Software solutions for engineers and scientists:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2008
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 895-902) and index |
| Physical Description: | XXV, 918 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781420043020 |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000zc 4500 | ||
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| 008 | 080529s2008 xxud||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 010 | |a 2007034749 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781420043020 |c alk. paper |9 978-1-4200-4302-0 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)166255271 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV023319938 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a xxu |c US | ||
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| 084 | |a ST 230 |0 (DE-625)143617: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Sanchez, Julio |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Software solutions for engineers and scientists |c Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXV, 918 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 895-902) and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Datenverarbeitung | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ingenieurwissenschaften | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Naturwissenschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Engineering |x Data processing | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Science |x Data processing | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Naturwissenschaften |0 (DE-588)4041421-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Softwareentwicklung |0 (DE-588)4116522-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Softwareentwicklung |0 (DE-588)4116522-6 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Ingenieurwissenschaften |0 (DE-588)4137304-2 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Canton, Maria P. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016504051&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016504051 | ||
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137658023149568 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table
of
Contents
Preface
xxiii
PART
I
—
TECHNIQUES
AND CODE
Chapter
1 —
Computer
Number
Systems
Chapter Summary
3
1.0
Counting
З
1.0.1
The Tally System
3
1.0.2
Roman Numerals
4
1.1
The Origins of Our Number System
5
1.1.1
Number Systems for Digital-Electronics
6
1.1.2
Positional Characteristics
7
1.1.3
Radix or Base
7
1.2
Types of Numbers
8
1.2.1
Whole Numbers
8
1.2.2
Signed Numbers
8
1.2.3
Rational and Irrational Numbers
8
1.2.4
Real and Complex Numbers
9
1.3
Radix Representations
10
1.3.1
Decimal Versus Binary Numbers
10
1.3.2
Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
11
1.4
General Theory of Counting
12
1.5
Assembly Language Conversion Routines
14
1.5.1
Binary-to-ASCII-Decimal Conversion
15
1.5.2
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
18
1.5.3
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
19
1.6 C++
Conversion Routines
23
1.6.1 C++
Binary-to-ASCII Conversions
23
1.6.2 C++
ASCII-to-Binary Conversions
25
Chapter
2 —
Numeric Data in Memory
Chapter Summary
31
2.0
Electronic-Digital Machines
31
2.1
Storage of Numerical Data
32
2.1.1.
Word Size
32
2.2
Integer Encodings
33
2.2.1
Sign-Magnitude Representation
34
2.2.2
Radix Complement Representation
35
2.3
Encoding of Fractional Numbers
39
2.3.1
Fixed Point Representations
40
vi
Table of Contents
2.3.2 Floating-Point
Representations
41
2.4
Standardized
Floating-Point
Encodings
42
2.4.1
ANSI/IEEE
754
Single Format
42
2.4.2 Floating-Point
Exponent in ANSI/IEEE
754
Single Format
43
2.4.3 Floating-Point
Significane! in
ANSI/IEEE
754
Single Format
44
2.4.4
Decoding
Floating-Point
Numbers
45
2.5
Binary-Coded Decimals (BCD)
49
2.5.1 Floating-Point
BCD
49
2.6
BCD Conversions
51
2.6.1
BCD Conversion Functions
51
Chapter
3 —
Machine Arithmetic
Chapter Summary
55
3.0
Intel Microprocessors
55
3.0.1
CPU Flags
56
3.1
Logical Instructions
57
3.1.1
Logical AND
58
3.1.2
Logical OR
59
3.1.3
Logical XOR
59
3.1.4
Logical NOT
60
3.2
Arithmetic Instructions
60
3.2.1
Signed and Unsigned Arithmetic
60
3.2.2
Operations on Decimal Numbers
61
3.3
Auxiliary and Bit Manipulation Instructions
63
3.3.1
Bit Shift and Rotate Instructions
63
Bit Shift Instructions
63
Bit Rotate Instructions
66
Double Precision Shift Instructions
67
Shift and Rotate Addressing Modes
68
3.3.2
Comparison, Bit Scan, and Bit Test Instructions
68
Signed and Unsigned Conditional Jumps
70
3.3.3
Increment, Decrement, and Sign Extension Instructions
71
3.3.4 486
and Pentium Proprietary Instructions
72
BSWAP
72
XADD
73
CMPXCHG and CMPXCHGeB
74
3.4
CPU Identification
74
Chapter
4 —
High-Precision Arithmetic
Chapter Summary
79
4.0
Applications of BCD Arithmetic
79
4.0.1
ANSI/IEEE
854
Standard
80
4.1
Algorithms for BCD Arithmetic
81
4.2 Floating-Point
BCD Addition
82
4.3 Floating-Point
BCD Subtraction
82
4.4 Floating-Point
BCD Multiplication
83
4.5 Floating-Point
BCD Division
85
4.6 C++
BCD Arithmetic Functions
86
4.6
High-Precision BCD Arithmetic
90
Table
of Contents
vii
Chapter
5 — Floating-Point
Hardware
Chapter Summary
95
5.0
A Mathematical Coprocessor
95
5.1
Intel Math Units
96
5.1.1
Math Unit Applications
97
5.1.2
Math Unit Limitations
98
5.1.3
Processor/Coprocessor Interface
99
5.1.4
Math Unit Versions
100
8087 101
80287 101
80387 102
5.1.5
The Numeric Unit in
486
and Pentium CPU
102
5.2
Detecting and Identifying the Math Unit
102
5.3
ANSI/IEEE
754
Standard
106
5.3.1
Numeric Data Encoding
107
5.3.2
Rounding
109
5.3.3
Interval Arithmetic
110
5.3.4
Treatment of Infinity
110
5.3.5
Not a Number (NaN)
112
Signaling and Quiet NaNs
112
5.3.6
Exceptions
113
Invalid Operation Exception
113
Division by Zero Exception
114
Overflow Exception
114
Underflow Exception
115
Inexact Result Exception
116
Chapter
6 —
Floating Point Data and Conversions
Chapter Summary
117
6.0
Math Unit Data Formats
117
6.0.1
Binary Integers
118
6.0.2
Decimal Integers
119
6.0.3
Binary Reals
120
6.1
Special Encodings for Reals
121
6.2
Low-Level Numeric Data in Memory
123
6.2.1
Initializing Data with the DW Directive
124
6.2.2
Initializing Data with DD and DQ Directives
124
6.2.3
Initializing Data with the DT Directive
125
6.2.4
Memory Image of the Special Encodings
125
6.2.5
Operating on Memory Variables
126
6.3
High-Level Numeric Data
127
6.4
Numeric Data Conversions
127
6.4.1
Data Conversion in ANSI/IEEE
754 128
6.4.2
Conversion Requirements in ANSI/IEEE
754 128
6.4.3
FPUJNPUT Procedure
130
Calculating 10v
131
Post-Conversion Operations
132
6.4.4
FPU_OUTPUT Procedure
132
6.4.5
ASCII-to-Exponential Conversion
133
6.5
High-Level Interface Functions
133
VIII
Table of
Contents
Chapter
7 —
Math Unit Architecture and Instruction Set
Chapter Summary
137
7.0
