 234 3. CHANGING TIDES: INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH
IN THE 1990S 235 III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: THE SYSTEM OF EXECUTIVE
FEDERALISM 237 IV. THE INSTITUTIONAL SETTING 239 1. COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
239 A) FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION: MEMBERS, ORGANISATION AND COMPETENCES 239
B) MODE OF DECISION-TAKING: CONSENSUS AND ITS REASONS 243 2. EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT 245 A) CO-ELECTOR: APPOINTMENT POWER AND NEGATIVE COMPETENCE
247 B) OVERSIGHT FUNCTION: CONTROL VIA ORGANISATION .250 C)
CO-LEGISLATOR: LAW-MAKING BY CO-OPERATION AND CONSENSUS-BUILDING , 252
3. EUROPEAN COMMISSION 255 A) THE PROBLEM OF LEADERSHIP 255 B)
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE: THE OUTLOOK OF A CONSENSUAL GOVERNMENT 256 C)
FUNCTIONS: AGENDA-SETTER, MEDIATOR AND GUARDIAN 257 AA) AGENDA SETTING .
.258 BB) MEDIATING INTERESTS 258 CC) FEDERAL VOICE AND GUARDIAN 259
D) CONCLUSION AND AN UNRESOLVED PROBLEM OF LEADERSHIP 260 4. EUROPEAN
COUNCIL 261 A) COMPOSITION AND FORM: THE IDEAL OF THE "FIRESIDE CHAT"
261 B) FUNCTIONS , , 263 AA) STEERING COMMITTEE 264 BB) FINAL ARBITER
AND CO-ORDINATOR 264 CC) TREATY NEGOTIATOR AND CONSTITUTIONAL MOTOR 26 5
C) CONCLUSIONS 266 AA) AN INSTITUTION OUT OF THE COOKBOOK OF EXECUTIVE
FEDERALISM 266 BB) EUROPEAN COUNCIL AND EUROPEAN COMMISSION AS TWOFOLD
GUBERNATIVE , 267 D) A THREEFOLD GUBERNATIVE? THE CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY
AND THE NEW FOREIGN MINISTER 268 V. LEGITIMACY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL
SYSTEM 269 CONTENTS XV 1. PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY 269 A) THE DILEMMA OF
THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS 270 B) THE EP AND ITS REPRESENTATIONAL LIMITS
272 2. CONSENSUAL DEMOCRACY 275 3. CONCLUSION AND PROPOSAL: A
SEMI-PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY 276 VI. SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS: THE
CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 277 7 FRANZ C MAYER: THE
EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION AND THE COURTS 281 INTRODUCTION 281 I, TAKING
STOCK: THE ECJ AND THE HIGHEST NATIONAL COURTS*CONFLICT OR CO-OPERATION?
282 1. ADOPTING A PROCEDURAL PERSPECTIVE: THE DUTY TO MAKE PRELIMINARY
REFERENCES UNDER ART 234(3) EC 284 A) SUPREME NATIONAL COURTS AND THE
DUTY TO MAKE REFERENCES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EUROPEAN LAW 28 4 B) THE
PRELIMINARY REFERENCE PRACTICE OF SUPREME NATIONAL COURTS 287 C) THE
NATIONAL SUPREME COURTS' REFERENCE PRACTICES * A MIXED BAG? 290 2.
ADOPTING A SUBSTANTIVE PERSPECTIVE ON THE COURTS' RELATIONSHIP 291 A)
THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE ECJ 291 B) THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE HIGHEST
NATIONAL COURTS 294 AA) THE GERMAN BVERFG 294 (1) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS:
THE SOLANGE I AND SOLANGE II DECISIONS (1974/1986) 295 (2) POWERS AND
COMPETENCES: THE GERMAN MAASTRICHT DECISION (1993) 296 (3) THE
CONSISTENCY OF THE BVERFG'S CASE-LAW: CONTROLLING THE BRIDGE 300 BB)
OTHER HIGH COURTS 301 CC) THE HIGHEST COURTS IN THE NEW AND PROSPECTIVE
MEMBER STATES 304 3. INTERIM SUMMARY 305 II. ADOPTING AN ANALYTICAL AND
A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 306 1. DEALING WITH THE QUESTION OF ULTIMATE
JURISDICTION 306 2. ADOPTING A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 311 A) EXISTING
APPROACHES 311 B) EMBEDDING THE PROBLEM INTO A MODERN CONCEPT OF
CONSTITUTIONALISM * 313 XVI CONTENTS AA) CLARIFICATION: WHAT
CONSTITUTION? CONSTITUTIONS, VERFASSUNGSVERBUND AND MULTILEVEL
CONSTITUTIONALISM 314 (1) CONSTITUTIONS AND THE CONCEPT OF
VERFASSUNGSVERBUND 314 (2) MULTILEVEL SYSTEMS 316 (A) OBJECTIONS TO THE
TRADITIONAL REPERTOIRE OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS 317 (B) THE LEVEL METAPHOR
320 (C) MTTLTILEVEL SYSTEMS * ATTEMPTING A DEFINITION 321 BB) THE ROLE
OF COURTS IN A MULTILEVEL SYSTEM- 323 (1) FROM CONSTITUTIONAL COURT TO
COMPLEMENTARY- CONSTITUTIONAL ADJUDICATION? 323 (2) COURTS IN A
MULTILEVEL SYSTEM 323 C) OBJECTIONS TO COMPLEMENTARY EUROPEAN
CONSTITUTIONAL ADJUDICATION 324 AA) ASYMMETRY 324 BB) THE EVAPORATION OF
RESPONSIBILITIES * WHO IS TO DEFINE THE COMMON GOOD? 328 CC) IS THERE
ANY ADDED VALUE IN THEORIES OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES OF ADJUDICATION? 328
3. INTERIM SUMMARY 329 III. THE FUTURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL COURTS 329 1 . THE COURTS AND CORE TOPICS OF THE
CONSTITUTIONAL DEBATE UNTIL 2004 330 2. OPEN QUESTIONS 331 SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSION 332 8 ARTNIN VON BOGDANDY AND JURGEN BAST: THE VERTICAL ORDER
OF COMPETENCES 335 I. INTRODUCTION 335 II. THE CURRENT ORDER OF
COMPETENCES 337 1. TERMINOLOGICAL AND THEORETICAL BASES 337 A) THE
COMPETENCE REQUIREMENT AS AN EVOLUTIONARY ACHIEVEMENT 338 B) ON THE
SCOPE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF ATTRIBUTED POWERS 340 C) EMPOWERING PROVISIONS
AND STANDARD-ESTABLISHING PROVISIONS 342 D) HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
COMPETENCES 343 2. FUNDAMENTS OF THE VERTICAL ORDER OF COMPETENCES 344
A) UNION AND MEMBER STATE COMPETENCES 344 B) TYPES OF VERTICAL
COMPETENCES 347 AA) EXCLUSIVE POWERS 349 CONTENTS XVII BB) CONCURRENT
POWERS 350 CC) PARALLEL POWERS 355 DD) NON-REGULATO?Y POWERS 356 C)
RULES REGARDI7TG THE EXERCISE OF POWERS 35 8 III. THE CONSTITUTIONAL
TREATY'S ORDER OF COMPETENCES. .359 1. THE PROTECTION OF MEMBER STATE
SOVEREIGNTY , 359 A) THE BASIS FOR COMPETENCE 360 B) A CRITICALLY NARROW
CONCEPT OF COMPETENCE? 361 C) PRESERVATION AND ENLARGEMENT OF A
"FLEXIBILITY CLAUSE" 362 D) THE EC] AS GUARDIAN OF THE ORDER OF
COMPETENCES 363 2. PROTECTION OF MEMBER STATES' SCOPE OF ACTION 365 A) A
REVISED PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY AND A RECONSTRUCTED PROTOCOL 365 B)
INVOLVEMENT OF NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS 365 C) REVOCABILITY OF UNION LEGAL
ACTS 367 D) THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE AS CENTRAL PROBLEM 367 3.
TRANSPARENCY 368 A) THE NEW ORDER OF VERTICAL COMPETENCES 368 B) THE
PERSISTENT ENTANGLEMENT OF UNION AND MEMBER STATES 370 4. THE OUTLOOK
371 JURGEN BAST: LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 373 INTRODUCTION 373 I. OUTLINE OF
THE DISCIPLINE'S DEVELOPMENT 375 1. EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY:
FOCUS ON THE DECISION 375 2. THE EEC IN THE 1960S AND 1970S: FOCUS ON
THE REGULATION .377 3. THE DISCUSSIONS IN THE 1980S AND 1990S: FOCUS
ON THE DIRECTIVE 380 4. THE PERCEIVED LACK OF COHERENCE: FOCUS ON REFORM
383 II. CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 386 1. ART 249 EC AS THE CENTRAL
PROVISION 386 A) NORMATIVE CONTENTS OF ART 249 EC 387 B) LIMITATIONS
IMPOSED BY ART 249 EC 388 2. THE UNITY OF SECONDARY LAW 390 A) EQUALITY
OF LAW-MAKING INSTITUTIONS 390 B) EQUALITY OF LAW-MAKING PROCEDURES 392
C) EQUALITY OF BINDING INSTRUMENTS 393 D) DO IMPLEMENTING MEASURES HAVE
A SEPARATE RANK? 394 E) IS THE LACK OF HIERARCHY AN ANOMALY OF THE
SYSTEM? 396 XVIII CONTENTS 3. THE COURT'S CONCEPTION 397 A) THE CONCEPT
OF AN ACT ACCORDING TO ART 230(1) EC 398 B) THE CONCEPT OF A DECISION
ACCORDING TO ART 230(4) EC 401 III. VARIABLE CONDITIONS FOR LEGALITY AND
EFFECT 404 1. CONDITIONS FOR EFFECT 405 2. CONDITIONS FOR LEGALITY 406
IV. OPERATING MODE AS THE CENTRAL CATEGORY 407 1. AN ATTEMPT TO
SYSTEMATISE THE INSTRUMENTS 407 2. THE MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE
INSTRUMENTS 410 V. AN EDUCATIONAL CONSTITUTION*THE CONCEPT OF "EUROPEAN
LAWS" 411 10 ANTJE WIENER: SOFT INSTITUTIONS 419 INTRODUCTION 419 I.
POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR AND THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS 422 1. ACTOR ORIENTED
APPROACHES: INSTITUTIONS AS STRATEGIC CONTEXT 425 2. STRUCTURE ORIENTED
APPROACHES: INSTITUTIONS AS GUIDELINES FOR SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 426 3.
