Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė.:
Постпогребальные обряды Центрального Предкавказья в I в. до н.э. - IV в. н.э. и Восточной Европы в IV в. до н.э. - XIV в. н.э.
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Russian |
| Published: |
Moskva
TAUS
2007
|
| Series: | Trudy Klin-Jarskoj ėkspedicii
3 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | PST: Post-burial rites of the Central Caucasus foothills in the 1st c. BC - 4th c. AD, and in Eastern Europe in the 4th c. BC - 14th c. AD . - Text in kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung auch in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | zahlr. Ill., Kt. 30 cm |
| ISBN: | 9785903011247 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |6 880-01 |a Flërov, Valerij Sergeevič |d 1945- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1026186862 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |6 880-02 |a Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė. |c V. S. Flërov |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Post-burial rites of the Central Caucasus foothills in the 1st c. BC - 4th c. AD, and in Eastern Europe in the 4th c. BC - 14th c. AD |
| 246 | 1 | |a Postpogrebalʹnye obri͡ady T͡Sentralʹnogo predkavkazʹi͡a v 1 v. do n. ė. - IV v. n. ė. i Vostochnoĭ Evropy v IV v. do n. ė. - XIV v. n. ė. | |
| 264 | 1 | |6 880-03 |a Moskva |b TAUS |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a zahlr. Ill., Kt. |c 30 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |6 880-04 |a Trudy Klin-Jarskoj ėkspedicii |v 3 | |
| 500 | |a PST: Post-burial rites of the Central Caucasus foothills in the 1st c. BC - 4th c. AD, and in Eastern Europe in the 4th c. BC - 14th c. AD . - Text in kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung auch in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 100 v. Chr.-800 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Auxiliary sciences of history | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archaeology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archäologie | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Bestattungsritus |0 (DE-588)4204578-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Bestattungsritus |0 (DE-588)4204578-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 100 v. Chr.-800 |A z |
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| 830 | 0 | |a Trudy Klin-Jarskoj ėkspedicii |v 3 |w (DE-604)BV013746001 |9 3 | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016489770&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 880 | 1 | |6 100-01/(N |a Флёров, Валерий С. |a ut | |
| 880 | 1 | 0 | |6 245-02/(N |a Постпогребальные обряды Центрального Предкавказья в I в. до н.э. - IV в. н.э. и Восточной Европы в IV в. до н.э. - XIV в. н.э. |c В. С. Флёров |
| 880 | 1 | |6 264-03/(N |a Москва |b ТАУС | |
| 880 | 0 | |6 490-04/(N |a Труды Клин-Ярской экспедиции |v 3 | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137636320772096 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
От автора. Как читать эту книгу
..........................................,.......,..............7
Предисловие
................................................................................ 9
Глава (.МОГИЛЬНИК КЛИН-ЯР
III
............................................................12
Геологическая подоснова
................................................................12
Рельеф и микрорельеф
.................................................................13
Историческая топография могильника
...................................................15
Родовые участки
.......................................................................16
Маркировка захоронений
...............................................................17
Глава
I!.
ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВА РАСКОПОК
..................................................... 19
Глава
Ili.
ОПИСАНИЕ И ДАТЫ ПОГРЕБЕНИЙ. РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ ОБРЯДОВ
......................25
Катакомба
№ 4,
с подбоем в дромосе
.......................................................26
Погребение
№ 14,
ямное
...................................
ч
..............................30
Захоронение черепов
Na
21................................................................30
Погребение
№ 25,
ямное
..................................................................31
Катакомба
№ 28..........................................................................31
Катакомба
№ 31,
с подбоем в дромосе
......................................................33
Погребение
№ 33,
подбойное
..............................................................34
Катакомбы
№ 34
и
№ 35...................................................................34
Погребение
№ 37,
подбойное
..............................................................40
Погребение
№ 38
(катакомба?)
............................................................41
Погребение
№ 39,
ямное
..................................................................43
Погребение
№ 40,
ямное
..................................................................45
Погребение
№ 41,
ямное
..................................................................46
Погребение
№ 42,
ямное
..................................................................47
Катакомба
№ 43/44,
двухкамерная
.........................................................47
Погребение
№ 46,
ямное
..................................................................49
Катакомба
№ 47,
двухкамерная
............................................................50
Погребение
№ 50,
подбойное и захоронение лошади
№ 59 ...................................53
Погребение
№ 53,
подбойное
..............................................................54
Катакомба
№ 56..........................................................................55
Погребение
№ 61,
ямное
..................................................................56
Катакомба
№ 63..........................................................................57
Катакомба
№ 64..........................................................................59
Катакомба
№ 65 .........................................................................61
Погребение
№ 66,
подбойное
..............................................................62
Погребение
№ 67,
подбойное
.............................................................62
Катакомба
№ 86..........................................................................63
Погребение
№ 88,
ямное
.................................................................63
Погребение
№ 89,
ямное
..................................................................64
Погребение
№ 91,
ямное
..................................................................64
Погребение
№ 100 .......................................................................65
Объект
№ 101............................................................................66
Катакомба
№ 104.........................................................................66
Катакомба
№ 116.........................................................................68
Катакомба
№ 122,
двухкамерная
...........................................................69
Погребение
№ 140,
ямное
................................................................71
Захоронение лошадей
№ 142..............................................................72
Захоронение лошади в квадрате
205........................................................74
Глава
IV.
ПОГРЕБАЛЬНЫЕ ОБРЯДЫ
.........................................................75
Ямные погребения
......................................................................78
Подбойные погребения
..................................................................82
Катакомбы
..............................................................................89
Захоронение черепов
..................................................................102
B.C.
Флёров
Захоронения лошадей
.................................................................102
Некоторые особенности погребальных обрядов могильника Клин-Яр
III
..................103
Нетрадиционное в погребальных обрядах
...............................................113
Деформация черепов
..................................................................114
Проблема отражения социальной стратификации в погребальных обрядах
...............116
Главам ОБРЯД ОБЕЗВРЕЖИВАНИЯ ПОГРЕБЁННЫХ
.........................................121
Обряд обезвреживания в катакомбах
...................................................122
Разрушение скелетов
.................................................................122
Камни в погребальной камере
.........................................................129
Опрокинутые и разбитые сосуды
......................................................129
Судьба вещей при обряде обезвреживания
..............................................130
Отношение к останкам жертвенных животных
............................................136
Погребальные камеры и закладные плиты до и после обряда обезвреживания
..............136
Стратиграфия
......................................................................139
Обряд обезвреживания в подбойных погребениях
......................................141
Разрушение и удаление скелетов. Камни в подбое. Отношение к керамике
..................142
Погребальные ниши и заклады до и после обряда обезвреживания
........................143
Обряд обезвреживания в ямных погребениях
...........................................145
Ямные погребения типа
I
..............................................................145
Состав вещей
......................................................................145
Разрушение скелетов
...............................................................146
Проблема каменного перекрытия
....................................................148
Ямные погребения типа
II
.............................................................148
Разрушение скелетов
...............................................................148
Состав вещей
......................................................................149
Заключительный ритуал. Жертвоприношение собак
....................................150
Проблема наземных сооружений
.....................................................150
Ямные погребения «типа»
III
...........................................................151
Глава
VI.
ОБРЯДЫ ПЕРЕЗАХОРОНЕНИЙ
.....................................................156
Перезахоронения в катакомбах
.........................................................159
Перезахоронения в подбойных погребениях
............................................160
Перезахоронения в ямных погребениях
.................................................161
Некоторые выводы, захоронения
№21,100
и
101.......................................162
Глава
VII.
НАСЕЛЕНИЕ КЛИН-ЯРА. НЕКОТОРЫЕ ИТОГИ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ
........................165
Глава
VIII.
ПОСТПОГРЕБАЛЬНЫЕ ОБРЯДЫ ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЫ
IVa.
до н. э.
-XIV
в. н. э.
... 170
Кисловодск и окрестности
................................................................170
Кабардино-Балкария
....................................................................174
Северная Осетия
........................................................................175
Северо-Восточное Причерноморье
........................................................176
Кубань
..................................................................................176
Дагестан
...............................................................................177
Нижний Дон
.............................................................................179
Черняховская культура
...................................................................180
Салтово-маяцкая культура, Хазарский каганат
...............................................181
Крым.УНЫХвв
..........................................................................185
Поволжье, Приуралье
....................................................................185
Животные в постпогребальных обрядах
....................................................192
Приложение. ЭКСКУРС в ЭТНОГРАФИЮ
....................................................193
Страх перед умершими
...............................................................193
Вскрытие могил
.......................................................................194
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
..............................................................................196
Список сокращений
.......................................................................204
УКАЗАТЕЛЬ К ТАБЛИЦАМ
..................................................................205
Summary
..................................................................................206
ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ и ФОТОГРАФИИ
................................................211
Указатель к чертежам, рисункам вещей, фотографиям
...................................212
Графические материалы
...............................................................214
Фотографии могильника
................................................................284
Участники и эпизоды из жизни Клин-Ярской экспедиции
.................................354
SUMMARY
V.S. Flyorov
POST-BURIAL RITES OF THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS FOOTHILLS
IN THE 1st
с, ВС
-4th
с.
