Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms: a comprehensive report
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English German |
| Published: |
Wien
2007
|
| Series: | Forschungsberichte der Sektion IV / Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Familie und Jugend, Sektion IV
2007,5 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in dt. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 131 S. Kt., Tab. |
| ISBN: | 9783902611093 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms |b a comprehensive report |c Autor: Markus Wögerbauer |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
Terms of Reference 5
Executive Summary 6
Zusammenfassung 10
1. Introduction 15
2. Horizontal gene transfer 16
2.1. Definitions: What is horizontal gene transfer? 16
2.2. Concerns: What s the fuss about horizontal gene transfer? 16
2.3. Naturally occurring horizontal gene transfer 16
2.4. Mechanisms: How is horizontal gene transfer facilitated? 17
2.4.1. Conjugation 18
2.4.1.1. DNA-retrotransfer 18
2.4.2. Transaction 19
2.4.3. Transformation 20
2.4.3.1. Competence 20
2.4.3.2. Steps necessary for bacterial transformation 21
2.4.3.3. Transfer of antibiotic resistance marker genes via transformation in
natural environments 21
2.5. Predispositions for an efficient ARM gene transfer 22
2.6. Hot spots for horizontal gene transfer 22
2.7. Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to soil bacteria 22
2.8. HGTfrom transgenic plants to pathogens that infect the plant 23
2.9. HGTfrom transgenic plants to invertebrates that may feed on plants 23
2.10. HGT from ingested transgenic plants to mammalian gut bacteria or mammalian cells 23
2.10.1. Gene transfer to bacteria residing in the mammalian gut 24
2.10.2. Gene transfer to mammalian cells 25
2.10.3. Conclusions 25
2.11. DNA stability in natural environments 26
2.11.1. DNA stability in food 26
2.11.2. DNA stability during food processing 27
2.11.3. DNA stability in soil 28
2.11.4. DNA stability in aqueous environments 29
2.11.5. DNA stability in sewage 29
2.11.6. Transgenic plant DNA on farmlands 29
2.11.7. Stability of transgenic DNA in silage 29
2.11.8. DNA stability in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract 30
2.11.8.1. Sheep 30
2.11.8.2. Pigs 30
2.11.8.3. Poultry 30
2.11.8.4. Mice and rats 30
2.11.8.5. Human gastrointestinal tract 31
2.12. Mechanisms of genomic integration of ARM genes 32
2.12.1. Homologous recombination 32
2.12.2. Illegitimate recombination 32
2.12.2.1. Additive Integration 32
2.12.2.2. Transposition 32
2.12.2.3. Integrons - gene cassettes 32
2.12.2.4. Non-homologous end-joining of DNA fragments in bacteria 33
2.13. Assessing the likelihood of horizontal gene transfer 33
2.14. Conclusions 33
3. Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in transgenic plants 34
3.1. The impact of ARM genes for the production of transgenic plants 34
3.1.1. Overview 34
3.1.2. The function of ARM genes in genetically modified plants 34
3.1.3. Plant gene technology 35
3.1.3.1. Procedures for plant cell transformation 35
3.2. Risk assessment of ARM genes - Risk analysis - Formal approach 36
3.2.1. Overview 35
3.2.2. Direct risks I.!...! .!!! !!!!!!!!36
2
I
I Table of Contents
3.2.3. Indirect risks 37
3.2.4. Formal approach for risk evaluation 37
3.2.4.1. Risk evaluation by analysis of risk pathways and scenarios 37
3.2.4.2. Risk assessment for successful ARM gene transfer considering barriers to
bacterial transformation 38
3.3. Dossiers on currently applied ARM genes in genetically modified plants 43
3.3.1. Overview 43
i 3.3.2. Ampicillin resistance: B-lactamase (blaTEM-i) 44
! 3.3.2.1. Outline 44
! 3.3.2.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 44
3.3.2.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 44
3.3.2.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin G 44
3.3.2.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 44
3.3.2.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 44
3.3.2.5. Additional safety considerations 45
3.3.2.6. EFSA GMO Panel risk classification of blaTEM-i 45
i
! 3.3.3. Kanamycin/neomycin resistance: nptll [aph(3 )-IIa] 46
3.3.3.1. Outline 46
: 3.3.3.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 46
3.3.3.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding inactivated antimicrobials 46
j 3.3.3.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of kanamycin, neomycin, paromomycin,
I gentamicin B and amikacin 46
! 3.3.3.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 46
3.3.3.4. Resistance levels occurring in natural environments 47
3.3.3.5. Selective conditions promoting survival of nptll carrying bacteria 48
! 3.3.3.6. Nptll as selectable marker system: regulatory and market acceptance 48
