Holdings: The art of cryogenics

The art of cryogenics: low-temperature experimental techniques

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Ventura, Guglielmo (Author), Risegari, Lara (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2008
Edition:	1. ed.
Subjects:	Low temperature engineering Tieftemperaturtechnik Tieftemperaturphysik Experimentalphysik
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XIII, 364 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780080444796 0080444792

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adam_text	THE ART OF CRYOGENICS LOW-TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES GUGLIELMO VENTURA AND LARA RISEGARI TU DARMSTADT TEILBIBLIOTHEK CHSNUE/ MATERIALWISSENSCHAFT ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM * BOSTON * HEIDELBERG * LONDON * NEW YORK * OXFORD PARIS * SAN DIEGO * SAN FRANCISCO * SINGAPORE * SYDNEY * TOKYO CONTENTS PREFACE XIII PART I 1 1 VACUUM TECHNIQUES 3 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 INTRODUCTION VAPOUR PRESSURE MEAN FREE PATH AND VISCOSITY GAS FLOW 1.4.1 CONDUCTANCE OF AN ORIFICE AND OF A PIPE FOR MOLECULAR FLOW 1.4.2 CONDUCTANCE OF AN ORIFICE AND OF A PIPE FOR VISCOUS FLOW EVACUATION OF A LUMPED VOLUME VACUUM PUMPS 1.6.1 ROTARY VANE OIL-SEALED MECHANICAL PUMP 1.6.2 BOOSTER PUMPS 1.6.3 SCROLL PUMPS 1.6.4 SORPTION PUMPS 1.6.5 OIL DIFFUSION PUMPS 1.6.6 TURBOMOLECULAR PUMPS 1.6.7 MOLECULAR DRAG PUMPS OTHER VACUUM COMPONENTS PRESSURE GAGES 1.8.1 TOTAL-PRESSURE GAGES 1.8.2 MCLEOD GAGE 1.8.3 BOURDON GAGE 1.8.4 DIAPHRAGM GAGE 1.8.5 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY GAGES 1.8.6 HOT CATHODE IONIZATION GAGE 1.8.7 COLD CATHODE GAGE MEASUREMENT OF PARTIAL PRESSURES 1.9.1 LEAK DETECTORS REFERENCES 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 17 20 22 23 26 26 27 28 28 29 29 31 32 32 33 VI CONTENTS PART II 35 2 CRYOLIQUIDS 37 2.1 CRYOGENICS: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY 37 2.2 CRYOLIQUIDS 40 2.2.1 LIQUID OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN 40 2.2.2 LIQUID NITROGEN 42 2.2.3 LIQUID HELIUM 43 2.2.4 HELIUM PHYSICS PROPERTIES 45 2.2.4.1 HELIUM VAPOUR PRESSURE AND LATENT HEAT OF EVAPORATION 45 2.2.4.2 HELIUM SPECIFIC HEAT 47 2.2.4.3 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF LIQUID 4 HE: THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY 51 REFERENCES 53 3 PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AT LOW TEMPERATURE 55 3.1 INTRODUCTION 55 3.2 SPECIFIC HEAT 56 3.3 LATTICE SPECIFIC HEAT 56 3.4 ELECTRONIC SPECIFIC HEAT 58 3.5 ELECTRONIC SPECIFIC HEAT IN SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS 59 3.6 MAGNETIC SPECIFIC HEAT 62 3.7 SPECIFIC HEAT DUE TO THE AMORPHOUS STATE 66 3.8 DATA OF SPECIFIC HEAT 69 3.9 THERMAL EXPANSION 71 3.10 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 73 3.10.1 PHONONS 75 3.10.2 ELECTRON THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 77 3.11 SUPERCONDUCTING METALS 80 3.12 DATA OF LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 