Holdings: Extremely low frequency fields

Extremely low frequency fields:

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Bibliographic Details
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Geneva World Health Organization 2007
Series:	Environmental health criteria 238
Subjects:	Gesundheitsgefährdung Extrem niederfrequentes Elektromagnetisches Feld
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Zsfassung in franz., russ. und span. Sprache
Physical Description:	XXIV, 519 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9789241572385

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adam_text	THIS REPORT CONTAINS THE COLLECTIVE VIEWS OF AN INTERNATIONAL GROUP OF EXPERTS AND DOES NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE DECISIONS OR THE STATED POLICY OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF NON- IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION, THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION, OR THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. N I^ ^S - L ~) O-F UB BRAUNSCHWEIG 2875-901-6 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 238 EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY FIELDS PUBLISHED UNDER THE JOINT SPONSORSHIP OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION, THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON NON-IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION, AND THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA CONTENTS PREAMBLE XI THE WHO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA PROGRAMME XI ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS XI SCOPE XII PROCEDURES XIII EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA XIV PARTICIPANTS IN THE WHO EXPERT WORKING GROUPS XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XX ABBREVIATIONS XXI 1 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 1 1.1 SUMMARY 1 1.1 SOURCES, MEASUREMENTS AND EXPOSURES 1 .2 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS INSIDE THE BODY 2 .3 BIOPHYSICAL MECHANISMS 3 .4 NEUROBEHAVIOUR 5 .5 NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM 6 .6 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 7 .7 CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 8 .8 IMMUNOLOGY AND HAEMATOLOGY 8 .9 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 8 .10 CANCER 9 1.11 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT 11 1.12 PROTECTIVE MEASURES 12 1.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH 14 1.2.1 SOURCES, MEASUREMENTS AND EXPOSURES 14 1.2.2 DOSIMETRY 15 1.2.3 BIOPHYSICAL MECHANISMS 15 1.2.4 NEUROBEHAVIOUR 16 1.2.5 NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM 17 1.2.6 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 17 1.2.7 CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 17 1.2.8 IMMUNOLOGY AND HAEMATOLOGY 17 1.2.9 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 17 1.2.10 CANCER 17 1.2.11 PROTECTIVE MEASURES 18 SOURCES, MEASUREMENTS AND EXPOSURES 21 2.1 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 21 2.1.1 THE FIELD CONCEPT 21 2.1.2 QUANTITIES AND UNITS 22 2.1.3 POLARIZATION 22 2.1.4 TIME VARIATION, HARMONICS AND TRANSIENTS 23 2.1.5 PERTURBATIONS TO FIELDS, SHIELDING 24 111 2.2 SOURCES OF ALTERNATING FIELDS 25 2.2.1 ELECTRIC FIELDS 25 2.2.1.1 NATURALLY OCCURRING FIELDS 25 2.2.1.2 ARTIFICIAL FIELDS 26 2.2.2 MAGNETIC FIELDS 28 2.2.2.1 NATURALLY OCCURRING FIELDS 28 2.2.2.2 ARTIFICIAL FIELDS 30 2.3 ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE 54 2.3.