3.3.3.7. Alternatives to the nptll ARM gene technology 48
: 3.3.3.8. Additional safety considerations 49
3.3.3.8.1. Transfer of the ARM gene nptll to bacteria 50
3.3.3.8.2. Transfer of the ARM gene nptll to mammalian cells 50
3.3.3.8.3. Toxicity of the ARM gene nptll 50
3.3.3.8.4. Acute toxicity of the NPTII protein 50
3.3.3.8.5. Allergy caused by exposure to NPTII protein 51
3.3.3.8.6. Accumulation of the ARM gene derived NPTII protein in the environment 51
3.3.3.8.7. Inactivation of orally administered antibiotics by NPTII protein 51
3.3.4. Kanamycin resistance: nptlll [aph(3 )-IIIa] 52
3.3.4.1. Outline 52
3.3.4.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 52
3.3.4.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 52
3.3.4.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of kanamycin, neomycin, paromomycin,
gentamicin B and amikacin 52
3.3.4.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 52
3.3.4.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 52
3.3.4.5. Additional safety considerations 52
3.3.5. Streptomycin resistance: aadA [ant(3 )-Ia] 53
3.3.5.1. Outline 53
3.3.5.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 53
3.3.5.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 53
3.3.5.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of streptomycin and spectinomycin 53
3.3.5.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 53
3.3.5.3.3. Agriculture, Horticulture 53
3.3.5.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 53
3.3.5.5. Additional safety considerations 53
3.3.6. Hygromycin resistance: hph [aph(4)-Ia] 54
3.3.6.1. Outline 54
3.3.6.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 54
3.3.6.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 54
3.3.6.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of hygromycin 54
3.3.6.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 54
3
Table of Contents
3.3.6.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 54
3.3.6.5. Additional safety considerations 54
3.3.7. Chloramphenicol resistance: cat 55
3.3.7.1. Outline 55
3.3.7.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 55
3.3.7.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 55
3.3.7.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of chloramphenicol 55
3.3.7.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 55
3.3.7.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 55
3.3.7.5. Additional safety considerations 55
3.3.8. Tetracycline resistance: tetA 56
3.3.8.1. Outline 56
3.3.8.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 56
3.3.8.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 56
3.3.8.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of tetracycline, oxytetracycline and
doxycycline 56
3.3.8.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 56
3.3.8.3.3. Agriculture, Horticulture 56
3.3.8.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 56
3.3.8.5. Additional safety considerations 56
3.4. Background level of antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments 57
3.4.1. Resistance gene pool 57
3.4.2. Selection pressure: strong modulation of gene flux in natural environments by
antibiotics 58
3.4.3. Resistance gene pool: Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes as an elucidatory example ..59
3.4.4. Antibiotic resistance marker genes: Molecular biology and epidemiology 59
3.4.5. Status quo of antibiotic resistance with clinically relevant pathogenic bacteria 62
3.4.5.1. Comparisons: single antibiotic class (aminoglycosides) - resistance status of
several pathogenic strains 62
3.4.5.2. Comparisons: single antibiotic class (penicillins) - resistance status of
several pathogenic strains 66
3.4.5.3. Comparisons: single antibiotic class (tetracyclines) - resistance status of
several pathogenic strains 66
3.4.5.4. Comparisons: single antibiotic class - resistance status in a
single pathogenic strain 66
3.4.6. Consumption of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance in Europe 67
3.4.6.1. Country-specific resistance patterns: Streptococcus pneumoniae and
resistance to penicillin - An example 67
3.4.6.2. Species-specific resistance patterns: Penicillin resistance in isolates of
E. coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis - A comparison 69
3.4.6.3. Country-specific differences in the background level of resistance:
Aminoglycosides 69
3.4.6.4. Conclusions 75
3.4.7. Clinical relevance of antibiotics inactivated by ARM genes 76
3.4.7.1. Indications and areas of application of antibiotics inactivated by ARM genes 76
3.4.7.2. Problematic issues - aminoglycoside antibiotics 76
3.4.8. Conclusions 83
3.5. Antibiotic resistance marker gene risk classification by the EFSA GMO Panel 84
