The assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems: ethical and scientific issues
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Berlin
Köster
2007
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| Edition: | 1. Aufl. |
| Series: | Schriften zur internationalen Agrarentwicklung
54 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss., 2005. - Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 241 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783895746529 |
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| adam_text | Table of Contents
Kurzfassung.....................„,
Table of Contents____________________________________________________________III
List of Tables______________________________________________________________VD
List of Figures_____________________________________________________________VHI
Preface____________________________________________________________________IX
0 Introduction.....................................¦—¦—¦¦¦—.—¦¦....................—...................................................1
1 Why should we care about animals?..............................................................................................2
1.1 The moral relevance of animal minds...........................................................................................2
1.2 Pain, suffering and moral concern for animals............................................................................4
1.3 The ethical significance of animal consciousness.........................................................................4
2 The animal welfare debate____________________________________________________6
2.1 Historical background and contemporary ethical concepts.........................................................6
2.1.1 Terminology of ethics and morality......................................................................................6
2.1.1.1 Ethics, morals and morality............................................................................................6
2.1.1.2 Ethical relativism...........................................................................................................7
2.1.1.3 Moral theories................................................................................................................9
2.1.2 Historical ideas about the treatment of animals in Europe..................................................10
2.1.2.1 Human dominion over animals? - Judaeo-Christian notions...................................10
2.1.2.2 Early developments in moral philosophy.....................................................................11
2.1.2.3 Inferiority of animals in Cartesian thought..................................................................13
2.1.2.4 Kantian reason and indirect duties to animals..............................................................14
2.1.2.5 Social contract theories................................................................................................16
2.1.2.6 Bentham s theory of justice..........................................................................................16
2.1.2.7 Animal ethics motivated by compassion......................................................................17
2.1.2.8 The anti-cruelty ethic as a result of European philosophical thought..........................19
2.1.3 Ethical concepts in response to the industrialization of animal agriculture........................20
2.1.3.1 The impact of the technological innovation on animal ethics......................................20
2.1.3.2 Contemporary utilitarian considerations by Peter Singer.............................................23
2.1.3.3 Tom Regan s animal rights view.................................................................................24
2.1.3.4 Rights based on animal interests and the human-farm animal relationship.................27
2.1.4 Prospects in the light of novel reproductive technologies...................................................29
2.1.4.1 The inadequacy of the concept of animal interests......................................................29
2.1.4.2 The dignity and integrity of living beings....................................................................30
2.1.4.3 From the anti-cruelty ethic to Würde der Kreatur ....................................................31
2.2 The scientific study of animal welfare........................................................................................32
2.2.1 Attempts to „define animal welfare...................................................................................32
2^2.1.1 The literal meaning of welfare ..................................................................................32
2.2.1.2 Differentiating welfare and well-being..............................................._.......................33
2.2.1.3 The variety of „definitions of animal welfare............................................................34
2.2.2 Scientific concepts of animal welfare......................_..........................................................37
2.2.2.1 In retrospect: „The five freedoms ...............................................................................38
2.2.2.2 The role of „suffering in the animal welfare debate...................................................38
Hl
2.2.2.3 The health concept........................................................................................................41
2.2.2.4 Satisfaction of needs.....................................................................................................42
