The universe in X-rays: 19 tables
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
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Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2008
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| Series: | Astronomy and astrophysics library
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 496 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783540344117 |
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| adam_text | JOACHIM E. TRUMPER GUNTHER HASINGER (EDS.) THE UNIVERSE IN X-RAYS WITH
237 FIGURES, 40 IN COLOR AND 19 TABLES FYA SPRINGER CONTENTS PART I
X-RAY ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTATION 1 OVERVIEW 3 R. STAUBERT AND J.
TRUMPER 2 PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 5 E. PFEFFERMANN 2.1 INTRODUCTION 5 2.2
GASEOUS DETECTORS 5 2.3 OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF A PROPORTIONAL COUNTER 6
2.3.1 QUANTUM EFFICIENCY OF PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 7 2.3.2 ENERGY
RESOLUTION 8 2.3.3 TIME RESOLUTION 9 2.3.4 BACKGROUND REJECTION
CAPABILITY 9 2.3.5 DETECTOR LIFETIME 9 2.4 LARGE AREA PROPORTIONAL
COUNTERS FOR X-RAY ASTRONOMY 10 2.5 GAS SCINTILLATION PROPORTIONAL
COUNTERS 11 REFERENCES 13 3 SCINTILLATION COUNTERS Y J. 15 E. KENDZIORRA
* . 3.1 INTRODUCTION ,. 15 3.2 SCINTILLATION COUNTERS FOR X-RAY
ASTRONOMY 16 REFERENCES 19 4 IMAGING PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 21 E.
PFEFFERMANN * 4.1 INTRODUCTION .,. 21 4.2 GEOMETRY OF MULTIWIRE
PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 21 4.3 POSITION RESOLUTION OF MULTIWIRE
PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 22 4.4 POSITION READOUT METHODS 23 4.5 THE ROSAT
PSPC, 25 4.6 IMAGING GAS SCINTILLATION PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 26
REFERENCES . . . 28 VIII CONTENTS 5 APERTURE MODULATION TELESCOPES 29
R. STAUBERT 5.1 PRINCIPLE OF APERTURE MODULATION 29 5.1.1 TEMPORAL
APERTURE MODULATION 29 5.1.2 SPATIAL APERTURE MODULATION 33 5.2 VARIOUS
CODED-MASK TELESCOPE MISSIONS 37 REFERENCES 39 6 WOLTER OPTICS 41 P.
FRIEDRICH 6.1 PRINCIPLE 41 6.2 WOLTER-TYPE TELESCOPES 43 6.3 GENERAL
IMAGING PROPERTIES 45 6.4 NESTING OF MIRROR SHELLS 47 6.5 FABRICATION
TECHNIQUES FOR WOLTER TELESCOPES 48 6.6 MISSIONS WITH WOLTER TELESCOPES
49 REFERENCES 50 7 CCD DETECTORS 51 L. STRIIDER AND N. MEIDINGER 7.1
INTRODUCTION 51 7.2 MOS CCDS 52 7.3 FULLY DEPLETED BACK-ILLUMINATED
PNCCDS 52 7.3.1 THE CONCEPT OF FULLY DEPLETED, BACK-ILLUMINATED,
RADIATION HARD PNCCDS 53 7.3.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE CCD PERFORMANCE 57
7.3.3 DETECTOR PERFORMANCE (ON GROUND AND IN ORBIT) 61 7.3.4 FRAME STORE
PNCCDS FOR BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCE .... 65 7.3.5 NEW DEVICES , 68 7.4
NEW DETECTOR DEVELOPMENTS: ACTIVE PIXEL SENSORS FOR X-RAYS ... 68 7.5
CONCLUSION -.. ._ 7 0 REFERENCES V 71 8 HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY 73
P. PREDEHL 8.1 INTRODUCTION 73 8.2 TRANSMISSION GRATINGS =* 73 8.2.1
EINSTEIN OGS ^ . 76 8.2.2 EXOSAT TG 77 8.3 CHANDRA * 77 8.3.1 CHANDRA
HETG 78 8.3.2 CHANDRA LETG 78 8.4 REFLECTION GRATINGS: XMM-NEWTON RGS 79
8.5 BOLOMETERS . 82 REFERENCES 82 CONTENTS IX PART II GALACTIC X-RAY
ASTRONOMY 9 SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS 85 K. DENNERL 9.1 INTRODUCTION 85 9.2
SOLAR X-RAYS 86 9.3 SOLAR WIND 87 9.3.1 COMETS 87 9.3.2 GEOCORONA, MARS
EXOSPHERE, AND HELIOSPHERE 89 9.3.3 MAGNETIZED PLANETS 91 9.4 WHAT DO WE
LEARN FROM THE X-RAY OBSERVATIONS? 94 REFERENCES 95 10 NUCLEAR BURNING
STARS 97 J.H.M.M. SCHMITT AND B. STELZER 10.1 THE SUN, STARS, AND
STELLAR X-RAY ASTRONOMY 97 10.1.1 ADVANCES OF STELLAR X-RAY ASTRONOMY 97
10.1.2 THE X-RAY SUN 99 10.1.3 SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF STELLAR CORONAE 100
10.1.4 X-RAY FLARING 100 10.1.5 ROSAT ALL-SKY SURVEY: WHICH STARS ARE
X-RAY EMITTERS? 102 10.1.6 CONNECTION OF X-RAY EMISSION WITH OTHER
STELLAR PARAMETERS 105 10.2 COOL STARS ON AND OFF THE MAIN-SEQUENCE 106
10.2.1 STELLAR INTERIORS AND MAGNETIC DYNAMOS 106 10.2.2 COOL FIELD
STARS IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD 107 10.2.3 INTERMEDIATE-MASS STARS 108
10.2.4 OPEN CLUSTERS 110 10.2.5 EVOLVED STARS ,./. ILL 10.2.6 CLOSE
BINARIES ,.{. 114 10.3 VERY LOW-MASS STARS AND BROWN DWARFS- 114 10.3.1
MAGNETIC ACTIVITY ON VLM STARS AND BROWN DWARFS .... 115 10.4 PREMAIN
SEQUENCE STARS 118 10.4.1 THE ROLE OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON PREMAIN