3.5.1. The EFSA GMO Panel s ARM gene classification: Points to consider 86
3.5.2. Concluding general remarks concerning risk assessment of ARM genes 87
4. Acknowledgements 89
5. Appendix A 90
5.1. DNA STABILITY IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS 91
6. Appendix B VI _ . I .VIV_ IVJIV. I . I . . IV . _ IVI . _ V. 11 108
6.1. Calculating the level of risk 108
7. Appendix C 1111111111111 ! HI !. ! 112
7.1. Alternatives to the ARM gene technology in GMOs.IIII!!!! !. . !!!!.!!! 112
8. References 118
4
|
| adam_txt |
Table of Contents
Terms of Reference 5
Executive Summary 6
Zusammenfassung 10
1. Introduction 15
2. Horizontal gene transfer 16
2.1. Definitions: What is horizontal gene transfer? 16
2.2. Concerns: What's the fuss about horizontal gene transfer? 16
2.3. Naturally occurring horizontal gene transfer 16
2.4. Mechanisms: How is horizontal gene transfer facilitated? 17
2.4.1. Conjugation 18
2.4.1.1. DNA-retrotransfer 18
2.4.2. Transaction 19
2.4.3. Transformation 20
2.4.3.1. Competence 20
2.4.3.2. Steps necessary for bacterial transformation 21
2.4.3.3. Transfer of antibiotic resistance marker genes via transformation in
natural environments 21
2.5. Predispositions for an efficient ARM gene transfer 22
2.6. Hot spots for horizontal gene transfer 22
2.7. Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to soil bacteria 22
2.8. HGTfrom transgenic plants to pathogens that infect the plant 23
2.9. HGTfrom transgenic plants to invertebrates that may feed on plants 23
2.10. HGT from ingested transgenic plants to mammalian gut bacteria or mammalian cells 23
2.10.1. Gene transfer to bacteria residing in the mammalian gut 24
2.10.2. Gene transfer to mammalian cells 25
2.10.3. Conclusions 25
2.11. DNA stability in natural environments 26
2.11.1. DNA stability in food 26
2.11.2. DNA stability during food processing 27
2.11.3. DNA stability in soil 28
2.11.4. DNA stability in aqueous environments 29
2.11.5. DNA stability in sewage 29
2.11.6. Transgenic plant DNA on farmlands 29
2.11.7. Stability of transgenic DNA in silage 29
2.11.8. DNA stability in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract 30
2.11.8.1. Sheep 30
2.11.8.2. Pigs 30
2.11.8.3. Poultry 30
2.11.8.4. Mice and rats 30
2.11.8.5. Human gastrointestinal tract 31
2.12. Mechanisms of genomic integration of ARM genes 32
2.12.1. Homologous recombination 32
2.12.2. Illegitimate recombination 32
2.12.2.1. Additive Integration 32
2.12.2.2. Transposition 32
2.12.2.3. Integrons - gene cassettes 32
2.12.2.4. Non-homologous end-joining of DNA fragments in bacteria 33
2.13. Assessing the likelihood of horizontal gene transfer 33
2.14. Conclusions 33
3. Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in transgenic plants 34
3.1. The impact of ARM genes for the production of transgenic plants 34
3.1.1. Overview 34
3.1.2. The function of ARM genes in genetically modified plants 34
3.1.3. Plant gene technology 35
3.1.3.1. Procedures for plant cell transformation 35
3.2. Risk assessment of ARM genes - Risk analysis - Formal approach 36
3.2.1. Overview 35
3.2.2. Direct risks I.!.!"""'.!!!"!!!!!!!!36
2
I
I Table of Contents
3.2.3. Indirect risks 37
3.2.4. Formal approach for risk evaluation 37
3.2.4.1. Risk evaluation by analysis of risk pathways and scenarios 37
3.2.4.2. Risk assessment for successful ARM gene transfer considering barriers to
bacterial transformation 38
3.3. Dossiers on currently applied ARM genes in genetically modified plants 43
3.3.1. Overview 43
i 3.3.2. Ampicillin resistance: B-lactamase (blaTEM-i) 44
! 3.3.2.1. Outline 44
! 3.3.2.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 44
3.3.2.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 44
3.3.2.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin G 44
3.3.2.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 44
3.3.2.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 44
3.3.2.5. Additional safety considerations 45
3.3.2.6. EFSA GMO Panel risk classification of blaTEM-i 45
i
! 3.3.3. Kanamycin/neomycin resistance: nptll [aph(3')-IIa] 46
\ 3.3.3.1. Outline 46
: 3.3.3.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 46
3.3.3.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding inactivated antimicrobials 46
j 3.3.3.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of kanamycin, neomycin, paromomycin,
I gentamicin B and amikacin 46
! 3.3.3.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 46
' 3.3.3.4. Resistance levels occurring in natural environments 47
3.3.3.5. Selective conditions promoting survival of nptll carrying bacteria 48
! 3.3.3.6. Nptll as selectable marker system: regulatory and market acceptance 48
3.3.3.7. Alternatives to the nptll ARM gene technology 48
: 3.3.3.8. Additional safety considerations 49
