International trade and health protection: a critical assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cheltenham [u.a.]
Elgar
2008
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | X, 354 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781847206572 1847206573 |
Staff View
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| adam_text |
Titel: International trade and health protection
Autor: Epps, Tracey
Jahr: 2008
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
List of abbreviations x
PART I BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Aims and limitations 5
1.3 Organization 7
2 What's health got to do with it? The linkage between health
and international trade 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 What is 'health'? Keeping humans, animals, and plants
alive and healthy 10
2.3 When health protection measures become non-tariff
barriers to trade 12
3 Through the (historical) looking-glass: health and trade
in context 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Disputes over trade and health in the 1800s 16
3.3 Development of rules on non-trade barriers 23
3.4 The final product: the SPS Agreement 28
3.5 The trade impact of SPS measures 30
3.5.1 Quantifiable impact 30
3.5.2 Disputes under the SPS Agreement 32
3.6 Conclusion 34
4 Looking to the future: forces of change 35
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2 Tariff substitution 35
4.3 Food safety 36
4.3.1 Content attributes 37
4.3.2 Process attributes 39
V
vi Contents
4.4 Public participation in regulatory decision-making 40
4.5 Regulatory divergence 43
4.6 North-South conflict 46
4.7 Conclusion 48
PART II HEALTH AND TRADE: CONFLICTING OBJECTIVES?
5 Foundations of tension between health protection and
trade liberalization 51
5.1 Introduction 51
5.2 The case for trade 51
5.2.1 The economic case for trade 52
5.2.2 The gains from trade 53
5.2.3 Objections to free trade 56
5.3 Health regulation 58
5.3.1 Normative theories of regulation 60
5.3.1.1 Economic goals 61
5.3.1.2 Non-economic goals 66
5.3.2 Positive theories of regulation 77
5.3.2.1 Public interest theory 77
5.3.2.2 Private interest theory: public choice 79
5.3.2.3 Alternative explanations of regulation 85
5.4 Conclusion 90
6 Identifying tension: the 'difficult' (or 'amber') cases 92
6.1 Introduction 92
6.2 Prelude to the 'difficult' cases: what is a risk to health? 92
6.3 The 'difficult' (or 'amber') cases 95
7 Resolving the tension: balancing trade and health objectives
in the WTO 100
7.1 Introduction 100
7.2 The WTO and rules of international law 100
7.3 A normative framework for resolution 102
PART m REGULATING TO PROTECT HEALTH:
WHERE AND HOW?
8 Setting the standards: home or away? Ill
8.1 Introduction 111
8.2 The principle of subsidiarity 112
8.3 Regulatory harmonization 113
Contents vii
8.3.1 What is regulatory harmonization? 113
8.3.2 Arguments for and against regulatory
harmonization 114
8.3.3 Harmonization under the SPS Agreement 121
8.4 Mutual recognition 125
8.5 Conclusion 126
9 Perception of risks: the role of public perceptions 127
9.1 Introduction 127
9.2 Risk in Western society 127
9.3 Public vs. expert risk perceptions 129
9.3.1 Psychological mechanisms ('heuristics') 130
9.3.2 Social mechanisms 134
9.3.3 Cultural cognition or 'normative bias' 136
9.4 Regulating in response to public perceptions 139
9.5 Public risk perceptions and the WTO 141
10 Analysis of risks: the role of science 143
10.1 Introduction 143
10.2 Science and law 143
10.3 Why use science? The notion of objectivity 147
10.4 Risk analysis: the role of science and values 155
10.4.1 Risk assessment 157
10.4.2 Risk management 168
10.4.3 Precaution in risk analysis 169
10.4.4 Risk assessment and risk management: can
they be separated? 173
10.5 A role for the public in risk analysis? 175
PART IV THE WTO: RULES AND CASES
11 A science-based approach 181