Math Unit Internal Organization
137
7.0.1
Math Unit Register Stack
137
7.0.2
Math Unit Control Register
140
Error Conditions
141
7.0.3
Math Unit Status Register
143
7.0.4
The Environment Area
150
Tag Word Register
152
Instruction and Data Pointers
154
7.0.5
Math Unit State Area
156
7.1
Math Unit Instruction Patterns
158
7.1.1
Register Operands
158
7.1.2
Memory Operands
159
7.2
Math Unit Instruction Set
159
7.2.1
Data Transfer Instructions
160
7.2.2
Nontranscendental Instructions
161
Basic Arithmetic
161
Scaling and Square Root
162
Partial Remainder
163
Update of the Partial Remainder
166
Manipulating the Encoding
168
7.2.3
Comparison Instructions
171
7.2.4
Transcendental Instructions
172
Transcendental Algorithms
174
7.2.5
Constant Instructions
177
7.2.6
Processor Control Instructions
178
Chapter
8 —
Transcendental Primitives
Chapter Summary
181
8.0
Developing Math Unit Software
181
8.1
Exponential Functions
182
8.1.1
Calculation of Powers
183
Logarithmic Approximation of Exponentials
184
Binary Powering
186
Exponent Factoring
190
Applications
198
Mixed Methods
198
8.2
Math Unit Trigonometry
199
8.2.1
Angular Conversions
199
8.2.2
Range-Scaling Operations
201
Reduction to the Unit Circle
201
Reduction to the First Octant
202
8.2.3
Trigonometric Functions
204
Calculating Tangent, Sine, and Cosine
205
Trigonometric Arcfunctions
207
8.4
Logarithms
211
8.4.1
Calculating Natural and Common Logarithms
211
8.4.2
Calculating Antilogarithms
212
8.5 C++
Interface to
Transcendentais
213
Table
of Contents ¡x
Chapter
9 —
General Mathematical Functions
Chapter Summary
215
9.0
Calculator Operations
215
9.0.1
Calculating Hyperbolic Functions
216
9.0.2
Factorial
220
9.0.3
Ordering Numeric Data
221
9.0.4
Calculating the Modulus
224
9.0.5
Integer and Fractional Parts
225
9.0.6
Solving Triangles
227
9.1
Quadratic Equations
229
9.2
Imaginary and Complex Numbers
232
9.2.1
Operations in Complex Arithmetic
233
9.2.2
Real and Complex Roots of a Quadratic Equation
240
9.2.3
Polar and Cartesian Coordinates
244
Chapter
10 —
Financial Calculations
Chapter Summary
249
10.0
Interest Calculations
249
10.0.1
Simple Interest
249
10.0.2
Compound Interest
251
Future Value at Compound Interest
252
Exponentials in Financial Formulas
253
Present Value at Compound Interest
254
Effective Rate
256
10.1
Amortization
257
10.1.1
Periodic Payment Calculations
257
10.1.2
Add-On Interest
259
10.1.3
Annual Percentage Rate
261
10.2
Annuities
263
10.2.1
Annuity Future Value
263
10.2.2
Annuity Present Value
265
10.2.3
Annuity Due
266
10.2.4
Sinking Fund
269
10.2.5
Number of Compounding Periods
271
10.3
Numerical Errors in Financial Calculations
272
10.3.1
Conversion Errors
273
10.3.2
Representation Errors
273
10.3.3
Precision and Computation Errors
274
Cancellation Error
275
10.4
Financial Software
275
Chapter
11 —
Statistical Calculations
Chapter Summary
277
11.0
About Statistical Data
277
11.0.1
Data-Type-Flexible Coding
278
11.1
Data Manipulation Primitives
278
11.1.1
Common Summations
278
11.1.2
Sorting
280
11.2
Counting Techniques
281
Table
of Contents
11.2.1
Permutations
282
11.2.2
Combinations
283
11.2.3
Binomial Probability
285
11.3
Measures of Central Tendency
286
11.3.1
Mean
287
11.3.2
Median
287
11.3.3
Midrange
288
11.3.4
Mode
289
11.3.5
Weighted Measures of Central Tendency
292
11.4
Measures of Dispersion
294
11.4.1
Range
294
11.4.2
Variance
295
11.4.3
Standard Deviation
296
11.5
Normal Distribution
297
11.5.1
Normal Curve
297
Standard Normal Curve
298
11.5.2
Calculating f(x)
299
11.5.3
Probability in Normal Distribution
301
11.6
Linear Correlation and Regression
304
11.6.1
Linear Correlation Coefficient
305
11.6.2
Linear Regression Analysis
307
Chapters
—
Interpolation, Differentiation, and Integration
Chapter Summary
311
12.0
Interpolation
311
12.0.1
Linear Interpolation
313
12.0.2 Lagrange
Interpolation
316
12.0.3
Least-Squares Interpolation
319
Linear Models
319
Calculating the Error Sum
321
Least-Squares Linear Interpolation Function
321
Non-Linear Models
323
12.1
Numerical Differentiation
327
12.2
Numerical Integration
332
12.2.1
Integration by the Trapezoidal Rule
333
12.2.2
Integration by Simpson s Rule
336
Chapter
13 —
Linear Systems
Chapter Summary
341
13.0
Linear Equations
341
13.0.1
Systems of Linear Equations
342
13.0.2
Matrix Representations of Linear Systems
344
13.1
Numeric Data in Matrix Form
345
13.1.1
Matrices in
C++ 345
13.1.2
Locating a Matrix Entry
348
13.2
Operations on Matrix Entries
349
13.2.1
Vectors
350
13.2.2
Vector-by-Scalar Operations in
C++ 350
13.2.3
Low-Level Vector-by-Scalar Operations
352
13.2.4
Matrix-by-Scalar Operations
357
Table
of Contents
xi
13.2.5
Matrix-by-Matrix Operations
359
Matrix Addition
360
Matrix Multiplication
363
13.3
The Solution of a Linear System
368
13.3.1
Gauss-Jordan Elimination
368
13.3.2
Errors in Gaussian Elimination
370
13.4
A Gauss-Jordan Algorithm
371
13.5
Solution of a Linear System
372
Chapter
14 —
Solving and Parsing Equations
Chapter Summary
375
14.0
Function Mapping
375
14.1
Developing a Parser
377
14.2
Evaluating User Equations
379
14.2.1
Equation Grammar
379
14.2.2
Equation Syntax
380
14.2.3
Symbol Table and Numeric Data
381
14.3
An Equation-Solving Algorithm
382
14.3.1
The _E
VALÚATE
Procedure
382
14.3.2
_CALCULATE_Y Procedure
386
Chapter
15 —
Neural Networks
Chapter Summary
389
15.0
Reverse-Engineering the Brain
389
15.0.1
The Biological Neuron
389
15.0.2
The Artificial Neuron
391
15.0.3
Artificial Neural Networks
394
15.1
The Network as a Classifier
396
15.1.1
Multiple-Node Networks
396
15.1.2
Software Model for Neural Nets
398
15.2
The Perceptron
398
15.2.1
Perceptron as a Classifier
399
15.2.2
Perceptron Learning
400
15.2.3
Training the Perceptron
402
15.2.4
A Perceptron Function
403
15.3
The
Adaline 405
15.3.1
Widrow-Hoff Learning
405
15.3.2
A Neuron for
Adaline 406
15.4
Improving the Classification Function
409
15.4.1
Calculating the Error Sum
409
15.4.2
Improving Perceptron Results
410
15.5
Backpropagation Networks
412
15.5.1
Nonlinear Neurons
413
15.5.2
Backpropagation Algorithm
414
15.5.3
Software Model for Backpropagation
415
15.5.4
Executing the Network
417
15.5.5
A Backpropagation Trainer
418
XII
Table of
Contents
PART
II
—
APPLICATION
DEVELOPMENT
Chapter
16 —
The
C++
Language on the PC
Chapter Summary
423
16.0
Introducing
C++ 423
16.0.1
Evolution of
C++ 423
16.0.2
Advantages of the
C++
Language
424
16.0.3
Disadvantages of the
C++
Language
424
16.1
PC Implementations of
С
and
C++ 425
16.2
Flowcharts and Software Design
425
16.3
The
C++
Console Application
427
Chapter
17 —
Event-Driven Programming
Chapter Summary
431
17.0
Graphical Operating Systems
431
17.1
Enter Windows
432
17.1.1
Text-based and Graphical Programs
432
17.1.2
Graphics Services
434
17.2
Programming Models
434
17.2.1
Event-Driven Programs
434
The Event Manager
436
The Event Handler
436
17.2.2
Event Types
436
System Events
436
Control Events
437
Program Events
437
17.2.3
