Loštice: město středověkých hrnčířů
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Opava
Slezská Univ.
2007
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| Ausgabe: | 1. vyd |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 126 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788072484348 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Goš, Vladimír |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Loštice |b město středověkých hrnčířů |c Vladimír Goš |
| 250 | |a 1. vyd | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Opava |b Slezská Univ. |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a 126 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1200-1600 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1300-1600 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Archeologické výzkumy / Česko |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Archeologické nálezy / Česko |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Keramika / Česko / 13.-16. stol |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Excavations (archaeology) / Czech Republic |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Antiquities / Czech Republic |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ceramics / Czech Republic / 13th-16th centuries |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Antiquities - Czech Republic |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Archeologické nálezy - Česko |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Archeologické výzkumy - Česko |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ceramics - Czech Republic - 13th-16th centuries |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Excavations (archaeology) - Czech Republic |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Keramika - Česko - 13.-16. stol |2 czenas | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ausgrabung |0 (DE-588)4129464-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Loštice (Česko) |2 czenas | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Loštice-oblast (Česko) |2 czenas | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Loštice (Czech Republic) / czenas |2 czenas | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Loštice Region (Czech Republic) / czenas |2 czenas | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Loštice (Czech Republic) |2 czenas | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Loštice Region (Czech Republic) |2 czenas | |
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| 651 | 7 | |a Loštice |0 (DE-588)7616171-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 655 | 7 | |a Studies |2 czenas | |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Geschichte 1200-1600 |A z |
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| 689 | 2 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1300-1600 |A z |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137651127713792 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | l.Úvod
............................................................................................................ 4
2.
Geologie a pravěk Lošticka
........................................................................ 6
3.
Časný středověk na Lošticku
..................................................................... 7
4.
Loštice a okolí ve
13.
a na počátku
14.
století
............................................. 11
4.1
Movité památky
..................................................................................... 14
4.2
Nemovité památky
................................................................................. 19
S.Lošticeve^lS.aló.století
..................................................................... 21
5.1
Soupis archeologických lokalit v
intravilánu
města
................................ 22
5.1.1
Prostor mezi Komenského ulicí aTřebůvkou
.................................... 22
5.1.2
Prostor mezi Hradskou ulicí aTřebůvkou
.......................................... 35
5.1.3
Prostor západně od Hradské ulice
...................................................... 38
5.1.4
Ostatní nálezy z
intravilánu
města
..................................................... 50
5.2.
Hrnčíři vokolí města
............................................................................. 53
S^.lŽádloviceč.p^
.................................................................................. 53
5.2.2
Žádloviceč.p.
16............................................................................... 54
5.2.3
Loštice-NaMasnicích
...................................................................... 54
5.2.4
Svinov
............................................................................................... 54
S^.SLíšnice
............................................................................................... 55
6.
Movité památky
14.,
15.a
16.
století v Lošticích
........................................ 56
6.1
Keramika
................................................................................................ 56
6.1.1
Technologie výroby
........................................................................... 57
6.1.2
Morfologie keramiky
........................................................................ 60
6.1.2.1
Hrnec
.............................................................................................. 61
6.1.2.2Pohár
.............................................................................................. 66
6.1.2.3Džbán
............................................................................................. 69
6.1.2.4Mísa
............................................................................................... 70
6.1.2.5
Zásobnice
....................................................................................... 70
6.1.2.6
Poklička
......................................................................................... 70
6.1.2.7Trojnožka
....................................................................................... 72
6.1.2.8
Miniaturní nádoba
.......................................................................... 72
бЛ.г^КасЫе
............................................................................................ 73
6.1.2.10
Dlaždice
....................................................................................... 74
6.1.2.11
Roura
............................................................................................ 74
6.1.2.12
Zvláštní tvary
............................................................................... 75
6.1.3
Výzdoba keramiky
.............................................................................. 75
6.1.4
Loštické poháry a jejich příběhy
.......................................................... 77
6.1.4.1
Poháry
s loštickým
efektem
............................................................ 77
6.1.4.2
Poháry jdou do světa
....................................................................... 83
6.1.4.3
Item
Loščicky hrnec střiebrem okovaný I
.................................... 87
6.1.4.4
Napodobeniny loštických pohárů ve střední Evropě
....................... 89
6.2
Kovové předměty
................................................................................... 92
7.
Nemovité památky
14.,
15.a
16.
století v Lošticích
.................................... 93
7.1
Usedlost
................................................................................................. 93
7.2
Hrnčířské pece
....................................................................................... 95
8.
Historické závěry
....................................................................................... 96
9.
Náš pohled na loštické poháry
................................................................... 100
10.
Zkratky, prameny, literatura
.................................................................. 106
Loštice-town
of medieval potters
1.
Introduction
The first goblets with pustules in the surface, which later inspired pottery, were found in
Loštice
in
1874
by the builder
Kliment
Hladiă
while doing repairs in a garden. Even though
at the end of the
1
9th century scholar were interested in medieval goblets, the first scientific
evaluation was made by Walcher
von
Molthein in 1
910
in the pages of the prestigious
Kunst und
Kunsthandwerk
magazine (in German, naturally). In the period between the two World Wars the
noted, self-educated researcher Adolf Lang conducted a detailed survey of the local area, while
the first scientific assessments on Czech soil were made by Zoroslava
Drobná
(1957)
and
Zdeněk
MÖHnsky (1969).
I myself began my research in
Loštice
in
1977
and thus far that has
involved three sites. I have written several studies
(1978, 1980, 1983)
on our archaeological
activity in
Loštice.
I have been able to show that the slim goblets with pustules in the surface
were first produced at the beginning of the
1
5th century and ceased to be manufactured sometime
in the early
І б 1.
With an increasing number of finds in towns and castles across Central Europe,
our attention was particularly drawn to the collection of goblets uncovered in the royal castle at
Buda in
Hungary. Recent discoveries have indicated that the poetic goblets were a highly prized
form of trading goods, and much imitated.
2.
Geology and prehistory of
Loštice
region
Modern day
Loštice
is to be found in the western part of
Mohelnická brázda,
west of the
Morava
river. It lies at the foot of the
Mírovské
highlands, on both sides of the
Třebůvka
stream
at a height of
258
m
above sea level. The subsoil contains low-level carbon slate covered by
loess. These extremely high quality raw materials are used today in construction, quarrying
stone from the
Kozí
cliffs and employing the loess in the making of bricks. The soil of the
surrounding area is suitable for growing wheat and beet.
Loštice
is on the site of a long-standing settlement between the waters of the
Morava
river
and the
Třebůvka
stream. The oldest finds in cadastral records of the town date back to the
paleolithic era. The settlement s original hub was laid out in the loess on the left bank of the
Třebůvka,
and, as well as the remains of various items from the settlement, we discovered
a number of finds in the historical centre whilst investigating the medieval workshops. Later the
site of the town was settled in the era of bronzr age, and most interestingly, the discovery of two
pits filled with grain remnants. The surface items collected have been verified as
Írom tlie
Roman era settlement. In all probability, the almost inaccessible area around
Kozí vrch,
west of
the town, was the site of a settlement from the time of national migration. As said migration
ended
Mohelnice
region filled with people, and thus, probably, the Slavic people came to the
abandoned area.