3.3.3.8.1. Transfer of the ARM gene nptll to bacteria 50
3.3.3.8.2. Transfer of the ARM gene nptll to mammalian cells 50
3.3.3.8.3. Toxicity of the ARM gene nptll 50
3.3.3.8.4. Acute toxicity of the NPTII protein 50
3.3.3.8.5. Allergy caused by exposure to NPTII protein 51
3.3.3.8.6. Accumulation of the ARM gene derived NPTII protein in the environment 51
3.3.3.8.7. Inactivation of orally administered antibiotics by NPTII protein 51
3.3.4. Kanamycin resistance: nptlll [aph(3')-IIIa] 52
3.3.4.1. Outline 52
3.3.4.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 52
3.3.4.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 52
3.3.4.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of kanamycin, neomycin, paromomycin,
gentamicin B and amikacin 52
3.3.4.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 52
3.3.4.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 52
' 3.3.4.5. Additional safety considerations 52
3.3.5. Streptomycin resistance: aadA [ant(3")-Ia] 53
3.3.5.1. Outline 53
3.3.5.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 53
3.3.5.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 53
3.3.5.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of streptomycin and spectinomycin 53
3.3.5.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 53
' 3.3.5.3.3. Agriculture, Horticulture 53
\ 3.3.5.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 53
3.3.5.5. Additional safety considerations 53
3.3.6. Hygromycin resistance: hph [aph(4)-Ia] 54
3.3.6.1. Outline 54
3.3.6.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 54
3.3.6.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 54
3.3.6.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of hygromycin 54
3.3.6.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 54
3
Table of Contents
3.3.6.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 54
3.3.6.5. Additional safety considerations 54
3.3.7. Chloramphenicol resistance: cat 55
3.3.7.1. Outline 55
3.3.7.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 55
3.3.7.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 55
3.3.7.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of chloramphenicol 55
3.3.7.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 55
3.3.7.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 55
3.3.7.5. Additional safety considerations 55
3.3.8. Tetracycline resistance: tetA 56
3.3.8.1. Outline 56
3.3.8.2. Substrate specificity and catalytic activity 56
3.3.8.3. Therapeutic relevance of the corresponding antimicrobials 56
3.3.8.3.1. Human therapeutic applications of tetracycline, oxytetracycline and
doxycycline 56
3.3.8.3.2. Veterinary Medicine 56
3.3.8.3.3. Agriculture, Horticulture 56
3.3.8.4. Resistance level occurring in natural environments 56
3.3.8.5. Additional safety considerations 56
3.4. Background level of antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments 57
3.4.1. Resistance gene pool 57
3.4.2. Selection pressure: strong modulation of gene flux in natural environments by
antibiotics 58
3.4.3. Resistance gene pool: Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes as an elucidatory example .59
3.4.4. Antibiotic resistance marker genes: Molecular biology and epidemiology 59
3.4.5. Status quo of antibiotic resistance with clinically relevant pathogenic bacteria 62
3.4.5.1. Comparisons: single antibiotic class (aminoglycosides) - resistance status of
several pathogenic strains 62
3.4.5.2. Comparisons: single antibiotic class (penicillins) - resistance status of
several pathogenic strains 66
3.4.5.3. Comparisons: single antibiotic class (tetracyclines) - resistance status of
several pathogenic strains 66
3.4.5.4. Comparisons: single antibiotic class - resistance status in a
single pathogenic strain 66
3.4.6. Consumption of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance in Europe 67
3.4.6.1. Country-specific resistance patterns: Streptococcus pneumoniae and
resistance to penicillin - An example 67
3.4.6.2. Species-specific resistance patterns: Penicillin resistance in isolates of
E. coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis - A comparison 69
3.4.6.3. Country-specific differences in the background level of resistance:
Aminoglycosides 69
3.4.6.4. Conclusions 75
3.4.7. Clinical relevance of antibiotics inactivated by ARM genes 76
3.4.7.1. Indications and areas of application of antibiotics inactivated by ARM genes 76
3.4.7.2. Problematic issues - aminoglycoside antibiotics 76
3.4.8. Conclusions 83
3.5. Antibiotic resistance marker gene risk classification by the EFSA GMO Panel 84
3.5.1. The EFSA GMO Panel's ARM gene classification: Points to consider 86
3.5.2. Concluding general remarks concerning risk assessment of ARM genes 87
4. Acknowledgements 89