Event Modeling
437
17.3
File Structure of a Windows Program
438
17.3.1
Source Files
438
17.3.2
Library Files
439
17.3.3
Resource Files
440
17.3.4
Make Files
440
17.3.5
Object Files
441
17.3.6
Executable Files
442
17.3.7
Dynamic Linking
444
Chapter
18 —
The Window Program Components
Chapter Summary
447
18.0
Hello, World
447
18.1
Naming Conventions
449
18.2
Constants and Handles
451
18.2.1
Windows Handles
452
18.3
Visual Elements
453
18.3.1
The Main Window
453
18.3.2
Controls
454
18.3.3
Other Visual Components
455
18.4
Programming Style
456
18.4.1
Commented Headers
456
Table
of Contents
xiii
18.4.2
Assertions Notation
457
ASSERT
458
INV
458
PRE
and POST
458
FCTVAL
458
18.4.3
Programming Templates
458
Chapter
19 —
A First Windows Program
Chapter Summary
463
19.0
Preliminary Steps
463
19.1
The Program Project
464
19.1.1
Creating a Project
464
19.2
Elements of a Windows Program
468
19.2.1
WinMainO
468
Parameters
469
19.2.2
Data Variables
470
19.2.3
WNDCLASSEX Structure
471
19.2.4
Registering the Windows Class
475
19.2.5
Creating the Window
476
19.2.6
Displaying the Window
480
19.2.7
The Message Loop
480
19.3
The Window Procedure
481
19.3.1
Windows Procedure Parameters
482
19.3.2
Windows Procedure Variables
483
19.3.3
Message Processing
483
WM_CREATE Message Processing
484
WM_PAINT Message Processing
484
WM_DESTROY Message Processing
485
19.3.4
The Default Windows Procedure
485
19.4
The WinHello Program
486
19.4.1
Modifying the Program Caption
486
19.4.2
Displaying Text in the Client Area
487
19.4.3
Creating a Program Resource
489
19.4.4
Creating the Icon Bitmap
490
19.5
WinHello Program Listing
493
Chapter
20 —
Text Display
Chapter Summary
497
20.0
Text in Windows
497
20.1
The Client Area
498
20.2
Device and Display Contexts
498
20.2.1
The Display Context
499
20.2.2
Display Context Types
500
20.2.3
Window Display Context
502
20.3
Mapping Modes
502
20.3.1
Screen and Client Area
503
20.3.2
Viewport and Window
504
20.4
Programming Text Operations
505
20.4.1
Typefaces and Fonts
507
20.4.2
Text Formatting
508
xiv
Table
of
Contents
20.4.3
Paragraph Formatting
511
20.4.4
The DrawTextO Function
515
20.5
Text Graphics
518
20.5.1
Selecting a Font
518
20.5.2
Drawing with Text
523
Chapter
21 —
Keyboard and Mouse Programming
Chapter Summary
525
21.0
Keyboard Input
525
21.1
Input Focus
526
21.1.1
Keystroke Processing
527
21.1.2
Determining the Key State
529
21.1.3
Character Code Processing
530
21.1.4
Keyboard Demonstration Program
531
21.2
The Caret
534
21.2.1
Caret Processing
535
21.2.2
Caret Demonstration Program
535
21.3
Mouse Programming
538
21.3.1
Mouse Messages
539
21.3.2
Cursor Location
541
21.3.3
Double-Click Processing
542
21.3.4
Capturing the Mouse
543
21.3.5
The Cursor
543
21.4
Mouse and Cursor Demonstration Program
546
Chapter
22 —
Graphical User Interface Elements
Chapter Summary
549
22.0
Window Styles
549
22.1
Child Windows
550
22.1.1
Child Windows Demonstration Program
552
22.2
Basic Controls
554
22.2.1
Communicating with Controls
558
22.2.2
Controls Demonstration Program
563
22.3
Menus
566
22.3.1
Creating a Menu
568
22.3.2
Menu Item Processing
569
22.3.3
Shortcut Keys
570
22.3.4
Pop-Up Menus
571
22.3.5
The Menu Demonstration Program
573
22.4
Dialog Boxes
573
22.4.1
Modal and Modeless
574
22.4.2
The Message Box
574
22.4.3
Creating a Modal Dialog Box
576
22.4.4
Common Dialog Boxes
578
22.4.5
The Dialog Box Demonstration Program
581
22.5
Common Controls
581
22.5.1
Common Controls Message Processing
582
22.5.2
Toolbars and ToolTips
583
22.5.3
Creating a Toolbar
584
22.5.4
Standard Toolbar Buttons
589
Table
of
Contents
xv
22.5.5
Combo Box in a Toolbar
591
22.5.6
ToolTip
592
Chapter
23 —
Drawing Lines and Curves
Chapter Summary
597
23.0
Drawing in a Window
597
23.1
The Redraw Responsibility
598
23.1.1
The Invalid Rectangle
599
23.1.2
Screen Updates On-Demand
600
23.1.3
Intercepting WM_PAINT
600
23.2
The Graphics Device Interface
602
23.2.1
Device Context Attributes
603
23.2.2
DC Info Demonstration Program
607
23.2.3
Color in the Device Context
610
23.3
Graphic Objects and GDI Attributes
611
23.3.1
Pens
611
23.3.2
Brushes
613
23.3.3
Foreground Mix Mode
615
23.3.4
Background Modes
617
23.3.5
Current Pen Position
617
23.3.6
Arc Direction
618
23.4
Pixels, Lines, and Curves
618
23.4.1
Pixel Operations
619
23.4.2
Drawing with LineTo()
620
23.4.3
Drawing with PolylineTo()
621
23.4.4
Drawing with Polyline()
621
23.4.5
Drawing with PolyPolyline()
622
23.4.6
Drawing with Arc()
623
23.4.7
Drawing with ArcTo()
624
23.4.8
Drawing with AngleArc()
624
23.4.9
Drawing with PolyBezierQ
626
23.4.10
Drawing with PolyBezierToO
629
23.4.11
Drawing with PolyDraw()
629
23.4.12
Pixel and Line Demonstration Program
633
Chapter
24 —
Drawing Solid Figures
Chapter Summary
635
24.0
Closed Figures
635
24.1.
Closed Figure Elements
636
24.1.1
Brush Origin
636
24.1.2
Object Selection Macros
638
24.1.3
Polygon Fill Mode
638
24.1.4
Creating Custom Brushes
640
24.2
Drawing Closed Figures
642
24.2.1
Drawing with RectangleQ
643
24.2.2
Drawing with RoundRect()
643
24.2.3
Drawing with Ellipse()
644
24.2.4
Drawing with Chord()
645
24.2.5
Drawing with Pie()
646
24.2.6
Drawing with PolygonQ
647
xvi
Table of Contents
24.2.7
Drawing with PolyPolygon()
649
24.3
Operations on Rectangles
650
24.3.1
Drawing with FillRectQ
650
24.3.2
Drawing with FrameRectO
652
24.3.3
Drawing with DrawFocusRectO
652
24.3.4
Auxiliary Operations on Rectangles
653
24.3.5
Updating the Rectangle() Function
659
24.4
Regions
660
24.4.1
Creating Regions
661
24.4.2
Combining Regions
664
24.4.3
Filling and Painting Regions
666
24.4.4
Region Manipulations
667
24.4.5
Obtaining Region Data
670
24.5
Clipping Operations
671
24.5.1
Creating or Modifying a Clipping Region
672
24.5.2
Clipping Region Information
675
24.6
Paths
676
24.6.1
Creating, Deleting, and Converting Paths
678
24.6.2
Path-Rendering Operations
679
24.6.3
Path Manipulations
681
24.6.4
Obtaining Path Information
684
24.7
Filled Figures Demo Program
685
Chapter
25 —
Displaying Bit-Mapped Images
Chapter Summary
687
25.0
Raster and Vector Graphics
687
25.1
The Bitmap
688
25.1.1
Image Processing
689
25.1.2
Bitblt Operations
690
25.2
Bitmap Constructs
691
25.2.1
Windows Bitmap Formats
691
25.2.2
Windows Bitmap Structures
691
25.2.3
The Bitmap as a Resource
691
25.3
Bitmap Programming Fundamentals
693
25.3.1
Creating the Memory DC
693
25.3.2
Selecting the Bitmap
693
25.3.3
Obtaining Bitmap Dimensions
694
25.3.4
Butting the Bitmap
695
25.3.5
A Bitmap Display Function
697
25.4
Bitmap Manipulations
698
22.4.1
Hard-Coding a Monochrome Bitmap
699
25.4.2
Bitmaps in Heap Memory
701
25.4.3
Operations on Blank Bitmaps
706
25.4.4
Creating a DIB Section
708
25.4.5
Creating a Pattern Brush
713
25.5
Bitmap Transformations
714
25.5.1
Pattern Brush Transfer
714
25.5.2
Bitmap Stretching and Compressing
715
25.6
Bitmap Demonstration Program
719
Table
of Contents
xvii
PARTIU
—
PROJECT ENGINEERING
Chapter
26 —
Fundamentals of Systems Engineering