3.
Early medieval of
Loštice
region
Though the Slavonic settlement at
Loštice
has not been folly explored, the oldest find so far
is coins with the imprimatur of the prince
Svatopluk
discovered in
1910
while constructing
house no.
356,
some
500
m
south of the city centre. Archaeological data suggests that this was
probably a courtyard of some 30m by 40m. Fragments of pots and storage bins covered in
graffiti were found, from which an approximate dating of ll-Uth century was made. It is
presumed that the deposit was buried around
1109,
the time of the prince s tragic demise.
The Slavonic settlement at nearby
Moraviöany
is the oldest known, dating back to the 7-8th
century, whilst there was a community at
Palonín
in the
1
Oth, some
2
km from
Loštice.
Remains
of houses and grain pits have been discovered.
Mohelnice,
not far off, was the site of a potters
community from the ll 1 to the first half of the
13 h
century. Here too there were clay pots with
graffiti.
Loštice
itself sprang up in the second half of the
1
3lh century.
117
4.
Loštice
and its environs in the 13th and early 14th century
After the abandonment of the courtyard of the house
č.p.
356
and the growth of the potters
settlement at
Mohelnice,
the inhabitants began to build on the left bank of the
Třebůvka.
In
Komenský
street /area A, Pic.
7/
there was a covered chalet no.
16
with a regular square
ground plan
600-580
χ
620
cm. The flooring went down
75-80
cm, centred around a fireplace.
The construction involved stakes sunk into the foundation and dividing walls. The chalet is
made of ceramics dated to the second half of the
1
3th century.
In
Žádlovice,
in the area of At the courtyard
(U dvora),
some
1.5
km from the town, a part
of the potters habitation was discovered
(Mačalová
1984,101).
The probe identified remains of
an above ground structure/I./ at a depth of
30
cm, and a passage
/IL/
с.
1.2
m
wide and 3.5 m long
with steps
0.7
m
in width. Beneath the steps, a number of iron items had been secreted. These led
into another structure /III./, which had only one definite wall of
3
,3m in length. The hard-packed
floor went down to a depth of
230
cm. The habitation contained accumulations of crude graffiti,
marked into the clay pots, made from clay from nearby Svinov. The site has been reliably dated,
based on the finds, to late 13th/ early 14th century.
4.1.
Portable finds
At both sites useable ceramic materials were found, which can be ascribed to the first phase
of North Moravian production, that is
с
1250 -
1
350.
The pots were thrown on a slowly rotating
potter s wheel, graffiti inscribed in the clay and after firing most had a grey surface. Pots were
the primary product, with a barrel-shaped body, level base and Romanesque rim. The pot was
decorated with horizontal grooves. The storage bin had an almost cylindrical body with a club-
shaped strengthened rim and level base. Potters began to produce jugs» pot lids and probably
tripods, all from raw clay covered with graffiti. In local materials they copied foreign designs,
well known in Western Europe.
At both sites several iron items were discovered, a drawing-knife, a sickle, a spur with a
■wheel, all of which assisted in dating. Neither coins nor bone items were found.
4.2.
Non-portable finds
Both chalets discovered in
Loštice
and
Žádlovice
have the same construction. They are
countersunk, have vertical walling and a level base. Embedded posts bear the weight of the
double-pitched roof. In comparable locations we find a large number of settlements from the
start of the high medieval era in Czech territory, and these are the so-called
provizória .
The
lifeblood of the community was renewed by an influx of colonists, and some, unclear, time later,
more solid, above ground domiciles were constructed, The chalet in
Loštice
was undoubtedly
detached, whilst the
Žádlovice
one, which was of later design, formed part of a larger complex,
perhaps a potter s workshop.
After the evaluation of the finds from
Loštice,
we have to consider
Hradská
street, and also
pits
19
and
27
which have the same construction, vertical walling and a level base, 2m below the
modern surface. These we can also categorise as
provizória .
In conclusion we can state that
these sites which have a quadratic ground plan with a level base were the oldest habitable
dwellings in the newly founded North Moravian towns and clearly distinguishable from the
older Slovak era sites. Originally detached, they later had above-ground annexes added. In time
they evolved into cellars, most were stone-walled, and wholly lost their original purpose.
5.
LoŠ
tice
m
the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries
From the written records and archaeological finds it may be deduced that somewhere in the mid-
14th century the street grid of the town was laid down, The basis was the square s trapezoidal
shape, fiom the corners of which the main roads to other places, 01omouct UnieOv,
Mohelnice
and the castle at Bouzov, the seat of the lord, emerged. The Church of St.
Procope
is to be found
north of the square, with what was probably its courtyard adjacent.
118
Jews inhabited the town in the 16th century, and thus there was a literal ghetto. Potters appear
regularly in the written records from the 16th century on. The most important, and today
famous, locations have been marked on the cadastral map of
1834,
when the medieval houses
were limited
ίο
the square and its immediate environs. In all probability the town did not have
a medieval defensive wall.
5.1.
Catalogue of archaeological locations in the historical centre of the town
The
1834
cadastral map provided the location of key archaeological sites. (7/Pic.). Pre¬
servation of archaeological sites has been established in three locations, labelled with capital
letters, which I have so marked in the text, A. Lang and H. Landsfeld s work is likewise marked,
and thus a clear picture develops of potter activity in the
1
5th and 16th centuries. It is shown that
masters worked around the square and on the main streets. In
Loštice,
as opposed to the potters
centre in Rhine region, there was no craftsmen s quarter outside the town centre.
5.1.1
the area between
Komenský
street and the
Třebůvka
stream
The potters workshops lay between modern-day
Komenský
street, leading to
Uničov,
and
the
Třebůvka
stream, sloping south. The first goblets found here were uncovered at the end of
the 19th century, during the building of the school, and in
1977
this is where I had my first dig in
the town. After the houses were demolished, I marked out an area for probing along the street to
a vertical depth of 40m, which went deep into the plot. Around the main road the remains of
houses were discovered, the walls of which were at least partially clay. Deep within
tlie
plot
were a furnace and ceramics which had been fired. It presented a unique aspect, a combined
firing and heating space and four openings. It then became a storage area for badly made
crockery. In
2004,
whilst building a gym some 40m north, the remnants of furnaces were
discovered, among which were later identified three consecutive furnaces. Most finds were
from the late 14th and
1
5th centuries.
Archaeological research also recovered the
1
3th centuries items described above.
5.1.2
the area between
Hradská
street and the
Třebůvka
stream
In the area south of the square between
Hradská
and the
Třebůvka
stream there were other
potters workshops. The first goblets with pustules in the surface, which later inspired poetry,
were probably found here in
1874
by the builder
Kliment
Hladiă.
The first minor conservation
effort by Adolf Lang was also here some time later. In
1980
the construction of a senior citizens
residential home allowed for archaeological research. The gardens contained an exceptional
number of items of bronze age, near the habitable dwellings there was a pit of
3.6
by 2.7m, much
damaged by the construction work. Tliree trenches in the pit contained an inordinate number of
medieval ceramics, including whole examples of the poetic goblets with pustules in the surface.