INTERSUBJECTIVE APPROACHES: INSTITUTIONS CONSTITUTED THROUGH PRACTICE
428 4. REFLEXIVE APPROACHES: CONTESTED MEANINGS OF INSTITUTIONS 430 II.
THREE PHASES OF CONSTITUTIONALISATION 431 1. INTEGRATION (1960-1985) 435
2. EUROPEANISATION (SINCE 1985) 435 3. LATE POLITICISATION (SINCE 1993)
437 III, INSTITUTIONS IN SELECTED POLICY AREAS: CITIZENSHIP AND THE
CONSTITUTIONAL PROCESS * 439 1, EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP 443 2. THE
CONSTITUTIONAL DEBATE 445 IV. CONCLUSION 448 HI INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS 451 11
STEFAN KADELBACH: UNION CITIZENSHIP 453 I. INTRODUCTION 453 II. THE
NOTION OF UNION CITIZENSHIP 455 1. HISTORY - 455 2. THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF
EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP 45 5 A) NATIONALITY 45^ B) CITIZENSHIP 46 O C J.
MIE NF$ XIX C) UNION CITIZENSHIP T ,.,462 AA) NATIONALITY AS A CONDITION
FOR UNION GIZZRN& BH) UNION CITIZENSHIP AS A COMPLEMENT FO STETE
CITIZENSHIP 4FR^ III. ELEMENTS OF UNION CITIZENSHIP IN POSITIVE ! .M
*. 464 1. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS BASED ON EC LAW A) FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS ,
B) SECONDARY LAW; UNION CITIZENS AS PY WELFARE RECIPIENTS AND CONSUMERS
.,*,.,.*,.465 2. RIGHTS OF UNION CITIZENS ,.,,.
,,.,4F FE A) FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT *, .*.*., .466 B)
POLITICAL RIGHTS .,.,.468 AA) THE RIGHT TO VOTE AND TO BE ELECTED ON
THE LOCAL LEVEL , ,,,,,468 BB) RIGHT TO VOTE AND TO STAND FOR ELECTIONS
#*» THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT . 4TI C) PETITION,
INFORMATION, ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS.,.»,^.^.^ ,., SU »4~L D) PROTECTION
BY DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR AUTHCMUT& .,, .»4"*4 3. RIGHTS OF UNION
CITIZENS AND PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION .,.*,*. 4""6 A) THE
LINK BETWEEN UNION CITIZENSHIP AND THE GENERAL PROHIBITION OF
DISCRIMINATION,.,*, .*,,,.,476 B) DERIVATIVE SOCIAL RIGHTS O _,,,4'
7 "" C) DERIVATIVE CULTURAL RIGHTS .4""G 4. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
UNION CITIZENSHIP AMI FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS .,.»,.^.,*,,,480 5.
DUTIES OF UNION CITIZENS? ,,****,.,.,.*,.,,.*.,,,483 6. INTERIM
EVALUATION .*-.,.,,.,, ,484 IV. UNION CITIZENSHIP IN THE
CONSTITUTION" 486 V. THE FUTURE OF UNION CITIZENSHIP 487 1. UNION
CITIZENS IN THE EUROPEAN MULTI-LEVEL SYSTEM .487 A) CITIZEN
STATUS AND IDENTITY AA) THE MULTI-NATIONAL TRADITION BB) UNIVERSALIST
VISIONS -. .,.^.-. .,A9Q B) IDENTITIES OF CITIZENSHIP IN
MULTI-LEVEL SYSTEMS .*,.*.492 C) THE COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN CITIZEN STATUS AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION .495 2. UNION
CITIZENSHIP AND DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE .495 3. UNION
CITIZENSHIP AND EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION- MAKING. * - - ,,,,.497 VI.
CONCLUDING REMARKS .498 12 JURGEN KUHLING; FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
.,».~. 01 I . INTRODUCTION * 5 0 1 XX CONTENTS
II. PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION 504 1. THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION BY THE ECJ PRIOR TO THE
PROCLAMATION OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 504 A) FROM REFUSAL TO
RECOGNITION 504 B) AN AUTONOMOUS SPECIFICATION BY THE COMMUNITY ON THE
BASIS OF COMMON CONSTITUTIONAL TRADITIONS AND THE ECHR 505 2. THE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS DEBATE IN THE ERA OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 507 A) TIME FOR A RADICAL RE-ORIENTATION OF
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS? 507 B) CATALYST EFFECT, BUT NOT
LEGALLY BINDING 509 C) THE INCORPORATION OF THE CHARTER IN THE
CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 511 AA) THE LEGALLY BINDING CHARACTER 511 BB)
ADAPTATIONS OF THE CHARTER WITHIN THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT * THE FEAR
OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISM 512 (1) FIELD O APPLICATION OF THE CHARTER 512 (2)
CONSTITUTIONAL TRADITIONS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW 513 (3)
LIMITATION OF INTERPRETATION OF THE PROVISIONS 514 III. CORE ELEMENTS OF
THE LEGAL DOCTRINE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 515 1. PRELIMINARY REMARK:
FUNCTIONS AND NECESSARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGAL DOCTRINE OF FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS 515 A) FUNCTIONS OF THE LEGAL DOCTRINE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF DIVERGING FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS CULTURES 515 B)
THE NECESSITY OF FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRESENT LEGAL DOCTRINE OF
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EC} AND THE LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL 517
2. FUNCTIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 519 A) POSSIBLE
CLASSIFICATIONS 519 B) SUBJECTIVE (NEGATIVE) RIGHTS AND POSITIVE
OBLIGATIONS 519 AA) THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE (NEGATIVE) RIGHTS
AND POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS 519 BB) DUTY TO PROTECT AS CENTRAL POSITIVE
OBLIGATION 520 CC) DERIVED PARTICIPATORY RIGHTS CORRESPONDING WITH THE
POSITIVE OBLIGATION TO GIVE ACCESS .522 CONTENTS XXI DD) ORIGINAL
RIGHTS TO PERFORMANCE CORRESPONDING WITH POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE
523 3. WHO IS BOUND BY FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS?*THE REACH OF FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS 524 A) THE BINDING EFFECT ON THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE EC AND THE
EU 524 B) THE BINDING EFFECT ON THE MEMBER STATES AS DETERMINANT OF THE
VERTICAL SCOPE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE UNION 525 AA) THE
POSITION OF THE EC] 525 BB) THE FUTURE CONSOLIDATION OF THE ECJ'S POINT
OF VIEW 527 4. WHO MAY ASSERT FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS? 530 5. THE STRUCTURE
OF EXAMINATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 530 A) AN OVERVIEW OVER THE SYSTEM
OF EXAMINATION 530 B) THE AREA PROTECTED BY FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND
INTERFERENCE THEREIN 531 C) JUSTIFICATION OF AN INTERFERENCE WITH
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 532 AA) INTERFERENCE MUST BE FOUNDED ON A LEGAL BASIS
533 BB) LEGITIMATE OBJECTIVE 534 CC) THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY
535 (1) SUITABILITY 536 (2) NECESSITY 537 (3) PROPORTIONALITY 537 (4)
DENSITY OF CONTROL AND MARGIN OF APPRECIATION .538 DD) THE GUARANTEE OF
THE ESSENCE OF RIGHTS (WESENSGEHALTSGARANTIE) 541 D) PARTICULARITIES OF
THE EXAMINATION OF THE EQUALITY PRINCIPLE AND POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS 542
IV. OUTLOOK: AN INSTITUTIONAL AND SUBSTANTIVE WORKING PROGRAMME 544 13
THORSTEN KINGREEN: FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 549 I. THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
IN A LEGAL CONTEXT 549 II. THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN THE PROCESSES OF
EUROPEANISATION AND CONSTITUTIONALISATION 552 1. THE
POLITICAL-INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT I: THE HORIZONTAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE ECJ AND THE EUROPEAN LEGISLATOR * * 553 A) THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
DURING THE EC CRISIS 553 B) THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AFTER THE SINGLE
EUROPEAN ACT * * $56 XXII CONTENTS C) THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN THE
ERA OF CONSTITUTIONALISATION 558 2. THE POLITICAL-INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT
II: THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AS MULTI-LEVEL NORMS 561 III.
TRANS-NATIONAL INTEGRATION OR (SUPRA-)NATIONAL LEGITIMATION? , 565 1.
FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AND MULTI-LEVEL CONSTITUTIONALISM 565 2. THE
THEORETICAL STRUCTURE AND SCOPE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 567 A) THE
FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AS MARKET ACCESS RIGHTS 567 B) JUSTIFICATION OF THE
INTERFERENCE 572 3. THE UNION AS ADDRESSEE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS?
577 IV. THE HORIZONTAL EFFECT OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 578 1. DIRECT
HORIZONTAL EFFECT 578 2. THE ALTERNATIVE*THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION 581 V.