Chapter Summary
723
26.0
What Is Software Engineering
723
26.0.1
The Programmer as an Artist
725
26.1
Software Characteristics
725
26.1.1
Software Qualities
726
Correctness
726
Reliability
726
Robustness
727
Efficiency
727
Verifiability
728
Maintainability
728
User Friendliness
728
Reusability
729
Portability
729
Other Properties
729
26.1.2
Quality Metrics
730
26.2
Principles of Software Engineering
730
26.2.1
Rigor
731
26.2.2
Separation of Concerns
733
26.2.3
Modularization
734
26.2.4
Abstraction and Information Hiding
735
26.2.5
Malleability and Anticipation of Change
736
26.2.6
Maximum Generalization
736
26.2.7
Incremental Development
737
26.3
Software Engineering Paradigms
738
26.3.1
The Waterfall Model
738
26.3.2
Prototyping
740
26.3.3
The Spiral Model
742
26.3.4
A Pragmatic Approach
743
26.4
Concurrent Documentation
744
26.4.1
Objections and Excuses
745
26.4.2
Advantages of Good Documentation
745
Chapter
27 —
Description and Specification
Chapter Summary
747
27.0
System Analysis Phase
747
27.0.1
The System Analyst
748
27.0.2
Analysis and Project Context
749
27.1
The Feasibility Study
750
27.1.1
Risk Analysis
751
Risk Identification
753
Risk Estimation
753
Risk Assessment
753
Risk Management
754
27.1.2
Risk Analysis in a Smaller Project
754
27.1.3
Cost-Benefit Analysis
755
27.2
Requirements Analysis and Specification
757
xviii
Table
of Contents
27.2.1
The Requirements Analysis Phase
757
Customer/User Participation
758
The Virtual Customer
758
27.2.3
The Specifications Phase
758
The Software Specifications Document
760
27.3.4
Formal and
Semiformal
Specifications
761
27.3.5
Assertions Notation
762
ASSERT
762
INV
762
PRE
and POST
763
27.4
Tools for Process and Data Modeling
764
27.4.1
Data Flow Diagrams
765
Event Modeling
767
27.4.2
Entity-Relationship Diagrams
769
Chapter
28 —
The Object-Oriented Approach
Chapter Summary
773
28.0
History and Chronology
773
28.1
Object-Oriented Fundamentals
774
28.1.1
Problem-Set and Solution-Set
775
28.1.2
Rationale of Object Orientation
776
28.2
Classes and Objects
776
28.2.1
Classes and Data Abstraction
777
28.2.2
Classes and Encapsulation
778
28.2.3
Message Passing
778
28.2.4
Inheritance
779
28.2.5
Polymorphism
780
Abstract Classes
780
28.4
A Notation for Classes and Objects
781
28.5
Example Classification
783
28.6
When to Use Object Orientation
786
28.6.1
Operational Guidelines
786
Chapter
29 —
Object-Oriented Analysis
Chapter Summary
789
29.0
Elements of Object-Oriented Analysis
789
29.0.1
Modeling the Problem-Domain
790
29.0.2
Defining System Responsibilities
790
29.0.3
Managing Complexity
791
Abstraction
791
Encapsulation
791
Inheritance
791
Message Passing
791
29.1
Class and Object Decomposition
792
29.1.1
Searching for Objects
796
29.1.2
Neat and Dirty Classes
796
29.2
Finding Classes and Objects
797
29.2.1
Looking at Class Associations
797
Gen-Spec Structures
798
Multiple Inheritance in Gen-Spec Structures
800
Table
of
Contents
xix
Whole-Part
Structures
800
Compound
Structures
802
29.2.2
Looking at Mechanisms and Devices
802
29.2.3
Related Systems
803
29.2.4
Preserved Data
803
29.2.5
Roles Played
803
29.2.6
Operational Sites
804
29.2.7
Organizational Units
804
29.3
Testing Object Validity
804
29.3.1
Information to Remember
805
29.3.2
Object Behavior
805
29.3.3
Multiple Attributes
805
29.3.4
Multiple Objects
805
29.3.5
Always-Applicable Attributes
806
29.3.6
Always-Applicable Methods
806
29.3.7
Objects Relate to the Problem Domain
806
29.3.8
Derived or Calculated Results
807
29.4
Subsystems
807
29.4.1
Subsystems as Modules
808
Subsystem Cohesion
809
Subsystem Coupling
809
29.5
Attributes
809
29.5.1
Attribute Identification
810
29.5.2
Attributes and Structures
811
29.6
Methods or Services
812
29.6.1
Identifying Methods
812
Object States
812
Required Services
812
29.7
Instance Connections
814
29.7.1
Instance Connection Notation
814
29.8
Message Connections
814
29.8.1
Message Connection Notation
814
29.9
Final Documentation
815
PART IV
—
APPENDICES
Appendix A
— C++
Math Unit Programming
Summary
819
AA.O Programming the Math Unit
819
AA.1 MASM Sources in
C++
Programs
820
AA.1.1 Sample Code
821
Appendix
В
—
Accuracy of Exponential Functions
Summary
829
AB.O Accuracy Calculations
829
Appendix
С
— C++
Indirection
Summary
833
xx
Table of Contents
АСО
Indirection in
C++
833
AC.O.I Pointer Phobia 833
AC.1 Indirect Addressing 836
AC.2 Pointer Variables 837
AC.2.1 Dangling Pointers 838
AC.2.
2
Pointers to Variables 838
Pointer Variable Declaration 838
Pointer Variable Assignment 838
Pointer Variable Dereferencing 839
AC.3 Pointers to Arrays
839
AC.4 Pointers to Structures
840
AC.5 Pointer Arithmetic
842
AC.6 Pointers to Void
843
AC.6.1 Programming with Pointers to Void
845
АС.7
Reference Variables
β47
AC.8 Dynamic Memory Allocation in
C++ 848
AC.
8.1
Dynamic Data
849
AC.8.2 The New and Delete Operators
850
AC.9 Pointers to Functions
852
AC.9.1 Simple Dispatch Table
854
AC.9.2 Indexed Dispatch Table
856
AC.1
0
Compounding Indirection
858
Appendix
D
—
Multiple File Programs
Summary
861
AD.O Partitioning a Program
861
AD.0.1 Class Libraries
862
AD.O.
2
Public and Private Components
862
AD.0.3 Object-Oriented Class Libraries
863
AD.1 Multifile Support in
C++ 864
AD.2 Multilanguage Programming
864
AD.2.1 Naming Conventions
865
AD.2.
2
Calling Conventions
866
AD.2.3 Parameter-Passing Conventions
867
AD.2.4 Difficulties and Complications
867
AD.3 Mixing Low- and High-Level Languages
868
AD.3.1
C++
to Assembly Interface
869
AD.4 Sample Interface Programs
869
AD.4.1 Microsoft C-to-Assembly Interface
871
Return Values in Microsoft
C++
Compilers
874
AD.4.
2
Borland
C++
to Assembly Interface
875
AD.4.3 Using Interface Headers
877
Appendix
E
—
The MATH32 Library
Summary
879
Appendix
F
—
Windows Structures
Summary
883
Table
of Contents
xxi
Bibliography
895
Index
доз
|
| adam_txt |
Table
of
Contents
Preface
xxiii
PART
I
—
TECHNIQUES
AND CODE
Chapter
1 —
Computer
Number
Systems
Chapter Summary
3
1.0
Counting
З
1.0.1
The Tally System
3
1.0.2
Roman Numerals
4
1.1
The Origins of Our Number System
5
1.1.1
Number Systems for Digital-Electronics
6
1.1.2
Positional Characteristics
7
1.1.3
Radix or Base
7
1.2
Types of Numbers
8
1.2.1
Whole Numbers
8
1.2.2
Signed Numbers
8
1.2.3
Rational and Irrational Numbers
8
1.2.4
Real and Complex Numbers
9
1.3
Radix Representations
10
1.3.1
Decimal Versus Binary Numbers
10
1.3.2
Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
11
1.4
General Theory of Counting
12
1.5
Assembly Language Conversion Routines
14
1.5.1
Binary-to-ASCII-Decimal Conversion
15
1.5.2
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
18
1.5.3
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
19
1.6 C++
Conversion Routines
23
1.6.1 C++
Binary-to-ASCII Conversions
23
1.6.2 C++
ASCII-to-Binary Conversions
25
Chapter
2 —
Numeric Data in Memory
Chapter Summary
31
2.0
Electronic-Digital Machines
31
2.1
Storage of Numerical Data
32
2.1.1.