5.1.3.
the area west of
Hradská
street
This deals with an extremely interesting area outside the medieval town centre, west of the
main road to Bouzov. The first LoStice goblet finds come from the early 20th century. In
1980,
while laying water pipes to connect a senior citizens1 home a disposal pit filled with broken
goblets was uncovered, and in
1982,
archaeological exploration examined an area of
205
m2
surrounding. The terrain was severely damaged by houses constructed in later eras. The area
outside the medieval core of the town was used for digging up clay, and later
asa
dump for
rubbish. Here two pits,
19
and
27,
were uncovered, which were, perhaps so-called
provizóri.
The examined section of pit
19
measured
200x180
cm, and thus its total dimensions could be
calculated. The base of the pit was
210
cm down.
119
Also in the case of pit
27,
we don t know the entire ground plan, although the extant section
was square in shape. The base of the pit was at a depth of
310
cm, and the walls were encircled by
a swath of dry stone walling. Next to them were irregular pits filled with bits of broken pottery
and over-baked goblets. For example, site
12
is a trapezoidal pit
240x230
cm, the base at a depth
of
13 5
cm. The ceramics date from the end of the 14th to the early
1
6th century.
5.1.4.
Other finds in the historic section of the town
The site of the modern-day town has, since the end of the
1
9th century, unearthed the remains
of the potters work. While part of this archaeological material is currently housed in the
Havelek museum in
Loštice,
the majority was long since lost, and is known only through the
amateur lists of A. Lang.
1.
North-eastern side of
Komenský
street, p.
47.
A collection of ceramic fragments found some time around
1962
and their appearance
suggests a probable link with the workshops discovered on the other side of the road.
2.
North-western corner of the square, p.
56,57,62,63.
This deals with the larger area some
80
cm above the original level of the road to
Mohelnice.
The
workshops are recognised only by the fragments recovered, and thus their precise dimensions
cannotbe ascertained.
3.
South-western corner of the square, p.
70,71
a
72.
The cluster of clearly identified workshops can be found on the comer of the square leading to
Bouzov, not far from site
С
on
Hradská
street. It is not currently possible to state the exact
number of workshops, there was, however, at least one potter s workplace. The relics were
uncovered during minor conservation work undertaken in
1947,1956
and
1968.
p
A collection of ceramics was found in
1965
by J.
Doubek
while digging pits in the courtyard of
a house on the banks of the
Třebůvka,
outside the historic core of the town. Probably a disposal
site for defective products and not potters workshops.
5.
The bed of the
Třebůvka
Goblets were accidentally discovered while collecting sand from the bed of the
Třebůvka
between
1927
andl
933
in the
westernpart
of the town.
5.2
Potters around the city
New archaeological research in
Loštice
has revealed that the town was not the sole site for
production of ceramics displaying the eponymous
Loštice
effect . Workshops have been
discovered in nearby
Žádlovice,
in the house at site
4,
a layer was found with ceramic fragments
dating back to the
IS/lóth
centuries, whilst site
16
contained the hidden remains of a furnace
and a waste pit. Very high quality clay has been found around LoStice-Masnice. In
Lisnice
at an
unspecified location other potters workshops have been discovered. Near Svinova graphites
can be seen which indicates that medieval potters workshops stood here.
6.0MoveabIe finds from the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries
The strategy of preserving finds from potters workshops in
Loštice
has led to a large number
of fragments of ceramic being obtained. All said finds belong to the second phase of the northern
Moravian production cycle,
с
1350-1450.
The period roughly
1400 1550
sees the making of the
blister-surface goblets. In the layers of detritus practically no other materials, such as iron, glass
or coins, were found.
6.1
Ceramics
As stated above, fragments were the majority of finds everywhere. Due to the factthat LoStice
did not import any ceramics, the finds were homogeneous and easy to work with. We processed
the ceramics using standard schematics.
120
6.1.1
Technology
of
production
The creation of pottery goods can be divided into five basic ceramic categories. The first
/010/
comprises blister-marked surface ceramics, the second
/020/
is very well baked ceramics,
i.e. stoneware, the third
/030/
is made up of soft
kaolinite
clay, most white baked, the fourth
/040/
includes sand and the fifth
/050/
graphite.
Vessels were turned on rapidly rotating potters wheels, oxidation baked in simple furnaces,
with combined firing and heating space. Common vessels were fired at a temperature around
1.000°C, with
lhe
LoStice effect requiring more than itGOPC. The surface tint is then light, a
mixture of whitening after red.
6.1.2
Morphology of ceramics
The production of ceramics in
Loštice
was extremely varied. The largest number of finds are
mugs with a barrel-shaped body, flat base and various edging. The edging is period indicative,
and we can identify four basic categories. The class
0100
comprises externalised edging and
various profiles, most from the 9th
-
10th century. Class
0200
picks up on the end of the above,
dealing with typical forms of northern Moravia in the 11th
-
Î2ih
century. Class
0300
are
Romanesque edged and dating to the
1
3 th century. Class
0400
is made up of goblets produced in
LoŠtice,
later 14th to early 15th century.
Another highly interesting form is the goblet, made from soft
kaolinite
clay (class
030)
or
liad
blister-surface (class
010).
The most renowned are the so-called
Loštice
goblets , which
we categorise in three basic classes. Type I. is slim with a circular rim, group Ahaving flat walls,
whilst group
В
displays wall curvature. Type
П.
has a wreath handle on the body, group A with
a cylindrical neck and group
В
conical. Type IILhas a slim body and even rim.
The potters of LoUice also madejugs with a cylindrical or S-shaped neck. Bowls had a coni¬
cal body and flat base, often decorated with red markings. The vessels had a conical body,
a club-shaped rim and a graphite-based material used in theri production. Three basic varieties
of lid were made. Type A has a conical body, type
В
a cylindrical rim and type
С
contains a va¬
riety of shapes resembling castle architecture. Very rare varieties include three-legged and
miniature vessels. Archeological research has shown that
Loštice
made tiles, too. Ceramic
collections included flagsones, pipes and other forms, although only boot-shaped fragments
have survived to the present.
6.1.3
Decoration of ceramics
Decoration of ceramics in
Loštice
was extremely simple, leading to three basic groups.
Thè
first covers engraving, such as parallel grooves or notches from a tracing wheel. The second
includes raised forms, above all the so-called
lípané maliny ,
which appear from time to time
on the goblets. Group tliree comprises painted pieces, especially red painted. Pots were
generally adorned with parallel grooves, while jugs and bowls were painted.
o.lALoštíce
goblets and their history
The blister-surface goblets rapidly won the hearts of drinkers across Europe. They formed
a core component of the crockery of the average hostelry, so other potters copied them and
adorned in silver their own versions.
6.1.4.1
Goblets with the
Loštice
effect
It is extremely diffcult to date the production of blister-surface ceramics precisely. It was
unquestionably a. long process, whereby local potters gradually improved, from the early
Middle Ages on, the quality of the clay from which they made vessels. This is why we encounter
the blister surface only occasionally in the
1
2th century, with the boom coming in
lhe
14th.