11.1 Introduction 181
11.2 The WTO's science-based approach 181
11.2.1 GATT 181
11.2.2 The SPS Agreement's scientific evidence
requirements 181
11.3 Assessing the science-based approach 183
11.3.1 Criticisms of the approach 183
11.3.2 Mandating the use of science domestically 188
11.3.3 Validating the science-based approach 190
11.4 Reviewing domestic regulatory decisions 191
viii Contents
12 The facts of the health cases 202
12.1 Introduction 202
12.2 Thailand - Cigarettes 202
12.3 EC-Asbestos 206
12.4 EC - Beef Hormones 208
12.5 Australia - Salmon 213
12.6 Japan - Agricultural Products 216
12.7 Japan-Apples 218
12.8 EC - Biotech Products 218
12.9 Brazil - Retreaded Tyres 222
13 Analysis of the health cases 225
13.1 Introduction 225
13.2 Normative approach 225
13.3 Interpreting the SPS Agreement 228
13.3.1 Risk assessment: existence of a risk 228
13.3.1.1 Lessons from the GATT 228
13.3.1.2 The SPS Agreement 231
13.3.2 Setting the appropriate level of protection:
risk management 247
13.3.2.1 Lessons from the GATT 248
13.3.2.2 The SPS Agreement 256
13.3.3 Burden of proof, standard of review, and
expert advice 273
13.3.3.1 Burden of proof 274
13.3.3.2 Standard of review 276
13.3.3.3 Expert advice 278
13.4 Conclusion 284
PARTV CONCLUSION
14 Conclusion 293
14.1 A normative basis upon which to balance health and
trade objectives 294
14.2 Subsidiarity 297
14.3 Critique of the SPS Agreement 298
14.3.1 The science-based framework 298
14.3.2 Interpretation by panels and the Appellate Body 302
14.4 A final word 304
Bibliography 306
Index 337 |
| adam_txt |
Titel: International trade and health protection
Autor: Epps, Tracey
Jahr: 2008
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
List of abbreviations x
PART I BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Aims and limitations 5
1.3 Organization 7
2 What's health got to do with it? The linkage between health
and international trade 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 What is 'health'? Keeping humans, animals, and plants
alive and healthy 10
2.3 When health protection measures become non-tariff
barriers to trade 12
3 Through the (historical) looking-glass: health and trade
in context 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Disputes over trade and health in the 1800s 16
3.3 Development of rules on non-trade barriers 23
3.4 The final product: the SPS Agreement 28
3.5 The trade impact of SPS measures 30
3.5.1 Quantifiable impact 30
3.5.2 Disputes under the SPS Agreement 32
3.6 Conclusion 34
4 Looking to the future: forces of change 35
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2 Tariff substitution 35
4.3 Food safety 36
4.3.1 Content attributes 37
4.3.2 Process attributes 39
V
vi Contents
4.4 Public participation in regulatory decision-making 40
4.5 Regulatory divergence 43
4.6 North-South conflict 46
4.7 Conclusion 48
PART II HEALTH AND TRADE: CONFLICTING OBJECTIVES?
5 Foundations of tension between health protection and
trade liberalization 51
5.1 Introduction 51
5.2 The case for trade 51
5.2.1 The economic case for trade 52
5.2.2 The gains from trade 53
5.2.3 Objections to free trade 56
5.3 Health regulation 58
5.3.1 Normative theories of regulation 60
5.3.1.1 Economic goals 61
5.3.1.2 Non-economic goals 66
5.3.2 Positive theories of regulation 77
5.3.2.1 Public interest theory 77
5.3.2.2 Private interest theory: public choice 79
5.3.2.3 Alternative explanations of regulation 85
5.4 Conclusion 90
6 Identifying tension: the 'difficult' (or 'amber') cases 92
6.1 Introduction 92
6.2 Prelude to the 'difficult' cases: what is a risk to health? 92
6.3 The 'difficult' (or 'amber') cases 95
7 Resolving the tension: balancing trade and health objectives
in the WTO 100
7.1 Introduction 100
7.2 The WTO and rules of international law 100
7.3 A normative framework for resolution 102
PART m REGULATING TO PROTECT HEALTH:
WHERE AND HOW?