CONCLUSION 583 IV CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC LAW 58 5 14 ARMIN
HATJE: THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 587 I. ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION AND
EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 587 1. RELEVANCE OF THE SUBJECT 587 2. TERMINOLOGY
AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 588 A) THE APPROACH 589 B)
DEFINITIONS 590 C) DELIMITATIONS 591 3. THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC
CONSTITUTION 591 A) EXPANSION OF THE DEBATE 591 B) THE CO-OPERATIVE
CHARACTER OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 592 C) PECULIARITIES OF
THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 593 4. SCOPE FOR ECONOMIC POLICY
FORMATION 593 II. SYSTEMATIC DECISION AND LEGAL GUARANTEES 594 1. THE
DECISION IN FAVOUR OF AN OPEN MARKET ECONOMY AND FREE COMPETITION , 594
A) LEGAL QUALITY 595 B) CONTENTS 595 2. GUARANTEES OF A MARKET ECONOMIC
ORDER 596 CONTENTS XXIII A) PRIVATE AUTONOMY AS FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT
FOR A MARKET ECONOMIC SYSTEM , *596 AA) ECONOMIC PARTICIPANT AS LEGAL
PERSON 597 BB) INDIVIDUAL AND ENTREPRENEURIAL CAPACITY TO ACT 597 CC)
EQUAL RIGHTS FOR MARKET PARTICIPANTS 598 B) CO-ORDINATION THROUGH TRADE
ON THE OPEN MARKETS 598 AA) ASSURED AVAILABILITY OF PRODUCTS AND
SERVICES 599 (1) PRIVATE PROPERTY 599 (2) STABLE CURRENCY 600 BB)
REDUCTION OF MARKET BARRIERS THROUGH FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 600 CC)
FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATION 601 DD) LIMITED EXTERNAL ACCESS 602 C)
COMPETITION AS AN INSTRUMENT OF CO-ORDINATION .603 AA) LEGAL FRAMEWORK
603 BB) AREAS EXCLUDED FROM COMPETITION 604 CC) COMPETITION AND MARKET
MALFUNCTION 605 3. GUARANTEES OF THE MARKET AND ECONOMIC POLICIES 605 A)
GOALS OF COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES ,.605 B) INSTRUMENTS 606 C) LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES FOR AN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 607 III. FORMATIVE SCOPE OF
THE COMMUNITY IN ECONOMIC POLICY 607 1. INSTRUMENTS OF ECONOMIC POLICIES
607 2. AREAS OF COMMUNITY ECONOMIC POLICIES 608 A) REGULATORY POLICY
(ORDNUNGSPOLITIK) 608 AA) OPENING THE MARKET BY APPROXIMATION 608 BB)
LIBERALISING REGULATED MARKETS 609 B) PROCEDURAL POLICY 610 AA)
FINANCIAL POLICY 610 BB) STRUCTURAL ASSISTANCE MEASURES ., , 610 CC)
EMPLOYMENT POLICY 611 DD) ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 611 C) DISTRIBUTION AND
SOCIAL POLICIES 613 AA) DISTRIBUTION POLICY GOALS OF THE COMMUNITY 613
BB) SUPPLEMENTARY SOCIAL POLICY 614 (1) CO-ORDINATION OF THE SYSTEMS
PROVIDING SOCIAL SERVICES 614 (2) SUPPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL ACTIVITIES
615 CC) STARTING POINTS FOR EUROPEAN EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL ORDER 615
XXIV CONTENTS D) FREEDOM OF CHOICE IN THE FRAMEWORK OF COMPREHENSIVE
CLAUSES 616 3, FORMATIVE BOUNDARIES 616 A) INCREASED EFFECTIVENESS OF
MARKET INTEGRATIVE INSTRUMENTS . 616 AA) LEVELS OF AUTONOMY * 616 BB)
PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 617 B) SUBSTANTIVE SAFEGUARDS 617 AA) PRINCIPLE OF
SUBSIDIARITY 61 7 BB) RESERVATION CLAUSES 618 (1) PROVISIONS SUPPORTING
THE ESTABLISHMENT AND FUNCTIONING OF THE INTERNAL MARKET 618 (2)
PROVISIONS ENSURING UNDISTORTED COMPETITION 618 (3) EFFECTIVENESS 619 C)
BURDEN OF JUSTIFICATION 619 AA) SUBJECTIVE RIGHTS AND THE NECESSITY OF
JUSTIFICATION 619 BB) PROPORTIONALITY OR A MINIMUM OF INTERVENTION RULE
620 4. THE MONETARY UNION IN THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 621 A) STABILITY
BEFORE UNITY 621 B) STABILITY BEFORE PROSPERITY? 621 C) VERTICAL
CONFLICTS 622 IV. THE DISCRETIONARY POWER OF THE MEMBER STATES IN THE
FIELD OF ECONOMIC POLICY 623 1. NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 623 A)
SYSTEM DECISIONS 623 B) GUARANTEES OF A MARKET ECONOMY 624 C)
INTERVENTIONIST TENDENCIES 624 2. MARKET RELEVANT DISCRETIONARY POWERS
625 A) REGULATORY POLICY REGULATIONS 625 AA) NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF
PROPERTY OWNERSHIP 625 BB) GUARANTEES IN FAVOUR OF SERVICES OF GENERAL
ECONOMIC INTEREST 626 B) SCOPE FOR PROCEDURAL POLICY FORMULATION .62 7
C) SCOPE FOR DISTRIBUTION POLICY 628 D) THE PROBLEM OF SYSTEM
COMPETITION 628 3. LIMITS OF DISCRETIONARY POWERS 629 A) MARKET ECONOMIC
ORIENTATION 629 B) QUANTITATIVE LIMITATION OF FINANCIAL INTERVENTION
POTENTIAL 629 C) PROPORTIONALITY AS A LIMIT TO INTERVENTION 630 AA)
LEGITIMISATION BASED UPON EUROPEAN STANDARDS 630 CONTENTS XXV BB)
APTITUDE AND NECESSITY AS PRECEPT OF MINIMUM INTERVENTION 631 V.
PERSPECTIVES 632 JOSEF DREXL: COMPETITION LAW AS PART OF THE EUROPEAN
CONSTITUTION 633 I. INTRODUCTION 633 1. COMPETITION LAW AS SUBSTANTIVE
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 633 2. COMPETITION LAW AND CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES
635 II. COMPETITION LAW AS PART OF THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 636 1. THE
GERMAN CONCEPT OF THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 636 A) GERMAN CONSTITUTIONAL
DEBATE AFTER 1949 637 B) THE ORDOLIBERAL MODEL (FREIBURG SCHOOL) 637 C)
CONCEPT OF INTERRELATING ORDERS 63 9 2. THE PRIVATE LAW SOCIETY AS THE
BASIS OF A SOCIAL COMPETITION ORDER 639 3. THE EIIROPEAN ECONOMIC
CONSTITUTION FROM A GERMAN PERSPECTIVE 641 A) THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION
OF THE EC TREATY 641 B) FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION MODEL ACCORDING TO IPSEN
642 C) THE LIBERAL MODEL ACCORDING TO MESTMDCKER 642 D) CONSTITUTION OF
THE CITIZENS ACCORDING TO REICH 644 E) SUBJECTIVE PRIVATE RIGHTS
ACCORDING TO FIKENTSCHER AND SCHUBERT AND THE EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW
DEVELOPMENT 645 4. THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION FROM A COMMUNITY LAW
PERSPECTIVE 648 A) LEGITIMACY OF AN ORDOLIBERAL APPROACH TO THE EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 648 B) OBJECTIVES OF EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW 648
C) ECONOMIC FREEDOM AS A SUBJECTIVE RIGHT OF EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW?
650 D) "INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS" AS PART OF EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW 651 E)
EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW AND CONTRACT LAW 653 F) THE NATURE OF
"INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS" OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC LAW 654 G) CONCLUDING
CHARACTERISATION OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 655 III. IMPACT
OF CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES ON COMPETITION LAW 656 1. METHODOLOGY FOR
THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES 656 XXVI CONTENTS 2.
EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES IN COMPETITION LAW 657 3.
"HOMOGENEITY" OF COMPETITION LAW WITH GENERAL CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES
659 A) COMPETITION LAW AS AN EXPRESSION OF A EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION OF
INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM AND THE RULE OF LAW 659 B) A DEMOCRATIC CONCEPT OF
THE MARKET? 660 C) SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EQUAL PROTECTION? 660 4. EUROPEAN
RIGHTS OF THE CITIZENS 662 5. SUBSIDIARITY AND THE PROBLEM OF MULTILEVEL
GOVERNANCE 663 6. CONCLUSIONS 664 IV. IMPACT OF COMPETITION LAW ON THE
EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 664 1. THE MARKET CITIZEN AS THE CONSTITUTIVE
FORCE OF PARTS OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 665 2. IMPACT ON THE
INTERPRETATION OF SUBSTANTIVE COMMUNITY LAW: TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE
COMPETITION LAW DIMENSION 665 A) APPLICATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
665 AA) KECK REVISITED 666 BB) THE PROBLEM OF REVERSE DISCRIMINATION 669
B) THE INTERNAL MARKET CONCEPT (ART 95 EC) 671. 3. COMPETITION LAW
PRINCIPLES OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION , 673 V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 673
V ON FINALITY: CONTENDING LEGAL VISIONS 675 16 ULRICH EVERTING: THE
EUROPEAN UNION BETWEEN COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGAL ORDERS
677 I. INTRODUCTION 677 II. FOUNDATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 679 1.
GOALS OF THE UNION 679 2. BUILDING UP THE UNION INTO A POLITICAL UNION
683 3. BUILDING UP THE UNION INTO AN ECONOMIC UNION 686 III.
CONSOLIDATION OF THE INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 690 1.
PECULIARITIES OF THE INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM OF THE UNION 690 2. THE
LEGISLATIVE PROCESS OF THE UNION .693 3. DISTRIBUTION OF COMPETENCES
IN THE UNION 698 IV. FORMING THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ORDER OF THE
EUROPEAN UNION 703 1. THE CONSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNION 703
CONTENTS XXVII 2. THE POSITION OF THE MEMBER STATES IN THE UNION 707 3.
CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE UNION'S LEGAL ORDER 711 V. LEGAL
NATURE AND FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 715 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
UNION'S STRUCTURE 715 2. GROUPING THE VIEWS ON THE UNION'S LEGAL NATURE
717 3. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 723 17 ULRICH HALTERN: ON FINALITY 727 I.
FINALITY AND THE DRAFT CONSTITUTION 727 IL POST-POLITICS AND LAW: THE
STATE OF THE UNION 730 1. A CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW 730 2. THE UNION'S
BIRTH FROM REASON 732 3. EUROPE AS STYLE, EXPERTISE* AND PROJECT 733 4.
EUROPE AS IMAGINED COMMUNITY 735 5. EUROPE'S ICONOGRAPHY 737 6. A
CULTURAL-LEGAL STUDY OF THE UNION'S PROBLEM 739 III. THE MIDDLE GROUND:
POLITICS GONE AWRY 741 1. EUROPE AND CONSUMER AESTHETICS 741 2. THE
CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS CONSUMER AESTHETICS 742 3. THE PROBLEM
WITH CONSUMER AESTHETICS 746 IV. POST POST-POLITICS: THE COURT STEPS IN
747 1. CAUTIOUS BEGINNINGS: KONSTANTINIDIS 747 A) ADVOCATE GENERAL
JACOBS 749 B) THE COURT 752 C) CONCLUSION AND CRITIQUE .754 2. THE WAY
FORWARD?*EVOLVING UNION CITIZENSHIP 75 5 V. POLITICS AND POST-POLITICS
760 1. THE MURMURING NATION 760 2- EUROPE'S LEGAL IMAGINATION OF THE
POLITICAL 761 3. FINALITY: EROS? CIVILISATION? 763 18 PAUL KIRCHHOF: THE
LEGAL STRUCTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A UNION OF STATES 765 I.
CONSTITUTIONAL STATES IN A EUROPEAN BASIC ORDER 765 1. THE LEGAL
COMMUNITY AS A COMMUNITY OF MEASUREMENT 765 A) THE "EVER CLOSER" UNION
765 B) THE TREATIES' ANTICIPATION OF THAT WHICH IS HOPED FOR 766 2. THE
TERM "CONSTITUTION" 767 A) THE GOAL OF THIS PLANNED USE OF LANGUAGE 768
B) THE FUNCTION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGY , 770 C) THE LIMITED PRIMACY OF
EUROPEAN LAW 770 XXVIII CONTENTS D) THE BECOMING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
772 E) THE WRITTEN CATALOGUE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 774 F) THE
PERPETUALISING CONSTITUTION AND THE DYNAMIC BASIC ORDER 775 G) THERE IS
NO VERFASSUNGSVERBUND 776 H) THE CURRENT RATIFICATION PROCEDURE 777 II.