121
Characteristic
slira
goblets with a plain rim first appeared in the
1
5th century, and one of the
oldest examples thereof is the goblet which held the
groš
(silver coins) of the Czech kings
Charles IV. and Wenceslas IV discovered at
Tovačov
and the monastery at
Dolany u
Olomouce
and itself made
с
1425.
Around the mid
1
5th century, production began on goblets with a wreath
handtejdesignated type II. The manufacture of goblets ceased sometime before
1550,
when the
handiwork of southern Moravian craftsmen, of higher quality, forced them out of the mar¬
ketplace.
6.1.4.2
Goblets go out into the world
Citizen and noble alike soon took to these slim goblets, and the relics thereof can be found
throughout the towns and castles of Moravia and eastern Bohemia in quantity. The second half
of the
1
5th century saw them exported to Hungary, and even as far south as Belgrade. In eastern
Slovakia so-called
bratříci
appeared in the mid-15th century. To the south, they sold on the
banks of theDanube, and in the north they were known in Silesia. To the east they do not seem to
have spread.
6.1.4.3
„Item
LoŠticky hrnec střiebrcm okovaiij^-LoŠ
t
ice silver decorated goblets
Goblets of type II.B proved very popular, and thus were edged with silver. The paramount
example can be seen in the picture by
HieronymuŁBosch
The garden of earthly delight . Two
others are in the museum collection in the Museum of Applied Art in Cologne, a goblet in the
Nemzeti
museum in Budapest and another in the
Iparmüveseti
museum (Museum of Applied
Art). Two goblets were the gift of a little-known collector at the start of the 20th century,
Dr.Figdor of Vienna, one today resides in the
Historisches
Museum
der Stadt
Vienna, and the
other in the
Kunsthistorisches
Museum in Berlin. The whereabouts of thegoblet
írom
the
collection of M.
Trapp
of Churburg castle
(Alto Adige,
Italy), which has the humorous
inscription
Ist der Wien gutso schmeckt er
myr desterpass ,is
currently unknown.
6.1.4.4.
Copyjngof
Loštice
goblets across Central Europe
The exotic shape of the goblets and their success on the market inspired potters to devise
similar products. Imitations
ofìen
surpassed
Loštice
originals in quality. Somewhere near the
Danube, type II goblets were made with sand sprinkled on the surface and a brown glaze. In
Moravské Budějovice
soft clay was used in the production of goblets, on which were impressed
the so-called
Hpané maliny .
In Budapest,
LoŠtice
style goblets of were created with a majolica
glaze and richly adorned. In
Regensburg,
the
1517
picture of The Assumption of the Virgin
Mar/ shows a goblet (dust jacket), the twin of which with a sand sprinkled surface is in the
inventory of the local museum.
6.2
Metal finds
Among the ceramic rejects there were very few iron items. On
Hradská
street the walls
contained deep pits which held potters1 raw material marked with barking iron, which perhaps
seerved to grate the clay. Fragments of a sickle were also discovered, along with part of a hor¬
seshoe, both everyday items.
T.Non-moveable finds in
Lošticc
from the
14
th, 15th and
І6
th centuries
Modern activity in the town often uncovers the remains of buildings where the potters
lived and worked in the Middle Ages. They are far from intact, but they indicate that specialist
craftsmen had their workshops around the square and not off in some quarter of their own, as
was the case for example in
Siegburg inRhine
region.
122
7.1
Habitation
Remains of dwellings were first unearthed only during the research excavation of
Komenský
street in
1977.
The outline revealed the remains of a house with a dried clay floor of unasce-
tainable dimensions. Behind this was an open space and men two furnaces, the smaller for
drying» and the larger (four-opening) to fire vessels. In the depths of the site there was a dump for
defective products. The pits
onHradské
street came to light while digging for clay.
7.2.
Potter s furnace
It is of interest that the potters of
Loătice
only used simple charcoal furnaces, with a combined
baking and heating space. The only intact find was on
Komenský
street, and was interesting for
its four openings. Fragments of furnaces were discovered in
2004
on
Komenský
street and in
Žádloviceatsiteló.
8.
Historical conclusions
The ceramic output of
LoŠticc
clearly shows that this was a true phemenon, with all the quirks
that implies, a situation which tapped out the local supply of raw material and of them made
something peculiar to the town. For this reason an overview of the northern Moravian
production cycle is enlightening. Earlier we defined three basic groups, the first of which
flourished
с
1250 -1350
on the basis of traditional production methods, and the second,
1350-
1450,
manifesting technological developments, such as red painted ceramics and blister surface
goblets. TJie third era,
1450-1550,
comprises the boom period in
Loštice.
The potters supplied
the market with gobletswith a wreath handle, and these can be found in Hungary and the Bosch
painting. When interest in goblets waned, the potters continued to supply local markets in the
fourth phase,
1550-1650.
The first written mention of
Loštice
goods is from
I486,
and the
1
6th century tells us of the
Loštice
mug hallmark in numerous places. At that time the term
Loštician
was widely used
in literature, primarily in connection with skin complaints. The first direct reference to the
potters of LoStice comes from
1545,
when the production of goblets had already ceased. The
masters of the time took crude clay from Svinov.
Our perspective on LoStice goblets
This chapter gives an overview of the issue of
Loštice
ceramic production. Its origins can be
tracen
back to northern Moravia in the 9th century, when the potters added graphite to the clay
for pots. In
Loštice
and its environs production of single rim goblets took place from the mid-
13
tli
to the early
1
5th century. From the mid- 15th century, they began to turn out goblets with an
external ear (handle). This practice ended by the mid-loth century. We cannot be more exact
as to the contents of the clay than to say that the vessels were baked at a tempeature in excess of
1200°
С
We can likewise only speculate why this precise item gained such massive popularity.
The goblets are still admired today. The graphic artist and potter Josef
Dudek
used motifs from
the
Loštice
goblet theme in his graphic pages on several occasions. He also endeavoured
a bake in a furnace with four openings, an attempt which convinced him that local potters were
able to create stoneware even in very simple furnaces.
Translated by Alex Packer
123
|
| adam_txt |
l.Úvod
. 4
2.
Geologie a pravěk Lošticka
. 6
3.
Časný středověk na Lošticku
. 7
4.
Loštice a okolí ve
13.
a na počátku
14.
století
. 11
4.1
Movité památky
. 14
4.2
Nemovité památky
. 19
S.Lošticeve^lS.aló.století
. 21
5.1
Soupis archeologických lokalit v
intravilánu
města
. 22
5.1.1
Prostor mezi Komenského ulicí aTřebůvkou
. 22
5.1.2
Prostor mezi Hradskou ulicí aTřebůvkou
. 35
5.1.3
Prostor západně od Hradské ulice
. 38
5.1.4
Ostatní nálezy z
intravilánu
města
. 50
5.2.
Hrnčíři vokolí města
. 53
S^.lŽádloviceč.p^
. 53
5.2.2
Žádloviceč.p.
16. 54
5.2.3
Loštice-NaMasnicích
. 54
5.2.4
Svinov
. 54
S^.SLíšnice
. 55
6.