AD,
AND IN EASTERN EUROPE IN THE 4th c.
ВС
-
14th
с
AD
Foreword
The present Issue
Ш
of the Proceedings of the Klin-Yar
expedition of the Institute of Archaeology,
RAS,
continues
publication of the materials excavated from the known Klin-Yar
cemetery in the field seasons of
1983-1986.
The site is situated
in the North Caucasus, near the Kislovodsk spa.
In Issue
1
V.S. Flyorov s monograph «The Alans of the
Central Caucasus foothills in the 5th
—
8th centuries:
Prophylactic rite directed against the dead»
(Флёров
B.C.
2000)
was published.
Issue II contained V.Yu. Malashev s monograph «Early
medieval pottery from the KJin-Yar HI cemetery: Problems of
chronology»
(Малашев В.Ю.
2000).
Chapter I. Cemetery Klin-Yar III
39
burials of the investigated in
1983-1986
date back to the
period of the
1st
с. ВС
—
4ll>
с.
AD. These are catacomb buri¬
als, pit burials, niche burials, and two horse burials.
The cemetery occupies a bedrock height overlaid by
ioam. Catacombs and niche pits were situated in the areas
with loam layer reaching
1.5—2
m
down from the ground
surface. Only burials deposited in shallow pits show no rela¬
tion with the thickness of the loam layer. Excavation trench
9
was situated on a natural elevation, not a kurgan (Fig.
6).
Thus, the whole necropolis Klin-Yar III represents a ground
cemetery. No surface indications of burials have been pre¬
served.
The area occupied by the cemetery did not grow, but later
burials were arranged more and more densely. The burials
formed clusters used by many generations of the same clans.
Some clusters dating from the last centuries
ВС
—
the first cen¬
turies AD belonged to the site s first settlers. Some clan lineag¬
es functioned for centuries, the other ones were broken off by
epidemics and other disasters.
One of the earliest ones was the cluster of burials located in
the western part of the excavation trench
8
(Fig.
5).
Its
chronology looks as follows:
Pit burial
41,
the second part of the
1st
с. ВС
—
the first
part of the
1st
c. AD.
Pit burial
42,
the second part of the
1st
с. ВС
—
the first
part of the
Iste. AD.
Niche burial
33,
the
1st
c. AD.
Catacomb burial
35,
the 2™i
—
3«1 cc. (most probably the
2nd
Catacomb burial
34,
the 2 d
—
3«1 cc. (most probably the
3rd
c, AD).
Niche burial
37,
situated
20
m
east of the described cluster,
the Is
с. ВС
— ist
с.
AD.
Another cluster discovered between marks KI9 and IC20
(Fig.
4)
was founded in the later period. It included:
Pit burial
46,
the second part of the
1st — 2nd
cc.
Pit burial
61,
the second part of the lsl
— 2nd
cc.
Catacomb burial
56,
the
1* —
the first part of the 3rd cc.
Catacomb burial
47/69,
the 2 d
—
the first part of the
З^сс.
Catacomb burial
65,
the 2nd
—
Ф1
cc.
Catacomb burial
68,
the late 7<h
—
first part of the 8 1 cc.
In this cluster of interest is catacomb No.
68:
it was literal¬
ly pressed between burials
Nos.
46,61,
and catacomb No.
47/69
some centuries later.
The next cluster (Fig.
4)
is represented by two burials:
Niche burial
50,
with horse burial
59
locate nearby, the
3rd _
4th cc.
Catacomb burial
49,
the 4<
—
5tIr cc. (the buriai located
next to it remained unexcavated).
Almost the whole history of the cemetery is shown by the
cluster of burials located in the intersection point of trenches
6
and
8
(Fig.
3):
Pit burial
25,
the
1st _
early
2nd
с
Catacomb burial
43/44
with two chambers, the
2nd _
early
Pit burial
38
(pit of oval shape), the second part of the
2nd _
eariy
3rd
cc.
Catacomb burial
63,
the second part of the
2ηά
—
early
3^
cc.
Catacomb burial
45,
the second part of the 5th
—
early 6t!l cc.
Catacomb burial
60,
the 6th
с
Catacomb burial
55,
the (A c.
Catacomb burial
52,
the
б 1 с.
Similar clan cluster of burials is located in the easternmost
part of the excavation trench
8
(Fig.
3),
burials dating from the
lsttothe74iCc:
Niche burial
66,
the late
1st _
first part of the 2»d cc.
Niche burial
67,
the late
№ —
first part of the 2nd cc.
Pit burial
40,
the second part of the 2 «1
-
3«1 cc.
Niche burial
53,
the 4th c.
Catacomb burial
64,
the 4th
с
Niche burial
57,
the
51ho.
Catacomb burial
62,
the first part of the 7th c.
SUMMARY
207
Chapter II. Excavations whereabouts
The author stresses the necessity of some general princi¬
ples, such as: description of the conditions in which excava¬
tions are carried out; staff recording; personal participation of
the head of the expedition in excavations of any object. Special
remarks should be made concerning mistakes noticed during
the excavation process.
Excavations of the KJin-Yar HI cemetery were carried out
in unfavourable conditions, since construction works had been
already started on the spot, so that the works were limited in
time. Nonetheless, archaeologists succeeded in establishing
reasonable schedule of construction. Each season
20-40
buri¬
als were investigated (including those attributed to
Koban
cul¬
ture).
Stili,
lhe
number of skilled specialists and workers was
insufficient. As a result, while investigating burials
Nos.
33, 34,
35, 39, 41, 47, 56, 57,
and some others, some details of infor¬
mation were lost that would have been recorded in different sit¬
uation. Mostly, these details concerned stratigraphy of the bur¬
ial constructions
infil).
Chapter
Ш.
Description and chronology of burials.
Reconstruction of rites.
Burials description follows their field numbers, independently
of burial type. Chronology of the associations is shown in Table
1.
Description of each burial begins with the reference to illustra¬
tions and photos, and chronology. The order of description is as
follows:
1).
Formal description of burial construction.
2).
Finds
and chronology.
3).
Reconstruction of rite. For each burial the
author suggests reconstructions of the funeral ceremony, sec¬
ondary visiting, removal of finds and bones during the prophy¬
lactic rite directed against the dead. Removed or absent bones
are enumerated, as well as those transferred from other burials
(if any). Most reliably the sequence of events may be traced in
catacomb graves. Special attention is paid to the stratigraphy of
underground passages in the catacombs, and the position of
stone slab used to close the entrance to burial chamber. Burials
with undisturbed skeletons are exceptionally rare (typical
example is catacomb No.
28).
Not a single case
(!)
of pillaging
was registered at the cemetery.
Chapter IV. Burial rites
The chapter is devoted to the typology of burial construc¬
tions (Table II), positions of the dead, and morphology of
finds. Animal bones found in burials are also considered
(dogs, horses). The total number of investigated burial types
is: pit burials —
15;
niche burials —
6;
catacombs—
15; 1
bur¬
ial of skull; horse burials
— 2.
Basic features of burials are pre¬
sented in Tables III
— VIII.
All burials are considered on the
stage before the secondary visiting and disturbance of skele¬
tons.
In all types of burials men were deposited in supine posi¬
tion. As for women, in pits their positions varied, but in niche
burials and catacombs they were deposited in contracted posi¬
tion on their sides, so that when bones were in poor state of
preservation, contracted skeletons were considered female.
Single burials dominated in pits, from niche burials single buri¬
als are also known. Catacombs contained one or two skeletons,
rarely
—
several ones.
The earliest burials at the cemetery were performed in nar¬
row pits, later on oval and niche pits and catacombs were intro¬
duced.
Catacombs were different in shape, but most popular were
oval chambers, similar to what we know from the adjacent
Podkumok cemetery. Catacomb No.
28
is an exception. The
dead were deposited their heads pointing left from the cham¬
ber entrance, other positions were rarely registered (catacomb
No.