SEQUENCE STARS 119 10.4.2 X-RAY EMISSION FROM T TAURI STARS 119 10.4.3
X-RAY EMISSIPN FROM HAEBE STARS 123 10.4.4 X-RAY EMISSION FROM LOW-MASS
PROTOSTARS 125 10.4.5 OTHER TYPES OF X-RAY SOURCES RELATED TO STAR
FORMATION 126 10.5 STELLAR WIND SOURCES 126 10.6 STARS WITH MAGNETIC
WINDS 128 REFERENCES . . 130 X CONTENTS 11 WHITE DWARFS 133 K. WERNER
11.1 INTRODUCTION 133 11.2 DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS FROM WHITE DWARFS 133
11.3 ROSAT 135 11.4 X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY WITH EUVE, CHANDRA, AND
XMM-NEWTON 137 11.5 HYDROGEN-DEFICIENT WHITE DWARFS 139 REFERENCES 142 -
12 X-RAY EMISSION OF CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES AND RELATED OBJECTS 145 K.
BEUERMANN 12.1 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 145 12.2 THE ZOO OF CVS 146 12.3
ACCRETION GEOMETRIES 147 12.3.1 NONMAGNETIC CVS 148 12.3.2 MAGNETIC CVS
148 12.4 X-RAY AND EUV EMISSION FROM NONMAGNETIC CVS 150 12.5 X-RAYS
FROM INTERMEDIATE POLARS 151 12.6 X-RAYS FROM POLARS 154 12.7 ACCRETION
RATES 157 12.8 NOVAE AND CLOSE-BINARY SUPERSOFT SOURCES (CBSS) 160
12.8.1 THE RELATION BETWEEN CVS, NOVAE, AND CBSS 160 12.8.2 CLOSE-BINARY
SUPERSOFT X-RAY SOURCES (CBSS) 162 REFERENCES 166 I 13 CLASSICAL NOVAE
169 J. KRAUTTER 13.1 INTRODUCTION 169 13.2 SOURCES OF X-RAYS . . 170
13.3 EXOSAT: A RATHER NOISY BEGINNINGS . T. 171 13.4 ROSAT: BASIC
PROPERTIES .: 172 13.5 CHANDRA AND XMM: HIGH RESOLUTION AND NEW
SURPRISES 176 13.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 181 REFERENCES 182 14 PULSARS AND
ISOLATED NEUTRON STARS 183 W. BECKER, F. HABERL, AND J. TRUMPER , 14.1
INTRODUCTION: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 183 14.2 PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS OF
ISOLATED NEUTRON STARS 185 14.2.1 ROTATION-POWERED PULSARS: THE MAGNETIC
BRAKING MODEL 185 14.2.2 HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION MODELS 187 - 14.3
HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION PROPERTIES OF NEUTRON STARS 192 14.3.1 YOUNG
NEUTRON STARS IN SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 193 14.3.2 COOLING NEUTRON STARS 200
CONTENTS XI 14.3.3 MILLISECOND PULSARS 208 14.3.4 SUMMARY 213 REFERENCES
213 15 ACCRETING NEUTRON STARS 217 R. STAUBERT 15.1 INTRODUCTION 217
15.2 OVERVIEW 218 15.2.1 THE ZOO 219 15.2.2 ORBITS AND SUPER-ORBITAL
PERIODS 220 15.2.3 ACCRETION PHYSICS 221 15.3 HIGH MASS X-RAY BINARIES:
HMXB 222 15.4 LOW MASS X-RAY BINARIES: LMXB 222 15.5 STRONGLY MAGNETIZED
NEUTRON STARS 223 15.5.1 CLASSICAL X-RAY PULSARS 223 15.6 WEAKLY
MAGNETIZED NEUTRON STARS 228 15.6.1 Z- AND ATOLL-SOURCES 229 15.6.2 KHZ
QPOS 230 15.6.3 BURSTERS 231 15.6.4 ACCRETING MS PULSARS 234 15.7
SUMMARY 235 REFERENCES 235 16 BLACK-HOLE BINARIES 237 Y. TANAKA 16.1
INTRODUCTION A. 237 16.2 X-RAY BINARIES 238 16.3 BLACK HOLES
IDENTIFIED FROM MASS FUNCTIONS 239 16.4 X-RAY PROPERTIES 240 16.4.1 MASS
ACCRETION ../. 241 16.4.2 SOFT X-RAY TRANSIENT^ 243 16.4.3 X-RAY SPECTRA
....... . 245 16.4.4 RELATIVISTIC IRON LINE 254 16.5 QUASIPERIODIC
OSCILLATIONS 256 16.6 ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCES 257 REFERENCES 258 A?