Word Size
32
2.2
Integer Encodings
33
2.2.1
Sign-Magnitude Representation
34
2.2.2
Radix Complement Representation
35
2.3
Encoding of Fractional Numbers
39
2.3.1
Fixed Point Representations
40
vi
Table of Contents
2.3.2 Floating-Point
Representations
41
2.4
Standardized
Floating-Point
Encodings
42
2.4.1
ANSI/IEEE
754
Single Format
42
2.4.2 Floating-Point
Exponent in ANSI/IEEE
754
Single Format
43
2.4.3 Floating-Point
Significane! in
ANSI/IEEE
754
Single Format
44
2.4.4
Decoding
Floating-Point
Numbers
45
2.5
Binary-Coded Decimals (BCD)
49
2.5.1 Floating-Point
BCD
49
2.6
BCD Conversions
51
2.6.1
BCD Conversion Functions
51
Chapter
3 —
Machine Arithmetic
Chapter Summary
55
3.0
Intel Microprocessors
55
3.0.1
CPU Flags
56
3.1
Logical Instructions
57
3.1.1
Logical AND
58
3.1.2
Logical OR
59
3.1.3
Logical XOR
59
3.1.4
Logical NOT
60
3.2
Arithmetic Instructions
60
3.2.1
Signed and Unsigned Arithmetic
60
3.2.2
Operations on Decimal Numbers
61
3.3
Auxiliary and Bit Manipulation Instructions
63
3.3.1
Bit Shift and Rotate Instructions
63
Bit Shift Instructions
63
Bit Rotate Instructions
66
Double Precision Shift Instructions
67
Shift and Rotate Addressing Modes
68
3.3.2
Comparison, Bit Scan, and Bit Test Instructions
68
Signed and Unsigned Conditional Jumps
70
3.3.3
Increment, Decrement, and Sign Extension Instructions
71
3.3.4 486
and Pentium Proprietary Instructions
72
BSWAP
72
XADD
73
CMPXCHG and CMPXCHGeB
74
3.4
CPU Identification
74
Chapter
4 —
High-Precision Arithmetic
Chapter Summary
79
4.0
Applications of BCD Arithmetic
79
4.0.1
ANSI/IEEE
854
Standard
80
4.1
Algorithms for BCD Arithmetic
81
4.2 Floating-Point
BCD Addition
82
4.3 Floating-Point
BCD Subtraction
82
4.4 Floating-Point
BCD Multiplication
83
4.5 Floating-Point
BCD Division
85
4.6 C++
BCD Arithmetic Functions
86
4.6
High-Precision BCD Arithmetic
90
Table
of Contents
vii
Chapter
5 — Floating-Point
Hardware
Chapter Summary
95
5.0
A Mathematical Coprocessor
95
5.1
Intel Math Units
96
5.1.1
Math Unit Applications
97
5.1.2
Math Unit Limitations
98
5.1.3
Processor/Coprocessor Interface
99
5.1.4
Math Unit Versions
100
8087 101
80287 101
80387 102
5.1.5
The Numeric Unit in
486
and Pentium CPU
102
5.2
Detecting and Identifying the Math Unit
102
5.3
ANSI/IEEE
754
Standard
106
5.3.1
Numeric Data Encoding
107
5.3.2
Rounding
109
5.3.3
Interval Arithmetic
110
5.3.4
Treatment of Infinity
110
5.3.5
Not a Number (NaN)
112
Signaling and Quiet NaNs
112
5.3.6
Exceptions
113
Invalid Operation Exception
113
Division by Zero Exception
114
Overflow Exception
114
Underflow Exception
115
Inexact Result Exception
116
Chapter
6 —
Floating Point Data and Conversions
Chapter Summary
117
6.0
Math Unit Data Formats
117
6.0.1
Binary Integers
118
6.0.2
Decimal Integers
119
6.0.3
Binary Reals
120
6.1
Special Encodings for Reals
121
6.2
Low-Level Numeric Data in Memory
123
6.2.1
Initializing Data with the DW Directive
124
6.2.2
Initializing Data with DD and DQ Directives
124
6.2.3
Initializing Data with the DT Directive
125
6.2.4
Memory Image of the Special Encodings
125
6.2.5
Operating on Memory Variables
126
6.3
High-Level Numeric Data
127
6.4
Numeric Data Conversions
127
6.4.1
Data Conversion in ANSI/IEEE
754 128
6.4.2
Conversion Requirements in ANSI/IEEE
754 128
6.4.3
FPUJNPUT Procedure
130
Calculating 10v
131
Post-Conversion Operations
132
6.4.4
FPU_OUTPUT Procedure
132
6.4.5
ASCII-to-Exponential Conversion
133
6.5
High-Level Interface Functions
133
VIII
Table of
Contents
Chapter
7 —
Math Unit Architecture and Instruction Set
Chapter Summary
137
7.0
Math Unit Internal Organization
137
7.0.1
Math Unit Register Stack
137
7.0.2
Math Unit Control Register
140
Error Conditions
141
7.0.3
Math Unit Status Register
143
7.0.4
The Environment Area
150
Tag Word Register
152
Instruction and Data Pointers
154
7.0.5
Math Unit State Area
156
7.1
Math Unit Instruction Patterns
158
7.1.1
Register Operands
158
7.1.2
Memory Operands
159
7.2
Math Unit Instruction Set
159
7.2.1
Data Transfer Instructions
160
7.2.2
Nontranscendental Instructions
161
Basic Arithmetic
161
Scaling and Square Root
162
Partial Remainder
163
Update of the Partial Remainder
166
Manipulating the Encoding
168
7.2.3
Comparison Instructions
171
7.2.4
Transcendental Instructions
172
Transcendental Algorithms
174
7.2.5
Constant Instructions
177
7.2.6
Processor Control Instructions
178
Chapter
8 —
Transcendental Primitives
Chapter Summary
181
8.0
Developing Math Unit Software
181
8.1
Exponential Functions
182
8.1.1
Calculation of Powers
183
Logarithmic Approximation of Exponentials
184
Binary Powering
186
Exponent Factoring
190
Applications
198
Mixed Methods
198
8.2
Math Unit Trigonometry
199
8.2.1
Angular Conversions
199
8.2.2
Range-Scaling Operations
201
Reduction to the Unit Circle
201
Reduction to the First Octant
202
8.2.3
Trigonometric Functions
204
Calculating Tangent, Sine, and Cosine
205
Trigonometric Arcfunctions
207
8.4
Logarithms
211
8.4.1
Calculating Natural and Common Logarithms
211
8.4.2
Calculating Antilogarithms
212
8.5 C++
Interface to
Transcendentais
213
Table
of Contents ¡x
Chapter
9 —
General Mathematical Functions
Chapter Summary
215
9.0
Calculator Operations
215
9.0.1
Calculating Hyperbolic Functions
216
9.0.2
Factorial
220
9.0.3
Ordering Numeric Data
221
9.0.4
Calculating the Modulus
224
9.0.5
Integer and Fractional Parts
225
9.0.6
Solving Triangles
227
9.1
Quadratic Equations
229
9.2
Imaginary and Complex Numbers
232
9.2.1
Operations in Complex Arithmetic
233
9.2.2
Real and Complex Roots of a Quadratic Equation
240
9.2.3
Polar and Cartesian Coordinates
244
Chapter
10 —
Financial Calculations
Chapter Summary
249
10.0
Interest Calculations
249
10.0.1
Simple Interest
249
10.0.2
Compound Interest
251
Future Value at Compound Interest
252
Exponentials in Financial Formulas
253
Present Value at Compound Interest
254
Effective Rate
256
10.1
Amortization
257
10.1.1
Periodic Payment Calculations
257
10.1.2
Add-On Interest
259
10.1.3
Annual Percentage Rate
261
10.2
Annuities
263
10.2.1
Annuity Future Value
263
10.2.2
Annuity Present Value
265
10.2.3
Annuity Due
266
10.2.4
Sinking Fund
269
10.2.5
Number of Compounding Periods
271
10.3
Numerical Errors in Financial Calculations
272
10.3.1
Conversion Errors
273
10.3.2
Representation Errors
273
10.3.3
Precision and Computation Errors
274
Cancellation Error
275
10.4
Financial Software
275
Chapter
11 —
Statistical Calculations
Chapter Summary
277
11.0
About Statistical Data
277
11.0.1
Data-Type-Flexible Coding
278
11.1
Data Manipulation Primitives
278
11.1.1
Common Summations
278
11.1.2
Sorting
280
11.2
Counting Techniques
281
Table
of Contents
11.2.1
Permutations
282
11.2.2
Combinations
283
11.2.3
Binomial Probability
285
11.3
Measures of Central Tendency
286
11.3.1
Mean
287
11.3.2
Median
287
11.3.3
Midrange
288
11.3.4
Mode
289
11.3.5