64).
Chamber entrance was closed with a stone slab.
Some features may be considered unusual. Pit burial No.
38
contained six skeletons; burial No.
39
contained two dog skele¬
tons; in burial No.
42
the arms of the dead were extended from
his sides; in burial No.
91
stones were discovered under the
skeleton. In niche burial No.
50
with horse skeleton no grave
goods were present. Catacombs: No.
47 —
two slabs in front of
the chamber entrance, horse bones; No.
65 —
two female
skeletons oriented to opposite direction; No.
122 —
the only
one with two chambers on the opposite ends of the under¬
ground passage;
Nos.
4, 31 —
niches in the underground pas¬
sage walls; No.
31 —
female skeleton with head deformation.
The problem of social stratification as reflected in burial
rite. This notion is insufficiently clear. Burial rite does not
show it directly, as well as grave goods, since the dead were
considered to be in the world of different values. Finds rarely
point to the
intravital
occupations of the dead. The author is
against calculations of «area excess»
ín
catacombs, and labour
expenditure for their construction: it was not difficult for sig¬
nificant number of relatives to dig up a catacomb of any
size. No signs of social differentiation were registered at
Klin-Yar III, No «rich» burials have been discovered, but
these could have existed, though. Some burials were bare of
finds; it does not mean they were «poor», but it was presup¬
posed in the burial rite practiced by certain population
groups. Of interest is small number of weapons. This does not
prove local population was not warlike, but the rite did not
presuppose depositing weaponry in graves. Presence of horse
bones, or whole skeleton does not point to high rank of the
dead. The conclusion is put forward that there was no signif¬
icant social stratification among those buried at the cemetery.
One catacomb excavated in previous seasons contained gold¬
en objects. Most probably, it belonged to a lucky leader, but
socially equal to the rest of the population.
Chapter V. Prophylactic rite directed against the dead
When investigating catacombs of the 5th
—
8th cc. at the
Klin-Yar III cemetery the prophylactic rite directed against the
dead was documented. The burials of the
1«
с. ВС
—
Φ 1
с.
AD
considered in this book show the traces of another rite
—
sec¬
ondary burials of the remains transferred from one grave to the
other. Often signs of two rites were present in the same burial.
208
B.C.
Флёров
The fact of practicing not one, but two rites needs introducing
a unified term
—
«post-burial rites»,
Prophylactic rite in catacomb burials. Most characteristic
are disturbed skeletons (Table IX), ranging from total destruc¬
tion to transference of separate bones; some bones could have
been removed from the chamber. Sometimes bones were piled
up in a dense heap (catacomb
116).
Sometimes catacombs
contained bones transferred from other burials. Skeletons were
destroyed independently from sex and age of the dead. Most
often feet and hand bones were destroyed. Skulls were never
broken down
(!),
but mandibles were often separated.
Probably, artefacts were not removed from the catacombs
(Table X—
XIII),
Characteristic feature was turning vessels
upside down and breaking them down in underground passages.
The ritual having been performed, animal bones were placed
back to the grave; horse (Fig.
36)
and dog (Figs,
45, 55)
bones
were registered. In catacomb No.
104
dog bones were deposit¬
ed together with cow skull.
Before performing prophylactic rite chambers were closed
with slabs, but not filled up with earth. After skeletons had been
disturbed, graves were filled up. The slabs most often (but not
always) were put back to their
piace.
One of the characteristic indications of visiting chambers is
the stratigraphy of underground passages. The excavations
revealed the remains of their initial infill on the bottom. A loos¬
er infill over it was of secondary origin.
Prophylactic rite in niche pit burials. There were six such
burials, which is insufficient for generalization (Table
XIV),
Initially the niches were not filled up with earth. Burial No.
33:
the whole skeleton was removed, but vessels remained (Fig.
17).
Burial No.
37:
skeleton was replaced, junctions being not
decayed, Burial No.
53:
adense
heapof bones. Burial No.
67:
the
skull was replaced, and a stone put instead. Stone walls in front
the niches were reconstructed, or left destroyed after visiting.
Prophylactic rite in pit burials. This publication is the first
attempt to describe this rite, the main difficulties being small
depth of the pits and poor state of preservation of bones. The
prophylactic rite is considered by pit types.
Tables XV-XVIU show state of preservation of skele¬
tons and sets of grave goods. Skeletons were destroyed
entirely, or partly. Such facts are registered as preserved
joints in disturbed skeletons, separation of mandibles from
skulls, and removal of some bones from the grave. Multiple
burial No.
38 —
secondary burial of three half-decayed bod¬
ies. A rare variant of destruction in burial No.
14 —
bone frag¬
ments and finds were irregularly dispersed in the infill, while
vessel was preserved undisturbed (Fig.
10).
Finds in the buri¬
als were not numerous, but not broken, including vessels. In
the secondary infill of burial No.
39
skulls and bones of two
dogs were discovered not in anatomic order; in burial No.
40
there was a dog skeleton also (Fig.
31).
For the first time it
was evidenced that pit burials could consist not only of a pit
proper, but of a complex of surface constructions. The pits
had roofing built using stone.
Chapter VI. The rites of secondary burial
In some catacombs of the 5th
—
8 1 cc. small and big
human bones were absent
(Флёров
B.C.,
2000).
In catacomb
No.
1
(the
6
c.) no human bones were discovered, but the
chamber was tightly closed with a slab. In catacomb No.
5
(the
^th
_
7ti cc.) skull was missing, but mandible preserved. In
catacombs No. 11 (the late 5t!
—
early
6
cc.) and No.
54
(the
5th c.) the majority of bones were absent, including mandibles.
In all, in one-fifth of the catacombs of the
5^ — 8*
cc. human
bones were partly missing, including skulls. On the other
hand, in one burial only skulls were buried (Figs.
12, 13);
the
author supposes that these had been transferred from other
burials.
Secondary burials in catacombs. Catacombs
Nos.
34,
35:
of bones attributed to seven individuals there were missing
3
mandibles,
9
shoulder bones,
7
ulnas,
11
radiuses, and so
forth; totally over
70
bones; but all skulls were present.
Catacomb No.
47.
In chamber
2
(Fig.
38)
there were three
skulls with mandibles missing, as well as separate bones of post-
cranial skeleton. In chamber I (Fig.
37)
in the heap of male
bones some belonged to other individuals, probably, these had
been transferred from chamber
2:
mandible, femoral bone,
fibula, and some other.
Catacomb No.
56
(Fig.
41).
A secondary burial: together
with undisturbed skeleton bones of at least three individuals
were buried, including skull
11,
three long arm bones, two
pelvis bones, sacrum, two femoral bones, one tibia. All bones
were placed at the entrance.
Catacomb No.
63
(Fig.
43)
was open more than once;
many bones were missing.
Catacomb No.
116
(Fig.
57):
the majority of bones were
removed, including mandible.
Catacomb No.
122
(Fig.
58).
From chamber
1
female
skeleton was entirely removed (the sex was determined by the
set of finds). From chamber
2
male and female skulls were
removed as well as many other bones. Among the remaining
ones there was male mandible.
Thus, in the catacombs the following phenomena are reg¬
istered: removal of bones, transference of bones, and secondary
burials.
Secondary burials in niche pits. Burial No.
33
(Fig.
17):
the
whole skeleton was removed, but clay vessels left in place.
Burial No.
37
(Fig.
21);
the upper part of the skeleton was
missing, but the skull put on the pit edge and covered with
stones (a unique case). B.urial No.
50
(Fig.
39):
skull missing.
Burial No.
53
(Fig.
40):
probably, some bones were removed.
Secondary burials in pits. Of fifteen pit burials around one-
third may be regarded as related to the phenomenon of sec¬
ondary burials. The associations show a range of indications.
Association of burials
Nos.
46
and
61.
The remains of five
individuals were identified by skulls. The majority of bones
were missing, including four mandibles.
Burial No.
38
(Fig.
24).
Secondary burial of skulls and
bones of two individuals (skeletons 11 and V).
SUMMARY
209
Burial No.
140
(Fig.
62).
Secondary burial of skull and a leg
bone.
Our works have documented the rite of secondary burial
practiced at the cemetery, which may be considered the main
result of the investigations. Proceeding from the obtained expe¬
rience it seems possible that some results of the excavations of
the Podkumok cemetery and other sites can be revised.
Chapter
VII.
Population of Klin-Yar.
Some results and problems
Chronological and spatial coexistence of pits, niche pits,
and catacombs within one cemetery evidences the ethnic homo¬
geneity of the population. This conclusion agrees with the uni¬
fied character of the site s material culture. Different types of
burial constructions mirrored traditions of different clans and
families in the process of consolidation of all burial rites.