81 3.13 THE WIEDEMANN-FRANZ LAW 83 REFERENCES 84 4 HEAT TRANSFER AND THERMAL ISOLATION 89 4.1 INTRODUCTION 89 4.2 SELECTION OF MATERIALS OF APPROPRIATE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 89 4.3 HEAT SWITCHES 91 4.3.1 GAS HEAT SWITCHES 91 4.3.2 SUPERCONDUCTING HEAT SWITCHES 92 4.3.3 OTHER HEAT SWITCHES 93 4.4 CONTACT THERMAL RESISTANCE 94 REFERENCES 100 CONTENTS VII PART III 103 5 COOLING DOWN TO 0.3K 105 5.1 INTRODUCTION 106 5.2 TRANSPORT AND STORAGE VESSELS 106 5.3 LIQUID 4 HE IN THE CRYOSTATS 107 5.3.1 COOL-DOWN PERIOD 108 5.3.2 CONSTANT TEMPERATURE PERIOD 108 5.3.2.1 HEAT CONDUCTION . 108 5.3.2.2 HEAT RADIATION 108 5.3.2.3 CONDUCTION BY GAS PARTICLES 110 5.3.2.4 THERMOACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS 111 5.4 4 HE CRYOSTATS 111 5.4.1 CRYOSTATS FOR T 4.2K 111 5.4.2 CRYOSTATS FOR 1.3K 5.5 3 HE CRYOSTATS 114 5.5.1 3 HE REFRIGERATOR WITH INTERNAL PUMP 115 5.6 ACCESSORIES 117 5.6.1 N 2 TRANSFER TUBES 117 5.6.2 4 HE TRANSFER TUBES 117 5.6.3 LIQUID-LEVEL DETECTORS 119 5.7 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATORS 120 5.7.1 INTRODUCTION 120 5.7.2 COOLERS USING COUNTERFLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS 121 5.7.2.1 PRESSURE DROP 121 5.7.2.2 HEAT TRANSFER 121 5.7.2.3 EFFICIENCY AND LENGTH 122 5.7.2.4 CONSTRUCTION 123 5.7.2.5 OTHER LIQUEFIER DETAILS 124 5.7.3 THE COLLINS HELIUM LIQUEFIER 125 5.7.4 KLIMENKO CYCLE 125 5.7.5 COOLERS USING TURBO-EXPANDERS 126 5.7.6 BRAY TON CYCLE 127 5.7.7 COOLERS USING REGENERATIVE HEAT EXCHANGERS 128 5.7.8 PHILIPS STIRLING CYCLE 128 5.7.9 GIFFORD-MCMAHON 130 5.8 PULSE TUBE REFRIGERATORS 131 5.8.1 INTRODUCTION 131 5.8.2 TWO COMPRESSION METHODS FOR THE PTR 133 5.8.3 SIMPLIFIED OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF PTRS 135 5.8.4 COOLING POWER 137 5.8.5 MULTISTAGE PTRS 139 REFERENCES 139 VIII CONTENTS 6 DILUTION REFRIGERATORS 143 6.1 INTRODUCTION 143 6.2 PROPERTIES OF 3 HE- 4 HE LIQUID MIXTURE 144 6.3 THE CLASSIC DR 147 6.4 THE J-T DR 153 6.5 PRACTICAL OPERATIONS WITH A DR 156 6.6 DR IN HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS 157 6.7 DRY DR 158 6.8 NO-GRAVITY DILUTION 158 REFERENCES 160 7 OTHER REFRIGERATORS 163 7.1 INTRODUCTION 163 7.2 POMERANCHUCK REFRIGERATOR 163 7.2.1 THE STRANGE BEHAVIOUR OF 3 HE 164 7.3 ADIABATIC DEMAGNETIZATION REFRIGERATOR 167 7.4 ADIABATIC NUCLEAR DEMAGNETIZATION 169 7.5 ELECTRONIC REFRIGERATION 170 REFERENCES 170 PART IV 173 8 TEMPERATURE SCALES AND TEMPERATURE FIXED POINTS 175 8.1 INTRODUCTION 175 8.2 REFERENCE FIXED POINTS 176 8.3 THE ITS 90 178 8.4 THE PROVISIONAL LOW-TEMPERATURE SCALE 2000 181 8.5 NBS-SRM 767A, 768 AND SRD 1000 FIXED POINT DEVICES 184 8.6 APPENDK: SUPERCONDUCTIVE TRANSITIONS AND INFLUENCE OF PURITY AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 187 REFERENCES 190 9 LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMOMETRY 193 9.1 INTRODUCTION 193 9.2 GAS THERMOMETRY 194 9.2.1 CONSTANT VOLUME GAS THERMOMETRY 195 9.2.2 ACOUSTIC GAS THERMOMETRY 196 9.2.3 