2.2.2.5 The model of stress.......................................................................................................46
2.2.2.6 The concept of coping..................................................................................................48
2.2.2.7 The animal s point of view and the concept of animal feelings...................................51
2.2.2.8 The concept of tiergerechte Haltungsumwelt ...........................................................53
2.2.3 Measuring animal welfare...................................................................................................54
2.2.3.1 Parameters of veterinary epidemiology, pathology and immunology..........................54
2.2.3.2 Production and reproduction........................................................................................55
2.2.3.3 Behaviour.....................................................................................................................56
2.2.3.4 Neuroendocrine responses............................................................................................58
2.2.3.5 Animal preferences, operational conditioning and aversion........................................60
2.2.3.6 Vocal and other signals................................................................................................63
2.2.3.7 Combined measures......................................................................................................64
2.2.3.8 The animal needs index (ANI).....................................................................................65
2.3 The dualism of animal welfare....................................................................................................67
3 Animal welfare concerns in tropical livestock husbandry.........................„—....¦——---------—-71
3.1 Characterization of animal production systems in the tropics and identification of relevant
animal welfare-related problems......................................................................................................71
3.1.1 The tropical environment.....................................................................................................71
3.1.2 Animal production systems and their classification............................................................72
3.1.3 Methodological approach for the analysis and selection of livestock production systems.. 74
3.1.3.1 Integrated analytical approach......................................................................................74
3.1.3.2 Selection of husbandry systems to be investigated.......................................................74
3.1.4 Example 1: System determinants and animal welfare-related problems in the Fulbe
pastoral system..............................................................................................................................75
3.1.4.1 Natural conditions and resulting patterns of the pastoral system.................................75
3.1.4.2 Economic conditions and the level of human intervention in the system....................77
3.1.4.3 The socio-cultural background in relation to the human animal bond.........................78
3.1.5 Example 2: Characterization of the llama and alpaca breeding system in the Andean
highland and relevant aspects of animal welfare..........................................................................78
3.1.5.1 Agro-ecology and the camelid production system in the Andes..................................78
3.1.5.2 Socio-cultural factors and the importance of religion in pastoral life..........................80
3.1.5.3 Economic framework and potential for innovative measures......................................82
3.1.6 Example 3: Brief description of the smallholder crop-livestock production system in
India and pertinent problems of animal welfare...........................................................................82
3.1.6.1 The Indian monsoon climate and the corresponding integrated farming system.........82
3.1.6.2 Religion, social life and the ban of cattle slaughter in India........................................84
3.1.6.3 The importance of agriculture in the country s economy and extent of human
impact on animals in the draught animal system......................................................................85
3.1.7 Example 4: The large-scale commercial swine and poultry production systems in
Thailand - main features and relevant aspects of animal welfare................................................86
3.1.7.1 Agro-ecological conditions, land use and animal husbandry in Thailand....................86
3.1.7.2 Economic growth and the development of large-scale commercial production
systems.....................................................................................................................................87
3.1.7.3 The socio-cultural background and consequences of human intervention in animal
husbandry.................................................................................................................................88
3.1.8 Identification of animal welfare-related problems...............................................................90
3.2 Constituting elements of the moral status of farm animals in non-European cultures...............92
3.2.1 Animal ethics in a non-European context....................................„......................................93