5. Appendix A 90
5.1. DNA STABILITY IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS 91
6. Appendix B VI"_"."I".VIV_"IVJIV."I"."I"."."IV .""_"IVI"."_"V."11 108
6.1. Calculating the level of risk 108
7. Appendix C 1111111111111'"! HI"!.'! 112
7.1. Alternatives to the ARM gene technology in GMOs.IIII!!!!"!."."!!!!.!!! 112
8. References 118
4 |
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| author | Wögerbauer, Markus |
| author_facet | Wögerbauer, Markus |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Wögerbauer, Markus |
| author_variant | m w mw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023247548 |
| classification_tum | CIT 972f LAN 220f CIT 006f LAN 610f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)254163043 (DE-599)HBZHT015421585 |
| discipline | Agrarwissenschaft Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Biotechnologie Pflanzenbau |
| discipline_str_mv | Agrarwissenschaft Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Biotechnologie Pflanzenbau |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023247548 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:26:33Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:14:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783902611093 |
| language | English German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016432988 |
| oclc_num | 254163043 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-M489 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-M489 |
| physical | 131 S. Kt., Tab. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Forschungsberichte der Sektion IV / Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Familie und Jugend, Sektion IV |
| spelling | Wögerbauer, Markus Verfasser aut Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms a comprehensive report Autor: Markus Wögerbauer Wien 2007 131 S. Kt., Tab. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Forschungsberichte der Sektion IV / Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Familie und Jugend, Sektion IV 2007,5 Zsfassung in dt. Sprache Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd rswk-swf Antibiotikum (DE-588)4002257-2 gnd rswk-swf Gentechnisch veränderter Organismus (DE-588)4353579-3 gnd rswk-swf Arzneimittelresistenz (DE-588)4143180-7 gnd rswk-swf Gentechnisch veränderter Organismus (DE-588)4353579-3 s Antibiotikum (DE-588)4002257-2 s Arzneimittelresistenz (DE-588)4143180-7 s Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 s b DE-604 Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Familie und Jugend, Sektion IV Forschungsberichte der Sektion IV 2007,5 (DE-604)BV022482249 2007,5 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016432988&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wögerbauer, Markus Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms a comprehensive report Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd Antibiotikum (DE-588)4002257-2 gnd Gentechnisch veränderter Organismus (DE-588)4353579-3 gnd Arzneimittelresistenz (DE-588)4143180-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137042-9 (DE-588)4002257-2 (DE-588)4353579-3 (DE-588)4143180-7 |
| title | Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms a comprehensive report |
| title_auth | Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms a comprehensive report |
| title_exact_search | Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms a comprehensive report |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms a comprehensive report |
| title_full | Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms a comprehensive report Autor: Markus Wögerbauer |
| title_fullStr | Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms a comprehensive report Autor: Markus Wögerbauer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms a comprehensive report Autor: Markus Wögerbauer |
| title_short | Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms |
| title_sort | risk assessment of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified organisms a comprehensive report |
| title_sub | a comprehensive report |
| topic | Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd Antibiotikum (DE-588)4002257-2 gnd Gentechnisch veränderter Organismus (DE-588)4353579-3 gnd Arzneimittelresistenz (DE-588)4143180-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Risikoanalyse Antibiotikum Gentechnisch veränderter Organismus Arzneimittelresistenz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016432988&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022482249 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wogerbauermarkus riskassessmentofantibioticresistancemarkergenesingeneticallymodifiedorganismsacomprehensivereport |