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT GAS THERMOMETRY 197 9.3 VAPOUR PRESSURE THERMOMETRY 198 9.4 3 HE MELTING CURVE THERMOMETRY 199 9.5 THERMOCOUPLES 200 CONTENTS IX 9.6 RESISTANCE THERMOMETRY 202 9.6.1 METAL THERMISTORS 202 9.6.2 SEMICONDUCTORS, CARBON AND METAL OXIDE THERMISTORS 203 9.6.2.1 DOPED GERMANIUM RESISTORS 204 9.6.2.2 CARBON RESISTORS 205 9.6.2.3 THICK-FILM RUO 2 RESISTORS 206 9.6.2.4 ZIRCONIUM OXINITRIDE 207 9.6.2.5 JUNCTION DIODES 208 9.6.3 TRAPS IN RESISTANCE THERMOMETRY 208 9.7 NOISE THERMOMETRY 211 9.8 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT THERMOMETRY 212 9.9 PARAMAGNETIC SALT THERMOMETRY 215 9.10 NUCLEAR ORIENTATION THERMOMETRY 216 9.11 MAGNETIC THERMOMETRY WITH NUCLEAR PARAMAGNETS 219 9.12 COULOMB BLOCKADE THERMOMETRY 219 REFERENCES 221 10 INSTRUMENTATION FOR CRYOGENICS 225 10.1 MAGNETS 225 10.1.1 SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS 225 10.1.2 MAGNET WIRES 226 10.1.3 MAGNET SPECIFICATIONS 226 10.1.4 PERSISTENT MODE 227 10.1.5 POWER SUPPLIES FOR MAGNETS 228 10.2 RADIO FREQUENCY SHIELDING AND FILTERING 228 10.2.1 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 228 10.2.2 SUPERCONDUCTING SHIELDS 229 10.2.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE FILTERING 229 10.3 BRIDGES 231 10.4 THE SYNCHRONOUS DEMODULATOR (LOCK-IN) 232 10.5 TEMPERATURE CONTROL 237 10.6 LOW-NOISE COLD AMPLIFIERS 238 REFERENCES 240 PART V 243 11 MEASUREMENT OF THE PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AT LOW TEMPERATURE 245 11.1 INTRODUCTION 245 11.2 MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 246 11.3 MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A6061-T6 AND A1050 BETWEEN 4.2 AND 77 K 249 11.3.1 INTRODUCTION 249 11.3.2 EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS 249 X CONTENTS 11.4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF COPPER AT VERY LOW TEMPERATURES 252 11.4.1 INTRODUCTION 252 11.4.2 EXPERIMENT 253 11.4.3 RESULTS 255 11.5 MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF TORLON 257 11.5.1 INTRODUCTION 257 11.5.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF TORLON 4203 IN THE 0.08-5 K TEMPERATURE RANGE 257 11.5.3 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF TORLON 4203 BETWEEN 4.2 AND 300 K 259 11.5.3.1 COMPARISON AMONG THE POWER PASSING THROUGH THE SAMPLE AND THE SPURIOUS POWER CONTRIBUTIONS 263 11.5.3.2 THERMAL CONTACTS TO THE SAMPLE 263 11.5.3.3 ERROR BUDGET 264 REFERENCES 264 12 MEASUREMENTS OF HEAT CAPACITY 267 12.1 INTRODUCTION 267 12.2 MEASUREMENT METHODS 268 12.2.1 HEAT PULSE TECHNIQUE 268 12.2.2 AC CALORIMETRY 270 12.2.3 TIME CONSTANT (RELAXATION) METHOD 270 12.2.4 DUAL SLOPE METHOD 270 12.2.5 THERMAL BATH MODULATION 271 12.2.6 MEASUREMENT CONSTRAINS 271 12.3 EXAMPLE OF CLASSICAL SET UP FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HEAT CAPACITIES 271 12.4 HEAT CAPACITY OF A TEO 2 SINGLE CRYSTAL BETWEEN 0.06 AND 0.28 K 272 12.4.1 THERMAL CONDUCTANCE OF THE SAMPLE TO THE THERMAL BATH 274 12.4.2 MEASUREMENT OF THE HEAT CAPACITY 