17 X-RAY STUDIES OF SUPERNOVAE AND SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 261 R. PETRE 17.1
INTRODUCTION 261 17.1.1 X-RAY EMISSION FROM SNRS 261 17.1.2 EARLY SNR
X-RAY ASTROPHYSICS 262 17.1.3 SUPERNQVAE 265 XII CONTENTS 17.2 YOUNG
SNRS 265 17.2.1 EJECTA ABUNDANCES, DISTRIBUTION, AND IONIZATION
STRUCTURE IN YOUNG SNRS 265 17.2.2 IDENTIFICATION OF SHOCK STRUCTURES
274 17.2.3 EQUIPARTITION OF IONS AND ELECTRONS 275 17.2.4 KINEMATICS 276
17.2.5 JETS AND SHRAPNEL 280 17.2.6 HARD, NONTHERMAL CONTINUA AND COSMIC
RAY ACCELERATION 282 17.2.7 STELLAR REMNANTS 287 17.3 EVOLVED SNRS 289
17.3.1 THE CYGNUS LOOP 289 17.3.2 DETAILED SHOCK PHYSICS IN THE CYGNUS
LOOP AND PUPPIS A 290 17.3.3 MIXED MORPHOLOGY REMNANTS 291 17.3.4 EJECTA
IN EVOLVED SNRS 293 17.3.5 THE MONOGEM RING 294 17.3.6 NEWLY DISCOVERED
EVOLVED SNRS 294 17.4 EXTRAGALACTIC SNRS 295 17.5 X-RAY SUPERNOVAE 297
17.5.1 SN 1987A 300 17.5.2 SN 1993J 302 17.5.3 SN 1978K 303 17.5.4 SN
1998BW 304 17.5.5 SN 1970G , 304 17.5.6 TYPE LA SNE 305 17.6 CONCLUSION
306 REFERENCES 306 18 THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM T . -?: 311 D.
BREITSCHWERDT, M. FREYBERG, AND P. PREDEHL 18.1 INTRODUCTION .V 311
18.1.1 GAS :.... 311 18.1.2 DUST 313 18.1.3 OUTLINE 314 18.2
OBSERVATIONS OF THE HOT INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 314 18.2.1 THE PRE-ROSAT ERA
V *. 314 18.2.2 THE CONTRIBUTIONS BF ROSAT 315 18.2.3 THE CCD ERA AND
THE FUTURE 318 18.3 MODELS OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 318 18.4 DUST
SCATTERING HALOS 324 18.4.1 HISTORY ...... 32 4 18.4.2 XJ-RAY
SCATTERING ON DUST GRAINS 325 18.4.3 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS 327
REFERENCES 329 CONTENTS XIII 19 THE GALACTIC CENTER 333 P. PREDEHL 19.1
INTRODUCTION 333 19.1.1 MORPHOLOGY OF THE GALACTIC CENTER 333 19.1.2
EARLY X-RAY OBSERVATIONS 334 19.2 SGR A EAST AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 338
19.2.1 THE NATURE OF SGR A EAST 338 19.2.2 X-RAY IMAGING AND
SPECTROSCOPY OF SGR A EAST 338 19.2.3 BIPOLAR LOBES 339 19.3 SGR A* 339
19.3.1 X-RAY DETECTION OF SGR A* 339 19.3.2 FLARING SGR A* 339 19.3.3
THE NATURE OF SGR A* 340 19.4 X-RAY LUMINOUS MOLECULAR CLOUDS 341 19.4.1
X-RAY REFLECTION NEBULAE 341 19.4.2 X-RAY TUBES? 343 REFERENCES 343 PART
III EXTRAGALACTIC X-RAY ASTRONOMY 20 X-RAYS FROM NEARBY GALAXIES 347 W.
PIETSCH 20.1 INTRODUCTION 347 20.2 HISTORY OF X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF
GALAXIES 347 20.3 POINT-LIKE EMISSION COMPONENTS 349 20.3.1 X-RAY
BINARIES 351 20.3.2 SUPERSOFT SOURCES, OPTICAL NOVAE 354 20.3.3
SUPERNOVA REMNANTS AND SUPERNOVAE 356 20.3.4 ULTRA-LUMINOUS X-RAY
SOURCES 357 20.3.5 GALACTIC NUCLEI ^ . 358 20.4 HOT PLASMA COMPONENTS
. ., 358 20.4.1 HOT INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM AND GASEOUS OUTFLOWS IN SPIRAL
AND STARBURST GALAXIES , 359 20.4.2 HOT GASEOUS EMISSION IN EARLY TYPE
GALAXIES 363 20.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 363 REFERENCES 364 21 X-RAY FLARES IN
THE CORES OF GALAXIES 367 S. KOMOSSA 21.1 INTRODUCTION: TIDAL DISRUPTION
OF STARS BY SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES 367 21.2 X-RAY FLARES FROM INACTIVE
GALAXIES 368 21.3 CHANDRA AND XMM-NEWTON FOLLOW-UP OBSERVATIONS 368 21.4
FUTURE OBSERVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 371 REFERENCES 371 XIV CONTENTS 22
ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI 373 T. BOILER 22.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO ACTIVE
GALAXIES 373 22.1.1 NUCLEAR COMPONENTS OF ACTIVE GALAXIES 374 22.1.2 THE
BLACK HOLE 375 22.1.3 THE ACCRETION DISK 375 22.1.4 SIGNATURES OF
ACTIVITY 376 22.2 INTRODUCTION TO NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES 379