Weighted Measures of Central Tendency
292
11.4
Measures of Dispersion
294
11.4.1
Range
294
11.4.2
Variance
295
11.4.3
Standard Deviation
296
11.5
Normal Distribution
297
11.5.1
Normal Curve
297
Standard Normal Curve
298
11.5.2
Calculating f(x)
299
11.5.3
Probability in Normal Distribution
301
11.6
Linear Correlation and Regression
304
11.6.1
Linear Correlation Coefficient
305
11.6.2
Linear Regression Analysis
307
Chapters
—
Interpolation, Differentiation, and Integration
Chapter Summary
311
12.0
Interpolation
311
12.0.1
Linear Interpolation
313
12.0.2 Lagrange
Interpolation
316
12.0.3
Least-Squares Interpolation
319
Linear Models
319
Calculating the Error Sum
321
Least-Squares Linear Interpolation Function
321
Non-Linear Models
323
12.1
Numerical Differentiation
327
12.2
Numerical Integration
332
12.2.1
Integration by the Trapezoidal Rule
333
12.2.2
Integration by Simpson's Rule
336
Chapter
13 —
Linear Systems
Chapter Summary
341
13.0
Linear Equations
341
13.0.1
Systems of Linear Equations
342
13.0.2
Matrix Representations of Linear Systems
344
13.1
Numeric Data in Matrix Form
345
13.1.1
Matrices in
C++ 345
13.1.2
Locating a Matrix Entry
348
13.2
Operations on Matrix Entries
349
13.2.1
Vectors
350
13.2.2
Vector-by-Scalar Operations in
C++ 350
13.2.3
Low-Level Vector-by-Scalar Operations
352
13.2.4
Matrix-by-Scalar Operations
357
Table
of Contents
xi
13.2.5
Matrix-by-Matrix Operations
359
Matrix Addition
360
Matrix Multiplication
363
13.3
The Solution of a Linear System
368
13.3.1
Gauss-Jordan Elimination
368
13.3.2
Errors in Gaussian Elimination
370
13.4
A Gauss-Jordan Algorithm
371
13.5
Solution of a Linear System
372
Chapter
14 —
Solving and Parsing Equations
Chapter Summary
375
14.0
Function Mapping
375
14.1
Developing a Parser
377
14.2
Evaluating User Equations
379
14.2.1
Equation Grammar
379
14.2.2
Equation Syntax
380
14.2.3
Symbol Table and Numeric Data
381
14.3
An Equation-Solving Algorithm
382
14.3.1
The _E
VALÚATE
Procedure
382
14.3.2
_CALCULATE_Y Procedure
386
Chapter
15 —
Neural Networks
Chapter Summary
389
15.0
Reverse-Engineering the Brain
389
15.0.1
The Biological Neuron
389
15.0.2
The Artificial Neuron
391
15.0.3
Artificial Neural Networks
394
15.1
The Network as a Classifier
396
15.1.1
Multiple-Node Networks
396
15.1.2
Software Model for Neural Nets
398
15.2
The Perceptron
398
15.2.1
Perceptron as a Classifier
399
15.2.2
Perceptron Learning
400
15.2.3
Training the Perceptron
402
15.2.4
A Perceptron Function
403
15.3
The
Adaline 405
15.3.1
Widrow-Hoff Learning
405
15.3.2
A Neuron for
Adaline 406
15.4
Improving the Classification Function
409
15.4.1
Calculating the Error Sum
409
15.4.2
Improving Perceptron Results
410
15.5
Backpropagation Networks
412
15.5.1
Nonlinear Neurons
413
15.5.2
Backpropagation Algorithm
414
15.5.3
Software Model for Backpropagation
415
15.5.4
Executing the Network
417
15.5.5
A Backpropagation Trainer
418
XII
Table of
Contents
PART
II
—
APPLICATION
DEVELOPMENT
Chapter
16 —
The
C++
Language on the PC
Chapter Summary
423
16.0
Introducing
C++ 423
16.0.1
Evolution of
C++ 423
16.0.2
Advantages of the
C++
Language
424
16.0.3
Disadvantages of the
C++
Language
424
16.1
PC Implementations of
С
and
C++ 425
16.2
Flowcharts and Software Design
425
16.3
The
C++
Console Application
427
Chapter
17 —
Event-Driven Programming
Chapter Summary
431
17.0
Graphical Operating Systems
431
17.1
Enter Windows
432
17.1.1
Text-based and Graphical Programs
432
17.1.2
Graphics Services
434
17.2
Programming Models
434
17.2.1
Event-Driven Programs
434
The Event Manager
436
The Event Handler
436
17.2.2
Event Types
436
System Events
436
Control Events
437
Program Events
437
17.2.3
Event Modeling
437
17.3
File Structure of a Windows Program
438
17.3.1
Source Files
438
17.3.2
Library Files
439
17.3.3
Resource Files
440
17.3.4
Make Files
440
17.3.5
Object Files
441
17.3.6
Executable Files
442
17.3.7
Dynamic Linking
444
Chapter
18 —
The Window Program Components
Chapter Summary
447
18.0
"Hello, World"
447
18.1
Naming Conventions
449
18.2
Constants and Handles
451
18.2.1
Windows Handles
452
18.3
Visual Elements
453
18.3.1
The Main Window
453
18.3.2
Controls
454
18.3.3
Other Visual Components
455
18.4
Programming Style
456
18.4.1
Commented Headers
456
Table
of Contents
xiii
18.4.2
Assertions Notation
457
ASSERT
458
INV
458
PRE
and POST
458
FCTVAL
458
18.4.3
Programming Templates
458
Chapter
19 —
A First Windows Program
Chapter Summary
463
19.0
Preliminary Steps
463
19.1
The Program Project
464
19.1.1
Creating a Project
464
19.2
Elements of a Windows Program
468
19.2.1
WinMainO
468
Parameters
469
19.2.2
Data Variables
470
19.2.3
WNDCLASSEX Structure
471
19.2.4
Registering the Windows Class
475
19.2.5
Creating the Window
476
19.2.6
Displaying the Window
480
19.2.7
The Message Loop
480
19.3
The Window Procedure
481
19.3.1
Windows Procedure Parameters
482
19.3.2
Windows Procedure Variables
483
19.3.3
Message Processing
483
WM_CREATE Message Processing
484
WM_PAINT Message Processing
484
WM_DESTROY Message Processing
485
19.3.4
The Default Windows Procedure
485
19.4
The WinHello Program
486
19.4.1
Modifying the Program Caption
486
19.4.2
Displaying Text in the Client Area
487
19.4.3
Creating a Program Resource
489
19.4.4
Creating the Icon Bitmap
490
19.5
WinHello Program Listing
493
Chapter
20 —
Text Display
Chapter Summary
497
20.0
Text in Windows
497
20.1
The Client Area
498
20.2
Device and Display Contexts
498
20.2.1
The Display Context
499
20.2.2
Display Context Types
500
20.2.3
Window Display Context
502
20.3
Mapping Modes
502
20.3.1
Screen and Client Area
503
20.3.2
Viewport and Window
504
20.4
Programming Text Operations
505
20.4.1
Typefaces and Fonts
507
20.4.2
Text Formatting
508
xiv
Table
of
Contents
20.4.3
Paragraph Formatting
511
20.4.4
The DrawTextO Function
515
20.5
Text Graphics
518
20.5.1
Selecting a Font
518
20.5.2
Drawing with Text
523
Chapter
21 —
Keyboard and Mouse Programming
Chapter Summary
525
21.0
Keyboard Input
525
21.1
Input Focus
526
21.1.1
Keystroke Processing
527
21.1.2
Determining the Key State
529
21.1.3
Character Code Processing
530
21.1.4
Keyboard Demonstration Program
531
21.2
The Caret
534
21.2.1
Caret Processing
535
21.2.2
Caret Demonstration Program
535
21.3
Mouse Programming
538
21.3.1
Mouse Messages
539
21.3.2
Cursor Location
541
21.3.3
Double-Click Processing
542
21.3.4
Capturing the Mouse
543
21.3.5
The Cursor
543
21.4
Mouse and Cursor Demonstration Program
546
Chapter
22 —
Graphical User Interface Elements
Chapter Summary
549
22.0
Window Styles
549
22.1
Child Windows
550
22.1.1
Child Windows Demonstration Program
552
22.2
Basic Controls
554
22.2.1
Communicating with Controls
558
22.2.2
Controls Demonstration Program
563
22.3
Menus
566
22.3.1
Creating a Menu
568
22.3.2
Menu Item Processing
569
22.3.3
Shortcut Keys
570
22.3.4
Pop-Up Menus
571