275 12.4.3 RESULTS 276 12.5 MEASUREMENT OF THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF TORLON BETWEEN 0.15 AND 4.2 K 277 12.5.1 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 277 12.5.2 RESULTS 279 12.5.3 DISCUSSION 280 12.6 MEASUREMENT OF HEAT CAPACITY OF NTD GE THERMISTORS 282 12.6.1 INTRODUCTION 282 12.6.2 NTD PROCESS AND REALIZATION OF THERMISTORS 282 12.6.3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 283 12.6.4 RESULTS 284 12.6.5 DISCUSSION 285 REFERENCES 287 CONTENTS XI 13 MEASUREMENTS OF THERMAL EXPANSION 289 13.1 INTRODUCTION 289 13.2 A SIMPLE INTERFEROMETRIC DILATOMETER 290 13.3 THERMAL EXPANSION OF TORLON BETWEEN 4.2 AND 295 K 292 REFERENCES 295 PART VI 297 14 PRACTICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND SPACE APPLICATIONS OF CRYOGENICS 299 14.1 INTRODUCTION 299 14.2 INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNICAL USE OF CRYOLIQUIDS 299 14.3 BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 300 14.4 SPACE CRYOGENICS 301 14.5 COLD ELECTRONICS 303 REFERENCES 305 15 LOW-TEMPERATURE DETECTORS 307 15.1 INTRODUCTION 307 15.2 CRYOGENIC SENSORS 309 15.2.1 RESISTANCE SENSORS 309 15.2.1.1 NTD GE SENSORS 309 15.2.1.2 ELECTRICAL CONTACTS 310 15.2.1.3 CARRIER (ELECTRON-PHONON) DECOUPLING 312 15.2.2 TES 314 15.3 EXAMPLES OF CRYOGENIC DETECTORS 315 15.3.1 CALORIMETERS 316 15.3.2 CUORICINO DETECTOR MODEL 316 15.4 INFRARED BOLOMETERS 320 15.4.1 SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION OF BOLOMETER RESPONSIVITY 323 15.4.1.1 EXAMPLE: DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF AN INFRARED BOLOMETER OPERATING AT 0.3 K 324 15.4.1.2 BOLOMETER COMPONENTS 325 15.4.1.3 NOTE ABOUT INFRARED RADIATION FILTERS 327 REFERENCES 327 16 LARGE CRYOGENIC EXPERIMENTS 331 16.1 INTRODUCTION 331 16.2 GRAVITATIONAL WAVES 334 16.2.1 GW DETECTORS 336 16.2.1.1 INTRODUCTION 336 16.2.1.2 RESONANT MASS DETECTORS AND RESONANT TRANSDUCERS 337 16.3 MINIGRAIL 339 16.3.1 CRYOGENICS FOR MINIGRAIL 340 XII CONTENTS 16.4 NEUTRINO PHYSICS 342 16.4.1 THE DBD 344 16.5 CUORE 345 16.6 CUORICINO 348 REFERENCES 353 INDEX 357
adam_txt	THE ART OF CRYOGENICS LOW-TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES GUGLIELMO VENTURA AND LARA RISEGARI TU DARMSTADT TEILBIBLIOTHEK CHSNUE/ MATERIALWISSENSCHAFT ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM * BOSTON * HEIDELBERG * LONDON * NEW YORK * OXFORD PARIS * SAN DIEGO * SAN FRANCISCO * SINGAPORE * SYDNEY * TOKYO CONTENTS PREFACE XIII PART I 1 1 VACUUM TECHNIQUES 3 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 INTRODUCTION VAPOUR PRESSURE MEAN FREE PATH AND VISCOSITY GAS FLOW 1.4.1 CONDUCTANCE OF AN ORIFICE AND OF A PIPE FOR MOLECULAR FLOW 1.4.2 CONDUCTANCE OF AN ORIFICE AND OF A PIPE FOR VISCOUS FLOW EVACUATION OF A LUMPED VOLUME VACUUM PUMPS 1.6.1 ROTARY VANE OIL-SEALED MECHANICAL PUMP 1.6.2 BOOSTER PUMPS 1.6.3 SCROLL PUMPS 1.6.4 SORPTION PUMPS 1.6.5 OIL DIFFUSION PUMPS 1.6.6 TURBOMOLECULAR PUMPS 1.6.7 MOLECULAR DRAG PUMPS OTHER VACUUM COMPONENTS PRESSURE GAGES 1.8.1 