THE MEMBER STATES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 778 1. THE EUROPEAN UNION OF
STATES 778 A) SUPRANATIONALITY 779 B) THE EVER MORE POWERFUL BUT ALSO
INCREASINGLY VULNERABLE EUROPEAN UNION 780 C) THE INTERSECTING SOURCES
FOR COMING INTO EXISTENCE AND COGNITION OF LAW 781 2. THE COUNTERPART:
THE STATE 783 A) STATEHOOD AND OPENNESS TO EUROPE 783 B) THE STAATSVOLK
ALREADY EXISTING IN A STATE OF FREEDOM 784 C) SOVEREIGNTY 785 AA) THE
TRADITION OF A BOUND SOVEREIGNTY 785 BB) FINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE
STATE IN THE UNION 787 III. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE SPECIAL STATUS OF
THE EU.788 1. THE MANDATE OF CO-OPERATION 789 2. MODERN FORMS OF
BALANCE OF POWERS 792 A) THE LEGAL SOURCES 792 B) THE LIBERTY-ENSURING
BALANCE OF POWERS 793 C) CORRECTNESS OF AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR DECISIONS
794 D) ORGANISATIONS FOR THE FUTURE AND THE PRESENT 795 AA) THE
FUTURE-ORIENTED EUROPEAN POWER 795 BB) THE PRESENT-ORIENTED MEMBER
STATES' POWER 796 E) CO-OPERATION BETWEEN POWERS 797 3. PROSPECTS FOR
REFORM OF THE EUROPEAN BASIC ORDER 797 A) NEW ORDER OF RESPONSIBILITIES
797 B) DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE 800 C) THE COMMUNITY OF VALUES IN FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS 801 4. A EUROPE OF STATES AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR PEACE AND FREEDOM
802 19 MANFRED ZULEEG: THE ADVANTAGES OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION * A
GERMAN PERSPECTIVE 803 I. THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION*A PHANTOM? 803 II.
THE ADVANTAGES IN DETAIL 806 1. THE ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE 806 2.
TASKS AND OBJECTIVES 809 3. THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS 809 CONTENTS XXIX
4. CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES 811 A) DEMOCRACY 811 B) THE RULE OF LAW 813
C) FEDERATIVE PRINCIPLES 814 D) PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 817 5.
THE EUROPEAN LEGAL ORDER'S STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS 818 6. THE
CONSTITUTION'S SCOPE 819 HI. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 821 1. THE CALL FOR A
EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 821 2. THE CONTENT OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION 821 A)
THE CLARITY OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION 821 B) FORM AND CONTENT OF THE EU
822 C) THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE 822 D) DIVISION OF COMPETENCES
BETWEEN THE EU AND THE MEMBER STATES 823 E) RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL 824
INDEX 827 PPN: 264496396 TITEL: PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL
LAW / ED. BY ARMIN VON BOGDANDY AND JUERGEN BAST. - . - OXFORD [U.A.] :
HART, 2007 ISBN: 1-84113-733-2PBK.; 1-84113-464-3;
978-1-84113-733-9PBK.; 978-1-84113-464-2 BIBLIOGRAPHISCHER DATENSATZ IM
SWB-VERBUND |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS PREFACE V TABLE OF CASES , XXXI TABLE OF EUROPEAN FOUNDING
TREATIES XLIX TABLE OF NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONS LXV TABLE OF LEGISLATION
LXXI TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS LXXV I DEFINING THE
FIELD OF EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 1 ARMIN VON BOGDANDY:
CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES 3 I. A THEORY OF A DOCTRINE OF PRINCIPLES 3 1.
PRINCIPLES AND CONSTITUTIONAL SCHOLARSHIP 3 2. FUNCTIONS OF A DOCTRINE
OF PRINCIPLES 5 3. INTEGRATION AS A FORMATION OF PRINCIPLES 7 II.
GENERAL ISSUES OF A EUROPEAN DOCTRINE OF PRINCIPLES 8 1. THE SUBJECT
MATTER 8 2. NATIONAL AND SUPRANATIONAL PRINCIPLES: ON THE QUESTION OF
TRANSFERABILITY 9 3. CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES IN VIEW OF VARYING
SECTORAL PROVISIONS 11 III. FOUNDING PRINCIPLES OF SUPRANATIONAL
AUTHORITY 12 1. EQUAL LIBERTY 12 2. THE RULE OF LAW 15 A) A COMMUNITY OF
LAW 15 B) PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION FOR THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF RATIONAL
PROCEDURE 18 3. DEMOCRACY 2 0 A) DEVELOPMENT AND BASIC FEATURES. 20 B)
THE PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRACY AND THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE 25 C)
TRANSPARENCY, PARTICIPATION, DELIBERATION AND FLEXIBILITY 27 D)
SUPRANATIONAL DEMOCRACY: AN EVALUATION 30 4. SOLIDARITY 32 X CONTENTS
IV. THE FEDERAL BALANCE BETWEEN UNITY AND DIVERSITY 34 1. DIVERSITY IN A
SYSTEM OF COMPLEMENTARY CONSTITUTIONS 34 2. PRINCIPLES PROMOTING UNITY
36 A) REALISATION OF GOALS OR INTEGRATION TOUT COURT? 36 B) STRUCTURAL
COMPATIBILITY OR OUTRIGHT HOMOGENEITY? 38 C) SUPRANATIONALITY? 40 D) THE
SINGLE AND PRIMARY LEGAL ORDER 41 3. PRINCIPLES PROTECTING DIVERSITY
.42 A) DOCTRINE OF COMPETENCES 43 B) A GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF
DIVERSITY? -.45 C) PROTECTION OF DIVERSITY THROUGH ORGANISATION AND
PROCEDURE 46 4. THE PRINCIPLE OF LOYALTY AND THE FEDERAL BALANCE 49 V.
CONCLUDING REMARKS 51 STEFAN OETER: FEDERALISM AND DEMOCRACY 53 I.
INTRODUCTION; "UNDERSTANDING THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A FEDERAL POLITY" 53
II. THE DIFFERENT FEDERALISM DISCOURSES*AN OUTLINE 56 III. THE EUROPEAN
UNION AS A MIXED SYSTEM OF A FEDERATIVE CHARACTER 59 IV. THE BENEFIT OF
FEDERAL ANALOGIES*OR: THE CENTRAL STATE AS A "LEITMOTIV" OF POLITICAL
THEORY 62 1. THE QUESTION OF SOVEREIGNTY 63 2. "DIVIDED SOVEREIGNTY" AND
THE PRINCIPLE OF PEOPLE'S SOVEREIGNTY. 65 3. PEOPLE'S SOVEREIGNTY
AND THE "CONSTITUTION" OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 67 V. THE ROLE OF THE
PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRACY IN A FEDERAL COMMONWEALTH 72 VI. THE CONSTRUCTION
OF DEMOCRATIC RESPONSIBILITY- EXPERIENCES OF FEDERAL SYSTEMS 77 VII. THE
UNITED EUROPE AS A FEDERAL SYSTEM*WHERE DOES THE FEDERAL "STAATSVOLK"
COME FROM? 83 VIII. CONCLUSIONS: THE FEDERAL "UNION" AS A PROMISING
CONSTRUCTION 85 CHRISTOPB GRABENWARTER: NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN UNION 95 I. INTRODUCTION 95 II. THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNION LAW AND NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 96 1.
FULL PRIMACY OF COMMUNITY LAW 97 CONTENTS XI 2. LIMITED PRIMACY OF
COMMUNITY LAW OVER CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 98 3. PRIMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION
103 4. THE SITUATION IN THE LEGAL SYSTEMS OF NEW MEMBER STATES . 104 5.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN JUSTIFICATIONS 105 6. THE LEGAL
SITUATION ACCORDING TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY * 106 III. CONTENTS OF
NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN UNION 107 1.
SOVEREIGNTY AND TRANSFER OF SOVEREIGN RIGHTS 108 2. STRUCTURAL SAFEGUARD
CLAUSES 112 3. FEDERAL AND DECENTRALISED ENTITIES 115 4. THE POSITION OF
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS .122 5. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 127 A) EXPANDING THE
SCOPE OF NATIONAL GUARANTEES OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS DEMANDED BY COMMUNITY
LAW: THE EXAMPLE OF THE RIGHT TO VOTE IN MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS 127 B)
INCREASED PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF COMMUNITY
LAW: THE EXAMPLE OF EQUAL TREATMENT OF MEN AND WOMEN 130 C) REINFORCING
AND CHANGING THE EFFECT OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN
THE NATIONAL AREA 132 D) INDIRECT EFFECTS OF COMMUNITY LAW ON THE SCOPE
OF NATIONAL GUARANTEES OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 133 E) MATCHING NATIONAL
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS WITH INCREASED STANDARDS AT EUROPEAN LEVEL 136 IV.
CONCLUSIONS: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND UNION
LAW 137 1. BODIES ACTING UNDER THE CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER 137 2.
INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN THE CONSTITUTIONAL ORDERS OF MEMBER STATES 139
3. TYPOLOGY ACCORDING TO SUBSTANTIVE ORIENTATION: ADAPTATIONS WHICH ARE
RECEPTIVE AND DEFENSIVE TOWARDS INTEGRATION * 141 4. DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS
A RECIPROCAL LINKING OF CONSTITUTIONS 142 4 ROBERT UERPMANN-WITTZACK:
THE CONSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF MULTILATERAL TREATY SYSTEMS 145 I. A
CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION: THE EXPOSURE OF A LEGAL ORDER TO INTERNATIONAL
LAW 145 XII CONTENTS II. ACCESSION 149 1. WTO 149 A) ART 300(7) EC AS A
STARTING POINT 150 B) THE THEORY OF DIRECT EFFECT 151 C) INTERCONNECTING
D IFF EVENT JURISDICTIONS 154 D) THE PRINCIPLE OF RECIPROCITY 156 E)
UNILATERAL COUNCIL ACTION 159 F) INTERNAL EFFECT SHORT OF DIRECT EFFECT
160 G) MONISM AND DUALISM REVISITED 162 2.ECHR 164 III. LEGAL SUCCESSION
BY VIRTUE OF FUNCTIONAL SUCCESSION 166 1. LEGAL SUCCESSION IN
INTERNATIONAL LAW 166 A) GATT 1947 166 B) ECHR 167 AA) THE MEMBER
STATES' RESPONSIBILITY TO GUARANTEE THE OBSERVANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS BY
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 167 BB) LEGAL SUCCESSION IN A NARROWER SENSE 16 8
CC) DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY OF EC MEMBER STATES 169 2. LEGAL SUCCESSION
UNDER COMMUNITY LAW 171 IV. EXPRESS INCORPORATION IN PRIMARY LAW*IN
PARTICULAR ART 6(2) EU 172 V. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW 174 VI.