22.3.5
The Menu Demonstration Program
573
22.4
Dialog Boxes
573
22.4.1
Modal and Modeless
574
22.4.2
The Message Box
574
22.4.3
Creating a Modal Dialog Box
576
22.4.4
Common Dialog Boxes
578
22.4.5
The Dialog Box Demonstration Program
581
22.5
Common Controls
581
22.5.1
Common Controls Message Processing
582
22.5.2
Toolbars and ToolTips
583
22.5.3
Creating a Toolbar
584
22.5.4
Standard Toolbar Buttons
589
Table
of
Contents
xv
22.5.5
Combo Box in a Toolbar
591
22.5.6
ToolTip
592
Chapter
23 —
Drawing Lines and Curves
Chapter Summary
597
23.0
Drawing in a Window
597
23.1
The Redraw Responsibility
598
23.1.1
The Invalid Rectangle
599
23.1.2
Screen Updates On-Demand
600
23.1.3
Intercepting WM_PAINT
600
23.2
The Graphics Device Interface
602
23.2.1
Device Context Attributes
603
23.2.2
DC Info Demonstration Program
607
23.2.3
Color in the Device Context
610
23.3
Graphic Objects and GDI Attributes
611
23.3.1
Pens
611
23.3.2
Brushes
613
23.3.3
Foreground Mix Mode
615
23.3.4
Background Modes
617
23.3.5
Current Pen Position
617
23.3.6
Arc Direction
618
23.4
Pixels, Lines, and Curves
618
23.4.1
Pixel Operations
619
23.4.2
Drawing with LineTo()
620
23.4.3
Drawing with PolylineTo()
621
23.4.4
Drawing with Polyline()
621
23.4.5
Drawing with PolyPolyline()
622
23.4.6
Drawing with Arc()
623
23.4.7
Drawing with ArcTo()
624
23.4.8
Drawing with AngleArc()
624
23.4.9
Drawing with PolyBezierQ
626
23.4.10
Drawing with PolyBezierToO
629
23.4.11
Drawing with PolyDraw()
629
23.4.12
Pixel and Line Demonstration Program
633
Chapter
24 —
Drawing Solid Figures
Chapter Summary
635
24.0
Closed Figures
635
24.1.
Closed Figure Elements
636
24.1.1
Brush Origin
636
24.1.2
Object Selection Macros
638
24.1.3
Polygon Fill Mode
638
24.1.4
Creating Custom Brushes
640
24.2
Drawing Closed Figures
642
24.2.1
Drawing with RectangleQ
643
24.2.2
Drawing with RoundRect()
643
24.2.3
Drawing with Ellipse()
644
24.2.4
Drawing with Chord()
645
24.2.5
Drawing with Pie()
646
24.2.6
Drawing with PolygonQ
647
xvi
Table of Contents
24.2.7
Drawing with PolyPolygon()
649
24.3
Operations on Rectangles
650
24.3.1
Drawing with FillRectQ
650
24.3.2
Drawing with FrameRectO
652
24.3.3
Drawing with DrawFocusRectO
652
24.3.4
Auxiliary Operations on Rectangles
653
24.3.5
Updating the Rectangle() Function
659
24.4
Regions
660
24.4.1
Creating Regions
661
24.4.2
Combining Regions
664
24.4.3
Filling and Painting Regions
666
24.4.4
Region Manipulations
667
24.4.5
Obtaining Region Data
670
24.5
Clipping Operations
671
24.5.1
Creating or Modifying a Clipping Region
672
24.5.2
Clipping Region Information
675
24.6
Paths
676
24.6.1
Creating, Deleting, and Converting Paths
678
24.6.2
Path-Rendering Operations
679
24.6.3
Path Manipulations
681
24.6.4
Obtaining Path Information
684
24.7
Filled Figures Demo Program
685
Chapter
25 —
Displaying Bit-Mapped Images
Chapter Summary
687
25.0
Raster and Vector Graphics
687
25.1
The Bitmap
688
25.1.1
Image Processing
689
25.1.2
Bitblt Operations
690
25.2
Bitmap Constructs
691
25.2.1
Windows Bitmap Formats
691
25.2.2
Windows Bitmap Structures
691
25.2.3
The Bitmap as a Resource
691
25.3
Bitmap Programming Fundamentals
693
25.3.1
Creating the Memory DC
693
25.3.2
Selecting the Bitmap
693
25.3.3
Obtaining Bitmap Dimensions
694
25.3.4
Butting the Bitmap
695
25.3.5
A Bitmap Display Function
697
25.4
Bitmap Manipulations
698
22.4.1
Hard-Coding a Monochrome Bitmap
699
25.4.2
Bitmaps in Heap Memory
701
25.4.3
Operations on Blank Bitmaps
706
25.4.4
Creating a DIB Section
708
25.4.5
Creating a Pattern Brush
713
25.5
Bitmap Transformations
714
25.5.1
Pattern Brush Transfer
714
25.5.2
Bitmap Stretching and Compressing
715
25.6
Bitmap Demonstration Program
719
Table
of Contents
xvii
PARTIU
—
PROJECT ENGINEERING
Chapter
26 —
Fundamentals of Systems Engineering
Chapter Summary
723
26.0
What Is Software Engineering
723
26.0.1
The Programmer as an Artist
725
26.1
Software Characteristics
725
26.1.1
Software Qualities
726
Correctness
726
Reliability
726
Robustness
727
Efficiency
727
Verifiability
728
Maintainability
728
User Friendliness
728
Reusability
729
Portability
729
Other Properties
729
26.1.2
Quality Metrics
730
26.2
Principles of Software Engineering
730
26.2.1
Rigor
731
26.2.2
Separation of Concerns
733
26.2.3
Modularization
734
26.2.4
Abstraction and Information Hiding
735
26.2.5
Malleability and Anticipation of Change
736
26.2.6
Maximum Generalization
736
26.2.7
Incremental Development
737
26.3
Software Engineering Paradigms
738
26.3.1
The Waterfall Model
738
26.3.2
Prototyping
740
26.3.3
The Spiral Model
742
26.3.4
A Pragmatic Approach
743
26.4
Concurrent Documentation
744
26.4.1
Objections and Excuses
745
26.4.2
Advantages of Good Documentation
745
Chapter
27 —
Description and Specification
Chapter Summary
747
27.0
System Analysis Phase
747
27.0.1
The System Analyst
748
27.0.2
Analysis and Project Context
749
27.1
The Feasibility Study
750
27.1.1
Risk Analysis
751
Risk Identification
753
Risk Estimation
753
Risk Assessment
753
Risk Management
754
27.1.2
Risk Analysis in a Smaller Project
754
27.1.3
Cost-Benefit Analysis
755
27.2
Requirements Analysis and Specification
757
xviii
Table
of Contents
27.2.1
The Requirements Analysis Phase
757
Customer/User Participation
758
The Virtual Customer
758
27.2.3
The Specifications Phase
758
The Software Specifications Document
760
27.3.4
Formal and
Semiformal
Specifications
761
27.3.5
Assertions Notation
762
ASSERT
762
INV
762
PRE
and POST
763
27.4
Tools for Process and Data Modeling
764
27.4.1
Data Flow Diagrams
765
Event Modeling
767
27.4.2
Entity-Relationship Diagrams
769
Chapter
28 —
The Object-Oriented Approach
Chapter Summary
773
28.0
History and Chronology
773
28.1
Object-Oriented Fundamentals
774
28.1.1
Problem-Set and Solution-Set
775
28.1.2
Rationale of Object Orientation
776
28.2
Classes and Objects
776
28.2.1
Classes and Data Abstraction
777
28.2.2
Classes and Encapsulation
778
28.2.3
Message Passing
778
28.2.4
Inheritance
779
28.2.5
Polymorphism
780
Abstract Classes
780
28.4
A Notation for Classes and Objects
781
28.5
Example Classification
783
28.6
When to Use Object Orientation
786
28.6.1
Operational Guidelines
786
Chapter
29 —
Object-Oriented Analysis
Chapter Summary
789
29.0
Elements of Object-Oriented Analysis
789
29.0.1
Modeling the Problem-Domain
790
29.0.2
Defining System Responsibilities
790
29.0.3
Managing Complexity
791
Abstraction
791
Encapsulation
791
Inheritance
791
Message Passing
791
29.1
Class and Object Decomposition
792
29.1.1
Searching for Objects
796
29.1.2
Neat and Dirty Classes
796
29.2
Finding Classes and Objects
797
29.2.1
Looking at Class Associations
797
Gen-Spec Structures
798
Multiple Inheritance in Gen-Spec Structures
800
Table
of
Contents
xix
Whole-Part
Structures
800
Compound
Structures
802
29.2.2
Looking at Mechanisms and Devices