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 54 2.3.2 ASSESSING RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS: METHODS NOT INVOLVING MEASUREMENT 56 2.3.2.1 DISTANCE 56 2.3.2.2 WIRE CODE 56 2.3.2.3 CALCULATED HISTORICAL FIELDS 58 2.3.3 ASSESSING RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS USING MEASUREMENTS 59 2.3.3.1 SPOT MEASUREMENTS IN THE HOME 59 2.3.3.2 LONGER-TERM MEASUREMENTS IN HOMES 60 2.3.3.3 PERSONAL EXPOSURE MONITORING 63 2.3.4 ASSESSING EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM APPLIANCES 65 2.3.5 ASSESSING EXPOSURE AT SCHOOLS 66 2.3.6 ASSESSING NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS: DISCUSSION 67 2.3.7 ASSESSING OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS 68 2.3.8 ASSESSING EXPOSURE TO ELECTRIC FIELDS 71 2.3.9 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT: CONCLUSIONS 72 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS INSIDE THE BODY 73 3.1 INTRODUCTION 73 3.2 MODELS OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL BODIES 74 3.3 ELECTRIC FIELD DOSIMETRY 76 3.3.1 BASIC INTERACTION MECHANISMS 76 3.3.2 MEASUREMENTS 77 3.3.3 COMPUTATIONS 77 3.3.4 COMPARISON OF COMPUTATIONS WITH MEASUREMENTS 83 3.4 MAGNETIC FIELD DOSIMETRY 85 3.4.1 BASIC INTERACTION MECHANISMS 85 3.4.2 COMPUTATIONS - UNIFORM FIELD 85 3.4.3 COMPUTATIONS - NON-UNIFORM FIELDS 89 3.4.4 COMPUTATIONS - INTER-LABORATORY COMPARISON AND MODEL EFFECTS 90 3.5 CONTACT CURRENT 91 3.6 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS EXPOSURES 92 3.7 MICROSCOPIC DOSIMETRY 93 3.8 CONCLUSIONS 95 BIOPHYSICAL MECHANISMS 9 7 4.1 INTRODUCTION 97 4.2 THE CONCEPT OF PLAUSIBILITY 97 IV 4.3 STOCHASTIC EFFECTS, THRESHOLDS AND DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS ..98 4.4 INDUCED CURRENTS AND FIELDS 100 4.4.1 CURRENTS INDUCED BY FIELDS 100 4.4.2 COMPARISON WITH NOISE 100 4.4.3 MYELINATED NERVE FIBRE STIMULATION THRESHOLDS 101 4.4.4 NEURAL NETWORKS AND SIGNAL DETECTION 102 4.4.5 TRANSIENTS 103 4.4.6 HEATING EFFECTS OF INDUCED CURRENTS 103 4.4.7 SUMMARY ON INDUCED CURRENTS 103 4.5 OTHER DIRECT EFFECTS OF FIELDS 104 4.5.1 IONIZATION AND BREAKING OF BONDS 104 4.5.2 FORCES ON CHARGED PARTICLES 105 4.5.3 FORCES ON MAGNETIC PARTICLES 105 4.5.4 FREE RADICALS 107 4.5.5 EFFECTS WITH NARROW BANDWIDTHS 109 4.5.5.1 CYCLOTRON RESONANCE 109 4.5.5.2 LARMOR PRECESSION 109 4.5.5.3 QUANTUM MECHANICAL RESONANCE PHENOMENA 109 4.5.6 STOCHASTIC RESONANCE 110 4.6 INDIRECT EFFECTS OF FIELDS 110 4.6.1 SURFACE CHARGE AND MICROSHOCKS 110 4.6.2 CONTACT CURRENTS 110 4.6.3 DEFLECTION OF COSMIC RAYS 111 4.6.4 EFFECTS ON AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS 112 4.6.4.1 PRODUCTION OF CORONA IONS 112 4.6.4.2 INHALATION OF POLLUTANT PARTICLES 113 4.6.4.3 DEPOSITION UNDER POWER LINES 114 4.6.4.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH 115 4.7 CONCLUSIONS 115 NEUROBEHAVIOUR 118 5.1 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 118 5.2 VOLUNTEER STUDIES 121 5.2.1 SURFACE ELECTRIC CHARGE 121 5.2.2 NERVE STIMULATION 123 5.2.3 RETINAL FUNCTION 124 5.2.4 BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY 125 5.2.5 SLEEP 131 5.2.6 COGNITIVE EFFECTS 132 5.2.7 HYPERSENSITIVITY 136 5.2.8 MOOD AND ALERTNESS 137 5.3 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 143 5.3.1 DEPRESSION 143 5.3.2 SUICIDE 143 5.4 ANIMAL STUDIES 145 5.4.1 PERCEPTION AND FIELD DETECTION 145 5.4.2 AROUSAL AND AVERSION 147 5.4.3 BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY 151 5.4.4 NEUROTRANSMITTER FUNCTION 152 5.4.5 COGNITIVE FUNCTION 153 5.5 CONCLUSIONS 160 NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM 162 6.1 VOLUNTEER STUDIES 162 6.1.1 THE PINEAL HORMONE: MELATONIN 162 6.1.1.1 LABORATORY STUDIES 162 6.1.1.2 RESIDENTIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL STUDIES 163 6.1.2 PITUITARY AND OTHER HORMONES 165 6.2 ANIMAL STUDIES 171 6.2.1 MELATONIN 171 6.2.1.1 LABORATORY RODENTS 171 6.2.1.2 SEASONAL BREEDERS 172 6.2.1.3 NON HUMAN PRIMATES 177 6.2.2 THE PITUITARY AND OTHER HORMONES 178 6.2.2.1 PITUITARY-ADRENAL EFFECTS 178 6.2.2.2 OTHER ENDOCRINE STUDIES 179 6.3 IN VITRO STUDIES 179 6.3.1 EFFECTS ON MELATONIN PRODUCTION IN VITRO 181 6.3.2 EFFECTS ON THE ACTION OF MELATONIN IN VITRO 182 6.4 CONCLUSIONS 185 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 187 7.1 ALZHEIMER DISEASE 188 7.1.1 PATHOLOGY 188 7.1.