22.3 THE X-RAY SLOPE - OPTICAL LINE WIDTHS RELATION 380 22.3.1
CORRELATION IN THE SOFT ENERGY RANGE 380 22.3.2 CORRELATION IN THE HARD
ENERGY RANGE 382 22.3.3 NLSIS WITH EXTREME AND RAPID X-RAY VARIABILITY
383 22.4 XMM-NEWTON DISCOVERIES IN THE HIGH-ENERGY SPECTRA OF NLSLS 386
22.4.1 DETECTION OF SHARP SPECTRAL DROPS ABOVE 7 KEV 386 22.4.2 NEUTRAL,
IONIZED ABSORBERS OR REFLECTION DOMINATED MODELS 387 22.5 THE NATURE OF
THE SOFT X-RAY EXCESS 388 22.6 MATTER UNDER STRONG GRAVITY 389 22.6.1
RELATIVISTICALLY BLURRED FE K LINES 389 22.6.2 THE IRON LINE BACKGROUND
389 22.6.3 THE MEAN FE K SPECTRUM OBTAINED FROM STACKING ANALYSIS 391
22.6.4 FE K LINE PROFILE CHANGES 391 REFERENCES 4 392 23 CLUSTERS OF
GALAXIES 395 H. BOHRINGER 23.1 INTRODUCTION , 395 23.2 CLUSTER MASSES
AND COMPOSITION ***;* 398 23.2.1 MASS DETERMINATION * . 398 23.2.2
MATTER COMPOSITION 401 23.3 EXPLORATION OF CLUSTER STRUCTURE 403 23.3.1
SELF-SIMILARITY OF CLUSTER STRUCTURE 403 23.3.2 MERGING CLUSTERS OF
GALAXIES 407 23.4 THE VIRGO CLUSTER AND THE VARIETY OF CLUSTER X-RAY
MORPHOLOGY .. 410 23.5 COOLING AND HEATING OF THE ICM T. 413 23.5.1 THE
OBSERVED THERMAL STRUCTURE OF COOL ICM CORES 413 23.5.2 HEATING BY A
CENTRAL AGN 415 23.6 HEAVY ELEMENT ENRICHMENT OF THE CLUSTER ICM 416
23.6.1 ORIGIN OF THE HEAVY ELEMENTS IN THE CENTRAL REGION .... 418
23.6.2 SUPERNOVA YIELDS 420 23.7 X-RAY CLUSTER SURVEYS 421 23.8
ASSESSING THE COSMIC LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE 423 23.9 CLUSTER EVOLUTION
425 CONTENTS XV 23.10 TESTING COSMOLOGICAL MODELS 427 23.11 CONCLUSION
AND OUTLOOK 429 REFERENCES 430 24 GAMMA-RAY BURSTS 435 J. GREINER 24.1
THE FIRST 30 YEARS 435 24.1.1 DISCOVERY AND BATSE ERA 435 24.1.2 THE
AFTERGLOW ERA 437 24.2 MAJOR OBSERVATIONAL FINDINGS 439 24.2.1 JETS 439
24.2.2 SUPERNOVA FEATURES 442 24.2.3 HOST GALAXIES 443 24.2.4 X-RAY
FLASHES 444 24.2.5 X-RAY LINES 445 24.2.6 TIME-VARIABLE X-RAY HALO 446
24.3 THE BASIC SCENARIOS FOR GAMMA-RAY BURST EMISSION 446 24.3.1 GRB
EMISSION SCENARIOS 446 24.3.2 TWO GRB PROGENITOR MODELS 450 24.4 USE OF
GRBS FOR COSMOLOGY 450 24.5 OUTLOOK: FIRST RESULTS OF THE SWIFT MISSION
451 REFERENCES 453 25 COSMIC X-RAY BACKGROUND 457 G. HASINGER 25.1 THE
EARLY HISTORY OF THE X-RAY BACKGROUND (XRB) 457 25.2 THE ROSAT DEEP
SURVEYS 458 25.2.1 TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PREPARATION 458 25.2.2 THE
LOCKMAN HOLE 460 25.2.3 OPTICAL IDENTIFICATIONS OFCROSAT SURVEYS 462
25.3 AGN SPECTRA AND FITS TO THE XRB SPECTRUM 463 25.4 DEEP SURVEYS WITH
CHANDRA ARID XMM-NEWTON 464 25.5 A MULTI-CONE SURVEY AGN-1 SAMPLE 466
25.6 THE SOFT X-RAY LUMINOSITY FUNCTION AND SPACE DENSITY EVOLUTION 468
25.7 X-RAY CONSTRAINTS ON THE GROWTH OF SMBH 471 25.8 CONCLUSIONS , 472
REFERENCES 473 26 THE FUTURE 477 G. HASINGER 26.1 INTRODUCTION 477
26.2 SPACE AGENCY STFATEGIC PLANNING 478 26.2.1 NASX BEYOND EINSTEIN
ROADMAP 478 26.2.2 ESA COSMIC VISION 2015-2025 479 XVI CONTENTS 26.3
SPEKTRUM-ROENTGEN-GAMMA 479 26.4 THE NEXT GENERATION LARGE X-RAY
OBSERVATORY 480 26.4.1 EVOLUTION OF LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE AND
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS . 480 26.4.2 COEVAL EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES AND THEIR
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES 481 26.4.3 MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS 482
26.4.4 THE CURRENT XEUS CONCEPT 482 26.5 CONCLUSIONS 483 REFERENCES 483
APPENDIX: MORE INFORMATION ABOUT X-RAY MISSIONS 485 INDEX 489
|
| adam_txt |
JOACHIM E. TRUMPER GUNTHER HASINGER (EDS.) THE UNIVERSE IN X-RAYS WITH
237 FIGURES, 40 IN COLOR AND 19 TABLES FYA SPRINGER CONTENTS PART I
X-RAY ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTATION 1 OVERVIEW 3 R. STAUBERT AND J.