ASSESSMENT AND PERSPECTIVES 175 1. THE STATUS QUO 175 2. CONSTITUTIONAL
PERSPECTIVES .178 A) THE CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 178 B) ANTICIPATING
THE CONSTITUTION 180 CHRISTOPH MOLLERS: POUVOIR CONSTITUANT *
CONSTITUTION * CONSTITUTIONALISATION 183 I. CONSTITUTIONAL RHETORIC:
LEVELS OF MEANING 183 II. THEORETICAL PREREQUISITES: TWO TYPES OF
CONSTITUTIONS 184 1. FOUNDING OF A NEW ORDER: CONSTITUTION AS
POLITICISATION OF LAW 185 A) FOUNDATION OF A NEW POLITICAL ORDER 185 B)
NORMATIVITY, SUPREMACY AND WRITTEN FORM OF THE CONSTITUTION 187 C)
RESULT 188 2. SHAPING OF THE POWERS: CONSTITUTION AS JURIDIFICATION OF
POLITICS IGG A) LIMITING POWERS BY LEGALISATION OF GOVERNMENT 189 B)
RESTRICTED NORMATIVITY OF THE CONSTITUTION 190 CONTENTS XIII C) RESULT
19 1 D) IN PARTICULAR: CONSTITUTIONAL TREATIES 192 3. THE TRADITIONS
CORRELATED: CONSTITUTION AS COUPLING OF POLITICS AND LAW 193 HI. BASIC
POSITIONS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL DISCUSSION*A CRITICAL INVENTORY 194 1.
ASSIGNMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION TO THE NATION-STATE 195 2. CONSTITUTIONAL
ELEMENTS*CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS ,196 3. HETERONOMY OR AUTONOMY OF EU
LAW 199 4. LIMITED RELEVANCE OF THE DISCUSSION FRONTS 202 IV. THREE
CONCEPTS OF THE CONSTITUTION IN EUROPE 202 1. POUVOUIR CONSTITUANT*THE
CRITERION FOR EQUAL FREEDOM.203 2. CONSTITUTION: THE EUROPEAN
TREATIES AS A FORMAL CONSTITUTION FOR THE UNION .208 A) THE TREATIES
IN WRITTEN FORM 209 B) SUPREMACY OF THE TREATIES 212 AA) CONSTITUTION AS
A LEGAL ARGUMENT * THE EC] AND HIERARCHIES WITHIN THE TREATIES 212 BB)
SUPREMACY OF THE TREATY LAW 213 C) THE TREATIES AS A FORMAL
CONSTITUTION: SUPRANATIONAL OVER-JURIDIFICATION AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL
POLITICISATION 215 3. CONSTITUTIONALISATION 215 A) COMMON EUROPEAN
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW * ESTABLISHING PRINCIPLES 217 B) CHARTER OF
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 218 C) ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISATION 218 D)
THE LEGITIMACY OF EVOLUTIONARY CONSTITUTIONALISATION 220 V EUROPEAN
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW*A LEGAL FIELD AND ITS ACADEMIA 220 VI. EPILOGUE: THE
CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 223 1. CONSTITUTIONAL DELIBERATION: CONVENTION AND
INTERGOVERNMENTALISM 223 2. CONSTITUTIONAL MOMENTS: THE POLITICAL
REMAINING OUTSIDE 224 3. CONSTITUTIONAL HONESTY: THE CONSTITUTIONAL
TREATY AS A SEMANTIC CONSTITUTION 226 II INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 227 6
PHILIPP DANN: THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 229 I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE
229 II. PAST RESEARCH AND RECURRENT QUESTIONS 231 XIV CONTENTS 1. TO
COUNCIL AND COMMISSION THROUGH PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES 231 2. EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT: THE PET OBJECT 234 3. CHANGING TIDES: INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH
IN THE 1990S 235 III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: THE SYSTEM OF EXECUTIVE
FEDERALISM 237 IV. THE INSTITUTIONAL SETTING 239 1. COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
239 A) FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION: MEMBERS, ORGANISATION AND COMPETENCES 239
B) MODE OF DECISION-TAKING: CONSENSUS AND ITS REASONS 243 2. EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT 245 A) CO-ELECTOR: APPOINTMENT POWER AND NEGATIVE COMPETENCE
247 B) OVERSIGHT FUNCTION: CONTROL VIA ORGANISATION .250 C)
CO-LEGISLATOR: LAW-MAKING BY CO-OPERATION AND CONSENSUS-BUILDING , 252
3. EUROPEAN COMMISSION 255 A) THE PROBLEM OF LEADERSHIP 255 B)
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE: THE OUTLOOK OF A CONSENSUAL GOVERNMENT 256 C)
FUNCTIONS: AGENDA-SETTER, MEDIATOR AND GUARDIAN 257 AA) AGENDA SETTING .
.258 BB) MEDIATING INTERESTS 258 CC) FEDERAL VOICE AND GUARDIAN 259
D) CONCLUSION AND AN UNRESOLVED PROBLEM OF LEADERSHIP 260 4. EUROPEAN
COUNCIL 261 A) COMPOSITION AND FORM: THE IDEAL OF THE "FIRESIDE CHAT"
261 B) FUNCTIONS , , 263 AA) STEERING COMMITTEE 264 BB) FINAL ARBITER
AND CO-ORDINATOR 264 CC) TREATY NEGOTIATOR AND CONSTITUTIONAL MOTOR 26 5
C) CONCLUSIONS 266 AA) AN INSTITUTION OUT OF THE COOKBOOK OF EXECUTIVE
FEDERALISM 266 BB) EUROPEAN COUNCIL AND EUROPEAN COMMISSION AS TWOFOLD
GUBERNATIVE , 267 D) A THREEFOLD GUBERNATIVE? THE CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY
AND THE NEW FOREIGN MINISTER 268 V. LEGITIMACY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL
SYSTEM 269 CONTENTS XV 1. PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY 269 A) THE DILEMMA OF
THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS 270 B) THE EP AND ITS REPRESENTATIONAL LIMITS
272 2. CONSENSUAL DEMOCRACY 275 3. CONCLUSION AND PROPOSAL: A
SEMI-PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY 276 VI. SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS: THE
CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 277 7 FRANZ C MAYER: THE
EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION AND THE COURTS 281 INTRODUCTION 281 I, TAKING
STOCK: THE ECJ AND THE HIGHEST NATIONAL COURTS*CONFLICT OR CO-OPERATION?
282 1. ADOPTING A PROCEDURAL PERSPECTIVE: THE DUTY TO MAKE PRELIMINARY
REFERENCES UNDER ART 234(3) EC 284 A) SUPREME NATIONAL COURTS AND THE
DUTY TO MAKE REFERENCES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EUROPEAN LAW 28 4 B) THE
PRELIMINARY REFERENCE PRACTICE OF SUPREME NATIONAL COURTS 287 C) THE
NATIONAL SUPREME COURTS' REFERENCE PRACTICES * A MIXED BAG? 290 2.
ADOPTING A SUBSTANTIVE PERSPECTIVE ON THE COURTS' RELATIONSHIP 291 A)
THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE ECJ 291 B) THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE HIGHEST
NATIONAL COURTS 294 AA) THE GERMAN BVERFG 294 (1) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS:
THE SOLANGE I AND SOLANGE II DECISIONS (1974/1986) 295 (2) POWERS AND
COMPETENCES: THE GERMAN MAASTRICHT DECISION (1993) 296 (3) THE
CONSISTENCY OF THE BVERFG'S CASE-LAW: CONTROLLING THE BRIDGE 300 BB)
OTHER HIGH COURTS 301 CC) THE HIGHEST COURTS IN THE NEW AND PROSPECTIVE
MEMBER STATES 304 3. INTERIM SUMMARY 305 II. ADOPTING AN ANALYTICAL AND
A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 306 1. DEALING WITH THE QUESTION OF ULTIMATE
JURISDICTION 306 2. ADOPTING A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 311 A) EXISTING
APPROACHES 311 B) EMBEDDING THE PROBLEM INTO A MODERN CONCEPT OF
CONSTITUTIONALISM * 313 XVI CONTENTS AA) CLARIFICATION: WHAT
CONSTITUTION? CONSTITUTIONS, VERFASSUNGSVERBUND AND MULTILEVEL
CONSTITUTIONALISM 314 (1) CONSTITUTIONS AND THE CONCEPT OF
VERFASSUNGSVERBUND 314 (2) MULTILEVEL SYSTEMS 316 (A) OBJECTIONS TO THE
TRADITIONAL REPERTOIRE OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS 317 (B) THE LEVEL METAPHOR
320 (C) MTTLTILEVEL SYSTEMS * ATTEMPTING A DEFINITION 321 BB) THE ROLE
OF COURTS IN A MULTILEVEL SYSTEM- 323 (1) FROM CONSTITUTIONAL COURT TO
COMPLEMENTARY- CONSTITUTIONAL ADJUDICATION? 323 (2) COURTS IN A
MULTILEVEL SYSTEM 323 C) OBJECTIONS TO COMPLEMENTARY EUROPEAN
CONSTITUTIONAL ADJUDICATION 324 AA) ASYMMETRY 324 BB) THE EVAPORATION OF
RESPONSIBILITIES * WHO IS TO DEFINE THE COMMON GOOD? 328 CC) IS THERE
ANY ADDED VALUE IN THEORIES OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES OF ADJUDICATION? 328
3. INTERIM SUMMARY 329 III. THE FUTURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL COURTS 329 1 . THE COURTS AND CORE TOPICS OF THE
CONSTITUTIONAL DEBATE UNTIL 2004 330 2. OPEN QUESTIONS 331 SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSION 332 8 ARTNIN VON BOGDANDY AND JURGEN BAST: THE VERTICAL ORDER
OF COMPETENCES 335 I. INTRODUCTION 335 II. THE CURRENT ORDER OF
COMPETENCES 337 1. TERMINOLOGICAL AND THEORETICAL BASES 337 A) THE
COMPETENCE REQUIREMENT AS AN EVOLUTIONARY ACHIEVEMENT 338 B) ON THE
SCOPE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF ATTRIBUTED POWERS 340 C) EMPOWERING PROVISIONS
AND STANDARD-ESTABLISHING PROVISIONS 342 D) HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
COMPETENCES 343 2. FUNDAMENTS OF THE VERTICAL ORDER OF COMPETENCES 344
A) UNION AND MEMBER STATE COMPETENCES 344 B) TYPES OF VERTICAL
COMPETENCES 347 AA) EXCLUSIVE POWERS 349 CONTENTS XVII BB) CONCURRENT
POWERS 350 CC) PARALLEL POWERS 355 DD) NON-REGULATO?Y POWERS 356 C)
RULES REGARDI7TG THE EXERCISE OF POWERS 35 8 III. THE CONSTITUTIONAL
TREATY'S ORDER OF COMPETENCES. .359 1. THE PROTECTION OF MEMBER STATE
SOVEREIGNTY , 359 A) THE BASIS FOR COMPETENCE 360 B) A CRITICALLY NARROW
CONCEPT OF COMPETENCE? 361 C) PRESERVATION AND ENLARGEMENT OF A
"FLEXIBILITY CLAUSE" 362 D) THE EC] AS GUARDIAN OF THE ORDER OF
COMPETENCES 363 2. PROTECTION OF MEMBER STATES' SCOPE OF ACTION 365 A) A
REVISED PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY AND A RECONSTRUCTED PROTOCOL 365 B)
INVOLVEMENT OF NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS 365 C) REVOCABILITY OF UNION LEGAL
ACTS 367 D) THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE AS CENTRAL PROBLEM 367 3.