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY 189 7.2 AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS 196 7.2.1 PATHOLOGY 196 7.2.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY 196 7.3 PARKINSON DISEASE, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 202 7.3.1 PATHOLOGY 202 7.3.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY 203 7.4 DISCUSSION 203 7.5 CONCLUSIONS 206 CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 207 8.1 ACUTE EFFECTS 207 8.1.1 ELECTROCARDIOGRAM CHANGES, HEART RATE, AND HEART RATE VARIABILITY 207 8.1.2 BLOOD PRESSURE 210 8.2 LONG-TERM EFFECTS 211 8.3 DISCUSSION 218 8.3.1 HEART RATE VARIABILITY HYPOTHESIS 218 8.3.2 EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE 219 8.4 CONCLUSIONS 220 IMMUNE SYSTEM AND HAEMATOLOGY 221 9.1 IMMUNE SYSTEM 221 9.1.1 HUMAN STUDIES 222 VI 9.1.2 ANIMAL STUDIES 224 9.1.3 CELLULAR STUDIES 226 9.2 HAEMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM 233 9.2.1 HUMAN STUDIES 233 9.2.2 ANIMAL STUDIES 233 9.2.3 CELLULAR STUDIES 236 9.3 CONCLUSIONS 237 10 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 239 10.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY 239 10.1.1 MATERNAL EXPOSURE 239 10.1.1.1 VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS 239 10.1.1.2 ELECTRICALLY HEATED BEDS 239 10.1.1.3 OTHER RESIDENTIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE 242 10.1.2 PATERNAL EXPOSURE 246 10.2 EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS 247 10.2.1 ELECTRIC FIELDS 247 10.2.2 MAGNETIC FIELDS 247 10.2.2.1 EFFECTS ON PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT 247 10.2.2.3 MULTI-GENERATION STUDIES 250 10.2.2.4 EFFECTS ON MAMMALIAN EMBRYOS IN VITRO 250 10.2.2.5 EFFECTS OF PATERNAL EXPOSURE 251 10.3 EFFECTS ON NON-MAMMALIAN SPECIES 252 10.3.1 BIRD EMBRYOS 252 10.3.1.1 DEVELOPMENT 252 10.3.1.2 INTERACTION WITH KNOWN TERATOGENS 253 10.3.2 OTHER NON-MAMMALIAN SPECIES 253 10.4 CONCLUSION 254 11 CANCER 255 11.1 IARC 2002 EVALUATION: SUMMARY 256 11.2 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 263 11.2.1 CHILDHOOD LEUKAEMIA 263 11.2.1.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY 263 11.2.1.2 TRENDS AND ECOLOGIC CORRELATIONS 266 11.2.1.3 NEW DATA 268 11.2.1.4 EVALUATING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS 270 [ 1.2.2 ADULT CANCER 276 11.2.2.1 BREAST CANCER 277 11.2.2.2 LEUKAEMIA AND BRAIN CANCER 291 11.2.2.3 OTHER CANCERS 305 11.2.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY: CONCLUSIONS 307 11.3 CARCINOGENESIS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS 308 11.3.1 RODENT BIOASSAYS 308 11.3.1.1 LARGE SCALE, LIFE-TIME STUDIES 308 11.3.1.2 LEUKAEMIA/LYMPHOMA 309 11.3.1.3 BRAIN TUMOURS 310 11.3.2 EMF EXPOSURE COMBINED WITH CARCINOGENS 312 VII 11.3.2.1 LIVER PRE-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS 312 11.3.2.2 LEUKAEMIA/LYMPHOMA 312 11.3.2.3 MAMMARY TUMOURS 313 11.3.2.4 SKIN TUMOURS 314 11.3.2.5 BRAIN TUMOURS 315 11.3.3 TRANSPLANTED TUMOURS 316 11.3.4 GENOTOXICITY IN ANIMALS 316 11.3.5 NON-GENOTOXIC STUDIES 321 11.3.6 ANIMAL STUDIES: CONCLUSIONS 321 11.4 IN VITRO CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES 322 11.4.1 GENOTOXIC EFFECTS 323 11.4.1.1 GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ELF MAGNETIC FIELDS ALONE 323 11.4.1.2 COMBINED GENOTOXIC EFFECTS 324 11.4.2 EXPRESSION OF ONCOGENES AND CANCER-RELATED GENES 327 11.4.3 DIFFERENTIATION, PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS 335 11.4.4 GAP JUNCTION INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS 339 11.4.5 FREE RADICALS 346 11.4.6 IN VITRO CONCLUSIONS 347 11.5 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS 347 12 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT 349 12.1 INTRODUCTION 349 12.