3.2.1.1 What does the moral status refer to?..........................................................................93
3.2.1.2 The relation ethics - religion and ethics - law................................................_...........94
3.2.1.3 The cultural impact on ethics..............................................................................„........95
IV
3.2.2 Example 1: Cattle values and Islamic values in the Fulbe system......................................96
3.2.2.1 The „cattle complex and „Pulaaku ...........................................................................96
3.2.2.2 Islamic values: The Qur an and the Sunnah as a source of Muslim ethic....................98
3.2.2.3 Islamic values: Animal protection in the Schari a and slaughter practices................100
3.2.3 Example 2: The llama and alpaca in the religious ethic in the central and southern
Andes..........................................................................................................................................100
3.2.3.1 The Andean cosmogony.............................................................................................101
3.2.3.2 Moral codes with regard to the treatment of llama and alpaca...................................102
3.2.3.3 Ritual ceremonies directed to the Pachamama...........................................................103
3.2.3.4 Rituals directed to apu and awki................................................................................105
3.2.4 Example 3: Traditional Indian morality concerning the treatment of cattle......................106
3.2.4.1 Hindu scriptures.........................................................................................................106
3.2.4.2 The understanding of natural phenomena - cosmology and cosmogony...................108
3.2.4.3 The notions of Brahman, samsara, karma and dharma..............................................109
3.2.4.4 The principle of „ahimsa (non-violence)..................................................................110
3.2.4.5 The vedic relation towards nature and animals..........................................................111
3.2.4.6 Animal protection legislation in India........................................................................113
3.2.5 Example 4: The human-animal relationship in Buddhist ethics in Thailand.....................115
3.2.5.1 Origin of Buddhism and essential scriptures..............................................................115
3.2.5.2 Buddhist cosmology and cosmogony related to the notions of reincarnation and
karma......................................................................................................................................115
3.2.5.3 The notion of dukkha and the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path......117
3.2.5.4 The first precept and the principle of non-injury (ahimsa), compassion and loving-
kindness..................................................................................................................................118
3.2.5.5 Past and present-day legislation.................................................................................119
3.2.6 Reflections on the moral treatment of animals and the implementation of norms............120
3.2.6.1 Concern for animals but distinction between humans and animals...........................120
3.2.6.2 Moral duties towards animals....................................................................................121
3.2.6.3 The killing of animals for food..................................................................................122
3.2.6.4 The animal sacrifice...................................................................................................124
3.2.6.5 The paradigm and the view of ethical relativism.......................................................127
3.2.6.6 Scope for changes in the treatment of animals...........................................................129
3.3 The scientific study of animal welfare related to tropical environments..................................132
3.3.1 Example 1: Hunger as threat to animal welfare in the Fulbe pastoral system...................132
3.3.1.1 The definition of hunger.............................................................................................132
3.3.1.2 The physiology of hunger and mechanisms of feed intake control............................133
3.3.1.3 Psychological components of hunger and the conscious sensation of appetite..........137
3.3.1.4 Animal metabolism and energy supply during fasting and realimemation................137
3.3.1.5 Assessment of undemutrition and malnutrition in terms of animal welfare..............139
3.3.2 Example 1: Thirst and its effects on animal welfare in the Fulbe pastoral system............141
3.3.2.1 The concept of thirst...................................................................................................141
3.3.2.2 Thirst physiology and initiation of drinking...............................................................141
3.3.2.3 Body water balance....................................................................................................145
3.3.2.4 Conservation of water and effects of water deprivation on animals in arid
environments..........................................................................................................................147
3.3.23 Assessing thirst in relation to animal welfare............................................................149
33.3 Example 2: Thermal stress affecting animal comfort and welfare in the Andean llama