TRANSPARENCY 368 A) THE NEW ORDER OF VERTICAL COMPETENCES 368 B) THE
PERSISTENT ENTANGLEMENT OF UNION AND MEMBER STATES 370 4. THE OUTLOOK
371 JURGEN BAST: LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 373 INTRODUCTION 373 I. OUTLINE OF
THE DISCIPLINE'S DEVELOPMENT 375 1. EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY:
FOCUS ON THE DECISION 375 2. THE EEC IN THE 1960S AND 1970S: FOCUS ON
THE REGULATION .377 3. THE DISCUSSIONS IN THE 1980S AND 1990S: FOCUS
ON THE DIRECTIVE 380 4. THE PERCEIVED LACK OF COHERENCE: FOCUS ON REFORM
383 II. CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 386 1. ART 249 EC AS THE CENTRAL
PROVISION 386 A) NORMATIVE CONTENTS OF ART 249 EC 387 B) LIMITATIONS
IMPOSED BY ART 249 EC 388 2. THE UNITY OF SECONDARY LAW 390 A) EQUALITY
OF LAW-MAKING INSTITUTIONS 390 B) EQUALITY OF LAW-MAKING PROCEDURES 392
C) EQUALITY OF BINDING INSTRUMENTS 393 D) DO IMPLEMENTING MEASURES HAVE
A SEPARATE RANK? 394 E) IS THE LACK OF HIERARCHY AN ANOMALY OF THE
SYSTEM? 396 XVIII CONTENTS 3. THE COURT'S CONCEPTION 397 A) THE CONCEPT
OF AN ACT ACCORDING TO ART 230(1) EC 398 B) THE CONCEPT OF A DECISION
ACCORDING TO ART 230(4) EC 401 III. VARIABLE CONDITIONS FOR LEGALITY AND
EFFECT 404 1. CONDITIONS FOR EFFECT 405 2. CONDITIONS FOR LEGALITY 406
IV. OPERATING MODE AS THE CENTRAL CATEGORY 407 1. AN ATTEMPT TO
SYSTEMATISE THE INSTRUMENTS 407 2. THE MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE
INSTRUMENTS 410 V. AN EDUCATIONAL CONSTITUTION*THE CONCEPT OF "EUROPEAN
LAWS" 411 10 ANTJE WIENER: SOFT INSTITUTIONS 419 INTRODUCTION 419 I.
POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR AND THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS 422 1. ACTOR ORIENTED
APPROACHES: INSTITUTIONS AS STRATEGIC CONTEXT 425 2. STRUCTURE ORIENTED
APPROACHES: INSTITUTIONS AS GUIDELINES FOR SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 426 3.
INTERSUBJECTIVE APPROACHES: INSTITUTIONS CONSTITUTED THROUGH PRACTICE
428 4. REFLEXIVE APPROACHES: CONTESTED MEANINGS OF INSTITUTIONS 430 II.
THREE PHASES OF CONSTITUTIONALISATION 431 1. INTEGRATION (1960-1985) 435
2. EUROPEANISATION (SINCE 1985) 435 3. LATE POLITICISATION (SINCE 1993)
437 III, INSTITUTIONS IN SELECTED POLICY AREAS: CITIZENSHIP AND THE
CONSTITUTIONAL PROCESS * 439 1, EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP 443 2. THE
CONSTITUTIONAL DEBATE 445 IV. CONCLUSION 448 HI INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS 451 11
STEFAN KADELBACH: UNION CITIZENSHIP 453 I. INTRODUCTION 453 II. THE
NOTION OF UNION CITIZENSHIP 455 1. HISTORY - 455 2. THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF
EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP 45 5 A) NATIONALITY 45^ B) CITIZENSHIP 46 O C J.
MIE NF$ XIX C) UNION CITIZENSHIP T ,.,462 AA) NATIONALITY AS A CONDITION
FOR UNION GIZZRN& BH) UNION CITIZENSHIP AS A COMPLEMENT FO STETE
CITIZENSHIP 4FR^ III. ELEMENTS OF UNION CITIZENSHIP IN POSITIVE ! .M
*. 464 1. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS BASED ON EC LAW A) FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS ,
B) SECONDARY LAW; UNION CITIZENS AS PY WELFARE RECIPIENTS AND CONSUMERS
.,*,.,.*,.465 2. RIGHTS OF UNION CITIZENS ,.,,.
,,.,4F FE A) FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT *, .*.*., .466 B)
POLITICAL RIGHTS .,.,.468 AA) THE RIGHT TO VOTE AND TO BE ELECTED ON
THE LOCAL LEVEL , ,,,,,468 BB) RIGHT TO VOTE AND TO STAND FOR ELECTIONS
#*» THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT . 4TI C) PETITION,
INFORMATION, ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS.,.»,^.^.^ ,., SU »4~L D) PROTECTION
BY DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR AUTHCMUT& .,, .»4"*4 3. RIGHTS OF UNION
CITIZENS AND PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION .,.*,*. 4""6 A) THE
LINK BETWEEN UNION CITIZENSHIP AND THE GENERAL PROHIBITION OF
DISCRIMINATION,.,*, .*,,,.,476 B) DERIVATIVE SOCIAL RIGHTS O _,,,4'
7 "" C) DERIVATIVE CULTURAL RIGHTS .4""G 4. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
UNION CITIZENSHIP AMI FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS .,.»,.^.,*,,,480 5.
DUTIES OF UNION CITIZENS? ,,****,.,.,.*,.,,.*.,,,483 6. INTERIM
EVALUATION .*-.,.,,.,, ,484 IV. UNION CITIZENSHIP IN THE
CONSTITUTION" 486 V. THE FUTURE OF UNION CITIZENSHIP 487 1. UNION
CITIZENS IN THE EUROPEAN MULTI-LEVEL SYSTEM .487 A) CITIZEN
STATUS AND IDENTITY AA) THE MULTI-NATIONAL TRADITION BB) UNIVERSALIST
VISIONS -. .,.^.-. .,A9Q B) IDENTITIES OF CITIZENSHIP IN
MULTI-LEVEL SYSTEMS .*,.*.492 C) THE COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN CITIZEN STATUS AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION .495 2. UNION
CITIZENSHIP AND DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE .495 3. UNION
CITIZENSHIP AND EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION- MAKING. * - - ,,,,.497 VI.
CONCLUDING REMARKS .498 12 JURGEN KUHLING; FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
.,».~. 01 I . INTRODUCTION * 5 0 1 XX CONTENTS
II. PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION 504 1. THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION BY THE ECJ PRIOR TO THE
PROCLAMATION OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 504 A) FROM REFUSAL TO
RECOGNITION 504 B) AN AUTONOMOUS SPECIFICATION BY THE COMMUNITY ON THE
BASIS OF COMMON CONSTITUTIONAL TRADITIONS AND THE ECHR 505 2. THE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS DEBATE IN THE ERA OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 507 A) TIME FOR A RADICAL RE-ORIENTATION OF
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS? 507 B) CATALYST EFFECT, BUT NOT
LEGALLY BINDING 509 C) THE INCORPORATION OF THE CHARTER IN THE
CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 511 AA) THE LEGALLY BINDING CHARACTER 511 BB)
ADAPTATIONS OF THE CHARTER WITHIN THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT * THE FEAR
OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISM 512 (1) FIELD O APPLICATION OF THE CHARTER 512 (2)
CONSTITUTIONAL TRADITIONS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW 513 (3)
LIMITATION OF INTERPRETATION OF THE PROVISIONS 514 III. CORE ELEMENTS OF
THE LEGAL DOCTRINE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 515 1. PRELIMINARY REMARK:
FUNCTIONS AND NECESSARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGAL DOCTRINE OF FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS 515 A) FUNCTIONS OF THE LEGAL DOCTRINE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF DIVERGING FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS CULTURES 515 B)
THE NECESSITY OF FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRESENT LEGAL DOCTRINE OF
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EC} AND THE LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL 517
2. FUNCTIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 519 A) POSSIBLE
CLASSIFICATIONS 519 B) SUBJECTIVE (NEGATIVE) RIGHTS AND POSITIVE
OBLIGATIONS 519 AA) THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE (NEGATIVE) RIGHTS
AND POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS 519 BB) DUTY TO PROTECT AS CENTRAL POSITIVE
OBLIGATION 520 CC) DERIVED PARTICIPATORY RIGHTS CORRESPONDING WITH THE
POSITIVE OBLIGATION TO GIVE ACCESS .522 CONTENTS XXI DD) ORIGINAL
RIGHTS TO PERFORMANCE CORRESPONDING WITH POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE
523 3. WHO IS BOUND BY FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS?*THE REACH OF FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS 524 A) THE BINDING EFFECT ON THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE EC AND THE
EU 524 B) THE BINDING EFFECT ON THE MEMBER STATES AS DETERMINANT OF THE
VERTICAL SCOPE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE UNION 525 AA) THE
POSITION OF THE EC] 525 BB) THE FUTURE CONSOLIDATION OF THE ECJ'S POINT
OF VIEW 527 4. WHO MAY ASSERT FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS? 530 5. THE STRUCTURE
OF EXAMINATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 530 A) AN OVERVIEW OVER THE SYSTEM
OF EXAMINATION 530 B) THE AREA PROTECTED BY FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND
INTERFERENCE THEREIN 531 C) JUSTIFICATION OF AN INTERFERENCE WITH
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 532 AA) INTERFERENCE MUST BE FOUNDED ON A LEGAL BASIS
533 BB) LEGITIMATE OBJECTIVE 534 CC) THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY
535 (1) SUITABILITY 536 (2) NECESSITY 537 (3) PROPORTIONALITY 537 (4)
DENSITY OF CONTROL AND MARGIN OF APPRECIATION .538 DD) THE GUARANTEE OF
THE ESSENCE OF RIGHTS (WESENSGEHALTSGARANTIE) 541 D) PARTICULARITIES OF
THE EXAMINATION OF THE EQUALITY PRINCIPLE AND POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS 542
IV. OUTLOOK: AN INSTITUTIONAL AND SUBSTANTIVE WORKING PROGRAMME 544 13
THORSTEN KINGREEN: FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 549 I. THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
IN A LEGAL CONTEXT 549 II. THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN THE PROCESSES OF
EUROPEANISATION AND CONSTITUTIONALISATION 552 1. THE
POLITICAL-INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT I: THE HORIZONTAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE ECJ AND THE EUROPEAN LEGISLATOR * * 553 A) THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
DURING THE EC CRISIS 553 B) THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AFTER THE SINGLE
EUROPEAN ACT * * $56 XXII CONTENTS C) THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN THE
ERA OF CONSTITUTIONALISATION 558 2. THE POLITICAL-INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT
II: THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AS MULTI-LEVEL NORMS 561 III.