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 350 12.2.1 BIOLOGICAL VERSUS ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS 350 12.2.2 ACUTE EFFECTS 350 12.2.3 CHRONIC EFFECTS 350 12.3 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 351 12.3.1 RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURES 351 12.3.2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES 351 12.4 EXPOSURE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT 352 12.4.1 THRESHOLD LEVELS 352 12.4.2 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS 352 12.5 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 353 12.5.1 ACUTE EFFECTS 353 12.5.2 CHRONIC EFFECTS 353 12.5.3 UNCERTAINTIES IN THE RISK CHARACTERIZATION 354 12.5.3.1 BIOPHYSICAL MECHANISMS 354 12.5.3.2 EXPOSURE METRIC 355 12.5.3.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY 355 12.6 CONCLUSIONS 355 13 PROTECTIVE MEASURES 357 13.1 INTRODUCTION 357 13.2 GENERAL ISSUES IN HEALTH POLICY 357 13.2.1 DEALING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS 357 13.2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH POLICY 359 13.3 SCIENTIFIC INPUT 361 13.3.1 EMISSION AND EXPOSURE STANDARDS 361 13.3.2 RISK IN PERSPECTIVE 362 VIII 13.4 PRECAUTIONARY-BASED POLICY APPROACHES 362 13.4.1 EXISTING PRECAUTIONARY ELF POLICIES 362 13.4.2 COST AND FEASIBILITY 366 13.5 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 367 13.5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS 372 APPENDIX: QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHILDHOOD LEUKAEMIA .374 A.I EXPOSURE DISTRIBUTION 374 A.2 EXPOSURE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS USING ATTRIBUTABLE FRACTION ESTIMATES FOR EMF AND CHILDHOOD LEUKAEMIA 375 A.3 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 377 14 REFERENCES 385 15 GLOSSARY 431 16 RESUME ET RECOMMANDATIONS RELATIVES AUX ETUDES A MENER 446 16.1 RESUME 446 16.1.1 SOURCES, MESURAGEET EXPOSITIONS 446 16.1.2 CHAMPS ELECTRIQUES ET MAGNETIQUES DANS L ORGANISME 447 16.1.3 MECANISMES BIOPHYSIQUES 449 16.1.4 NEUROCOMPORTEMENT 450 16.1.5 SYSTEME NEUROENDOCRINIEN 452 16.1.6 TROUBLES NEURODEGENERATIFS 453 16.1.7 TROUBLES CARDIO-VASCULAIRES 454 16.1.8 IMMUNOLOGIE ET HEMATOLOGIE 454 16.1.9 REPRODUCTION ET DEVELOPPEMENT 455 16.1.10 CANCER 455 16.1.11 EVALUATION DU RISQUE POUR LA SANTE 457 16.1.12 MESURES DE PROTECTION 459 16.2 RECOMMANDATIONS EN MATIERE DE RECHERCHE 461 16.2.1 SOURCES, MESURAGE ET EXPOSITIONS 461 16.2.2 DOSIMETRIE 462 16.2.3 MECANISMES BIOPHYSIQUES 463 16.2.4 NEURO-COMPORTEMENT 463 16.2.5 SYSTEME NEUROENDOCRINIEN 464 16.2.6 TROUBLES NEURODEGENERATIFS 464 16.2.7 TROUBLES CARDIO-VASCULAIRES 465 16.2.8 IMMUNOLOGIE ET HEMATOLOGIE 465 16.2.9 REPRODUCTION ET DEVELOPPEMENT 465 16.2.10 CANCER 465 16.2.11 MESURES DE PROTECTION 466 17 PE3K3ME M PEKOMEHFLAUMM FLJIG AAJIBHEMUJMX MCCJLEFLOBAHMM 470 17.1 PE3K ME 470 17.1.1 MCTOHHMKM, M3MEPEHMFL H BO3AEMCTBMFL HA OPRAHM3M NENOBEKA 470 17.1.2 3NEKTPNHECKNE N MAMNTHBIE NORM B OPRAMWME 472 17.1.3 BNO0M3MMECKNE MEXAHM3MBI 473 17.1.4 HEIIPONOBEAEHME 475 IX 17.1.5 HEIIPOAHAOKPMHHAFL CMCTEMA 477 17.1.6 HEIIPOAEREHEPATMBHBIE PACCTPOTFCTBA 479 17.1.7 CEPAESHO-COCYAMCTBIE PACCTPOFICTBA 479 17.1.8 HMMVHONORMFL M REMATONORMH 479 17.1.9 BOCNPOW3BOACTBO N PA3BMTNE 480 17.1.10 OHKONORNMECKNE 3A6ONEBAHMH 481 17.1.11 OUEW IYM 3AOPOBBA 483 17.1.12 MEPONPWRRMFL NO3AMVRRE 485 17.2 PEKOMEHAAUMM AJIH HAY^HBIX MCCNEAOBAHMH 487 17.2.1 HCTOHHMKM, M3MEPEHMFL M BO3AEMCTBME HA OPRAHM3M 488 17.2.2 FLO3MMETPNSI 489 17.2.3 ENO4 M3M4ECKNE MEXAHM3MBI 489 17.2.4 HEIIPONOBEAEHME 490 17.2.5 HEIIPOAHAOKPUHHASI CMCREMA 491 17.2.6 HEMPOFLEREHEPATMBHBIE PACCRPOMCTBA 491 17.2.7 CEPAEMHO-COCYAMCTBIE HAPYWEHMA 491 17.2.1 MMMYHONORNA N REMATONORUFI 491 17.2.9 PENPOAYICRMBHBIE ACNEKTBI M PA3BMTNE 492 17.2.10 OHKONORIMECKWE 3A6ONEBAHMN 492 17.2.11 MEPONPMHTMJI NO3AMNTE 493 18 RESUMEN Y RECOMENDACIONES PARA ESTUDIOS POSTERIORES 497 18.1 RESUMEN 497 18.1.1 FUENTES, MEDICIONES