Movité památky
14.,
15.a
16.
století v Lošticích
. 56
6.1
Keramika
. 56
6.1.1
Technologie výroby
. 57
6.1.2
Morfologie keramiky
. 60
6.1.2.1
Hrnec
. 61
6.1.2.2Pohár
. 66
6.1.2.3Džbán
. 69
6.1.2.4Mísa
. 70
6.1.2.5
Zásobnice
. 70
6.1.2.6
Poklička
. 70
6.1.2.7Trojnožka
. 72
6.1.2.8
Miniaturní nádoba
. 72
бЛ.г^КасЫе
. 73
6.1.2.10
Dlaždice
. 74
6.1.2.11
Roura
. 74
6.1.2.12
Zvláštní tvary
. 75
6.1.3
Výzdoba keramiky
. 75
6.1.4
Loštické poháry a jejich příběhy
. 77
6.1.4.1
Poháry
s loštickým
efektem
. 77
6.1.4.2
Poháry jdou do světa
. 83
6.1.4.3
"Item
Loščicky hrnec střiebrem okovaný I"
. 87
6.1.4.4
Napodobeniny loštických pohárů ve střední Evropě
. 89
6.2
Kovové předměty
. 92
7.
Nemovité památky
14.,
15.a
16.
století v Lošticích
. 93
7.1
Usedlost
. 93
7.2
Hrnčířské pece
. 95
8.
Historické závěry
. 96
9.
Náš pohled na loštické poháry
. 100
10.
Zkratky, prameny, literatura
. 106
Loštice-town
of medieval potters
1.
Introduction
The first goblets with pustules in the surface, which later inspired pottery, were found in
Loštice
in
1874
by the builder
Kliment
Hladiă
while doing repairs in a garden. Even though
at the end of the
1
9th century scholar were interested in medieval goblets, the first scientific
evaluation was made by Walcher
von
Molthein in 1
910
in the pages of the prestigious
Kunst und
Kunsthandwerk
magazine (in German, naturally). In the period between the two World Wars the
noted, self-educated researcher Adolf Lang conducted a detailed survey of the local area, while
the first scientific assessments on Czech soil were made by Zoroslava
Drobná
(1957)
and
Zdeněk
MÖHnsky (1969).
I myself began my research in
Loštice
in
1977
and thus far that has
involved three sites. I have written several studies
(1978, 1980, 1983)
on our archaeological
activity in
Loštice.
I have been able to show that the slim goblets with pustules in the surface
were first produced at the beginning of the
1
5th century and ceased to be manufactured sometime
in the early
І б"1.
With an increasing number of finds in towns and castles across Central Europe,
our attention was particularly drawn to the collection of goblets uncovered in the royal castle at
Buda in
Hungary. Recent discoveries have indicated that the poetic goblets were a highly prized
form of trading goods, and much imitated.
2.
Geology and prehistory of
Loštice
region
Modern day
Loštice
is to be found in the western part of
Mohelnická brázda,
west of the
Morava
river. It lies at the foot of the
Mírovské
highlands, on both sides of the
Třebůvka
stream
at a height of
258
m
above sea level. The subsoil contains low-level carbon slate covered by
loess. These extremely high quality raw materials are used today in construction, quarrying
stone from the
Kozí
cliffs and employing the loess in the making of bricks. The soil of the
surrounding area is suitable for growing wheat and beet.
Loštice
is on the site of a long-standing settlement between the waters of the
Morava
river
and the
Třebůvka
stream. The oldest finds in cadastral records of the town date back to the
paleolithic era. The settlement's original hub was laid out in the loess on the left bank of the
Třebůvka,
and, as well as the remains of various items from the settlement, we discovered
a number of finds in the historical centre whilst investigating the medieval workshops. Later the
site of the town was settled in the era of bronzr age, and most interestingly, the discovery of two
pits filled with grain remnants. The surface items collected have been verified as
Írom tlie
Roman era settlement. In all probability, the almost inaccessible area around
Kozí vrch,
west of
the town, was the site of a settlement from the time of national migration. As said migration
ended
Mohelnice
region filled with people, and thus, probably, the Slavic people came to the
abandoned area.
3.
Early medieval of
Loštice
region
Though the Slavonic settlement at
Loštice
has not been folly explored, the oldest find so far
is coins with the imprimatur of the prince
Svatopluk
discovered in
1910
while constructing
house no.
356,
some
500
m
south of the city centre. Archaeological data suggests that this was
probably a courtyard of some 30m by 40m. Fragments of pots and storage bins covered in
graffiti were found, from which an approximate dating of ll-Uth century was made. It is
presumed that the deposit was buried around
1109,
the time of the prince's tragic demise.
The Slavonic settlement at nearby
Moraviöany
is the oldest known, dating back to the 7-8th
century, whilst there was a community at
Palonín
in the
1
Oth, some
2
km from
Loštice.
Remains
of houses and grain pits have been discovered.
Mohelnice,
not far off, was the site of a potters'
community from the ll"1 to the first half of the
13'h
century. Here too there were clay pots with
graffiti.
Loštice
itself sprang up in the second half of the
1
3lh century.
117
4.
Loštice
and its environs in the 13th and early 14th century
After the abandonment of the courtyard of the house
č.p.
356
and the growth of the potters'
settlement at
Mohelnice,
the inhabitants began to build on the left bank of the
Třebůvka.
In
Komenský
street /area A, Pic.
7/
there was a covered chalet no.
16
with a regular square
ground plan
600-580
χ
620
cm. The flooring went down
75-80
cm, centred around a fireplace.
The construction involved stakes sunk into the foundation and dividing walls. The chalet is
made of ceramics dated to the second half of the
1
3th century.
In
Žádlovice,
in the area of "At the courtyard"
(U dvora),
some
1.5
km from the town, a part
of the potters' habitation was discovered
(Mačalová
1984,101).
The probe identified remains of
an above ground structure/I./ at a depth of
30
cm, and a passage
/IL/
с.
1.2
m
wide and 3.5 m long
with steps
0.7
m
in width. Beneath the steps, a number of iron items had been secreted. These led
into another structure /III./, which had only one definite wall of
3
,3m in length. The hard-packed
floor went down to a depth of
230
cm. The habitation contained accumulations of crude graffiti,
marked into the clay pots, made from clay from nearby Svinov. The site has been reliably dated,
based on the finds, to late 13th/ early 14th century.
4.1.
Portable finds
At both sites useable ceramic materials were found, which can be ascribed to the first phase
of North Moravian production, that is
с
1250 -
1
350.
The pots were thrown on a slowly rotating
potter's wheel, graffiti inscribed in the clay and after firing most had a grey surface. Pots were
the primary product, with a barrel-shaped body, level base and Romanesque rim. The pot was
decorated with horizontal grooves. The storage bin had an almost cylindrical body with a club-
shaped strengthened rim and level base. Potters began to produce jugs» pot lids and probably
tripods, all from raw clay covered with graffiti. In local materials they copied foreign designs,
well known in Western Europe.
At both sites several iron items were discovered, a drawing-knife, a sickle, a spur with a
■wheel, all of which assisted in dating. Neither coins nor bone items were found.
4.2.
Non-portable finds
Both chalets discovered in
Loštice
and
Žádlovice
have the same construction. They are
countersunk, have vertical walling and a level base. Embedded posts bear the weight of the
double-pitched roof. In comparable locations we find a large number of settlements from the
start of the high medieval era in Czech territory, and these are the so-called
"provizória".