TRANS-NATIONAL INTEGRATION OR (SUPRA-)NATIONAL LEGITIMATION? , 565 1.
FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AND MULTI-LEVEL CONSTITUTIONALISM 565 2. THE
THEORETICAL STRUCTURE AND SCOPE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 567 A) THE
FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AS MARKET ACCESS RIGHTS 567 B) JUSTIFICATION OF THE
INTERFERENCE 572 3. THE UNION AS ADDRESSEE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS?
577 IV. THE HORIZONTAL EFFECT OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 578 1. DIRECT
HORIZONTAL EFFECT 578 2. THE ALTERNATIVE*THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION 581 V.
CONCLUSION 583 IV CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC LAW 58 5 14 ARMIN
HATJE: THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 587 I. ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION AND
EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 587 1. RELEVANCE OF THE SUBJECT 587 2. TERMINOLOGY
AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 588 A) THE APPROACH 589 B)
DEFINITIONS 590 C) DELIMITATIONS 591 3. THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC
CONSTITUTION 591 A) EXPANSION OF THE DEBATE 591 B) THE CO-OPERATIVE
CHARACTER OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 592 C) PECULIARITIES OF
THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 593 4. SCOPE FOR ECONOMIC POLICY
FORMATION 593 II. SYSTEMATIC DECISION AND LEGAL GUARANTEES 594 1. THE
DECISION IN FAVOUR OF AN OPEN MARKET ECONOMY AND FREE COMPETITION , 594
A) LEGAL QUALITY 595 B) CONTENTS 595 2. GUARANTEES OF A MARKET ECONOMIC
ORDER 596 CONTENTS XXIII A) PRIVATE AUTONOMY AS FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT
FOR A MARKET ECONOMIC SYSTEM , *596 AA) ECONOMIC PARTICIPANT AS LEGAL
PERSON 597 BB) INDIVIDUAL AND ENTREPRENEURIAL CAPACITY TO ACT 597 CC)
EQUAL RIGHTS FOR MARKET PARTICIPANTS 598 B) CO-ORDINATION THROUGH TRADE
ON THE OPEN MARKETS 598 AA) ASSURED AVAILABILITY OF PRODUCTS AND
SERVICES 599 (1) PRIVATE PROPERTY 599 (2) STABLE CURRENCY 600 BB)
REDUCTION OF MARKET BARRIERS THROUGH FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 600 CC)
FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATION 601 DD) LIMITED EXTERNAL ACCESS 602 C)
COMPETITION AS AN INSTRUMENT OF CO-ORDINATION .603 AA) LEGAL FRAMEWORK
603 BB) AREAS EXCLUDED FROM COMPETITION 604 CC) COMPETITION AND MARKET
MALFUNCTION 605 3. GUARANTEES OF THE MARKET AND ECONOMIC POLICIES 605 A)
GOALS OF COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES ,.605 B) INSTRUMENTS 606 C) LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES FOR AN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 607 III. FORMATIVE SCOPE OF
THE COMMUNITY IN ECONOMIC POLICY 607 1. INSTRUMENTS OF ECONOMIC POLICIES
607 2. AREAS OF COMMUNITY ECONOMIC POLICIES 608 A) REGULATORY POLICY
(ORDNUNGSPOLITIK) 608 AA) OPENING THE MARKET BY APPROXIMATION 608 BB)
LIBERALISING REGULATED MARKETS 609 B) PROCEDURAL POLICY 610 AA)
FINANCIAL POLICY 610 BB) STRUCTURAL ASSISTANCE MEASURES ., , 610 CC)
EMPLOYMENT POLICY 611 DD) ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 611 C) DISTRIBUTION AND
SOCIAL POLICIES 613 AA) DISTRIBUTION POLICY GOALS OF THE COMMUNITY 613
BB) SUPPLEMENTARY SOCIAL POLICY 614 (1) CO-ORDINATION OF THE SYSTEMS
PROVIDING SOCIAL SERVICES 614 (2) SUPPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL ACTIVITIES
615 CC) STARTING POINTS FOR EUROPEAN EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL ORDER 615
XXIV CONTENTS D) FREEDOM OF CHOICE IN THE FRAMEWORK OF COMPREHENSIVE
CLAUSES 616 3, FORMATIVE BOUNDARIES 616 A) INCREASED EFFECTIVENESS OF
MARKET INTEGRATIVE INSTRUMENTS . 616 AA) LEVELS OF AUTONOMY * 616 BB)
PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 617 B) SUBSTANTIVE SAFEGUARDS 617 AA) PRINCIPLE OF
SUBSIDIARITY 61 7 BB) RESERVATION CLAUSES 618 (1) PROVISIONS SUPPORTING
THE ESTABLISHMENT AND FUNCTIONING OF THE INTERNAL MARKET 618 (2)
PROVISIONS ENSURING UNDISTORTED COMPETITION 618 (3) EFFECTIVENESS 619 C)
BURDEN OF JUSTIFICATION 619 AA) SUBJECTIVE RIGHTS AND THE NECESSITY OF
JUSTIFICATION 619 BB) PROPORTIONALITY OR A MINIMUM OF INTERVENTION RULE
620 4. THE MONETARY UNION IN THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 621 A) STABILITY
BEFORE UNITY 621 B) STABILITY BEFORE PROSPERITY? 621 C) VERTICAL
CONFLICTS 622 IV. THE DISCRETIONARY POWER OF THE MEMBER STATES IN THE
FIELD OF ECONOMIC POLICY 623 1. NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 623 A)
SYSTEM DECISIONS 623 B) GUARANTEES OF A MARKET ECONOMY 624 C)
INTERVENTIONIST TENDENCIES 624 2. MARKET RELEVANT DISCRETIONARY POWERS
625 A) REGULATORY POLICY REGULATIONS 625 AA) NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF
PROPERTY OWNERSHIP 625 BB) GUARANTEES IN FAVOUR OF SERVICES OF GENERAL
ECONOMIC INTEREST 626 B) SCOPE FOR PROCEDURAL POLICY FORMULATION .62 7
C) SCOPE FOR DISTRIBUTION POLICY 628 D) THE PROBLEM OF SYSTEM
COMPETITION 628 3. LIMITS OF DISCRETIONARY POWERS 629 A) MARKET ECONOMIC
ORIENTATION 629 B) QUANTITATIVE LIMITATION OF FINANCIAL INTERVENTION
POTENTIAL 629 C) PROPORTIONALITY AS A LIMIT TO INTERVENTION 630 AA)
LEGITIMISATION BASED UPON EUROPEAN STANDARDS 630 CONTENTS XXV BB)
APTITUDE AND NECESSITY AS PRECEPT OF MINIMUM INTERVENTION 631 V.
PERSPECTIVES 632 JOSEF DREXL: COMPETITION LAW AS PART OF THE EUROPEAN
CONSTITUTION 633 I. INTRODUCTION 633 1. COMPETITION LAW AS SUBSTANTIVE
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 633 2. COMPETITION LAW AND CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES
635 II. COMPETITION LAW AS PART OF THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 636 1. THE
GERMAN CONCEPT OF THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 636 A) GERMAN CONSTITUTIONAL
DEBATE AFTER 1949 637 B) THE ORDOLIBERAL MODEL (FREIBURG SCHOOL) 637 C)
CONCEPT OF INTERRELATING ORDERS 63 9 2. THE PRIVATE LAW SOCIETY AS THE
BASIS OF A SOCIAL COMPETITION ORDER 639 3. THE EIIROPEAN ECONOMIC
CONSTITUTION FROM A GERMAN PERSPECTIVE 641 A) THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION
OF THE EC TREATY 641 B) FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION MODEL ACCORDING TO IPSEN
642 C) THE LIBERAL MODEL ACCORDING TO MESTMDCKER 642 D) CONSTITUTION OF
THE CITIZENS ACCORDING TO REICH 644 E) SUBJECTIVE PRIVATE RIGHTS
ACCORDING TO FIKENTSCHER AND SCHUBERT AND THE EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW
DEVELOPMENT 645 4. THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION FROM A COMMUNITY LAW
PERSPECTIVE 648 A) LEGITIMACY OF AN ORDOLIBERAL APPROACH TO THE EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 648 B) OBJECTIVES OF EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW 648
C) ECONOMIC FREEDOM AS A SUBJECTIVE RIGHT OF EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW?
650 D) "INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS" AS PART OF EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW 651 E)
EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW AND CONTRACT LAW 653 F) THE NATURE OF
"INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS" OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC LAW 654 G) CONCLUDING
CHARACTERISATION OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 655 III. IMPACT
OF CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES ON COMPETITION LAW 656 1. METHODOLOGY FOR
THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES 656 XXVI CONTENTS 2.
EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES IN COMPETITION LAW 657 3.