and alpaca breeding system........................................................................................................150
3.3.3.1 Thermal stress in homeotherms and mediation of thermal stimuli in the nervous
system..................................................................................................„.................................151
3.3.3.2 Temperature balance equation...................................................................................152
33.33 Mechanisms of thermoregulatory control..................................................................153
333.4 Thermoregulatory response in neonates and implications for their welfare__..........155
3333 Effects of varying ambient temperatures and animal welfare....................................157
3.3.4 Example 2: Animal disease and its impact on animal welfare in the Andean llama and
alpaca breeding system...............................................................................................................159
3.3.4.1 Concepts of health and disease and its relation to animal welfare.............................160
3.3.4.2 Assessing animal welfare in relation to health and disease........................................162
3.3.4.3 Health problems and implications for welfare in animals under pastoral conditions. 164
3.3.4.4 Perspectives in the assessment of animal health and welfare.....................................166
3.3.5 Example 3: Impact of pain on farm animals with reference to the Indian smallholder
crop-livestock production system and scientific approaches to measure pain............................166
3.3 J.I Pain - a conceptual frame...........................................................................................167
3.3.5.2 Transmission of pain within the nervous system........................................................168
3.3.5.3 Assessing pain by analogy of pain perception between humans and animals............170
3.3.5.4 Assessing subjective states scientifically and arising problems.................................171
3.3.5.5 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): a tool to assess subjective
experiences including animal welfare?...................................................................................176
3.3.6 Example 4: The importance of behavioural indicators in the assessment of animal
welfare in large-scale commercial swine and poultry production in Thailand...........................176
3.3.6.1 Interpretation and motivational basis of behaviour....................................................177
3.3.6.2 Pig behavioural patterns in natural environments and modem housing systems.......179
3.3.6.3 The inadequacy of industrialized production systems and the resulting
development of abnormal behaviour in pigs..........................................................................183
3.3.6.4 How is animal welfare related to the behavioural response of animals?....................187
3.3.6.5 Behavioural adaptation of pure bred exotic pigs in tropical environments and
implications for their welfare.................................................................................................190
3.3.7 Fear in relation to animal welfare in industrial poultry production in Thailand................192
3.3.7.1 What constitutes fear?................................................................................................192
3.3.7.2 Assessment of fear by behavioural responses, vocalization and outer signs..............194
3.3.8 Important aspects to be developed in the scientific study of animal welfare.....................196
3.3.8.1 The importance of physiological and psychological features in the assessment of
animal welfare........................................................................................................................197
3.3.8.2 A continuum at a scale? - Attempts to grade animal welfare.....................................198
3.3.8.3 Critical reflection on methodological traditions in science........................................199
3.3.8.4 Models to assess subjective states..............................................................................201
4 Conclusion________________________________________________________________ 203
; Snmnnrj , , , ..., , ,, .. ........ . , ...20Ii
6 /mamnu-ifaenrng.. ................. ...214
7 Bibliography-------------_____________________________________________________ 223
Vl
List of Tables
Table 2.1 The moral relevance of and human obligations to animals in ethical theories of different
philosophers..........................................................................................................................................20
Table 2.2 Comparison of the acceptability of killing, harming and using animals in utilitarianism
and animal rights position.....................................................................................................................28
Table 2.3 Causes to include or omit animals from moral concern in different ethical concepts..........31
Table 2.4 Rise of new ethical concepts as a result of technological change.........................................31
Table 2.5 Effects of ill-treatment of animals on animals and production.............................................40
Table 2.6 Concepts of animal welfare and indicators used...................................................................54
Table 2.7 Mean food intake, liveweight gain and food to gain ration in fattening pigs in different