The
lifeblood of the community was renewed by an influx of colonists, and some, unclear, time later,
more solid, above ground domiciles were constructed, The chalet in
Loštice
was undoubtedly
detached, whilst the
Žádlovice
one, which was of later design, formed part of a larger complex,
perhaps a potter's workshop.
After the evaluation of the finds from
Loštice,
we have to consider
Hradská
street, and also
pits
19
and
27
which have the same construction, vertical walling and a level base, 2m below the
modern surface. These we can also categorise as
"provizória".
In conclusion we can state that
these sites which have a quadratic ground plan with a level base were the oldest habitable
dwellings in the newly founded North Moravian towns and clearly distinguishable from the
older Slovak era sites. Originally detached, they later had above-ground annexes added. In time
they evolved into cellars, most were stone-walled, and wholly lost their original purpose.
5.
LoŠ
tice
m
the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries
From the written records and archaeological finds it may be deduced that somewhere in the mid-
14th century the street grid of the town was laid down, The basis was the square's trapezoidal
shape, fiom the corners of which the main roads to other places, 01omouct UnieOv,
Mohelnice
and the castle at Bouzov, the seat of the lord, emerged. The Church of St.
Procope
is to be found
north of the square, with what was probably its courtyard adjacent.
118
Jews inhabited the town in the 16th century, and thus there was a literal ghetto. Potters appear
regularly in the written records from the 16th century on. The most important, and today
famous, locations have been marked on the cadastral map of
1834,
when the medieval houses
were limited
ίο
the square and its immediate environs. In all probability the town did not have
a medieval defensive wall.
5.1.
Catalogue of archaeological locations in the historical centre of the town
The
1834
cadastral map provided the location of key archaeological sites. (7/Pic.). Pre¬
servation of archaeological sites has been established in three locations, labelled with capital
letters, which I have so marked in the text, A. Lang and H. Landsfeld's work is likewise marked,
and thus a clear picture develops of potter activity in the
1
5th and 16th centuries. It is shown that
masters worked around the square and on the main streets. In
Loštice,
as opposed to the potters'
centre in Rhine region, there was no craftsmen's quarter outside the town centre.
5.1.1
the area between
Komenský
street and the
Třebůvka
stream
The potters' workshops lay between modern-day
Komenský
street, leading to
Uničov,
and
the
Třebůvka
stream, sloping south. The first goblets found here were uncovered at the end of
the 19th century, during the building of the school, and in
1977
this is where I had my first dig in
the town. After the houses were demolished, I marked out an area for probing along the street to
a vertical depth of 40m, which went deep into the plot. Around the main road the remains of
houses were discovered, the walls of which were at least partially clay. Deep within
tlie
plot
were a furnace and ceramics which had been fired. It presented a unique aspect, a combined
firing and heating space and four openings. It then became a storage area for badly made
crockery. In
2004,
whilst building a gym some 40m north, the remnants of furnaces were
discovered, among which were later identified three consecutive furnaces. Most finds were
from the late 14th and
1
5th centuries.
Archaeological research also recovered the
1
3th centuries items described above.
5.1.2
the area between
Hradská
street and the
Třebůvka
stream
In the area south of the square between
Hradská
and the
Třebůvka
stream there were other
potters' workshops. The first goblets with pustules in the surface, which later inspired poetry,
were probably found here in
1874
by the builder
Kliment
Hladiă.
The first minor conservation
effort by Adolf Lang was also here some time later. In
1980
the construction of a senior citizens'
residential home allowed for archaeological research. The gardens contained an exceptional
number of items of bronze age, near the habitable dwellings there was a pit of
3.6
by 2.7m, much
damaged by the construction work. Tliree trenches in the pit contained an inordinate number of
medieval ceramics, including whole examples of the poetic goblets with pustules in the surface.
5.1.3.
the area west of
Hradská
street
This deals with an extremely interesting area outside the medieval town centre, west of the
main road to Bouzov. The first LoStice goblet finds come from the early 20th century. In
1980,
while laying water pipes to connect a senior citizens1 home a disposal pit filled with broken
goblets was uncovered, and in
1982,
archaeological exploration examined an area of
205
m2
surrounding. The terrain was severely damaged by houses constructed in later eras. The area
outside the medieval core of the town was used for digging up clay, and later
asa
dump for
rubbish. Here two pits,
19
and
27,
were uncovered, which were, perhaps so-called
provizóri.
The examined section of pit
19
measured
200x180
cm, and thus its total dimensions could be
calculated. The base of the pit was
210
cm down.
119
Also in the case of pit
27,
we don't know the entire ground plan, although the extant section
was square in shape. The base of the pit was at a depth of
310
cm, and the walls were encircled by
a swath of dry stone walling. Next to them were irregular pits filled with bits of broken pottery
and over-baked goblets. For example, site
12
is a trapezoidal pit
240x230
cm, the base at a depth
of
13 5
cm. The ceramics date from the end of the 14th to the early
1
6th century.
5.1.4.
Other finds in the historic section of the town
The site of the modern-day town has, since the end of the
1
9th century, unearthed the remains
of the potters' work. While part of this archaeological material is currently housed in the
Havelek museum in
Loštice,
the majority was long since lost, and is known only through the
amateur lists of A. Lang.
1.
North-eastern side of
Komenský
street, p.
47.
A collection of ceramic fragments found some time around
1962
and their appearance
suggests a probable link with the workshops discovered on the other side of the road.
2.
North-western corner of the square, p.
56,57,62,63.
This deals with the larger area some
80
cm above the original level of the road to
Mohelnice.
The
workshops are recognised only by the fragments recovered, and thus their precise dimensions
cannotbe ascertained.
3.
South-western corner of the square, p.
70,71
a
72.
The cluster of clearly identified workshops can be found on the comer of the square leading to
Bouzov, not far from site
С
on
Hradská
street. It is not currently possible to state the exact
number of workshops, there was, however, at least one potter's workplace. The relics were
uncovered during minor conservation work undertaken in
1947,1956
and
1968.
p
A collection of ceramics was found in
1965
by J.
Doubek
while digging pits in the courtyard of
a house on the banks of the
Třebůvka,
outside the historic core of the town. Probably a disposal
site for defective products and not potters' workshops.
5.
The bed of the
Třebůvka
Goblets were accidentally discovered while collecting sand from the bed of the
Třebůvka
between
1927
andl
933
in the
westernpart
of the town.
5.2
Potters around the city
New archaeological research in
Loštice
has revealed that the town was not the sole site for
production of ceramics displaying the eponymous
"Loštice
effect". Workshops have been
discovered in nearby
Žádlovice,
in the house at site
4,
a layer was found with ceramic fragments
dating back to the
IS/lóth
centuries, whilst site
16
contained the hidden remains of a furnace
and a waste pit. Very high quality clay has been found around LoStice-Masnice. In
Lisnice
at an
unspecified location other potters' workshops have been discovered. Near Svinova graphites
can be seen which indicates that medieval potters' workshops stood here.