In the second part of the 2nd
—
3rd cc. literally all known
types of burial constructions known from the cemetery were
used. The picture seems to be static. But, when considering the
whole chronological sequence of burial constructions from the
last centuries
ВС
—
the first centuries AD to the early 5t!l
с
(Tables I, II in Chapters III, IV), it looks
a
different
way.
The first stage of formation of the cemetery was marked by
domination of pit burials, mainly those deposited in narrow
pits. Almost at the same time burials in niche pits were prac¬
ticed. Both the former and the latter practically disappeared
during the 3rd
с
From the 2nd c. catacombs were introduced
at the cemetery. By the mid 5l|t c. they finally had replaced
pits and niche pits as burial constructions. Parallel process
of evolution of catacombs developed. Type
Г
—
Т
-shape cat¬
acombs with rounded chambers (Table II) became basic
type till the 8tl1
с
The author shares M.P. Abramova s opinion
(Абрамо¬
ва
M.
П.,
1989.
P.
280),
who considered the population of the
Central Caucasus foothills the Alans, including the group to
which the Klin-Yar cemetery belonged. The process of forma¬
tion of their burial rite developed continually from the last cen¬
turies
ВС
—
the first centuries AD, and ended with domination
of catacombs. For the Central Caucasus piedmonts, and espe¬
cially Kislovodsk, the appearance of catacombs and the early
Alans represent one problem.
Chapter
VIII.
Post-burial rites in Eastern Europe
in the 4»i
с. ВС
-
14th
с.
AD
Post-burial rites in their entirety, i.e. the prophylactic rite
performed with partial removal of bones, or without it, as well
as secondary burials are insufficiently studied at the cemeteries
of Eastern Europe. The author suggests a review of sites that in
his view show signs of the prophylactic rites taking shape of
deliberate destruction of skeletons. In some sites the rite was
identified as such by the excavators. Unfortunately, investiga¬
tors did not pay attention to the rite of secondary burials of
bones earlier. The review starts with the Kislovodsk region,
where the Klin-Yar III cemetery is situated.
Kislovodsk and its environs. Cemeteries: Podkumok,
Budennovskaya
sloboda
—
the 3«1 c; Direktorskaya
gorka
—
the 3rd c; Zamok
—
the 4 h
—
5th cc; Lermontovskaya
skala
No.
2,
known catacomb No.
10 —
the
5*
c; Lermontovskaya
skala
No.
1 —
the 5th
—
6>h
cc; Ostry
mys
2 —
the 7<1> c;
Lunacharskogo
—
the 7 h
—
8 1» cc; Direktorskaya
gorka
—
the
7* —
8 h cc; Mokraya
Balka
—
the 5 b
— 8*
cc.
Kabardino-Balkaria. Cemeteries: Nizhny Djulat
—
the
1st
о. ВС
—
7Ч> с
AD; kurgan cemetery Chegem
—
the 2nd
с
ВС
—
2lld
c. AD; Zaragizhsky
—
the
4«· —
б»*»
cc
North Ossetia.
Vinograd
naya, kurgans
of the 4th c;
Oktyabrsky and Bratskoe, kurgans of the 4th
— 5*
cc; Davgas
—
a known early medieval cemetery.
The North-Eastern
Pontic
area. The Bzhid cemetery
—
the
44»
с
The Kuban basin. Cemeteries: Mostovoi, investigated in
1981
by Vladimir
Kaminsky
(1957-1992);
for the first time in
the Kuban basin the prophylactic rite directed against the dead
was registered in catacombs of the 1st
—
3rd cc. AD.
Starokorsunsky
—
the
74 —
9lil cc, also investigated by V.
Kaminsky.
Daghestan.
The author supposes the prophylactic rite in
kurgans of the 4th
—
5tl1 cc: Yaryk-su I, Manas, Utamysh,
Manai-Kutan, Memed-kala, Palasa-syrt. The rite was docu¬
mented in kurgans Verkhny Chir-Yurt, Lvovsky Pervy-2.
Totally in the North Caucasus, the Kuban basin,
Daghestan,
and North-Eastern
Pontic
area
25
sites are enu¬
merated.
The Lower Don. Cemeteries of the middle and late
Sarmatian periods, both ground and kurgan ones: Kobyakovo,
Ozerny III,
Sladkovský.
Of special interest is the Chastye kur-
gany cemetery, where V.Ya. Maksimenko evidenced the pro¬
phylactic rite in the Scythian kurgan of the 4lh
с. ВС.
This is the
earliest site in the discussed series.
Chernyakhov culture. The prophylactic rite in the cemeter¬
ies attributed to this culture was registered and described by
E.A. Symonovich in his known article
(Сымоноаич Э.А.
1963).
The rite is known from cemeteries: Chernyakhov,
Ranzhevoe, Rakovetsky, Mogilyany-Khmelnik, Kanev, and
cemetery Petreshty of the 2 d
—
3«i cc. with Sarmatian fea¬
tures.
1
should point to two other sites from the territory of the
Ukraine of later age than the Chernykhov sites: Boromlya
—
the 4th
_
5111 cc, and Ryabovka
—
the
74»
с
Saltovo-Mayatskoe culture, the Khazar kaganate. At pres¬
ent the prophylactic rite is studied well enough from the ceme¬
teries of Saltovo-Mayatskoe culture of the 7th
— 10*
cc It was
recorded in cemeteries: Mayatsky (and the Mayatskoe settle¬
ment), Verkhnee Saltovo, Novodachnoe, Sidorovo, Sarkel
—
Belaya Vezha. The rite is known also from kurgans:
Sokolovsky,
Chastye kurgany.
The Crimea, the 8[l1
—
9ltl cc:
Mangup,
Artezian.
The Volga
—
Urals region: cemeteries Kipchakovsky I
—
the
2nd _ ist
cc.
ВС,
Mokinsky
—
the
4* —
511« cc, Salikhovsky
—
210
В.С.Флёров
the 4 h
—
5>ь
cc, Birsky
—
the 4lh
—
7»h cc, Dezhnevsky and
Novo-Turbaslinsky
—
the 5th
—
7th cc, Bezvodninsky
—
the
6th
_
8«i cc.
;
kurgans of the type Novinkovo
—
the
74 —
8th cc.
,
Taktalachuk
-
the
7^ —
8th cc, Kaibelsky
—
the
8 —
9th cc,
Tankeevsky
—
the 9Ih
—
ИДО
cc, Krasnoe
ГЦ
—
the 6th
—
early
8th cc, Babiy Bugor
—
the 9th
—
IO 1
cc, and other.
The prophylactic rites are known among the Oghuz
(Круглов Е.В.,
2000α).
The latest cemeteries are: Ust -IHmsky of the 14th — 15th cc.
situated within the
Bulgar
fortified settlement, and Averinsky I
of the
1241 —
Hih cc.
In all, the traces of the prophylactic rite directed against
the dead were revealed by the author in over
50
cemeteries of
Eastern Europe, including the sites attributed to the
Danubian
Bulgars,
the Avars, and the Ugrians.
The beliefs related to a harmful influence the dead can
exert on the living are known from the remote past. Over a cen¬
tury ago J.H. Breasted pointed to an interesting example from
the epoch of Ramses II (the
ІЗ 1
с. ВС),
describing a situation
when the dead did evil to the living; thus, an Egyptian officer
suffered from malicious activity of his dead wife, finally, he
wrote a letter of reproach to her, and put it in the hand of a
dead person to deliver it safely to his wife to the nether world
(БрэстедД.Г.
1915.
P.
142).
In the end of the chapter the author considers some cases
of destruction of skeletons of domestic animals.
Appendix: An ethnographic essay
Ethnography has in its disposal an enormous corpus of
materials on the theme «Fear of the dead», The author points
to the examples known among the KJiakases, Kyzyls, Shors,
Tofalars, Yakuts, and Buryats. Sometimes the fear of the dead
directly resulted in opening graves (the Baluchi; the
Laks
in
Daghestan,
and many other people).
The post-burial rites known from the Klin- Yar III cemetery
mirror the phenomenon known among many people for century-
long period. Probably, this phenomenon is of universal nature.
Translated by L.I. Avilova
|
| adam_txt |
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
От автора. Как читать эту книгу
.,.,.7
Предисловие
. 9
Глава (.МОГИЛЬНИК КЛИН-ЯР
III
.12
Геологическая подоснова
.12
Рельеф и микрорельеф
.13
Историческая топография могильника
.15
Родовые участки
.16
Маркировка захоронений
.17
Глава
I!.
ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВА РАСКОПОК
. 19
Глава
Ili.
ОПИСАНИЕ И ДАТЫ ПОГРЕБЕНИЙ. РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ ОБРЯДОВ
.25
Катакомба
№ 4,
с подбоем в дромосе
.26
Погребение
№ 14,
ямное
.
ч
.30
Захоронение черепов
Na
21.30
Погребение
№ 25,
ямное
.31
Катакомба
№ 28.31
Катакомба
№ 31,
с подбоем в дромосе
.33
Погребение
№ 33,
подбойное
.34
Катакомбы
№ 34
и
№ 35.34
Погребение
№ 37,
подбойное
.40
Погребение
№ 38
(катакомба?)
.41
Погребение
№ 39,
ямное
.43
Погребение
№ 40,
ямное
.45
Погребение
№ 41,
ямное
.46
Погребение
№ 42,
ямное
.47
Катакомба
№ 43/44,
двухкамерная
.47
Погребение
№ 46,
ямное
.49
Катакомба
№ 47,
двухкамерная
.50
Погребение
№ 50,
подбойное и захоронение лошади
№ 59 .53
Погребение
№ 53,
подбойное
.54
Катакомба
№ 56.55
Погребение
№ 61,
ямное
.56
Катакомба
№ 63.57
Катакомба
№ 64.59
Катакомба
№ 65 .61
Погребение
№ 66,
подбойное
.62
Погребение
№ 67,
подбойное
.62
Катакомба
№ 86.63
Погребение
№ 88,
ямное
.63
Погребение
№ 89,
ямное
.64
Погребение
№ 91,
ямное
.64
Погребение
№ 100 .65
Объект
№ 101.66
Катакомба
№ 104.66
Катакомба
№ 116.68
Катакомба
№ 122,
двухкамерная
.69
Погребение
№ 140,
ямное
.71
Захоронение лошадей
№ 142.72
Захоронение лошади в квадрате
205.74
Глава
IV.
ПОГРЕБАЛЬНЫЕ ОБРЯДЫ
.75
Ямные погребения
.78
Подбойные погребения
.82
Катакомбы
.89
Захоронение черепов
.102
B.C.
Флёров
Захоронения лошадей
.102
Некоторые особенности погребальных обрядов могильника Клин-Яр
III
.103
Нетрадиционное в погребальных обрядах
.113
Деформация черепов
.114
Проблема отражения социальной стратификации в погребальных обрядах
.116
Главам ОБРЯД ОБЕЗВРЕЖИВАНИЯ ПОГРЕБЁННЫХ
.121
Обряд обезвреживания в катакомбах
.122
Разрушение скелетов
.122
Камни в погребальной камере
.129
Опрокинутые и разбитые сосуды
.129
Судьба вещей при обряде обезвреживания
.130
Отношение к останкам жертвенных животных
.136
Погребальные камеры и закладные плиты до и после обряда обезвреживания
.136
Стратиграфия
.139
Обряд обезвреживания в подбойных погребениях
.141
Разрушение и удаление скелетов. Камни в подбое. Отношение к керамике
.142
Погребальные ниши и заклады до и после обряда обезвреживания
.143
Обряд обезвреживания в ямных погребениях
.145
Ямные погребения типа
I
.145
Состав вещей
.145
Разрушение скелетов
.146
Проблема каменного перекрытия
.148
Ямные погребения типа
II
.148
Разрушение скелетов
.148
Состав вещей
.149
Заключительный ритуал. Жертвоприношение собак
.150
Проблема наземных сооружений
.150
Ямные погребения «типа»
III
.151
Глава
VI.
ОБРЯДЫ ПЕРЕЗАХОРОНЕНИЙ
.156
Перезахоронения в катакомбах
.159
Перезахоронения в подбойных погребениях
.160
Перезахоронения в ямных погребениях
.161
Некоторые выводы, захоронения
№21,100
и
101.162
Глава
VII.
НАСЕЛЕНИЕ КЛИН-ЯРА. НЕКОТОРЫЕ ИТОГИ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ
.165
Глава
VIII.
ПОСТПОГРЕБАЛЬНЫЕ ОБРЯДЫ ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЫ
IVa.
до н. э.
-XIV
в. н. э.
. 170
Кисловодск и окрестности
.170
Кабардино-Балкария
.174
Северная Осетия
.175
Северо-Восточное Причерноморье
.176
Кубань
.176
Дагестан
.177
Нижний Дон
.179
Черняховская культура
.180
Салтово-маяцкая культура, Хазарский каганат
.181
Крым.УНЫХвв
.185
Поволжье, Приуралье
.185
Животные в постпогребальных обрядах
.192
Приложение. ЭКСКУРС в ЭТНОГРАФИЮ
.193
Страх перед умершими
.193
Вскрытие могил
.194
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
.196
Список сокращений
.204
УКАЗАТЕЛЬ К ТАБЛИЦАМ
.205
Summary
.206
ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ и ФОТОГРАФИИ
.211
Указатель к чертежам, рисункам вещей, фотографиям
.212
Графические материалы
.214
Фотографии могильника
.284
Участники и эпизоды из жизни Клин-Ярской экспедиции
.354
SUMMARY
V.S. Flyorov
POST-BURIAL RITES OF THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS FOOTHILLS
IN THE 1st
с, ВС
-4th
с.
AD,
AND IN EASTERN EUROPE IN THE 4th c.
ВС
-
14th
с
AD
Foreword
The present Issue
Ш
of the Proceedings of the Klin-Yar
expedition of the Institute of Archaeology,
RAS,
continues
publication of the materials excavated from the known Klin-Yar
cemetery in the field seasons of
1983-1986.
The site is situated
in the North Caucasus, near the Kislovodsk spa.
In Issue
1
V.S. Flyorov's monograph «The Alans of the
Central Caucasus foothills in the 5th
—
8th centuries:
Prophylactic rite directed against the dead»
(Флёров
B.C.
2000)
was published.
Issue II contained V.Yu. Malashev's monograph «Early
medieval pottery from the KJin-Yar HI cemetery: Problems of
chronology»
(Малашев В.Ю.
2000).
Chapter I. Cemetery Klin-Yar III
39
burials of the investigated in
1983-1986
date back to the
period of the
1st
с. ВС
—
4ll>
с.
AD. These are catacomb buri¬
als, pit burials, niche burials, and two horse burials.
The cemetery occupies a bedrock height overlaid by
ioam. Catacombs and niche pits were situated in the areas
with loam layer reaching
1.5—2
m
down from the ground
surface. Only burials deposited in shallow pits show no rela¬
tion with the thickness of the loam layer. Excavation trench
9
was situated on a natural elevation, not a kurgan (Fig.
6).
Thus, the whole necropolis Klin-Yar III represents a ground
cemetery. No surface indications of burials have been pre¬
served.
The area occupied by the cemetery did not grow, but later
burials were arranged more and more densely. The burials
formed clusters used by many generations of the same clans.
Some clusters dating from the last centuries
ВС
—
the first cen¬
turies AD belonged to the site's first settlers. Some clan lineag¬
es functioned for centuries, the other ones were broken off by
epidemics and other disasters.
One of the earliest ones was the cluster of burials located in
the western part of the excavation trench
8
(Fig.
5).
Its
chronology looks as follows:
Pit burial
41,
the second part of the
1st
с. ВС
—
the first
part of the
1st
c. AD.
Pit burial
42,
the second part of the
1st
с. ВС
—
the first
part of the
Iste. AD.
Niche burial
33,
the
1st
c. AD.
Catacomb burial
35,
the 2™i
—
3«1 cc. (most probably the
2nd
Catacomb burial
34,
the 2"d
—
3«1 cc. (most probably the
3rd
c, AD).
Niche burial
37,
situated
20
m
east of the described cluster,
the Is'
с. ВС
— ist
с.
AD.
Another cluster discovered between marks KI9 and IC20
(Fig.
4)
was founded in the later period. It included:
Pit burial
46,
the second part of the
1st — 2nd
cc.
Pit burial
61,
the second part of the lsl
— 2nd
cc.
Catacomb burial
56,
the
1*' —
the first part of the 3rd cc.
Catacomb burial
47/69,
the 2"d
—
the first part of the
З^сс.
Catacomb burial
65,
the 2nd
—
Ф1'
cc.
Catacomb burial
68,
the late 7<h
—
first part of the 8"1 cc.
In this cluster of interest is catacomb No.