environments over a 63-day period.......................................................................................................56
Table 2.8 Amount of time spent by hens in the different cages within a 2-h period.............................61
Table 2.9 Mean call energy (dB) of piglets during castration with and without local anaesthesia
and fixation (Standard deviation in brackets)........................................................................................63
Table 2.10 Overview of measures of poor and good welfare...............................................................64
Table 2.11 Evaluation sheet of the TGI200/1994 related to the social behaviour in cattle..................66
Table 2.12 Selected concepts of animal welfare - strengthens and weaknesses...................................68
Table 3.1 Categories of agro-ecological zones in the tropics................................................................72
Table 3.2 Classes of tropical livestock production systems and important characteristics...................73
Table 3.3 Livestock production systems to be investigated and criteria of their selection...................75
Table 3.4 Physiography, distribution of rainfall, and land use by region.............................................86
Table 3.5 Features of the selected animal husbandry systems..............................................................90
Table 3.6 Animal welfare-related problems in the selected animal production systems......................91
Table 3.7 Overview of the two main categories of Hindu scriptures..................................................107
Table 3.8 Sources of water losses and gains in animals......................................................................146
Table 3.9 Effects of water deprivation on water balance in desert sheep...........................................148
Table 3.10 Factors of thermoregulatory control contributing to the maintenance of heat balance.....155
Table 3.11 Estimates of lower critical temperature in newborn and adult farm animals....................156
Table 3.12 Estimates of lower critical temperature (0C) in sheep.......................................................158
Table 3.13 Physical and mental signs of health..................................................................................160
Table 3.14 Evaluation scheme for the assessment of animal welfare related to health......................163
Table 3.15 Pain behaviour scale for the evaluation of chronic pain in animals.................................173
Table 3.16 Physiological parameters of responses to pain-induced distressl in animals...................174
Table 3.17 Comparison of characteristics of the concept of animal welfare and modern science......201
VH
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 The literal meaning of welfare ..........................................................................................33
Figure 3.1 Satiety cascade...................................................................................................................136
Figure 3.2 Scheme of energy flows during fasting..............................................................................138
Figure 3.3 Body fluid compartments...................................................................................................142
Figure 3.4 Factors likely to be involved in the initiation of water intake after water deprivation......144
Figure 3.5 Model for the initiation of drinking...................................................................................145
Figure 3.6 Homeostau c accommodation as a result of environmental change...................................152
Figure 3.7 Development of heat production rate and body core temperature in different zones of
effective environmental temperature and ascribed levels of animal welfare.......................................157
Figure 3.8 Conceptual model of motivation........................................................................................179
Figure 3.9 The occurrence of distinct levels of stereotypies related to animal welfare.......................189
Figure 3.10 Constituents and consequences of fear.............................................................................194
VIlI
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| adam_txt |
Table of Contents
Kurzfassung.„,
Table of Contents_III
List of Tables_VD
List of Figures_VHI
Preface_IX
0 Introduction.¦—¦—¦¦¦—.—¦¦.—.1
1 Why should we care about animals?.2
1.1 The moral relevance of animal minds.2
1.2 Pain, suffering and moral concern for animals.4
1.3 The ethical significance of animal consciousness.4
2 The animal welfare debate_6
2.1 Historical background and contemporary ethical concepts.6
2.1.1 Terminology of ethics and morality.6
2.1.1.1 Ethics, morals and morality.6
2.1.1.2 Ethical relativism.7
2.1.1.3 Moral theories.9
2.1.2 Historical ideas about the treatment of animals in Europe.10
2.1.2.1 Human "dominion" over animals? - Judaeo-Christian notions.10
2.1.2.2 Early developments in moral philosophy.11
2.1.2.3 Inferiority of animals in Cartesian thought.13
2.1.2.4 Kantian reason and indirect duties to animals.14
2.1.2.5 Social contract theories.16
2.1.2.6 Bentham's theory of justice.16
2.1.2.7 Animal ethics motivated by compassion.17
2.1.2.8 The anti-cruelty ethic as a result of European philosophical thought.19
2.1.3 Ethical concepts in response to the industrialization of animal agriculture.20