TOTAL-PRESSURE GAGES 1.8.2 MCLEOD GAGE 1.8.3 BOURDON GAGE 1.8.4 DIAPHRAGM GAGE 1.8.5 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY GAGES 1.8.6 HOT CATHODE IONIZATION GAGE 1.8.7 COLD CATHODE GAGE MEASUREMENT OF PARTIAL PRESSURES 1.9.1 LEAK DETECTORS REFERENCES 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 17 20 22 23 26 26 27 28 28 29 29 31 32 32 33 VI CONTENTS PART II 35 2 CRYOLIQUIDS 37 2.1 CRYOGENICS: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY 37 2.2 CRYOLIQUIDS 40 2.2.1 LIQUID OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN 40 2.2.2 LIQUID NITROGEN 42 2.2.3 LIQUID HELIUM 43 2.2.4 HELIUM PHYSICS PROPERTIES 45 2.2.4.1 HELIUM VAPOUR PRESSURE AND LATENT HEAT OF EVAPORATION 45 2.2.4.2 HELIUM SPECIFIC HEAT 47 2.2.4.3 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF LIQUID 4 HE: THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY 51 REFERENCES 53 3 PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AT LOW TEMPERATURE 55 3.1 INTRODUCTION 55 3.2 SPECIFIC HEAT 56 3.3 LATTICE SPECIFIC HEAT 56 3.4 ELECTRONIC SPECIFIC HEAT 58 3.5 ELECTRONIC SPECIFIC HEAT IN SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS 59 3.6 MAGNETIC SPECIFIC HEAT 62 3.7 SPECIFIC HEAT DUE TO THE AMORPHOUS STATE 66 3.8 DATA OF SPECIFIC HEAT 69 3.9 THERMAL EXPANSION 71 3.10 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 73 3.10.1 PHONONS 75 3.10.2 ELECTRON THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 77 3.11 SUPERCONDUCTING METALS 80 3.12 DATA OF LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 81 3.13 THE WIEDEMANN-FRANZ LAW 83 REFERENCES 84 4 HEAT TRANSFER AND THERMAL ISOLATION 89 4.1 INTRODUCTION 89 4.2 SELECTION OF MATERIALS OF APPROPRIATE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 89 4.3 HEAT SWITCHES 91 4.3.1 GAS HEAT SWITCHES 91 4.3.2 SUPERCONDUCTING HEAT SWITCHES 92 4.3.3 OTHER HEAT SWITCHES 93 4.4 CONTACT THERMAL RESISTANCE 94 REFERENCES 100 CONTENTS VII PART III 103 5 COOLING DOWN TO 0.3K 105 5.1 INTRODUCTION 106 5.2 TRANSPORT AND STORAGE VESSELS 106 5.3 LIQUID 4 HE IN THE CRYOSTATS 107 5.3.1 COOL-DOWN PERIOD 108 5.3.2 CONSTANT TEMPERATURE PERIOD 108 5.3.2.1 HEAT CONDUCTION . 108 5.3.2.2 HEAT RADIATION 108 5.3.2.3 CONDUCTION BY GAS PARTICLES 110 5.3.2.4 THERMOACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS 111 5.4 4 HE CRYOSTATS 111 5.4.1 CRYOSTATS FOR T 4.2K 111 5.4.2 CRYOSTATS FOR 1.3K 5.5 3 HE CRYOSTATS 114 5.5.1 3 HE REFRIGERATOR WITH INTERNAL PUMP 115 5.6 ACCESSORIES 117 5.6.1 N 2 TRANSFER TUBES 117 5.6.2 4 HE TRANSFER TUBES 117 5.6.3 LIQUID-LEVEL DETECTORS 119 5.7 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATORS 120 5.7.1 INTRODUCTION 120 5.7.2 COOLERS USING COUNTERFLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS 121 5.7.2.1 PRESSURE DROP 121 5.7.2.2 HEAT TRANSFER ' 121 5.7.2.3 EFFICIENCY AND LENGTH 122 5.7.2.4 CONSTRUCTION 123 5.7.2.5 OTHER LIQUEFIER DETAILS 124 5.7.3 THE COLLINS HELIUM LIQUEFIER 125 5.7.4 KLIMENKO CYCLE 125 5.7.5 COOLERS USING TURBO-EXPANDERS 126 5.7.6 BRAY TON CYCLE 