8 Setting the standards: home or away? Ill
8.1 Introduction 111
8.2 The principle of subsidiarity 112
8.3 Regulatory harmonization 113
Contents vii
8.3.1 What is regulatory harmonization? 113
8.3.2 Arguments for and against regulatory
harmonization 114
8.3.3 Harmonization under the SPS Agreement 121
8.4 Mutual recognition 125
8.5 Conclusion 126
9 Perception of risks: the role of public perceptions 127
9.1 Introduction 127
9.2 Risk in Western society 127
9.3 Public vs. expert risk perceptions 129
9.3.1 Psychological mechanisms ('heuristics') 130
9.3.2 Social mechanisms 134
9.3.3 Cultural cognition or 'normative bias' 136
9.4 Regulating in response to public perceptions 139
9.5 Public risk perceptions and the WTO 141
10 Analysis of risks: the role of science 143
10.1 Introduction 143
10.2 Science and law 143
10.3 Why use science? The notion of objectivity 147
10.4 Risk analysis: the role of science and values 155
10.4.1 Risk assessment 157
10.4.2 Risk management 168
10.4.3 Precaution in risk analysis 169
10.4.4 Risk assessment and risk management: can
they be separated? 173
10.5 A role for the public in risk analysis? 175
PART IV THE WTO: RULES AND CASES
11 A science-based approach 181
11.1 Introduction 181
11.2 The WTO's science-based approach 181
11.2.1 GATT 181
11.2.2 The SPS Agreement's scientific evidence
requirements 181
11.3 Assessing the science-based approach 183
11.3.1 Criticisms of the approach 183
11.3.2 Mandating the use of science domestically 188
11.3.3 Validating the science-based approach 190
11.4 Reviewing domestic regulatory decisions 191
viii Contents
12 The facts of the health cases 202
12.1 Introduction 202
12.2 Thailand - Cigarettes 202
12.3 EC-Asbestos 206
12.4 EC - Beef Hormones 208
12.5 Australia - Salmon 213
12.6 Japan - Agricultural Products 216
12.7 Japan-Apples 218
12.8 EC - Biotech Products 218
12.9 Brazil - Retreaded Tyres 222
13 Analysis of the health cases 225
13.1 Introduction 225
13.2 Normative approach 225
13.3 Interpreting the SPS Agreement 228
13.3.1 Risk assessment: existence of a risk 228
13.3.1.1 Lessons from the GATT 228
13.3.1.2 The SPS Agreement 231
13.3.2 Setting the appropriate level of protection:
risk management 247
13.3.2.1 Lessons from the GATT 248
13.3.2.2 The SPS Agreement 256
13.3.3 Burden of proof, standard of review, and
expert advice 273
13.3.3.1 Burden of proof 274
13.3.3.2 Standard of review 276
13.3.3.3 Expert advice 278
13.4 Conclusion 284
PARTV CONCLUSION
14 Conclusion 293
14.1 A normative basis upon which to balance health and
trade objectives 294
14.2 Subsidiarity 297
14.3 Critique of the SPS Agreement 298
14.3.1 The science-based framework 298
14.3.2 Interpretation by panels and the Appellate Body 302
14.4 A final word 304
Bibliography 306
Index 337 |
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| spelling | Epps, Tracey Verfasser aut International trade and health protection a critical assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement Tracey Epps Cheltenham [u.a.] Elgar 2008 X, 354 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (1995) SPS-Abkommen 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4680081-5 gnd rswk-swf Recht Animals Inspection Law and legislation Food adulteration and inspection Law and legislation Plant inspection Law and legislation Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd rswk-swf Lebensmittelüberwachung (DE-588)4140844-5 gnd rswk-swf Gesundheitsschutz (DE-588)4127850-1 gnd rswk-swf SPS-Abkommen 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4680081-5 u Lebensmittelüberwachung (DE-588)4140844-5 s Gesundheitsschutz (DE-588)4127850-1 s Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 s DE-188 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016480333&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Epps, Tracey International trade and health protection a critical assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (1995) SPS-Abkommen 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4680081-5 gnd Recht Animals Inspection Law and legislation Food adulteration and inspection Law and legislation Plant inspection Law and legislation Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd Lebensmittelüberwachung (DE-588)4140844-5 gnd Gesundheitsschutz (DE-588)4127850-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4680081-5 (DE-588)4065365-1 (DE-588)4140844-5 (DE-588)4127850-1 |
| title | International trade and health protection a critical assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement |
| title_auth | International trade and health protection a critical assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement |
| title_exact_search | International trade and health protection a critical assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement |
| title_exact_search_txtP | International trade and health protection a critical assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement |
| title_full | International trade and health protection a critical assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement Tracey Epps |
| title_fullStr | International trade and health protection a critical assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement Tracey Epps |
| title_full_unstemmed | International trade and health protection a critical assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement Tracey Epps |
| title_short | International trade and health protection |
| title_sort | international trade and health protection a critical assessment of the wto s sps agreement |
| title_sub | a critical assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement |
| topic | Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (1995) SPS-Abkommen 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4680081-5 gnd Recht Animals Inspection Law and legislation Food adulteration and inspection Law and legislation Plant inspection Law and legislation Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd Lebensmittelüberwachung (DE-588)4140844-5 gnd Gesundheitsschutz (DE-588)4127850-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (1995) SPS-Abkommen 1994 April 15 Recht Animals Inspection Law and legislation Food adulteration and inspection Law and legislation Plant inspection Law and legislation Welthandel Lebensmittelüberwachung Gesundheitsschutz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016480333&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT eppstracey internationaltradeandhealthprotectionacriticalassessmentofthewtosspsagreement |