2.1.3.1 The impact of the technological innovation on animal ethics.20
2.1.3.2 Contemporary utilitarian considerations by Peter Singer.23
2.1.3.3 Tom Regan's animal rights view.24
2.1.3.4 Rights based on animal interests and the human-farm animal relationship.27
2.1.4 Prospects in the light of novel reproductive technologies.29
2.1.4.1 The inadequacy of the concept of animal interests.29
2.1.4.2 The dignity and integrity of living beings.30
2.1.4.3 From the anti-cruelty ethic to "Würde der Kreatur".31
2.2 The scientific study of animal welfare.32
2.2.1 Attempts to „define" animal welfare.32
2^2.1.1 The literal meaning of "welfare".32
2.2.1.2 Differentiating welfare and well-being._.33
2.2.1.3 The variety of „definitions" of animal welfare.34
2.2.2 Scientific concepts of animal welfare._.37
2.2.2.1 In retrospect: „The five freedoms".38
2.2.2.2 The role of „suffering" in the animal welfare debate.38
Hl
2.2.2.3 The health concept.41
2.2.2.4 Satisfaction of needs.42
2.2.2.5 The model of stress.46
2.2.2.6 The concept of coping.48
2.2.2.7 The animal's point of view and the concept of animal feelings.51
2.2.2.8 The concept of "tiergerechte Haltungsumwelt".53
2.2.3 Measuring animal welfare.54
2.2.3.1 Parameters of veterinary epidemiology, pathology and immunology.54
2.2.3.2 Production and reproduction.55
2.2.3.3 Behaviour.56
2.2.3.4 Neuroendocrine responses.58
2.2.3.5 Animal preferences, operational conditioning and aversion.60
2.2.3.6 Vocal and other signals.63
2.2.3.7 Combined measures.64
2.2.3.8 The animal needs index (ANI).65
2.3 The dualism of animal welfare.67
3 Animal welfare concerns in tropical livestock husbandry.„—.¦——---------—-71
3.1 Characterization of animal production systems in the tropics and identification of relevant
animal welfare-related problems.71
3.1.1 The tropical environment.71
3.1.2 Animal production systems and their classification.72
3.1.3 Methodological approach for the analysis and selection of livestock production systems. 74
3.1.3.1 Integrated analytical approach.74
3.1.3.2 Selection of husbandry systems to be investigated.74
3.1.4 Example 1: System determinants and animal welfare-related problems in the Fulbe
pastoral system.75
3.1.4.1 Natural conditions and resulting patterns of the pastoral system.75
3.1.4.2 Economic conditions and the level of human intervention in the system.77
3.1.4.3 The socio-cultural background in relation to the human animal bond.78
3.1.5 Example 2: Characterization of the llama and alpaca breeding system in the Andean
highland and relevant aspects of animal welfare.78
3.1.5.1 Agro-ecology and the camelid production system in the Andes.78
3.1.5.2 Socio-cultural factors and the importance of religion in pastoral life.80
3.1.5.3 Economic framework and potential for innovative measures.82
3.1.6 Example 3: Brief description of the smallholder crop-livestock production system in
India and pertinent problems of animal welfare.82
3.1.6.1 The Indian monsoon climate and the corresponding integrated farming system.82
3.1.6.2 Religion, social life and the ban of cattle slaughter in India.84
3.1.6.3 The importance of agriculture in the country's economy and extent of human
impact on animals in the draught animal system.85
3.1.7 Example 4: The large-scale commercial swine and poultry production systems in
Thailand - main features and relevant aspects of animal welfare.86
3.1.7.1 Agro-ecological conditions, land use and animal husbandry in Thailand.86
3.1.7.2 Economic growth and the development of large-scale commercial production
systems.87
3.1.7.3 The socio-cultural background and consequences of human intervention in animal
husbandry.88
3.1.8 Identification of animal welfare-related problems.90
3.2 Constituting elements of the moral status of farm animals in non-European cultures.92
3.2.1 Animal ethics in a non-European context.„.93
3.2.1.1 What does the moral status refer to?.93
3.2.1.2 The relation ethics - religion and ethics - law._.94
3.2.1.3 The cultural impact on ethics.„.95
IV
3.2.2 Example 1: Cattle values and Islamic values in the Fulbe system.96
3.2.2.1 The „cattle complex" and „Pulaaku".96
3.2.2.2 Islamic values: The Qur'an and the Sunnah as a source of Muslim ethic.98
3.2.2.3 Islamic values: Animal protection in the Schari'a and slaughter practices.100
3.2.3 Example 2: The llama and alpaca in the religious ethic in the central and southern
Andes.100
3.2.3.1 The Andean cosmogony.101
3.2.3.2 Moral codes with regard to the treatment of llama and alpaca.102
3.2.3.3 Ritual ceremonies directed to the Pachamama.103
3.2.3.4 Rituals directed to apu and awki.105
3.2.4 Example 3: Traditional Indian morality concerning the treatment of cattle.106
3.2.4.1 Hindu scriptures.106
3.2.4.2 The understanding of natural phenomena - cosmology and cosmogony.108
3.2.4.3 The notions of Brahman, samsara, karma and dharma.109
3.2.4.4 The principle of „ahimsa" (non-violence).110
3.2.4.5 The vedic relation towards nature and animals.111
3.2.4.6 Animal protection legislation in India.113
3.2.5 Example 4: The human-animal relationship in Buddhist ethics in Thailand.115
3.2.5.1 Origin of Buddhism and essential scriptures.115
3.2.5.2 Buddhist cosmology and cosmogony related to the notions of reincarnation and
karma.115
3.2.5.3 The notion of dukkha and the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path.117
3.2.5.4 The first precept and the principle of non-injury (ahimsa), compassion and loving-
kindness.118
3.2.5.5 Past and present-day legislation.119
3.2.6 Reflections on the moral treatment of animals and the implementation of norms.120