127 5.7.7 COOLERS USING REGENERATIVE HEAT EXCHANGERS 128 5.7.8 PHILIPS STIRLING CYCLE 128 5.7.9 GIFFORD-MCMAHON 130 5.8 PULSE TUBE REFRIGERATORS 131 5.8.1 INTRODUCTION 131 5.8.2 TWO COMPRESSION METHODS FOR THE PTR 133 5.8.3 SIMPLIFIED OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF PTRS 135 5.8.4 COOLING POWER 137 5.8.5 MULTISTAGE PTRS 139 REFERENCES 139 VIII CONTENTS 6 DILUTION REFRIGERATORS 143 6.1 INTRODUCTION 143 6.2 PROPERTIES OF 3 HE- 4 HE LIQUID MIXTURE 144 6.3 THE CLASSIC DR 147 6.4 THE J-T DR 153 6.5 PRACTICAL OPERATIONS WITH A DR 156 6.6 DR IN HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS 157 6.7 DRY DR 158 6.8 NO-GRAVITY DILUTION 158 REFERENCES 160 7 OTHER REFRIGERATORS 163 7.1 INTRODUCTION 163 7.2 POMERANCHUCK REFRIGERATOR 163 7.2.1 THE STRANGE BEHAVIOUR OF 3 HE 164 7.3 ADIABATIC DEMAGNETIZATION REFRIGERATOR 167 7.4 ADIABATIC NUCLEAR DEMAGNETIZATION 169 7.5 ELECTRONIC REFRIGERATION 170 REFERENCES 170 PART IV 173 8 TEMPERATURE SCALES AND TEMPERATURE FIXED POINTS 175 8.1 INTRODUCTION 175 8.2 REFERENCE FIXED POINTS 176 8.3 THE ITS 90 178 8.4 THE PROVISIONAL LOW-TEMPERATURE SCALE 2000 181 8.5 NBS-SRM 767A, 768 AND SRD 1000 FIXED POINT DEVICES 184 8.6 APPENDK: SUPERCONDUCTIVE TRANSITIONS AND INFLUENCE OF PURITY AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 187 REFERENCES 190 9 LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMOMETRY 193 9.1 INTRODUCTION 193 9.2 GAS THERMOMETRY 194 9.2.1 CONSTANT VOLUME GAS THERMOMETRY 195 9.2.2 ACOUSTIC GAS THERMOMETRY 196 9.2.3 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT GAS THERMOMETRY 197 9.3 VAPOUR PRESSURE THERMOMETRY 198 9.4 3 HE MELTING CURVE THERMOMETRY 199 9.5 THERMOCOUPLES 200 CONTENTS IX 9.6 RESISTANCE THERMOMETRY 202 9.6.1 METAL THERMISTORS 202 9.6.2 SEMICONDUCTORS, CARBON AND METAL OXIDE THERMISTORS 203 9.6.2.1 DOPED GERMANIUM RESISTORS 204 9.6.2.2 CARBON RESISTORS 205 9.6.2.3 THICK-FILM RUO 2 RESISTORS 206 9.6.2.4 ZIRCONIUM OXINITRIDE 207 9.6.2.5 JUNCTION DIODES 208 9.6.3 TRAPS IN RESISTANCE THERMOMETRY 208 9.7 NOISE THERMOMETRY 211 9.8 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT THERMOMETRY 212 9.9 PARAMAGNETIC SALT THERMOMETRY 215 9.10 NUCLEAR ORIENTATION THERMOMETRY 216 9.11 MAGNETIC THERMOMETRY WITH NUCLEAR PARAMAGNETS 219 9.12 COULOMB BLOCKADE THERMOMETRY 219 REFERENCES 221 10 INSTRUMENTATION FOR CRYOGENICS 225 10.1 MAGNETS 225 10.1.1 SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS 225 10.1.2 MAGNET WIRES 226 10.1.3 MAGNET SPECIFICATIONS 226 10.1.4 PERSISTENT MODE 227 10.1.5 POWER SUPPLIES FOR MAGNETS 228 10.2 RADIO FREQUENCY SHIELDING AND FILTERING 228 10.2.1 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 228 10.2.2 SUPERCONDUCTING SHIELDS 229 10.2.