68:
it was literal¬
ly pressed between burials
Nos.
46,61,
and catacomb No.
47/69
some centuries later.
The next cluster (Fig.
4)
is represented by two burials:
Niche burial
50,
with horse burial
59
locate nearby, the
3rd _
4th cc.
Catacomb burial
49,
the 4<''
—
5tIr cc. (the buriai located
next to it remained unexcavated).
Almost the whole history of the cemetery is shown by the
cluster of burials located in the intersection point of trenches
6
and
8
(Fig.
3):
Pit burial
25,
the
1st _
early
2nd
с
Catacomb burial
43/44
with two chambers, the
2nd _
early
Pit burial
38
(pit of oval shape), the second part of the
2nd _
eariy
3rd
cc.
Catacomb burial
63,
the second part of the
2ηά
—
early
3^
cc.
Catacomb burial
45,
the second part of the 5th
—
early 6t!l cc.
Catacomb burial
60,
the 6th
с
Catacomb burial
55,
the (A c.
Catacomb burial
52,
the
б"1 с.
Similar clan cluster of burials is located in the easternmost
part of the excavation trench
8
(Fig.
3),
burials dating from the
lsttothe74iCc:
Niche burial
66,
the late
1st _
first part of the 2»d cc.
Niche burial
67,
the late
№ —
first part of the 2nd cc.
Pit burial
40,
the second part of the 2'«1
-
3«1 cc.
Niche burial
53,
the 4th c.
Catacomb burial
64,
the 4th
с
Niche burial
57,
the
51ho.
Catacomb burial
62,
the first part of the 7th c.
SUMMARY
207
Chapter II. Excavations whereabouts
The author stresses the necessity of some general princi¬
ples, such as: description of the conditions in which excava¬
tions are carried out; staff recording; personal participation of
the head of the expedition in excavations of any object. Special
remarks should be made concerning mistakes noticed during
the excavation process.
Excavations of the KJin-Yar HI cemetery were carried out
in unfavourable conditions, since construction works had been
already started on the spot, so that the works were limited in
time. Nonetheless, archaeologists succeeded in establishing
reasonable schedule of construction. Each season
20-40
buri¬
als were investigated (including those attributed to
Koban
cul¬
ture).
Stili,
lhe
number of skilled specialists and workers was
insufficient. As a result, while investigating burials
Nos.
33, 34,
35, 39, 41, 47, 56, 57,
and some others, some details of infor¬
mation were lost that would have been recorded in different sit¬
uation. Mostly, these details concerned stratigraphy of the bur¬
ial constructions'
infil).
Chapter
Ш.
Description and chronology of burials.
Reconstruction of rites.
Burials' description follows their field numbers, independently
of burial type. Chronology of the associations is shown in Table
1.
Description of each burial begins with the reference to illustra¬
tions and photos, and chronology. The order of description is as
follows:
1).
Formal description of burial construction.
2).
Finds
and chronology.
3).
Reconstruction of rite. For each burial the
author suggests reconstructions of the funeral ceremony, sec¬
ondary visiting, removal of finds and bones during the prophy¬
lactic rite directed against the dead. Removed or absent bones
are enumerated, as well as those transferred from other burials
(if any). Most reliably the sequence of events may be traced in
catacomb graves. Special attention is paid to the stratigraphy of
underground passages in the catacombs, and the position of
stone slab used to close the entrance to burial chamber. Burials
with undisturbed skeletons are exceptionally rare (typical
example is catacomb No.
28).
Not a single case
(!)
of pillaging
was registered at the cemetery.
Chapter IV. Burial rites
The chapter is devoted to the typology of burial construc¬
tions (Table II), positions of the dead, and morphology of
finds. Animal bones found in burials are also considered
(dogs, horses). The total number of investigated burial types
is: pit burials —
15;
niche burials —
6;
catacombs—
15; 1
bur¬
ial of skull; horse burials
— 2.
Basic features of burials are pre¬
sented in Tables III
— VIII.
All burials are considered on the
stage before the secondary visiting and disturbance of skele¬
tons.
In all types of burials men were deposited in supine posi¬
tion. As for women, in pits their positions varied, but in niche
burials and catacombs they were deposited in contracted posi¬
tion on their sides, so that when bones were in poor state of
preservation, contracted skeletons were considered female.
Single burials dominated in pits, from niche burials single buri¬
als are also known. Catacombs contained one or two skeletons,
rarely
—
several ones.
The earliest burials at the cemetery were performed in nar¬
row pits, later on oval and niche pits and catacombs were intro¬
duced.
Catacombs were different in shape, but most popular were
oval chambers, similar to what we know from the adjacent
Podkumok cemetery. Catacomb No.
28
is an exception. The
dead were deposited their heads pointing left from the cham¬
ber entrance, other positions were rarely registered (catacomb
No.
64).
Chamber entrance was closed with a stone slab.
Some features may be considered unusual. Pit burial No.
38
contained six skeletons; burial No.
39
contained two dog skele¬
tons; in burial No.
42
the arms of the dead were extended from
his sides; in burial No.
91
stones were discovered under the
skeleton. In niche burial No.
50
with horse skeleton no grave
goods were present. Catacombs: No.
47 —
two slabs in front of
the chamber entrance, horse bones; No.
65 —
two female
skeletons oriented to opposite direction; No.
122 —
the only
one with two chambers on the opposite ends of the under¬
ground passage;
Nos.
4, 31 —
niches in the underground pas¬
sage walls; No.
31 —
female skeleton with head deformation.
The problem of social stratification as reflected in burial
rite. This notion is insufficiently clear. Burial rite does not
show it directly, as well as grave goods, since the dead were
considered to be in the world of different values. Finds rarely
point to the
intravital
occupations of the dead. The author is
against calculations of «area excess»
ín
catacombs, and labour
expenditure for their construction: it was not difficult for sig¬
nificant number of relatives to dig up a catacomb of any
size. No signs of social differentiation were registered at
Klin-Yar III, No «rich» burials have been discovered, but
these could have existed, though. Some burials were bare of
finds; it does not mean they were «poor», but it was presup¬
posed in the burial rite practiced by certain population
groups. Of interest is small number of weapons. This does not
prove local population was not warlike, but the rite did not
presuppose depositing weaponry in graves. Presence of horse
bones, or whole skeleton does not point to high rank of the
dead. The conclusion is put forward that there was no signif¬
icant social stratification among those buried at the cemetery.
One catacomb excavated in previous seasons contained gold¬
en objects. Most probably, it belonged to a lucky leader, but
socially equal to the rest of the population.
Chapter V. Prophylactic rite directed against the dead
When investigating catacombs of the 5th
—
8th cc. at the
Klin-Yar III cemetery the prophylactic rite directed against the
dead was documented. The burials of the
1«
с. ВС
—
Φ'1
с.
AD
considered in this book show the traces of another rite
—
sec¬
ondary burials of the remains transferred from one grave to the
other. Often signs of two rites were present in the same burial.
208
B.C.
Флёров
The fact of practicing not one, but two rites needs introducing
a unified term
—
«post-burial rites»,
Prophylactic rite in catacomb burials. Most characteristic
are disturbed skeletons (Table IX), ranging from total destruc¬
tion to transference of separate bones; some bones could have
been removed from the chamber. Sometimes bones were piled
up in a dense heap (catacomb
116).
Sometimes catacombs
contained bones transferred from other burials. Skeletons were
destroyed independently from sex and age of the dead. Most
often feet and hand bones were destroyed. Skulls were never
broken down
(!),
but mandibles were often separated.
Probably, artefacts were not removed from the catacombs
(Table X—
XIII),
Characteristic feature was turning vessels
upside down and breaking them down in underground passages.
The ritual having been performed, animal bones were placed
back to the grave; horse (Fig.
36)
and dog (Figs,
45, 55)
bones
were registered. In catacomb No.
104
dog bones were deposit¬
ed together with cow skull.
Before performing prophylactic rite chambers were closed
with slabs, but not filled up with earth. After skeletons had been
disturbed, graves were filled up. The slabs most often (but not
always) were put back to their
piace.
One of the characteristic indications of visiting chambers is
the stratigraphy of underground passages. The excavations
revealed the remains of their initial infill on the bottom. A loos¬
er infill over it was of secondary origin.
Prophylactic rite in niche pit burials. There were six such
burials, which is insufficient for generalization (Table
XIV),
Initially the niches were not filled up with earth. Burial No.
33:
the whole skeleton was removed, but vessels remained (Fig.
17).
Burial No.
37:
skeleton was replaced, junctions being not
decayed, Burial No.