3.2.6.1 Concern for animals but distinction between humans and animals.120
3.2.6.2 Moral duties towards animals.121
3.2.6.3 The killing of animals for food.122
3.2.6.4 The animal sacrifice.124
3.2.6.5 The paradigm and the view of ethical relativism.127
3.2.6.6 Scope for changes in the treatment of animals.129
3.3 The scientific study of animal welfare related to tropical environments.132
3.3.1 Example 1: Hunger as threat to animal welfare in the Fulbe pastoral system.132
3.3.1.1 The definition of hunger.132
3.3.1.2 The physiology of hunger and mechanisms of feed intake control.133
3.3.1.3 Psychological components of hunger and the conscious sensation of appetite.137
3.3.1.4 Animal metabolism and energy supply during fasting and realimemation.137
3.3.1.5 Assessment of undemutrition and malnutrition in terms of animal welfare.139
3.3.2 Example 1: Thirst and its effects on animal welfare in the Fulbe pastoral system.141
3.3.2.1 The concept of thirst.141
3.3.2.2 Thirst physiology and initiation of drinking.141
3.3.2.3 Body water balance.145
3.3.2.4 Conservation of water and effects of water deprivation on animals in arid
environments.147
3.3.23 Assessing thirst in relation to animal welfare.149
33.3 Example 2: Thermal stress affecting animal comfort and welfare in the Andean llama
and alpaca breeding system.150
3.3.3.1 Thermal stress in homeotherms and mediation of thermal stimuli in the nervous
system.„.151
3.3.3.2 Temperature balance equation.152
33.33 Mechanisms of thermoregulatory control.153
333.4 Thermoregulatory response in neonates and implications for their welfare_.155
3333 Effects of varying ambient temperatures and animal welfare.157
3.3.4 Example 2: Animal disease and its impact on animal welfare in the Andean llama and
alpaca breeding system.159
3.3.4.1 Concepts of health and disease and its relation to animal welfare.160
3.3.4.2 Assessing animal welfare in relation to health and disease.162
3.3.4.3 Health problems and implications for welfare in animals under pastoral conditions. 164
3.3.4.4 Perspectives in the assessment of animal health and welfare.166
3.3.5 Example 3: Impact of pain on farm animals with reference to the Indian smallholder
crop-livestock production system and scientific approaches to measure pain.166
3.3 J.I Pain - a conceptual frame.167
3.3.5.2 Transmission of pain within the nervous system.168
3.3.5.3 Assessing pain by analogy of pain perception between humans and animals.170
3.3.5.4 Assessing subjective states scientifically and arising problems.171
3.3.5.5 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): a tool to assess subjective
experiences including animal welfare?.176
3.3.6 Example 4: The importance of behavioural indicators in the assessment of animal
welfare in large-scale commercial swine and poultry production in Thailand.176
3.3.6.1 Interpretation and motivational basis of behaviour.177
3.3.6.2 Pig behavioural patterns in natural environments and modem housing systems.179
3.3.6.3 The inadequacy of industrialized production systems and the resulting
development of abnormal behaviour in pigs.183
3.3.6.4 How is animal welfare related to the behavioural response of animals?.187
3.3.6.5 Behavioural adaptation of pure bred exotic pigs in tropical environments and
implications for their welfare.190
3.3.7 Fear in relation to animal welfare in industrial poultry production in Thailand.192
3.3.7.1 What constitutes fear?.192
3.3.7.2 Assessment of fear by behavioural responses, vocalization and outer signs.194
3.3.8 Important aspects to be developed in the scientific study of animal welfare.196
3.3.8.1 The importance of physiological and psychological features in the assessment of
animal welfare.197
3.3.8.2 A continuum at a scale? - Attempts to grade animal welfare.198
3.3.8.3 Critical reflection on methodological traditions in science.199
3.3.8.4 Models to assess subjective states.201
4 Conclusion_ 203
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6 /mamnu-ifaenrng. . .214
7 Bibliography-------------_ 223
Vl
List of Tables
Table 2.1 The moral relevance of and human obligations to animals in ethical theories of different
philosophers.20
Table 2.2 Comparison of the acceptability of killing, harming and using animals in utilitarianism
and animal rights position.28
Table 2.3 Causes to include or omit animals from moral concern in different ethical concepts.31
Table 2.4 Rise of new ethical concepts as a result of technological change.31
Table 2.5 Effects of ill-treatment of animals on animals and production.40
Table 2.6 Concepts of animal welfare and indicators used.54
Table 2.7 Mean food intake, liveweight gain and food to gain ration in fattening pigs in different
environments over a 63-day period.56
Table 2.8 Amount of time spent by hens in the different cages within a 2-h period.61
Table 2.9 Mean call energy (dB) of piglets during castration with and without local anaesthesia
and fixation (Standard deviation in brackets).63
Table 2.10 Overview of measures of poor and good welfare.64
Table 2.11 Evaluation sheet of the TGI200/1994 related to the social behaviour in cattle.66
Table 2.12 Selected concepts of animal welfare - strengthens and weaknesses.68
Table 3.1 Categories of agro-ecological zones in the tropics.72
Table 3.2 Classes of tropical livestock production systems and important characteristics.73
Table 3.3 Livestock production systems to be investigated and criteria of their selection.75
Table 3.4 Physiography, distribution of rainfall, and land use by region.86
Table 3.5 Features of the selected animal husbandry systems.90