Y EXPOSICIONES 497 18.1.2 CAMPOS ELECTRICOS Y MAGNETICOS DENTRO DEL CUERPO 498 .3 MECANISMOS BIOFISICOS 500 .4 NEUROCOMPORTAMIENTO 501 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. .5 SISTEMA NEUROENDOCRINO 503 .6 TRASTOMNOS NEURODEGENERATIVOS 504 .7 TRASTORNOS CARDIOVASCULARES 505 INMUNOLOGIA Y HEMATOLOGIA 505 1.9 REPRODUCCION Y DESARROLLO 506 1.10 CANCER 506 1.11 EVALUACIONDE LOS RIESGOS DE SALUD 508 18.1.12 MEDIDAS DE PROTECCION 510 18.2 RECOMENDACIONES PARA LA INVESTIGACION 512 18.2.1 FUENTES, MEDICIONES Y EXPOSICIONES 512 18.2.2 DOSIMETRIA 513 18.2.3 MECANISMOS BIOFISICOS 514 18.2.4 NEUROCOMPORTAMIENTO 514 18.2.5 SISTEMA NEUROENDOCRINO 515 18.2.6 TRASTORNOS NEURODEGENERATIVOS 515 18.2.7 TRASTORNOS CARDIOVASCULARES 515 18.2.8 INMUNOLOGIA Y HEMATOLOGIA 516 18.2.9 REPRODUCCION Y DESARROLLO 516 18.2.10 CANCER 516 18.2.11 MEDIDAS DE PROTECCI6N 517
adam_txt	THIS REPORT CONTAINS THE COLLECTIVE VIEWS OF AN INTERNATIONAL GROUP OF EXPERTS AND DOES NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE DECISIONS OR THE STATED POLICY OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF NON- IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION, THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION, OR THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. N I^'^S'- L ~) O-F UB BRAUNSCHWEIG 2875-901-6 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 238 EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY FIELDS PUBLISHED UNDER THE JOINT SPONSORSHIP OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION, THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON NON-IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION, AND THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA CONTENTS PREAMBLE XI THE WHO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA PROGRAMME XI ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS XI SCOPE XII PROCEDURES XIII EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA XIV PARTICIPANTS IN THE WHO EXPERT WORKING GROUPS XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XX ABBREVIATIONS XXI 1 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 1 1.1 SUMMARY 1 1.1 SOURCES, MEASUREMENTS AND EXPOSURES 1 .2 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS INSIDE THE BODY 2 .3 BIOPHYSICAL MECHANISMS 3 .4 NEUROBEHAVIOUR 5 .5 NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM 6 .6 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 7 .7 CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 8 .8 IMMUNOLOGY AND HAEMATOLOGY 8 .9 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 8 .10 CANCER 9 1.11 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT 11 1.12 PROTECTIVE MEASURES 12 1.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH 14 1.2.1 SOURCES, MEASUREMENTS AND EXPOSURES 14 1.2.2 DOSIMETRY 15 1.2.3 BIOPHYSICAL MECHANISMS 15 1.2.4 NEUROBEHAVIOUR 16 1.2.5 NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM 17 1.2.6 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 17 1.2.7 CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 17 1.2.8 IMMUNOLOGY AND HAEMATOLOGY 17 1.2.9 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 17 1.2.10 CANCER 17 1.2.11 PROTECTIVE MEASURES 18 SOURCES, MEASUREMENTS AND EXPOSURES 21 2.1 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 21 2.1.1 THE FIELD CONCEPT 21 2.1.2 QUANTITIES AND UNITS 22 2.1.3 POLARIZATION 22 2.1.4 TIME VARIATION, HARMONICS AND TRANSIENTS 23 2.1.5 PERTURBATIONS TO FIELDS, SHIELDING 24 111 2.2 SOURCES OF ALTERNATING FIELDS 25 2.2.1 ELECTRIC FIELDS 25 2.2.1.1 NATURALLY OCCURRING FIELDS 25 2.2.1.2 ARTIFICIAL FIELDS 26 2.2.2 MAGNETIC FIELDS 28 2.2.2.1 NATURALLY OCCURRING FIELDS 28 2.2.2.2 ARTIFICIAL FIELDS 30 2.3 ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE 54 2.3.