53:
adense
heapof bones. Burial No.
67:
the
skull was replaced, and a stone put instead. Stone walls in front
the niches were reconstructed, or left destroyed after visiting.
Prophylactic rite in pit burials. This publication is the first
attempt to describe this rite, the main difficulties being small
depth of the pits and poor state of preservation of bones. The
prophylactic rite is considered by pit types.
Tables XV-XVIU show state of preservation of skele¬
tons and sets of grave goods. Skeletons were destroyed
entirely, or partly. Such facts are registered as preserved
joints in disturbed skeletons, separation of mandibles from
skulls, and removal of some bones from the grave. Multiple
burial No.
38 —
secondary burial of three half-decayed bod¬
ies. A rare variant of destruction in burial No.
14 —
bone frag¬
ments and finds were irregularly dispersed in the infill, while
vessel was preserved undisturbed (Fig.
10).
Finds in the buri¬
als were not numerous, but not broken, including vessels. In
the secondary infill of burial No.
39
skulls and bones of two
dogs were discovered not in anatomic order; in burial No.
40
there was a dog skeleton also (Fig.
31).
For the first time it
was evidenced that pit burials could consist not only of a pit
proper, but of a complex of surface constructions. The pits
had roofing built using stone.
Chapter VI. The rites of secondary burial
In some catacombs of the 5th
—
8'1' cc. small and big
human bones were absent
(Флёров
B.C.,
2000).
In catacomb
No.
1
(the
6"'
c.) no human bones were discovered, but the
chamber was tightly closed with a slab. In catacomb No.
5
(the
^th
_
7ti\ cc.) skull was missing, but mandible preserved. In
catacombs No. 11 (the late 5t!'
—
early
6"'
cc.) and No.
54
(the
5th c.) the majority of bones were absent, including mandibles.
In all, in one-fifth of the catacombs of the
5^ — 8*
cc. human
bones were partly missing, including skulls. On the other
hand, in one burial only skulls were buried (Figs.
12, 13);
the
author supposes that these had been transferred from other
burials.
Secondary burials in catacombs. Catacombs
Nos.
34,
35:
of bones attributed to seven individuals there were missing
3
mandibles,
9
shoulder bones,
7
ulnas,
11
radiuses, and so
forth; totally over
70
bones; but all skulls were present.
Catacomb No.
47.
In chamber
2
(Fig.
38)
there were three
skulls with mandibles missing, as well as separate bones of post-
cranial skeleton. In chamber I (Fig.
37)
in the heap of male
bones some belonged to other individuals, probably, these had
been transferred from chamber
2:
mandible, femoral bone,
fibula, and some other.
Catacomb No.
56
(Fig.
41).
A secondary burial: together
with undisturbed skeleton bones of at least three individuals
were buried, including skull
11,
three long arm bones, two
pelvis bones, sacrum, two femoral bones, one tibia. All bones
were placed at the entrance.
Catacomb No.
63
(Fig.
43)
was open more than once;
many bones were missing.
Catacomb No.
116
(Fig.
57):
the majority of bones were
removed, including mandible.
Catacomb No.
122
(Fig.
58).
From chamber
1
female
skeleton was entirely removed (the sex was determined by the
set of finds). From chamber
2
male and female skulls were
removed as well as many other bones. Among the remaining
ones there was male mandible.
Thus, in the catacombs the following phenomena are reg¬
istered: removal of bones, transference of bones, and secondary
burials.
Secondary burials in niche pits. Burial No.
33
(Fig.
17):
the
whole skeleton was removed, but clay vessels left in place.
Burial No.
37
(Fig.
21);
the upper part of the skeleton was
missing, but the skull put on the pit edge and covered with
stones (a unique case). B.urial No.
50
(Fig.
39):
skull missing.
Burial No.
53
(Fig.
40):
probably, some bones were removed.
Secondary burials in pits. Of fifteen pit burials around one-
third may be regarded as related to the phenomenon of sec¬
ondary burials. The associations show a range of indications.
Association of burials
Nos.
46
and
61.
The remains of five
individuals were identified by skulls. The majority of bones
were missing, including four mandibles.
Burial No.
38
(Fig.
24).
Secondary burial of skulls and
bones of two individuals (skeletons 11 and V).
SUMMARY
209
Burial No.
140
(Fig.
62).
Secondary burial of skull and a leg
bone.
Our works have documented the rite of secondary burial
practiced at the cemetery, which may be considered the main
result of the investigations. Proceeding from the obtained expe¬
rience it seems possible that some results of the excavations of
the Podkumok cemetery and other sites can be revised.
Chapter
VII.
Population of Klin-Yar.
Some results and problems
Chronological and spatial coexistence of pits, niche pits,
and catacombs within one cemetery evidences the ethnic homo¬
geneity of the population. This conclusion agrees with the uni¬
fied character of the site's material culture. Different types of
burial constructions mirrored traditions of different clans and
families in the process of consolidation of all burial rites.
In the second part of the 2nd
—
3rd cc. literally all known
types of burial constructions known from the cemetery were
used. The picture seems to be static. But, when considering the
whole chronological sequence of burial constructions from the
last centuries
ВС
—
the first centuries AD to the early 5t!l
с
(Tables I, II in Chapters III, IV), it looks
a
different
way.
The first stage of formation of the cemetery was marked by
domination of pit burials, mainly those deposited in narrow
pits. Almost at the same time burials in niche pits were prac¬
ticed. Both the former and the latter practically disappeared
during the 3rd
с
From the 2nd c. catacombs were introduced
at the cemetery. By the mid 5l|t c. they finally had replaced
pits and niche pits as burial constructions. Parallel process
of evolution of catacombs developed. Type
Г
—
Т
-shape cat¬
acombs with rounded chambers (Table II) became basic
type till the 8tl1
с
The author shares M.P. Abramova's opinion
(Абрамо¬
ва
M.
П.,
1989.
P.
280),
who considered the population of the
Central Caucasus foothills the Alans, including the group to
which the Klin-Yar cemetery belonged. The process of forma¬
tion of their burial rite developed continually from the last cen¬
turies
ВС
—
the first centuries AD, and ended with domination
of catacombs. For the Central Caucasus piedmonts, and espe¬
cially Kislovodsk, the appearance of catacombs and the early
Alans represent one problem.
Chapter
VIII.
Post-burial rites in Eastern Europe
in the 4»i'
с. ВС
-
14th
с.
AD
Post-burial rites in their entirety, i.e. the prophylactic rite
performed with partial removal of bones, or without it, as well
as secondary burials are insufficiently studied at the cemeteries
of Eastern Europe. The author suggests a review of sites that in
his view show signs of the prophylactic rites taking shape of
deliberate destruction of skeletons. In some sites the rite was
identified as such by the excavators. Unfortunately, investiga¬
tors did not pay attention to the rite of secondary burials of
bones earlier. The review starts with the Kislovodsk region,
where the Klin-Yar III cemetery is situated.
Kislovodsk and its environs. Cemeteries: Podkumok,
Budennovskaya
sloboda
—
the 3«1 c; Direktorskaya
gorka
—
the 3rd c; Zamok
—
the 4'h
—
5th cc; Lermontovskaya
skala
No.
2,
known catacomb No.
10 —
the
5*
c; Lermontovskaya
skala
No.
1 —
the 5th
—
6>h
cc; Ostry
mys
2 —
the 7<1> c;
Lunacharskogo
—
the 7'h
—
8'1» cc; Direktorskaya
gorka
—
the
7* —
8'h cc; Mokraya
Balka
—
the 5'b
— 8*
cc.
Kabardino-Balkaria. Cemeteries: Nizhny Djulat
—
the
1st
о. ВС
—
7Ч> с
AD; kurgan cemetery Chegem
—
the 2nd
с
ВС
—
2lld
c. AD; Zaragizhsky
—
the
4«· —
б»*»
cc
North Ossetia.
Vinograd
naya, kurgans
of the 4th c;
Oktyabrsky and Bratskoe, kurgans of the 4th
— 5*
cc; Davgas
—
a known early medieval cemetery.
The North-Eastern
Pontic
area. The Bzhid cemetery
—
the
44»
с
The Kuban basin. Cemeteries: Mostovoi, investigated in
1981
by Vladimir
Kaminsky
(1957-1992);
for the first time in
the Kuban basin the prophylactic rite directed against the dead
was registered in catacombs of the 1st
—
3rd cc. AD.
Starokorsunsky
—
the
74'—
9lil cc, also investigated by V.
Kaminsky.
Daghestan.