TRUMPER 2 PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 5 E. PFEFFERMANN 2.1 INTRODUCTION 5 2.2
GASEOUS DETECTORS 5 2.3 OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF A PROPORTIONAL COUNTER 6
2.3.1 QUANTUM EFFICIENCY OF PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 7 2.3.2 ENERGY
RESOLUTION 8 2.3.3 TIME RESOLUTION 9 2.3.4 BACKGROUND REJECTION
CAPABILITY 9 2.3.5 DETECTOR LIFETIME 9 2.4 LARGE AREA PROPORTIONAL
COUNTERS FOR X-RAY ASTRONOMY 10 2.5 GAS SCINTILLATION PROPORTIONAL
COUNTERS 11 REFERENCES 13 3 SCINTILLATION COUNTERS Y J. 15 E. KENDZIORRA
* . 3.1 INTRODUCTION ,. 15 3.2 SCINTILLATION COUNTERS FOR X-RAY
ASTRONOMY 16 REFERENCES 19 4 IMAGING PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 21 E.
PFEFFERMANN * 4.1 INTRODUCTION .,.' 21 4.2 GEOMETRY OF MULTIWIRE
PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 21 4.3 POSITION RESOLUTION OF MULTIWIRE
PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 22 4.4 POSITION READOUT METHODS 23 4.5 THE ROSAT
PSPC, 25 4.6 IMAGING GAS SCINTILLATION PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 26
REFERENCES . . '. 28 VIII CONTENTS 5 APERTURE MODULATION TELESCOPES 29
R. STAUBERT 5.1 PRINCIPLE OF APERTURE MODULATION 29 5.1.1 TEMPORAL
APERTURE MODULATION 29 5.1.2 SPATIAL APERTURE MODULATION 33 5.2 VARIOUS
CODED-MASK TELESCOPE MISSIONS 37 REFERENCES 39 6 WOLTER OPTICS 41 P.
FRIEDRICH 6.1 PRINCIPLE 41 6.2 WOLTER-TYPE TELESCOPES 43 6.3 GENERAL
IMAGING PROPERTIES 45 6.4 NESTING OF MIRROR SHELLS 47 6.5 FABRICATION
TECHNIQUES FOR WOLTER TELESCOPES 48 6.6 MISSIONS WITH WOLTER TELESCOPES
49 REFERENCES 50 7 CCD DETECTORS 51 L. STRIIDER AND N. MEIDINGER 7.1
INTRODUCTION 51 7.2 MOS CCDS 52 7.3 FULLY DEPLETED BACK-ILLUMINATED
PNCCDS 52 7.3.1 THE CONCEPT OF FULLY DEPLETED, BACK-ILLUMINATED,
RADIATION HARD PNCCDS 53 7.3.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE CCD PERFORMANCE 57
7.3.3 DETECTOR PERFORMANCE (ON GROUND AND IN ORBIT) 61 7.3.4 FRAME STORE
PNCCDS FOR BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCE . 65 7.3.5 NEW DEVICES , 68 7.4
NEW DETECTOR DEVELOPMENTS: ACTIVE PIXEL SENSORS FOR X-RAYS . 68 7.5
CONCLUSION -."._ 7 0 REFERENCES V 71 8 HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY 73
P. PREDEHL 8.1 INTRODUCTION 73 8.2 TRANSMISSION GRATINGS =* 73 8.2.1
EINSTEIN OGS ^ .' 76 8.2.2 EXOSAT TG 77 8.3 CHANDRA * 77 8.3.1 CHANDRA
HETG 78 8.3.2 CHANDRA LETG 78 8.4 REFLECTION GRATINGS: XMM-NEWTON RGS 79
8.5 BOLOMETERS .' 82 REFERENCES 82 CONTENTS IX PART II GALACTIC X-RAY
ASTRONOMY 9 SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS 85 K. DENNERL 9.1 INTRODUCTION 85 9.2
SOLAR X-RAYS 86 9.3 SOLAR WIND 87 9.3.1 COMETS 87 9.3.2 GEOCORONA, MARS
EXOSPHERE, AND HELIOSPHERE 89 9.3.3 MAGNETIZED PLANETS 91 9.4 WHAT DO WE
LEARN FROM THE X-RAY OBSERVATIONS? 94 REFERENCES 95 10 NUCLEAR BURNING
STARS 97 J.H.M.M. SCHMITT AND B. STELZER 10.1 THE SUN, STARS, AND
STELLAR X-RAY ASTRONOMY 97 10.1.1 ADVANCES OF STELLAR X-RAY ASTRONOMY 97
10.1.2 THE X-RAY SUN 99 10.1.3 SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF STELLAR CORONAE 100
10.1.4 X-RAY FLARING 100 10.1.5 ROSAT ALL-SKY SURVEY: WHICH STARS ARE
X-RAY EMITTERS? 102 10.1.6 CONNECTION OF X-RAY EMISSION WITH OTHER
STELLAR PARAMETERS 105 10.2 COOL STARS ON AND OFF THE MAIN-SEQUENCE 106
10.2.1 STELLAR INTERIORS "AND MAGNETIC DYNAMOS 106 10.2.2 COOL FIELD
STARS IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD 107 10.2.3 INTERMEDIATE-MASS STARS 108
10.2.4 OPEN CLUSTERS 110 10.2.5 EVOLVED STARS ,./. ILL 10.2.6 CLOSE
BINARIES ,.{. 114 10.3 VERY LOW-MASS STARS AND BROWN DWARFS- 114 10.3.1
MAGNETIC ACTIVITY ON VLM STARS AND BROWN DWARFS . 115 10.4 PREMAIN
SEQUENCE STARS 118 10.4.1 THE ROLE OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON PREMAIN