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 54 2.3.2 ASSESSING RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS: METHODS NOT INVOLVING MEASUREMENT 56 2.3.2.1 DISTANCE 56 2.3.2.2 WIRE CODE 56 2.3.2.3 CALCULATED HISTORICAL FIELDS 58 2.3.3 ASSESSING RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS USING MEASUREMENTS 59 2.3.3.1 SPOT MEASUREMENTS IN THE HOME 59 2.3.3.2 LONGER-TERM MEASUREMENTS IN HOMES 60 2.3.3.3 PERSONAL EXPOSURE MONITORING 63 2.3.4 ASSESSING EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM APPLIANCES 65 2.3.5 ASSESSING EXPOSURE AT SCHOOLS 66 2.3.6 ASSESSING NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS: DISCUSSION 67 2.3.7 ASSESSING OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS 68 2.3.8 ASSESSING EXPOSURE TO ELECTRIC FIELDS 71 2.3.9 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT: CONCLUSIONS 72 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS INSIDE THE BODY 73 3.1 INTRODUCTION 73 3.2 MODELS OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL BODIES 74 3.3 ELECTRIC FIELD DOSIMETRY 76 3.3.1 BASIC INTERACTION MECHANISMS 76 3.3.2 MEASUREMENTS 77 3.3.3 COMPUTATIONS 77 3.3.4 COMPARISON OF COMPUTATIONS WITH MEASUREMENTS 83 3.4 MAGNETIC FIELD DOSIMETRY 85 3.4.1 BASIC INTERACTION MECHANISMS 85 3.4.2 COMPUTATIONS - UNIFORM FIELD 85 3.4.3 COMPUTATIONS - NON-UNIFORM FIELDS 89 3.4.4 COMPUTATIONS - INTER-LABORATORY COMPARISON AND MODEL EFFECTS 90 3.5 CONTACT CURRENT 91 3.6 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS EXPOSURES 92 3.7 MICROSCOPIC DOSIMETRY 93 3.8 CONCLUSIONS 95 BIOPHYSICAL MECHANISMS 9 7 4.1 INTRODUCTION 97 4.2 THE CONCEPT OF PLAUSIBILITY 97 IV 4.3 STOCHASTIC EFFECTS, THRESHOLDS AND DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS .98 4.4 INDUCED CURRENTS AND FIELDS 100 4.4.1 CURRENTS INDUCED BY FIELDS 100 4.4.2 COMPARISON WITH NOISE 100 4.4.3 MYELINATED NERVE FIBRE STIMULATION THRESHOLDS 101 4.4.4 NEURAL NETWORKS AND SIGNAL DETECTION 102 4.4.5 TRANSIENTS 103 4.4.6 HEATING EFFECTS OF INDUCED CURRENTS 103 4.4.7 SUMMARY ON INDUCED CURRENTS 103 4.5 OTHER DIRECT EFFECTS OF FIELDS 104 4.5.1 IONIZATION AND BREAKING OF BONDS 104 4.5.2 FORCES ON CHARGED PARTICLES 105 4.5.3 FORCES ON MAGNETIC PARTICLES 105 4.5.4 FREE RADICALS 107 4.5.5 EFFECTS WITH NARROW BANDWIDTHS 109 4.5.5.1 CYCLOTRON RESONANCE 109 4.5.5.2 LARMOR PRECESSION 109 4.5.5.3 QUANTUM MECHANICAL RESONANCE PHENOMENA 109 4.5.6 STOCHASTIC RESONANCE 110 4.6 INDIRECT EFFECTS OF FIELDS 110 4.6.1 SURFACE CHARGE AND MICROSHOCKS 110 4.6.2 CONTACT CURRENTS 110 4.6.3 DEFLECTION OF COSMIC RAYS 111 4.6.4 EFFECTS ON AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS 112 4.6.4.1 PRODUCTION OF CORONA IONS 112 4.6.4.2 INHALATION OF POLLUTANT PARTICLES 113 4.6.4.3 DEPOSITION UNDER POWER LINES 114 4.6.4.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH 115 4.7 CONCLUSIONS 115 NEUROBEHAVIOUR 118 5.1 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 118 5.2 VOLUNTEER STUDIES 121 5.2.1 SURFACE ELECTRIC CHARGE 121 5.2.2 NERVE STIMULATION 123 5.2.3 RETINAL FUNCTION 124 5.2.4 BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY 125 5.2.5 SLEEP 131 5.2.6 COGNITIVE EFFECTS 132 5.2.7 HYPERSENSITIVITY 136 5.2.8 MOOD AND ALERTNESS 137 5.3 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 143 5.3.1 DEPRESSION 143 5.3.2 SUICIDE 143 5.4 ANIMAL STUDIES 145 5.4.1 PERCEPTION AND FIELD DETECTION 145 5.4.2 AROUSAL AND AVERSION 147 5.4.3 BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY 151 5.4.4 NEUROTRANSMITTER FUNCTION 152 5.4.5 COGNITIVE FUNCTION 153 5.5 CONCLUSIONS 160 NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM 162 6.1 VOLUNTEER STUDIES 162 6.1.1 THE PINEAL HORMONE: MELATONIN 162 6.1.1.1 LABORATORY STUDIES 162 6.1.1.2 RESIDENTIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL STUDIES 163 6.1.2 PITUITARY AND OTHER HORMONES 165 6.2 ANIMAL STUDIES 171 6.2.1 MELATONIN 171 6.2.1.1 LABORATORY RODENTS 171 6.2.1.2 SEASONAL BREEDERS 172 6.2.1.3 NON HUMAN PRIMATES 177 6.2.2 THE PITUITARY AND OTHER HORMONES 178 6.2.2.1 PITUITARY-ADRENAL EFFECTS 178 6.2.2.2 OTHER ENDOCRINE STUDIES 179 6.3 IN VITRO STUDIES 179 6.3.1 EFFECTS ON MELATONIN PRODUCTION IN VITRO 181 6.3.2 EFFECTS ON THE ACTION OF MELATONIN IN VITRO 182 6.4 CONCLUSIONS 185 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 187 7.1 ALZHEIMER DISEASE 188 7.1.1 PATHOLOGY 188 7.1.