The author supposes the prophylactic rite in
kurgans of the 4th
—
5tl1 cc: Yaryk-su I, Manas, Utamysh,
Manai-Kutan, Memed-kala, Palasa-syrt. The rite was docu¬
mented in kurgans Verkhny Chir-Yurt, Lvovsky Pervy-2.
Totally in the North Caucasus, the Kuban basin,
Daghestan,
and North-Eastern
Pontic
area
25
sites are enu¬
merated.
The Lower Don. Cemeteries of the middle and late
Sarmatian periods, both ground and kurgan ones: Kobyakovo,
Ozerny III,
Sladkovský.
Of special interest is the Chastye kur-
gany cemetery, where V.Ya. Maksimenko evidenced the pro¬
phylactic rite in the Scythian kurgan of the 4lh
с. ВС.
This is the
earliest site in the discussed series.
Chernyakhov culture. The prophylactic rite in the cemeter¬
ies attributed to this culture was registered and described by
E.A. Symonovich in his known article
(Сымоноаич Э.А.
1963).
The rite is known from cemeteries: Chernyakhov,
Ranzhevoe, Rakovetsky, Mogilyany-Khmelnik, Kanev, and
cemetery Petreshty of the 2"d
—
3«i cc. with Sarmatian fea¬
tures.
1
should point to two other sites from the territory of the
Ukraine of later age than the Chernykhov sites: Boromlya
—
the 4th
_
5111 cc, and Ryabovka
—
the
74»
с
Saltovo-Mayatskoe culture, the Khazar kaganate. At pres¬
ent the prophylactic rite is studied well enough from the ceme¬
teries of Saltovo-Mayatskoe culture of the 7th
— 10*
cc It was
recorded in cemeteries: Mayatsky (and the Mayatskoe settle¬
ment), Verkhnee Saltovo, Novodachnoe, Sidorovo, Sarkel
—
Belaya Vezha. The rite is known also from kurgans:
Sokolovsky,
Chastye kurgany.
The Crimea, the 8[l1
—
9ltl cc:
Mangup,
Artezian.
The Volga
—
Urals region: cemeteries Kipchakovsky I
—
the
2nd _ ist
cc.
ВС,
Mokinsky
—
the
4* —
511« cc, Salikhovsky
—
210
В.С.Флёров
the 4'h
—
5>ь
cc, Birsky
—
the 4lh
—
7»h cc, Dezhnevsky and
Novo-Turbaslinsky
—
the 5th
—
7th cc, Bezvodninsky
—
the
6th
_
8«i cc.
;
kurgans of the type Novinkovo
—
the
74' —
8th cc.
,
Taktalachuk
-
the
7^ —
8th cc, Kaibelsky
—
the
8"' —
9th cc,
Tankeevsky
—
the 9Ih
—
ИДО
cc, Krasnoe
ГЦ
—
the 6th
—
early
8th cc, Babiy Bugor
—
the 9th
—
IO"1
cc, and other.
The prophylactic rites are known among the Oghuz
(Круглов Е.В.,
2000α).
The latest cemeteries are: Ust'-IHmsky of the 14th — 15th cc.
situated within the
Bulgar
fortified settlement, and Averinsky I
of the
1241 —
Hih cc.
In all, the traces of the prophylactic rite directed against
the dead were revealed by the author in over
50
cemeteries of
Eastern Europe, including the sites attributed to the
Danubian
Bulgars,
the Avars, and the Ugrians.
The beliefs related to a harmful influence the dead can
exert on the living are known from the remote past. Over a cen¬
tury ago J.H. Breasted pointed to an interesting example from
the epoch of Ramses II (the
ІЗ"1
с. ВС),
describing a situation
when the dead did evil to the living; thus, an Egyptian officer
suffered from malicious activity of his dead wife, finally, he
wrote a letter of reproach to her, and put it in the hand of a
dead person to deliver it safely to his wife to the nether world
(БрэстедД.Г.
1915.
P.
142).
In the end of the chapter the author considers some cases
of destruction of skeletons of domestic animals.
Appendix: An ethnographic essay
Ethnography has in its disposal an enormous corpus of
materials on the theme «Fear of the dead», The author points
to the examples known among the KJiakases, Kyzyls, Shors,
Tofalars, Yakuts, and Buryats. Sometimes the fear of the dead
directly resulted in opening graves (the Baluchi; the
Laks
in
Daghestan,
and many other people).
The post-burial rites known from the Klin- Yar III cemetery
mirror the phenomenon known among many people for century-
long period. Probably, this phenomenon is of universal nature.
Translated by L.I. Avilova |
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| author | Flërov, Valerij Sergeevič 1945- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1026186862 |
| author_facet | Flërov, Valerij Sergeevič 1945- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Flërov, Valerij Sergeevič 1945- |
| author_variant | v s f vs vsf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023305391 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)221536313 (DE-599)BVBBV023305391 |
| era | Geschichte 100 v. Chr.-800 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 100 v. Chr.-800 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Mogil'nik Klin-Jar 3 (DE-588)7617825-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Mogil'nik Klin-Jar 3 |
| id | DE-604.BV023305391 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:48:16Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:15:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785903011247 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016489770 |
| oclc_num | 221536313 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | zahlr. Ill., Kt. 30 cm |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | TAUS |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Trudy Klin-Jarskoj ėkspedicii |
| series2 | Trudy Klin-Jarskoj ėkspedicii |
| spelling | 880-01 Flërov, Valerij Sergeevič 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)1026186862 aut 880-02 Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė. V. S. Flërov Post-burial rites of the Central Caucasus foothills in the 1st c. BC - 4th c. AD, and in Eastern Europe in the 4th c. BC - 14th c. AD Postpogrebalʹnye obri͡ady T͡Sentralʹnogo predkavkazʹi͡a v 1 v. do n. ė. - IV v. n. ė. i Vostochnoĭ Evropy v IV v. do n. ė. - XIV v. n. ė. 880-03 Moskva TAUS 2007 zahlr. Ill., Kt. 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 880-04 Trudy Klin-Jarskoj ėkspedicii 3 PST: Post-burial rites of the Central Caucasus foothills in the 1st c. BC - 4th c. AD, and in Eastern Europe in the 4th c. BC - 14th c. AD . - Text in kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung auch in engl. Sprache Geschichte 100 v. Chr.-800 gnd rswk-swf Auxiliary sciences of history Archaeology Archäologie Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 gnd rswk-swf Mogil'nik Klin-Jar 3 (DE-588)7617825-0 gnd rswk-swf Mogil'nik Klin-Jar 3 (DE-588)7617825-0 g Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 s Geschichte 100 v. Chr.-800 z DE-604 Trudy Klin-Jarskoj ėkspedicii 3 (DE-604)BV013746001 3 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016489770&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016489770&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 100-01/(N Флёров, Валерий С. ut 245-02/(N Постпогребальные обряды Центрального Предкавказья в I в. до н.э. - IV в. н.э. и Восточной Европы в IV в. до н.э. - XIV в. н.э. В. С. Флёров 264-03/(N Москва ТАУС 490-04/(N Труды Клин-Ярской экспедиции 3 |
| spellingShingle | Flërov, Valerij Sergeevič 1945- Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė. Trudy Klin-Jarskoj ėkspedicii Auxiliary sciences of history Archaeology Archäologie Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4204578-2 (DE-588)7617825-0 |
| title | Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė. |
| title_alt | Post-burial rites of the Central Caucasus foothills in the 1st c. BC - 4th c. AD, and in Eastern Europe in the 4th c. BC - 14th c. AD Postpogrebalʹnye obri͡ady T͡Sentralʹnogo predkavkazʹi͡a v 1 v. do n. ė. - IV v. n. ė. i Vostochnoĭ Evropy v IV v. do n. ė. - XIV v. n. ė. |
| title_auth | Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė. |
| title_exact_search | Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė. |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė. |
| title_full | Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė. V. S. Flërov |
| title_fullStr | Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė. V. S. Flërov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė. V. S. Flërov |
| title_short | Postpogrebalʹnye obrjady Centralʹnogo Predkavkazʹja v I v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė. i Vostočnoj Evropy v IV v. do n.ė. - XIV v. n.ė. |
| title_sort | postpogrebalʹnye obrjady centralʹnogo predkavkazʹja v i v do n e iv v n e i vostocnoj evropy v iv v do n e xiv v n e |
| topic | Auxiliary sciences of history Archaeology Archäologie Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Auxiliary sciences of history Archaeology Archäologie Bestattungsritus Mogil'nik Klin-Jar 3 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016489770&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016489770&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013746001 |
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