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE FILTERING 229 10.3 BRIDGES 231 10.4 THE SYNCHRONOUS DEMODULATOR (LOCK-IN) 232 10.5 TEMPERATURE CONTROL 237 10.6 LOW-NOISE COLD AMPLIFIERS 238 REFERENCES 240 PART V 243 11 MEASUREMENT OF THE PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AT LOW TEMPERATURE 245 11.1 INTRODUCTION 245 11.2 MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 246 11.3 MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A6061-T6 AND A1050 BETWEEN 4.2 AND 77 K 249 11.3.1 INTRODUCTION 249 11.3.2 EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS 249 X CONTENTS 11.4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF COPPER AT VERY LOW TEMPERATURES 252 11.4.1 INTRODUCTION 252 11.4.2 EXPERIMENT 253 11.4.3 RESULTS 255 11.5 MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF TORLON 257 11.5.1 INTRODUCTION 257 11.5.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF TORLON 4203 IN THE 0.08-5 K TEMPERATURE RANGE 257 11.5.3 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF TORLON 4203 BETWEEN 4.2 AND 300 K 259 11.5.3.1 COMPARISON AMONG THE POWER PASSING THROUGH THE SAMPLE AND THE SPURIOUS POWER CONTRIBUTIONS 263 11.5.3.2 THERMAL CONTACTS TO THE SAMPLE 263 11.5.3.3 ERROR BUDGET 264 REFERENCES 264 12 MEASUREMENTS OF HEAT CAPACITY 267 12.1 INTRODUCTION 267 12.2 MEASUREMENT METHODS 268 12.2.1 HEAT PULSE TECHNIQUE 268 12.2.2 AC CALORIMETRY 270 12.2.3 TIME CONSTANT (RELAXATION) METHOD 270 12.2.4 DUAL SLOPE METHOD 270 12.2.5 THERMAL BATH MODULATION 271 12.2.6 MEASUREMENT CONSTRAINS 271 12.3 EXAMPLE OF 'CLASSICAL' SET UP FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HEAT CAPACITIES 271 12.4 HEAT CAPACITY OF A TEO 2 SINGLE CRYSTAL BETWEEN 0.06 AND 0.28 K 272 12.4.1 THERMAL CONDUCTANCE OF THE SAMPLE TO THE THERMAL BATH 274 12.4.2 MEASUREMENT OF THE HEAT CAPACITY 275 12.4.3 RESULTS 276 12.5 MEASUREMENT OF THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF TORLON BETWEEN 0.15 AND 4.2 K 277 12.5.1 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 277 12.5.2 RESULTS 279 12.5.3 DISCUSSION 280 12.6 MEASUREMENT OF HEAT CAPACITY OF NTD GE THERMISTORS 282 12.6.1 INTRODUCTION 282 12.6.2 NTD PROCESS AND REALIZATION OF THERMISTORS 282 12.6.3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 283 12.6.4 RESULTS 284 12.6.5 DISCUSSION 285 REFERENCES 287 CONTENTS XI 13 MEASUREMENTS OF THERMAL EXPANSION 289 13.1 INTRODUCTION 289 13.2 A SIMPLE INTERFEROMETRIC DILATOMETER 290 13.3 THERMAL EXPANSION OF TORLON BETWEEN 4.2 AND 295 K 292 REFERENCES 295 PART VI 297 14 PRACTICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND SPACE APPLICATIONS OF CRYOGENICS 299 14.1 INTRODUCTION 299 14.2 INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNICAL USE OF CRYOLIQUIDS 299 14.3 BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 300 14.4 SPACE CRYOGENICS 301 14.5 COLD ELECTRONICS 303 REFERENCES 305 15 LOW-TEMPERATURE DETECTORS 307 15.1 INTRODUCTION 307 15.2 CRYOGENIC SENSORS 309 15.2.1 RESISTANCE SENSORS 309 15.2.1.1 NTD GE SENSORS 309 15.2.1.2 ELECTRICAL CONTACTS 310 15.2.1.3 CARRIER (ELECTRON-PHONON) DECOUPLING 312 15.2.2 TES 314 15.3 EXAMPLES OF CRYOGENIC DETECTORS 315 15.3.1 CALORIMETERS 316 15.3.2 CUORICINO DETECTOR MODEL 316 15.4 INFRARED BOLOMETERS 320 15.4.1 SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION OF