Table 3.6 Animal welfare-related problems in the selected animal production systems.91
Table 3.7 Overview of the two main categories of Hindu scriptures.107
Table 3.8 Sources of water losses and gains in animals.146
Table 3.9 Effects of water deprivation on water balance in desert sheep.148
Table 3.10 Factors of thermoregulatory control contributing to the maintenance of heat balance.155
Table 3.11 Estimates of lower critical temperature in newborn and adult farm animals.156
Table 3.12 Estimates of lower critical temperature (0C) in sheep.158
Table 3.13 Physical and mental signs of health.160
Table 3.14 Evaluation scheme for the assessment of animal welfare related to health.163
Table 3.15 Pain behaviour scale for the evaluation of chronic pain in animals.173
Table 3.16 Physiological parameters of responses to pain-induced distressl in animals.174
Table 3.17 Comparison of characteristics of the concept of animal welfare and modern science.201
VH
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 The literal meaning of "welfare".33
Figure 3.1 Satiety cascade.136
Figure 3.2 Scheme of energy flows during fasting.138
Figure 3.3 Body fluid compartments.142
Figure 3.4 Factors likely to be involved in the initiation of water intake after water deprivation.144
Figure 3.5 Model for the initiation of drinking.145
Figure 3.6 Homeostau'c accommodation as a result of environmental change.152
Figure 3.7 Development of heat production rate and body core temperature in different zones of
effective environmental temperature and ascribed levels of animal welfare.157
Figure 3.8 Conceptual model of motivation.179
Figure 3.9 The occurrence of distinct levels of stereotypies related to animal welfare.189
Figure 3.10 Constituents and consequences of fear.194
VIlI |
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| id | DE-604.BV023297213 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:45:11Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:15:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783895746529 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016481730 |
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| series | Schriften zur internationalen Agrarentwicklung |
| series2 | Schriften zur internationalen Agrarentwicklung |
| spelling | Dörfler, Renate Luise Verfasser aut The assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems ethical and scientific issues Renate Luise Dörfler 1. Aufl. Berlin Köster 2007 241 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Schriften zur internationalen Agrarentwicklung 54 Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss., 2005. - Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache Nutztierhaltung - Artgerechte Haltung - Tiergesundheit - Tierethik Tierethik (DE-588)4194901-8 gnd rswk-swf Nutztierhaltung (DE-588)4286868-3 gnd rswk-swf Tiergesundheit (DE-588)4411619-6 gnd rswk-swf Artgerechte Haltung (DE-588)4143126-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Nutztierhaltung (DE-588)4286868-3 s Artgerechte Haltung (DE-588)4143126-1 s Tiergesundheit (DE-588)4411619-6 s Tierethik (DE-588)4194901-8 s DE-604 Schriften zur internationalen Agrarentwicklung 54 (DE-604)BV008281241 54 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016481730&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Dörfler, Renate Luise The assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems ethical and scientific issues Schriften zur internationalen Agrarentwicklung Nutztierhaltung - Artgerechte Haltung - Tiergesundheit - Tierethik Tierethik (DE-588)4194901-8 gnd Nutztierhaltung (DE-588)4286868-3 gnd Tiergesundheit (DE-588)4411619-6 gnd Artgerechte Haltung (DE-588)4143126-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4194901-8 (DE-588)4286868-3 (DE-588)4411619-6 (DE-588)4143126-1 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems ethical and scientific issues |
| title_auth | The assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems ethical and scientific issues |
| title_exact_search | The assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems ethical and scientific issues |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems ethical and scientific issues |
| title_full | The assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems ethical and scientific issues Renate Luise Dörfler |
| title_fullStr | The assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems ethical and scientific issues Renate Luise Dörfler |
| title_full_unstemmed | The assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems ethical and scientific issues Renate Luise Dörfler |
| title_short | The assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems |
| title_sort | the assessment of animal welfare in diverse livestock production systems ethical and scientific issues |
| title_sub | ethical and scientific issues |
| topic | Nutztierhaltung - Artgerechte Haltung - Tiergesundheit - Tierethik Tierethik (DE-588)4194901-8 gnd Nutztierhaltung (DE-588)4286868-3 gnd Tiergesundheit (DE-588)4411619-6 gnd Artgerechte Haltung (DE-588)4143126-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nutztierhaltung - Artgerechte Haltung - Tiergesundheit - Tierethik Tierethik Nutztierhaltung Tiergesundheit Artgerechte Haltung Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016481730&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008281241 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dorflerrenateluise theassessmentofanimalwelfareindiverselivestockproductionsystemsethicalandscientificissues |