6.0MoveabIe finds from the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries
The strategy of preserving finds from potters' workshops in
Loštice
has led to a large number
of fragments of ceramic being obtained. All said finds belong to the second phase of the northern
Moravian production cycle,
с
1350-1450.
The period roughly
1400 1550
sees the making of the
blister-surface goblets. In the layers of detritus practically no other materials, such as iron, glass
or coins, were found.
6.1
Ceramics
As stated above, fragments were the majority of finds everywhere. Due to the factthat LoStice
did not import any ceramics, the finds were homogeneous and easy to work with. We processed
the ceramics using standard schematics.
120
6.1.1
Technology
of
production
The creation of pottery goods can be divided into five basic ceramic categories. The first
/010/
comprises blister-marked surface ceramics, the second
/020/
is very well baked ceramics,
i.e. stoneware, the third
/030/
is made up of soft
kaolinite
clay, most white baked, the fourth
/040/
includes sand and the fifth
/050/
graphite.
Vessels were turned on rapidly rotating potters' wheels, oxidation baked in simple furnaces,
with combined firing and heating space. Common vessels were fired at a temperature around
1.000°C, with
lhe
LoStice effect requiring more than itGOPC. The surface tint is then light, a
mixture of whitening after red.
6.1.2
Morphology of ceramics
The production of ceramics in
Loštice
was extremely varied. The largest number of finds are
mugs with a barrel-shaped body, flat base and various edging. The edging is period indicative,
and we can identify four basic categories. The class
0100
comprises externalised edging and
various profiles, most from the 9th
-
10th century. Class
0200
picks up on the end of the above,
dealing with typical forms of northern Moravia in the 11th
-
Î2ih
century. Class
0300
are
Romanesque edged and dating to the
1
3 th century. Class
0400
is made up of goblets produced in
LoŠtice,
later 14th to early 15th century.
Another highly interesting form is the goblet, made from soft
kaolinite
clay (class
030)
or
liad
blister-surface (class
010).
The most renowned are the so-called
"Loštice
goblets", which
we categorise in three basic classes. Type I. is slim with a circular rim, group Ahaving flat walls,
whilst group
В
displays wall curvature. Type
П.
has a wreath handle on the body, group A with
a cylindrical neck and group
В
conical. Type IILhas a slim body and even rim.
The potters of LoUice also madejugs with a cylindrical or S-shaped neck. Bowls had a coni¬
cal body and flat base, often decorated with red markings. The vessels had a conical body,
a club-shaped rim and a graphite-based material used in theri production. Three basic varieties
of lid were made. Type A has a conical body, type
В
a cylindrical rim and type
С
contains a va¬
riety of shapes resembling castle architecture. Very rare varieties include three-legged and
miniature vessels. Archeological research has shown that
Loštice
made tiles, too. Ceramic
collections included flagsones, pipes and other forms, although only boot-shaped fragments
have survived to the present.
6.1.3
Decoration of ceramics
Decoration of ceramics in
Loštice
was extremely simple, leading to three basic groups.
Thè
first covers engraving, such as parallel grooves or notches from a tracing wheel. The second
includes raised forms, above all the so-called
"lípané maliny",
which appear from time to time
on the goblets. Group tliree comprises painted pieces, especially red painted. Pots were
generally adorned with parallel grooves, while jugs and bowls were painted.
o.lALoštíce
goblets and their history
The blister-surface goblets rapidly won the hearts of drinkers across Europe. They formed
a core component of the crockery of the average hostelry, so other potters copied them and
adorned in silver their own versions.
6.1.4.1
Goblets with the
Loštice
"effect"
It is extremely diffcult to date the production of blister-surface ceramics precisely. It was
unquestionably a. long process, whereby local potters gradually improved, from the early
Middle Ages on, the quality of the clay from which they made vessels. This is why we encounter
the blister surface only occasionally in the
1
2th century, with the "boom" coming in
lhe
14th.
121
Characteristic
slira
goblets with a plain rim first appeared in the
1
5th century, and one of the
oldest examples thereof is the goblet which held the
"groš"
(silver coins) of the Czech kings
Charles IV. and Wenceslas IV discovered at
Tovačov
and the monastery at
Dolany u
Olomouce
and itself made
с
1425.
Around the mid
1
5th century, production began on goblets with a wreath
handtejdesignated type II. The manufacture of goblets ceased sometime before
1550,
when the
handiwork of southern Moravian craftsmen, of higher quality, forced them out of the mar¬
ketplace.
6.1.4.2
Goblets go out into the world
Citizen and noble alike soon took to these slim goblets, and the relics thereof can be found
throughout the towns and castles of Moravia and eastern Bohemia in quantity. The second half
of the
1
5th century saw them exported to Hungary, and even as far south as Belgrade. In eastern
Slovakia so-called
bratříci
appeared in the mid-15th century. To the south, they sold on the
banks of theDanube, and in the north they were known in Silesia. To the east they do not seem to
have spread.
6.1.4.3
„Item
LoŠticky hrnec střiebrcm okovaiij^-LoŠ
t
ice silver decorated goblets
Goblets of type II.B proved very popular, and thus were edged with silver. The paramount
example can be seen in the picture by
HieronymuŁBosch
"
The garden of earthly delight". Two
others are in the museum collection in the Museum of Applied Art in Cologne, a goblet in the
Nemzeti
museum in Budapest and another in the
Iparmüveseti
museum (Museum of Applied
Art). Two goblets were the gift of a little-known collector at the start of the 20th century,
Dr.Figdor of Vienna, one today resides in the
Historisches
Museum
der Stadt
Vienna, and the
other in the
Kunsthistorisches
Museum in Berlin. The whereabouts of thegoblet
írom
the
collection of M.
Trapp
of Churburg castle
(Alto Adige,
Italy), which has the humorous
inscription
"Ist der Wien gutso schmeckt er
myr desterpass",is
currently unknown.
6.1.4.4.
Copyjngof
Loštice
goblets across Central Europe
The exotic shape of the goblets and their success on the market inspired potters to devise
similar products. Imitations
ofìen
surpassed
Loštice
originals in quality. Somewhere near the
Danube, type II goblets were made with sand sprinkled on the surface and a brown glaze. In
Moravské Budějovice
soft clay was used in the production of goblets, on which were impressed
the so-called
"Hpané maliny".
In Budapest,
LoŠtice
style goblets of were created with a majolica
glaze and richly adorned. In
Regensburg,
the
1517
picture of "The Assumption of the Virgin
Mar/'shows a goblet (dust jacket), the "twin" of which with a sand sprinkled surface is in the
inventory of the local museum.
6.2
Metal finds
Among the ceramic rejects there were very few iron items. On
Hradská
street the walls
contained deep pits which held potters1 raw material marked with barking iron, which perhaps
seerved to grate the clay. Fragments of a sickle were also discovered, along with part of a hor¬
seshoe, both everyday items.
T.Non-moveable finds in
Lošticc
from the
14
th, 15th and
І6
th centuries
"Modern activity" in the town often uncovers the remains of buildings where the potters
lived and worked in the Middle Ages. They are far from intact, but they indicate that specialist
craftsmen had their workshops around the square and not off in some quarter of their own, as
was the case for example in
Siegburg inRhine
region.
122
7.1
Habitation
Remains of dwellings were first unearthed only during the research excavation of
Komenský
street in
1977.