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY 189 7.2 AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS 196 7.2.1 PATHOLOGY 196 7.2.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY 196 7.3 PARKINSON DISEASE, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 202 7.3.1 PATHOLOGY 202 7.3.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY 203 7.4 DISCUSSION 203 7.5 CONCLUSIONS 206 CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 207 8.1 ACUTE EFFECTS 207 8.1.1 ELECTROCARDIOGRAM CHANGES, HEART RATE, AND HEART RATE VARIABILITY 207 8.1.2 BLOOD PRESSURE 210 8.2 LONG-TERM EFFECTS 211 8.3 DISCUSSION 218 8.3.1 HEART RATE VARIABILITY HYPOTHESIS 218 8.3.2 EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE 219 8.4 CONCLUSIONS 220 IMMUNE SYSTEM AND HAEMATOLOGY 221 9.1 IMMUNE SYSTEM 221 9.1.1 HUMAN STUDIES 222 VI 9.1.2 ANIMAL STUDIES 224 9.1.3 CELLULAR STUDIES 226 9.2 HAEMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM 233 9.2.1 HUMAN STUDIES 233 9.2.2 ANIMAL STUDIES 233 9.2.3 CELLULAR STUDIES 236 9.3 CONCLUSIONS 237 10 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 239 10.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY 239 10.1.1 MATERNAL EXPOSURE 239 10.1.1.1 VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS 239 10.1.1.2 ELECTRICALLY HEATED BEDS 239 10.1.1.3 OTHER RESIDENTIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE 242 10.1.2 PATERNAL EXPOSURE 246 10.2 EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS 247 10.2.1 ELECTRIC FIELDS 247 10.2.2 MAGNETIC FIELDS 247 10.2.2.1 EFFECTS ON PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT 247 10.2.2.3 MULTI-GENERATION STUDIES 250 10.2.2.4 EFFECTS ON MAMMALIAN EMBRYOS IN VITRO 250 10.2.2.5 EFFECTS OF PATERNAL EXPOSURE 251 10.3 EFFECTS ON NON-MAMMALIAN SPECIES 252 10.3.1 BIRD EMBRYOS 252 10.3.1.1 DEVELOPMENT 252 10.3.1.2 INTERACTION WITH KNOWN TERATOGENS 253 10.3.2 OTHER NON-MAMMALIAN SPECIES 253 10.4 CONCLUSION 254 11 CANCER 255 11.1 IARC 2002 EVALUATION: SUMMARY 256 11.2 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 263 11.2.1 CHILDHOOD LEUKAEMIA 263 11.2.1.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY 263 11.2.1.2 TRENDS AND ECOLOGIC CORRELATIONS 266 11.2.1.3 NEW DATA 268 11.2.1.4 EVALUATING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS 270 [ 1.2.2 ADULT CANCER 276 11.2.2.1 BREAST CANCER 277 11.2.2.2 LEUKAEMIA AND BRAIN CANCER 291 11.2.2.3 OTHER CANCERS 305 11.2.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY: CONCLUSIONS 307 11.3 CARCINOGENESIS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS 308 11.3.1 RODENT BIOASSAYS 308 11.3.1.1 LARGE SCALE, LIFE-TIME STUDIES 308 11.3.1.2 LEUKAEMIA/LYMPHOMA 309 11.3.1.3 BRAIN TUMOURS 310 11.3.2 EMF EXPOSURE COMBINED WITH CARCINOGENS 312 VII 11.3.2.1 LIVER PRE-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS 312 11.3.2.2 LEUKAEMIA/LYMPHOMA 312 11.3.2.3 MAMMARY TUMOURS 313 11.3.2.4 SKIN TUMOURS 314 11.3.2.5 BRAIN TUMOURS 315 11.3.3 TRANSPLANTED TUMOURS 316 11.3.4 GENOTOXICITY IN ANIMALS 316 11.3.5 NON-GENOTOXIC STUDIES 321 11.3.6 ANIMAL STUDIES: CONCLUSIONS 321 11.4 IN VITRO CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES 322 11.4.1 GENOTOXIC EFFECTS 323 11.4.1.1 GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ELF MAGNETIC FIELDS ALONE 323 11.4.1.2 COMBINED GENOTOXIC EFFECTS 324 11.4.2 EXPRESSION OF ONCOGENES AND CANCER-RELATED GENES 327 11.4.3 DIFFERENTIATION, PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS 335 11.4.4 GAP JUNCTION INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS 339 11.4.5 FREE RADICALS 346 11.4.6 IN VITRO CONCLUSIONS 347 11.5 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS 347 12 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT 349 12.1 INTRODUCTION 349 12.