SEQUENCE STARS 119 10.4.2 X-RAY EMISSION FROM T TAURI STARS 119 10.4.3
X-RAY EMISSIPN'FROM HAEBE STARS 123 10.4.4 X-RAY EMISSION FROM LOW-MASS
PROTOSTARS 125 10.4.5 OTHER TYPES OF X-RAY SOURCES RELATED TO STAR
FORMATION 126 10.5 STELLAR WIND SOURCES 126 10.6 STARS WITH MAGNETIC
WINDS 128 REFERENCES .' '. 130 X CONTENTS 11 WHITE DWARFS 133 K. WERNER
11.1 INTRODUCTION 133 11.2 DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS FROM WHITE DWARFS 133
11.3 ROSAT 135 11.4 X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY WITH EUVE, CHANDRA, AND
XMM-NEWTON 137 11.5 HYDROGEN-DEFICIENT WHITE DWARFS 139 REFERENCES 142 -
12 X-RAY EMISSION OF CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES AND RELATED OBJECTS 145 K.
BEUERMANN 12.1 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 145 12.2 THE ZOO OF CVS 146 12.3
ACCRETION GEOMETRIES 147 12.3.1 NONMAGNETIC CVS 148 12.3.2 MAGNETIC CVS
148 12.4 X-RAY AND EUV EMISSION FROM NONMAGNETIC CVS 150 12.5 X-RAYS
FROM INTERMEDIATE POLARS 151 12.6 X-RAYS FROM POLARS 154 12.7 ACCRETION
RATES 157 12.8 NOVAE AND CLOSE-BINARY SUPERSOFT SOURCES (CBSS) 160
12.8.1 THE RELATION BETWEEN CVS, NOVAE, AND CBSS 160 12.8.2 CLOSE-BINARY
SUPERSOFT X-RAY SOURCES (CBSS) 162 REFERENCES 166 I 13 CLASSICAL NOVAE
169 J. KRAUTTER 13.1 INTRODUCTION 169 13.2 SOURCES OF X-RAYS .'. 170
13.3 EXOSAT: A RATHER NOISY BEGINNINGS ."T. 171 13.4 ROSAT: BASIC
PROPERTIES '.:' 172 13.5 CHANDRA AND XMM: HIGH RESOLUTION AND NEW
SURPRISES 176 13.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 181 REFERENCES 182 14 PULSARS AND
ISOLATED NEUTRON STARS 183 W. BECKER, F. HABERL, AND J. TRUMPER , 14.1
INTRODUCTION: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 183 14.2 PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS OF
ISOLATED NEUTRON STARS 185 14.2.1 ROTATION-POWERED PULSARS: THE MAGNETIC
BRAKING MODEL 185 14.2.2 HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION MODELS 187 -' 14.3
HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION PROPERTIES OF NEUTRON STARS 192 14.3.1 YOUNG
NEUTRON STARS IN SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 193 14.3.2 COOLING NEUTRON STARS 200
CONTENTS XI 14.3.3 MILLISECOND PULSARS 208 14.3.4 SUMMARY 213 REFERENCES
213 15 ACCRETING NEUTRON STARS 217 R. STAUBERT 15.1 INTRODUCTION 217
15.2 OVERVIEW 218 15.2.1 THE ZOO 219 15.2.2 ORBITS AND SUPER-ORBITAL
PERIODS 220 15.2.3 ACCRETION PHYSICS 221 15.3 HIGH MASS X-RAY BINARIES:
HMXB 222 15.4 LOW MASS X-RAY BINARIES: LMXB 222 15.5 STRONGLY MAGNETIZED
NEUTRON STARS 223 15.5.1 CLASSICAL X-RAY PULSARS 223 15.6 WEAKLY
MAGNETIZED NEUTRON STARS 228 15.6.1 Z- AND ATOLL-SOURCES 229 15.6.2 KHZ
QPOS 230 15.6.3 BURSTERS 231 15.6.4 ACCRETING MS PULSARS 234 15.7
SUMMARY 235 REFERENCES 235 16 BLACK-HOLE BINARIES 237 Y. TANAKA 16.1
INTRODUCTION A. ' 237 16.2 X-RAY BINARIES 238 16.3 BLACK HOLES
IDENTIFIED FROM MASS FUNCTIONS 239 16.4 X-RAY PROPERTIES 240 16.4.1 MASS
ACCRETION ./. 241 16.4.2 SOFT X-RAY TRANSIENT^ 243 16.4.3 X-RAY SPECTRA
.'. 245 16.4.4 RELATIVISTIC IRON LINE 254 16.5 QUASIPERIODIC
OSCILLATIONS 256 16.6 ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCES 257 REFERENCES 258 A?