The outline revealed the remains of a house with a dried clay floor of unasce-
tainable dimensions. Behind this was an open space and men two furnaces, the smaller for
drying» and the larger (four-opening) to fire vessels. In the depths of the site there was a dump for
defective products. The pits
onHradské
street came to light while digging for clay.
7.2.
Potter's furnace
It is of interest that the potters of
Loătice
only used simple charcoal furnaces, with a combined
baking and heating space. The only intact find was on
Komenský
street, and was interesting for
its four openings. Fragments of furnaces were discovered in
2004
on
Komenský
street and in
Žádloviceatsiteló.
8.
Historical conclusions
The ceramic output of
LoŠticc
clearly shows that this was a true phemenon, with all the quirks
that implies, a situation which tapped out the local supply of raw material and of them made
something peculiar to the town. For this reason an overview of the northern Moravian
production cycle is enlightening. Earlier we defined three basic groups, the first of which
flourished
с
1250 -1350
on the basis of traditional production methods, and the second,
1350-
1450,
manifesting technological developments, such as red painted ceramics and blister surface
goblets. TJie third era,
1450-1550,
comprises the boom period in
Loštice.
The potters supplied
the market with gobletswith a wreath handle, and these can be found in Hungary and the Bosch
painting. When interest in goblets waned, the potters continued to supply local markets in the
fourth phase,
1550-1650.
The first written mention of
Loštice
goods is from
I486,
and the
1
6th century tells us of the
"Loštice
mug" hallmark in numerous places. At that time the term
"Loštician"
was widely used
in literature, primarily in connection with skin complaints. The first direct reference to the
potters of LoStice comes from
1545,
when the production of goblets had already ceased. The
masters of the time took crude clay from Svinov.
Our perspective on LoStice goblets
This chapter gives an overview of the issue of
Loštice
ceramic production. Its origins can be
tracen
back to northern Moravia in the 9th century, when the potters added graphite to the clay
for pots. In
Loštice
and its environs production of single rim goblets took place from the mid-
13
tli
to the early
1
5th century. From the mid- 15th century, they began to turn out goblets with an
external "ear" (handle). This practice ended by the mid-loth century. We cannot be more exact
as to the contents of the clay than to say that the vessels were baked at a tempeature in excess of
1200°
С
We can likewise only speculate why this precise item gained such massive popularity.
The goblets are still admired today. The graphic artist and potter Josef
Dudek
used motifs from
the
"Loštice
goblet" theme in his graphic pages on several occasions. He also endeavoured
a bake in a furnace with four openings, an attempt which convinced him that local potters were
able to create stoneware even in very simple furnaces.
Translated by Alex Packer
123 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Goš, Vladimír |
| author_facet | Goš, Vladimír |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Goš, Vladimír |
| author_variant | v g vg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023315274 |
| classification_rvk | NF 1645 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)228603999 (DE-599)BVBBV023315274 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| edition | 1. vyd |
| era | Geschichte 1200-1600 gnd Geschichte 1300-1600 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1200-1600 Geschichte 1300-1600 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023315274 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:51:51Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:15:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788072484348 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016499477 |
| oclc_num | 228603999 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | 126 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Slezská Univ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Goš, Vladimír Verfasser aut Loštice město středověkých hrnčířů Vladimír Goš 1. vyd Opava Slezská Univ. 2007 126 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1200-1600 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1300-1600 gnd rswk-swf Archeologické výzkumy / Česko czenas Archeologické nálezy / Česko czenas Keramika / Česko / 13.-16. stol czenas Excavations (archaeology) / Czech Republic czenas Antiquities / Czech Republic czenas Ceramics / Czech Republic / 13th-16th centuries czenas Antiquities - Czech Republic czenas Archeologické nálezy - Česko czenas Archeologické výzkumy - Česko czenas Ceramics - Czech Republic - 13th-16th centuries czenas Excavations (archaeology) - Czech Republic czenas Keramika - Česko - 13.-16. stol czenas Funde Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Loštice (Česko) czenas Loštice-oblast (Česko) czenas Loštice (Czech Republic) / czenas czenas Loštice Region (Czech Republic) / czenas czenas Loštice (Czech Republic) czenas Loštice Region (Czech Republic) czenas Tschechische Republik Loštice (DE-588)7616171-7 gnd rswk-swf Studie czenas Studies czenas Loštice (DE-588)7616171-7 g Geschichte 1200-1600 z DE-604 Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 s Geschichte 1300-1600 z Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016499477&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016499477&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Goš, Vladimír Loštice město středověkých hrnčířů Archeologické výzkumy / Česko czenas Archeologické nálezy / Česko czenas Keramika / Česko / 13.-16. stol czenas Excavations (archaeology) / Czech Republic czenas Antiquities / Czech Republic czenas Ceramics / Czech Republic / 13th-16th centuries czenas Antiquities - Czech Republic czenas Archeologické nálezy - Česko czenas Archeologické výzkumy - Česko czenas Ceramics - Czech Republic - 13th-16th centuries czenas Excavations (archaeology) - Czech Republic czenas Keramika - Česko - 13.-16. stol czenas Funde Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4030270-2 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)7616171-7 |
| title | Loštice město středověkých hrnčířů |
| title_auth | Loštice město středověkých hrnčířů |
| title_exact_search | Loštice město středověkých hrnčířů |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Loštice město středověkých hrnčířů |
| title_full | Loštice město středověkých hrnčířů Vladimír Goš |
| title_fullStr | Loštice město středověkých hrnčířů Vladimír Goš |
| title_full_unstemmed | Loštice město středověkých hrnčířů Vladimír Goš |
| title_short | Loštice |
| title_sort | lostice mesto stredovekych hrnciru |
| title_sub | město středověkých hrnčířů |
| topic | Archeologické výzkumy / Česko czenas Archeologické nálezy / Česko czenas Keramika / Česko / 13.-16. stol czenas Excavations (archaeology) / Czech Republic czenas Antiquities / Czech Republic czenas Ceramics / Czech Republic / 13th-16th centuries czenas Antiquities - Czech Republic czenas Archeologické nálezy - Česko czenas Archeologické výzkumy - Česko czenas Ceramics - Czech Republic - 13th-16th centuries czenas Excavations (archaeology) - Czech Republic czenas Keramika - Česko - 13.-16. stol czenas Funde Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archeologické výzkumy / Česko Archeologické nálezy / Česko Keramika / Česko / 13.-16. stol Excavations (archaeology) / Czech Republic Antiquities / Czech Republic Ceramics / Czech Republic / 13th-16th centuries Antiquities - Czech Republic Archeologické nálezy - Česko Archeologické výzkumy - Česko Ceramics - Czech Republic - 13th-16th centuries Excavations (archaeology) - Czech Republic Keramika - Česko - 13.-16. stol Funde Keramik Ausgrabung Loštice (Česko) Loštice-oblast (Česko) Loštice (Czech Republic) / czenas Loštice Region (Czech Republic) / czenas Loštice (Czech Republic) Loštice Region (Czech Republic) Tschechische Republik Loštice Studie Studies |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016499477&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016499477&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gosvladimir losticemestostredovekychhrnciru |