"HOMOGENEITY" OF COMPETITION LAW WITH GENERAL CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES
659 A) COMPETITION LAW AS AN EXPRESSION OF A EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION OF
INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM AND THE RULE OF LAW 659 B) A DEMOCRATIC CONCEPT OF
THE MARKET? 660 C) SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EQUAL PROTECTION? 660 4. EUROPEAN
RIGHTS OF THE CITIZENS 662 5. SUBSIDIARITY AND THE PROBLEM OF MULTILEVEL
GOVERNANCE 663 6. CONCLUSIONS 664 IV. IMPACT OF COMPETITION LAW ON THE
EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 664 1. THE MARKET CITIZEN AS THE CONSTITUTIVE
FORCE OF PARTS OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 665 2. IMPACT ON THE
INTERPRETATION OF SUBSTANTIVE COMMUNITY LAW: TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE
COMPETITION LAW DIMENSION 665 A) APPLICATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
665 AA) KECK REVISITED 666 BB) THE PROBLEM OF REVERSE DISCRIMINATION 669
B) THE INTERNAL MARKET CONCEPT (ART 95 EC) 671. 3. COMPETITION LAW
PRINCIPLES OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION , 673 V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 673
V ON FINALITY: CONTENDING LEGAL VISIONS 675 16 ULRICH EVERTING: THE
EUROPEAN UNION BETWEEN COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGAL ORDERS
677 I. INTRODUCTION 677 II. FOUNDATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 679 1.
GOALS OF THE UNION 679 2. BUILDING UP THE UNION INTO A POLITICAL UNION
683 3. BUILDING UP THE UNION INTO AN ECONOMIC UNION 686 III.
CONSOLIDATION OF THE INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 690 1.
PECULIARITIES OF THE INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM OF THE UNION 690 2. THE
LEGISLATIVE PROCESS OF THE UNION .693 3. DISTRIBUTION OF COMPETENCES
IN THE UNION 698 IV. FORMING THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ORDER OF THE
EUROPEAN UNION 703 1. THE CONSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNION 703
CONTENTS XXVII 2. THE POSITION OF THE MEMBER STATES IN THE UNION 707 3.
CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE UNION'S LEGAL ORDER 711 V. LEGAL
NATURE AND FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 715 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
UNION'S STRUCTURE 715 2. GROUPING THE VIEWS ON THE UNION'S LEGAL NATURE
717 3. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 723 17 ULRICH HALTERN: ON FINALITY 727 I.
FINALITY AND THE DRAFT CONSTITUTION 727 IL POST-POLITICS AND LAW: THE
STATE OF THE UNION 730 1. A CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW 730 2. THE UNION'S
BIRTH FROM REASON 732 3. EUROPE AS STYLE, EXPERTISE* AND PROJECT 733 4.
EUROPE AS IMAGINED COMMUNITY 735 5. EUROPE'S ICONOGRAPHY 737 6. A
CULTURAL-LEGAL STUDY OF THE UNION'S PROBLEM 739 III. THE MIDDLE GROUND:
POLITICS GONE AWRY 741 1. EUROPE AND CONSUMER AESTHETICS 741 2. THE
CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS CONSUMER AESTHETICS 742 3. THE PROBLEM
WITH CONSUMER AESTHETICS 746 IV. POST POST-POLITICS: THE COURT STEPS IN
747 1. CAUTIOUS BEGINNINGS: KONSTANTINIDIS 747 A) ADVOCATE GENERAL
JACOBS 749 B) THE COURT 752 C) CONCLUSION AND CRITIQUE .754 2. THE WAY
FORWARD?*EVOLVING UNION CITIZENSHIP 75 5 V. POLITICS AND POST-POLITICS
760 1. THE MURMURING NATION 760 2- EUROPE'S LEGAL IMAGINATION OF THE
POLITICAL 761 3. FINALITY: EROS? CIVILISATION? 763 18 PAUL KIRCHHOF: THE
LEGAL STRUCTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A UNION OF STATES 765 I.
CONSTITUTIONAL STATES IN A EUROPEAN BASIC ORDER 765 1. THE LEGAL
COMMUNITY AS A COMMUNITY OF MEASUREMENT 765 A) THE "EVER CLOSER" UNION
765 B) THE TREATIES' ANTICIPATION OF THAT WHICH IS HOPED FOR 766 2. THE
TERM "CONSTITUTION" 767 A) THE GOAL OF THIS PLANNED USE OF LANGUAGE 768
B) THE FUNCTION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGY , 770 C) THE LIMITED PRIMACY OF
EUROPEAN LAW 770 XXVIII CONTENTS D) THE BECOMING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
772 E) THE WRITTEN CATALOGUE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 774 F) THE
PERPETUALISING CONSTITUTION AND THE DYNAMIC BASIC ORDER 775 G) THERE IS
NO VERFASSUNGSVERBUND 776 H) THE CURRENT RATIFICATION PROCEDURE 777 II.
THE MEMBER STATES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 778 1. THE EUROPEAN UNION OF
STATES 778 A) SUPRANATIONALITY 779 B) THE EVER MORE POWERFUL BUT ALSO
INCREASINGLY VULNERABLE EUROPEAN UNION 780 C) THE INTERSECTING SOURCES
FOR COMING INTO EXISTENCE AND COGNITION OF LAW 781 2. THE COUNTERPART:
THE STATE 783 A) STATEHOOD AND OPENNESS TO EUROPE 783 B) THE STAATSVOLK
ALREADY EXISTING IN A STATE OF FREEDOM 784 C) SOVEREIGNTY 785 AA) THE
TRADITION OF A BOUND SOVEREIGNTY 785 BB) FINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE
STATE IN THE UNION 787 III. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE SPECIAL STATUS OF
THE EU.788 1. THE MANDATE OF CO-OPERATION 789 2. MODERN FORMS OF
BALANCE OF POWERS 792 A) THE LEGAL SOURCES 792 B) THE LIBERTY-ENSURING
BALANCE OF POWERS 793 C) CORRECTNESS OF AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR DECISIONS
794 D) ORGANISATIONS FOR THE FUTURE AND THE PRESENT 795 AA) THE
FUTURE-ORIENTED EUROPEAN POWER 795 BB) THE PRESENT-ORIENTED MEMBER
STATES' POWER 796 E) CO-OPERATION BETWEEN POWERS 797 3. PROSPECTS FOR
REFORM OF THE EUROPEAN BASIC ORDER 797 A) NEW ORDER OF RESPONSIBILITIES
797 B) DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE 800 C) THE COMMUNITY OF VALUES IN FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS 801 4. A EUROPE OF STATES AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR PEACE AND FREEDOM
802 19 MANFRED ZULEEG: THE ADVANTAGES OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION * A
GERMAN PERSPECTIVE 803 I. THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION*A PHANTOM? 803 II.
THE ADVANTAGES IN DETAIL 806 1. THE ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE 806 2.
TASKS AND OBJECTIVES 809 3. THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS 809 CONTENTS XXIX
4. CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES 811 A) DEMOCRACY 811 B) THE RULE OF LAW 813
C) FEDERATIVE PRINCIPLES 814 D) PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 817 5.
THE EUROPEAN LEGAL ORDER'S STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS 818 6. THE
CONSTITUTION'S SCOPE 819 HI. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 821 1. THE CALL FOR A
EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 821 2. THE CONTENT OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION 821 A)
THE CLARITY OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION 821 B) FORM AND CONTENT OF THE EU
822 C) THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE 822 D) DIVISION OF COMPETENCES
BETWEEN THE EU AND THE MEMBER STATES 823 E) RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL 824
INDEX 827 PPN: 264496396 TITEL: PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL
LAW / ED. BY ARMIN VON BOGDANDY AND JUERGEN BAST. - . - OXFORD [U.A.] :
HART, 2007 ISBN: 1-84113-733-2PBK.; 1-84113-464-3;
978-1-84113-733-9PBK.; 978-1-84113-464-2 BIBLIOGRAPHISCHER DATENSATZ IM
SWB-VERBUND |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121435261 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023324316 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KJE4445 |
| callnumber-raw | KJE4445 |
| callnumber-search | KJE4445 |
| callnumber-sort | KJE 44445 |
| classification_rvk | PS 2600 PS 3852 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)122279308 (DE-599)BVBBV023324316 |
| dewey-full | 342.24 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 342 - Constitutional and administrative law |
| dewey-raw | 342.24 |
| dewey-search | 342.24 |
| dewey-sort | 3342.24 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | Repr. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023324316 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:54:57Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:21:48Z |
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| isbn | 9781841137339 9781841134642 1841134643 1841137332 |
| language | English |
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| physical | LXXVI, 833 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| publisher | Hart |
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| series | Modern studies in European law |
| series2 | Modern studies in European law |
| spelling | Principles of European constitutional law ed. by Armin von Bogdandy ... Repr. Oxford [u.a.] Hart 2007 LXXVI, 833 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Modern studies in European law 8 This volume presents European constitutional law not as a theoretical construct but as binding law. While politicians wrestle with the Constitutional Treaty, this volume presents European constitutional law as it stands, setting out its theoretical and doctrinal fundamentals from the perspective of German-speaking scholarship. Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union Verfassungsvertrag Entwurf (DE-588)4825606-7 gnd rswk-swf Verfassungsrecht Constitutional law European Union countries Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd rswk-swf Verfassung (DE-588)4062787-1 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten 1\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Europäische Union Verfassungsvertrag Entwurf (DE-588)4825606-7 u DE-604 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 s 2\p DE-604 Verfassung (DE-588)4062787-1 s 3\p DE-604 Bogdandy, Armin von 1960- Sonstige (DE-588)121435261 oth Gekürzt als Dt. Teilausg. Bogdandy, Armin von Europäisches Verfassungsrecht (DE-604)BV016419066 Modern studies in European law 8 (DE-604)BV019342531 8 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016508359&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Principles of European constitutional law Modern studies in European law Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europäische Union Verfassungsvertrag Entwurf (DE-588)4825606-7 gnd Verfassungsrecht Constitutional law European Union countries Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd Verfassung (DE-588)4062787-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4825606-7 (DE-588)4062801-2 (DE-588)4062787-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Principles of European constitutional law |
| title_auth | Principles of European constitutional law |
| title_exact_search | Principles of European constitutional law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Principles of European constitutional law |
| title_full | Principles of European constitutional law ed. by Armin von Bogdandy ... |
| title_fullStr | Principles of European constitutional law ed. by Armin von Bogdandy ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of European constitutional law ed. by Armin von Bogdandy ... |
| title_short | Principles of European constitutional law |
| title_sort | principles of european constitutional law |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europäische Union Verfassungsvertrag Entwurf (DE-588)4825606-7 gnd Verfassungsrecht Constitutional law European Union countries Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd Verfassung (DE-588)4062787-1 gnd |
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