802
29.2.3
Related Systems
803
29.2.4
Preserved Data
803
29.2.5
Roles Played
803
29.2.6
Operational Sites
804
29.2.7
Organizational Units
804
29.3
Testing Object Validity
804
29.3.1
Information to Remember
805
29.3.2
Object Behavior
805
29.3.3
Multiple Attributes
805
29.3.4
Multiple Objects
805
29.3.5
Always-Applicable Attributes
806
29.3.6
Always-Applicable Methods
806
29.3.7
Objects Relate to the Problem Domain
806
29.3.8
Derived or Calculated Results
807
29.4
Subsystems
807
29.4.1
Subsystems as Modules
808
Subsystem Cohesion
809
Subsystem Coupling
809
29.5
Attributes
809
29.5.1
Attribute Identification
810
29.5.2
Attributes and Structures
811
29.6
Methods or Services
812
29.6.1
Identifying Methods
812
Object States
812
Required Services
812
29.7
Instance Connections
814
29.7.1
Instance Connection Notation
814
29.8
Message Connections
814
29.8.1
Message Connection Notation
814
29.9
Final Documentation
815
PART IV
—
APPENDICES
Appendix A
— C++
Math Unit Programming
Summary
819
AA.O Programming the Math Unit
819
AA.1 MASM Sources in
C++
Programs
820
AA.1.1 Sample Code
821
Appendix
В
—
Accuracy of Exponential Functions
Summary
829
AB.O Accuracy Calculations
829
Appendix
С
— C++
Indirection
Summary
833
xx
Table of Contents
АСО
Indirection in
C++
833
AC.O.I Pointer Phobia 833
AC.1 Indirect Addressing 836
AC.2 Pointer Variables 837
AC.2.1 Dangling Pointers 838
AC.2.
2
Pointers to Variables 838
Pointer Variable Declaration 838
Pointer Variable Assignment 838
Pointer Variable Dereferencing 839
AC.3 Pointers to Arrays
839
AC.4 Pointers to Structures
840
AC.5 Pointer Arithmetic
842
AC.6 Pointers to Void
843
AC.6.1 Programming with Pointers to Void
845
АС.7
Reference Variables
β47
AC.8 Dynamic Memory Allocation in
C++ 848
AC.
8.1
Dynamic Data
849
AC.8.2 The New and Delete Operators
850
AC.9 Pointers to Functions
852
AC.9.1 Simple Dispatch Table
854
AC.9.2 Indexed Dispatch Table
856
AC.1
0
Compounding Indirection
858
Appendix
D
—
Multiple File Programs
Summary
861
AD.O Partitioning a Program
861
AD.0.1 Class Libraries
862
AD.O.
2
Public and Private Components
862
AD.0.3 Object-Oriented Class Libraries
863
AD.1 Multifile Support in
C++ 864
AD.2 Multilanguage Programming
864
AD.2.1 Naming Conventions
865
AD.2.
2
Calling Conventions
866
AD.2.3 Parameter-Passing Conventions
867
AD.2.4 Difficulties and Complications
867
AD.3 Mixing Low- and High-Level Languages
868
AD.3.1
C++
to Assembly Interface
869
AD.4 Sample Interface Programs
869
AD.4.1 Microsoft C-to-Assembly Interface
871
Return Values in Microsoft
C++
Compilers
874
AD.4.
2
Borland
C++
to Assembly Interface
875
AD.4.3 Using Interface Headers
877
Appendix
E
—
The MATH32 Library
Summary
879
Appendix
F
—
Windows Structures
Summary
883
Table
of Contents
xxi
Bibliography
895
Index
доз |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Sanchez, Julio |
| author_facet | Sanchez, Julio |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sanchez, Julio |
| author_variant | j s js |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023319938 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TA345 |
| callnumber-raw | TA345 |
| callnumber-search | TA345 |
| callnumber-sort | TA 3345 |
| callnumber-subject | TA - General and Civil Engineering |
| classification_rvk | ST 230 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)166255271 (DE-599)BVBBV023319938 |
| dewey-full | 620/.0285 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| dewey-raw | 620/.0285 |
| dewey-search | 620/.0285 |
| dewey-sort | 3620 3285 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Informatik |
| discipline_str_mv | Informatik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023319938 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:53:20Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:15:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781420043020 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007034749 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016504051 |
| oclc_num | 166255271 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | XXV, 918 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sanchez, Julio Verfasser aut Software solutions for engineers and scientists Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2008 XXV, 918 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. 895-902) and index Datenverarbeitung Ingenieurwissenschaften Naturwissenschaft Engineering Data processing Science Data processing Naturwissenschaften (DE-588)4041421-8 gnd rswk-swf Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 gnd rswk-swf Ingenieurwissenschaften (DE-588)4137304-2 gnd rswk-swf Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 s Naturwissenschaften (DE-588)4041421-8 s DE-604 Ingenieurwissenschaften (DE-588)4137304-2 s Canton, Maria P. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016504051&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sanchez, Julio Software solutions for engineers and scientists Datenverarbeitung Ingenieurwissenschaften Naturwissenschaft Engineering Data processing Science Data processing Naturwissenschaften (DE-588)4041421-8 gnd Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 gnd Ingenieurwissenschaften (DE-588)4137304-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4041421-8 (DE-588)4116522-6 (DE-588)4137304-2 |
| title | Software solutions for engineers and scientists |
| title_auth | Software solutions for engineers and scientists |
| title_exact_search | Software solutions for engineers and scientists |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Software solutions for engineers and scientists |
| title_full | Software solutions for engineers and scientists Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton |
| title_fullStr | Software solutions for engineers and scientists Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Software solutions for engineers and scientists Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton |
| title_short | Software solutions for engineers and scientists |
| title_sort | software solutions for engineers and scientists |
| topic | Datenverarbeitung Ingenieurwissenschaften Naturwissenschaft Engineering Data processing Science Data processing Naturwissenschaften (DE-588)4041421-8 gnd Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 gnd Ingenieurwissenschaften (DE-588)4137304-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Datenverarbeitung Ingenieurwissenschaften Naturwissenschaft Engineering Data processing Science Data processing Naturwissenschaften Softwareentwicklung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016504051&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sanchezjulio softwaresolutionsforengineersandscientists AT cantonmariap softwaresolutionsforengineersandscientists |