17 X-RAY STUDIES OF SUPERNOVAE AND SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 261 R. PETRE 17.1
INTRODUCTION 261 17.1.1 X-RAY EMISSION FROM SNRS 261 17.1.2 EARLY SNR
X-RAY ASTROPHYSICS 262 17.1.3 SUPERNQVAE 265 XII CONTENTS 17.2 YOUNG
SNRS 265 17.2.1 EJECTA ABUNDANCES, DISTRIBUTION, AND IONIZATION
STRUCTURE IN YOUNG SNRS 265 17.2.2 IDENTIFICATION OF SHOCK STRUCTURES
274 17.2.3 EQUIPARTITION OF IONS AND ELECTRONS 275 17.2.4 KINEMATICS 276
17.2.5 JETS AND SHRAPNEL 280 17.2.6 HARD, NONTHERMAL CONTINUA AND COSMIC
RAY ACCELERATION 282 17.2.7 STELLAR REMNANTS 287 17.3 EVOLVED SNRS 289
17.3.1 THE CYGNUS LOOP 289 17.3.2 DETAILED SHOCK PHYSICS IN THE CYGNUS
LOOP AND PUPPIS A 290 17.3.3 MIXED MORPHOLOGY REMNANTS 291 17.3.4 EJECTA
IN EVOLVED SNRS 293 17.3.5 THE MONOGEM RING 294 17.3.6 NEWLY DISCOVERED
EVOLVED SNRS 294 17.4 EXTRAGALACTIC SNRS 295 17.5 X-RAY SUPERNOVAE 297
17.5.1 SN 1987A 300 17.5.2 SN 1993J 302 17.5.3 SN 1978K 303 17.5.4 SN
1998BW 304 17.5.5 SN 1970G , 304 17.5.6 TYPE LA SNE 305 17.6 CONCLUSION
306 REFERENCES 306 18 THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM T . -?: 311 D.
BREITSCHWERDT, M. FREYBERG, AND P. PREDEHL 18.1 INTRODUCTION .V 311
18.1.1 GAS :. 311 18.1.2 DUST 313 18.1.3 OUTLINE 314 18.2
OBSERVATIONS OF THE HOT INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 314 18.2.1 THE PRE-ROSAT ERA
V *. 314 18.2.2 THE CONTRIBUTIONS BF ROSAT 315 18.2.3 THE CCD ERA AND
THE FUTURE 318 18.3 MODELS OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 318 18.4 DUST
SCATTERING HALOS 324 18.4.1 HISTORY .' 32 4 18.4.2 XJ-RAY
SCATTERING ON DUST GRAINS 325 18.4.3 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS 327
REFERENCES 329 CONTENTS XIII 19 THE GALACTIC CENTER 333 P. PREDEHL 19.1
INTRODUCTION 333 19.1.1 MORPHOLOGY OF THE GALACTIC CENTER 333 19.1.2
EARLY X-RAY OBSERVATIONS 334 19.2 SGR A EAST AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 338
19.2.1 THE NATURE OF SGR A EAST 338 19.2.2 X-RAY IMAGING AND
SPECTROSCOPY OF SGR A EAST 338 19.2.3 BIPOLAR LOBES 339 19.3 SGR A* 339
19.3.1 X-RAY DETECTION OF SGR A* 339 19.3.2 FLARING SGR A* 339 19.3.3
THE NATURE OF SGR A* 340 19.4 X-RAY LUMINOUS MOLECULAR CLOUDS 341 19.4.1
X-RAY REFLECTION NEBULAE 341 19.4.2 X-RAY TUBES? 343 REFERENCES 343 PART
III EXTRAGALACTIC X-RAY ASTRONOMY 20 X-RAYS FROM NEARBY GALAXIES 347 W.
PIETSCH 20.1 INTRODUCTION 347 20.2 HISTORY OF X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF
GALAXIES 347 20.3 POINT-LIKE EMISSION COMPONENTS 349 20.3.1 X-RAY
BINARIES 351 20.3.2 SUPERSOFT SOURCES, OPTICAL NOVAE 354 20.3.3
SUPERNOVA REMNANTS AND SUPERNOVAE 356 20.3.4 ULTRA-LUMINOUS X-RAY
SOURCES 357 20.3.5 GALACTIC NUCLEI ^ . 358 20.4 HOT PLASMA COMPONENTS
.'., 358 20.4.1 HOT INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM AND GASEOUS OUTFLOWS IN SPIRAL
AND STARBURST GALAXIES , 359 20.4.2 HOT GASEOUS EMISSION IN EARLY TYPE
GALAXIES 363 20.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 363 REFERENCES 364 21 X-RAY FLARES IN
THE CORES OF GALAXIES 367 S. KOMOSSA 21.1 INTRODUCTION: TIDAL DISRUPTION
OF STARS BY SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES 367 21.2 X-RAY FLARES FROM INACTIVE
GALAXIES 368 21.3 CHANDRA AND XMM-NEWTON FOLLOW-UP OBSERVATIONS 368 21.4
FUTURE' OBSERVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 371 REFERENCES 371 XIV CONTENTS 22
ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI 373 T. BOILER 22.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO ACTIVE
GALAXIES 373 22.1.1 NUCLEAR COMPONENTS OF ACTIVE GALAXIES 374 22.1.2 THE
BLACK HOLE 375 22.1.3 THE ACCRETION DISK 375 22.1.4 SIGNATURES OF
ACTIVITY 376 22.2 INTRODUCTION TO NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES 379
22.3 THE X-RAY SLOPE - OPTICAL LINE WIDTHS RELATION 380 22.3.1
CORRELATION IN THE SOFT ENERGY RANGE 380 22.3.2 CORRELATION IN THE HARD
ENERGY RANGE 382 22.3.3 NLSIS WITH EXTREME AND RAPID X-RAY VARIABILITY
383 22.4 XMM-NEWTON DISCOVERIES IN THE HIGH-ENERGY SPECTRA OF NLSLS 386
22.4.1 DETECTION OF SHARP SPECTRAL DROPS ABOVE 7 KEV 386 22.4.2 NEUTRAL,
IONIZED ABSORBERS OR REFLECTION DOMINATED MODELS 387 22.5 THE NATURE OF
THE SOFT X-RAY EXCESS 388 22.6 MATTER UNDER STRONG GRAVITY 389 22.6.1
RELATIVISTICALLY BLURRED FE K LINES 389 22.6.2 THE IRON LINE BACKGROUND
389 22.6.3 THE MEAN FE K SPECTRUM OBTAINED FROM STACKING ANALYSIS 391
22.6.4 FE K LINE PROFILE CHANGES 391 REFERENCES 4 392 23 CLUSTERS OF
GALAXIES 395 H. BOHRINGER 23.1 INTRODUCTION , 395 23.2 CLUSTER MASSES