BOLOMETER RESPONSIVITY 323 15.4.1.1 EXAMPLE: DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF AN INFRARED BOLOMETER OPERATING AT 0.3 K 324 15.4.1.2 BOLOMETER COMPONENTS 325 15.4.1.3 NOTE ABOUT INFRARED RADIATION FILTERS 327 REFERENCES 327 16 LARGE CRYOGENIC EXPERIMENTS 331 16.1 INTRODUCTION 331 16.2 GRAVITATIONAL WAVES 334 16.2.1 GW DETECTORS 336 16.2.1.1 INTRODUCTION 336 16.2.1.2 RESONANT MASS DETECTORS AND RESONANT TRANSDUCERS 337 16.3 MINIGRAIL 339 16.3.1 CRYOGENICS FOR MINIGRAIL 340 XII CONTENTS 16.4 NEUTRINO PHYSICS 342 16.4.1 THE DBD 344 16.5 CUORE 345 16.6 CUORICINO 348 REFERENCES 353 INDEX 357
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spelling	Ventura, Guglielmo Verfasser (DE-588)1147001685 aut The art of cryogenics low-temperature experimental techniques Guglielmo Ventura and Lara Risegari 1. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2008 XIII, 364 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Low temperature engineering Tieftemperaturtechnik (DE-588)4078299-2 gnd rswk-swf Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 gnd rswk-swf Experimentalphysik (DE-588)4132579-5 gnd rswk-swf Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 s Experimentalphysik (DE-588)4132579-5 s DE-604 Tieftemperaturtechnik (DE-588)4078299-2 s Risegari, Lara Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016445765&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Ventura, Guglielmo Risegari, Lara The art of cryogenics low-temperature experimental techniques Low temperature engineering Tieftemperaturtechnik (DE-588)4078299-2 gnd Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 gnd Experimentalphysik (DE-588)4132579-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4078299-2 (DE-588)4185450-0 (DE-588)4132579-5
title	The art of cryogenics low-temperature experimental techniques
title_auth	The art of cryogenics low-temperature experimental techniques
title_exact_search	The art of cryogenics low-temperature experimental techniques
title_exact_search_txtP	The art of cryogenics low-temperature experimental techniques
title_full	The art of cryogenics low-temperature experimental techniques Guglielmo Ventura and Lara Risegari
title_fullStr	The art of cryogenics low-temperature experimental techniques Guglielmo Ventura and Lara Risegari
title_full_unstemmed	The art of cryogenics low-temperature experimental techniques Guglielmo Ventura and Lara Risegari
title_short	The art of cryogenics
title_sort	the art of cryogenics low temperature experimental techniques
title_sub	low-temperature experimental techniques
topic	Low temperature engineering Tieftemperaturtechnik (DE-588)4078299-2 gnd Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 gnd Experimentalphysik (DE-588)4132579-5 gnd
topic_facet	Low temperature engineering Tieftemperaturtechnik Tieftemperaturphysik Experimentalphysik
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016445765&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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