AND COMPOSITION ***;* ' 398 23.2.1 MASS DETERMINATION '*'. 398 23.2.2
MATTER COMPOSITION 401 23.3 EXPLORATION OF CLUSTER STRUCTURE 403 23.3.1
SELF-SIMILARITY OF CLUSTER STRUCTURE 403 23.3.2 MERGING CLUSTERS OF
GALAXIES 407 23.4 THE VIRGO CLUSTER AND THE VARIETY OF CLUSTER X-RAY
MORPHOLOGY . 410 23.5 COOLING AND HEATING OF THE ICM T. 413 23.5.1 THE
OBSERVED THERMAL STRUCTURE OF COOL ICM CORES 413 23.5.2 HEATING BY A
CENTRAL AGN 415 23.6 HEAVY ELEMENT ENRICHMENT OF THE CLUSTER ICM 416
23.6.1 ORIGIN OF THE HEAVY ELEMENTS IN THE CENTRAL REGION . 418
23.6.2 SUPERNOVA YIELDS 420 23.7 X-RAY CLUSTER SURVEYS 421 23.8
ASSESSING THE COSMIC LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE 423 23.9 CLUSTER EVOLUTION
425 CONTENTS XV 23.10 TESTING COSMOLOGICAL MODELS 427 23.11 CONCLUSION
AND OUTLOOK 429 REFERENCES 430 24 GAMMA-RAY BURSTS 435 J. GREINER 24.1
THE FIRST 30 YEARS 435 24.1.1 DISCOVERY AND BATSE ERA 435 24.1.2 THE
AFTERGLOW ERA 437 24.2 MAJOR OBSERVATIONAL FINDINGS 439 24.2.1 JETS 439
24.2.2 SUPERNOVA FEATURES 442 24.2.3 HOST GALAXIES 443 24.2.4 X-RAY
FLASHES 444 24.2.5 X-RAY LINES 445 24.2.6 TIME-VARIABLE X-RAY HALO 446
24.3 THE BASIC SCENARIOS FOR GAMMA-RAY BURST EMISSION 446 24.3.1 GRB
EMISSION SCENARIOS 446 24.3.2 TWO GRB PROGENITOR MODELS 450 24.4 USE OF
GRBS FOR COSMOLOGY 450 24.5 OUTLOOK: FIRST RESULTS OF THE SWIFT MISSION
451 REFERENCES 453 25 COSMIC X-RAY BACKGROUND 457 G. HASINGER 25.1 THE
EARLY HISTORY OF THE X-RAY BACKGROUND (XRB) 457 25.2 THE ROSAT DEEP
SURVEYS 458 25.2.1 TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PREPARATION 458 25.2.2 THE
LOCKMAN HOLE 460 25.2.3 OPTICAL IDENTIFICATIONS OFCROSAT SURVEYS 462
25.3 AGN SPECTRA AND FITS TO THE XRB SPECTRUM 463 25.4 DEEP SURVEYS WITH
CHANDRA ARID XMM-NEWTON 464 25.5 A MULTI-CONE SURVEY AGN-1 SAMPLE 466
25.6 THE SOFT X-RAY LUMINOSITY FUNCTION AND SPACE DENSITY EVOLUTION 468
25.7 X-RAY CONSTRAINTS ON THE GROWTH OF SMBH 471 25.8 CONCLUSIONS , 472
REFERENCES ' 473 26 THE FUTURE 477 G. HASINGER 26.1 INTRODUCTION 477
26.2 SPACE AGENCY STFATEGIC PLANNING 478 26.2.1 NASX "BEYOND EINSTEIN"
ROADMAP 478 26.2.2 ESA COSMIC VISION 2015-2025 479 XVI CONTENTS 26.3
SPEKTRUM-ROENTGEN-GAMMA 479 26.4 THE NEXT GENERATION LARGE X-RAY
OBSERVATORY 480 26.4.1 EVOLUTION OF LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE AND
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS . 480 26.4.2 COEVAL EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES AND THEIR
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES 481 26.4.3 MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS 482
26.4.4 THE CURRENT XEUS CONCEPT 482 26.5 CONCLUSIONS 483 REFERENCES 483
APPENDIX: MORE INFORMATION ABOUT X-RAY MISSIONS 485 INDEX 489 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:15:37Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:13:23Z |
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| spelling | The universe in X-rays 19 tables Joachim E. Trümper ... (eds.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2008 XIX, 496 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Astronomy and astrophysics library Röntgenastronomie (DE-588)4050311-2 gnd rswk-swf Röntgenastronomie (DE-588)4050311-2 s DE-604 Trümper, Joachim 1933- Sonstige (DE-588)121832481 oth HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016405914&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The universe in X-rays 19 tables Röntgenastronomie (DE-588)4050311-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4050311-2 |
| title | The universe in X-rays 19 tables |
| title_auth | The universe in X-rays 19 tables |
| title_exact_search | The universe in X-rays 19 tables |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The universe in X-rays 19 tables |
| title_full | The universe in X-rays 19 tables Joachim E. Trümper ... (eds.) |
| title_fullStr | The universe in X-rays 19 tables Joachim E. Trümper ... (eds.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The universe in X-rays 19 tables Joachim E. Trümper ... (eds.) |
| title_short | The universe in X-rays |
| title_sort | the universe in x rays 19 tables |
| title_sub | 19 tables |
| topic | Röntgenastronomie (DE-588)4050311-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Röntgenastronomie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016405914&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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