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 350 12.2.1 BIOLOGICAL VERSUS ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS 350 12.2.2 ACUTE EFFECTS 350 12.2.3 CHRONIC EFFECTS 350 12.3 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 351 12.3.1 RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURES 351 12.3.2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES 351 12.4 EXPOSURE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT 352 12.4.1 THRESHOLD LEVELS 352 12.4.2 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS 352 12.5 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 353 12.5.1 ACUTE EFFECTS 353 12.5.2 CHRONIC EFFECTS 353 12.5.3 UNCERTAINTIES IN THE RISK CHARACTERIZATION 354 12.5.3.1 BIOPHYSICAL MECHANISMS 354 12.5.3.2 EXPOSURE METRIC 355 12.5.3.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY 355 12.6 CONCLUSIONS 355 13 PROTECTIVE MEASURES 357 13.1 INTRODUCTION 357 13.2 GENERAL ISSUES IN HEALTH POLICY 357 13.2.1 DEALING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS 357 13.2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH POLICY 359 13.3 SCIENTIFIC INPUT 361 13.3.1 EMISSION AND EXPOSURE STANDARDS 361 13.3.2 RISK IN PERSPECTIVE 362 VIII 13.4 PRECAUTIONARY-BASED POLICY APPROACHES 362 13.4.1 EXISTING PRECAUTIONARY ELF POLICIES 362 13.4.2 COST AND FEASIBILITY 366 13.5 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 367 13.5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS 372 APPENDIX: QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHILDHOOD LEUKAEMIA .374 A.I EXPOSURE DISTRIBUTION 374 A.2 EXPOSURE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS USING ATTRIBUTABLE FRACTION ESTIMATES FOR EMF AND CHILDHOOD LEUKAEMIA 375 A.3 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 377 14 REFERENCES 385 15 GLOSSARY 431 16 RESUME ET RECOMMANDATIONS RELATIVES AUX ETUDES A MENER 446 16.1 RESUME 446 16.1.1 SOURCES, MESURAGEET EXPOSITIONS 446 16.1.2 CHAMPS ELECTRIQUES ET MAGNETIQUES DANS L'ORGANISME 447 16.1.3 MECANISMES BIOPHYSIQUES 449 16.1.4 NEUROCOMPORTEMENT 450 16.1.5 SYSTEME NEUROENDOCRINIEN 452 16.1.6 TROUBLES NEURODEGENERATIFS 453 16.1.7 TROUBLES CARDIO-VASCULAIRES 454 16.1.8 IMMUNOLOGIE ET HEMATOLOGIE 454 16.1.9 REPRODUCTION ET DEVELOPPEMENT 455 16.1.10 CANCER 455 16.1.11 EVALUATION DU RISQUE POUR LA SANTE 457 16.1.12 MESURES DE PROTECTION 459 16.2 RECOMMANDATIONS EN MATIERE DE RECHERCHE 461 16.2.1 SOURCES, MESURAGE ET EXPOSITIONS 461 16.2.2 DOSIMETRIE 462 16.2.3 MECANISMES BIOPHYSIQUES 463 16.2.4 NEURO-COMPORTEMENT 463 16.2.5 SYSTEME NEUROENDOCRINIEN 464 16.2.6 TROUBLES NEURODEGENERATIFS 464 16.2.7 TROUBLES CARDIO-VASCULAIRES 465 16.2.8 IMMUNOLOGIE ET HEMATOLOGIE 465 16.2.9 REPRODUCTION ET DEVELOPPEMENT 465 16.2.10 CANCER 465 16.2.11 MESURES DE PROTECTION 466 17 PE3K3ME M PEKOMEHFLAUMM FLJIG AAJIBHEMUJMX MCCJLEFLOBAHMM 470 17.1 PE3K ME 470 17.1.1 MCTOHHMKM, M3MEPEHMFL H BO3AEMCTBMFL HA OPRAHM3M NENOBEKA 470 17.1.2 3NEKTPNHECKNE N MAMNTHBIE NORM B OPRAMWME 472 17.1.3 BNO0M3MMECKNE MEXAHM3MBI 473 17.1.4 HEIIPONOBEAEHME 475 IX 17.1.5 HEIIPOAHAOKPMHHAFL CMCTEMA 477 17.1.6 HEIIPOAEREHEPATMBHBIE PACCTPOTFCTBA 479 17.1.7 CEPAESHO-COCYAMCTBIE PACCTPOFICTBA 479 17.1.8 HMMVHONORMFL M REMATONORMH 479 17.1.9 BOCNPOW3BOACTBO N PA3BMTNE 480 17.1.10 OHKONORNMECKNE 3A6ONEBAHMH 481 17.1.11 OUEW IYM 3AOPOBBA 483 17.1.12 MEPONPWRRMFL NO3AMVRRE 485 17.2 PEKOMEHAAUMM AJIH HAY^HBIX MCCNEAOBAHMH 487 17.2.1 HCTOHHMKM, M3MEPEHMFL M BO3AEMCTBME HA OPRAHM3M 488 17.2.2 FLO3MMETPNSI 489 17.2.3 ENO4 M3M4ECKNE MEXAHM3MBI 489 17.2.4 HEIIPONOBEAEHME 490 17.2.5 HEIIPOAHAOKPUHHASI CMCREMA 491 17.2.6 HEMPOFLEREHEPATMBHBIE PACCRPOMCTBA 491 17.2.7 CEPAEMHO-COCYAMCTBIE HAPYWEHMA 491 17.2.1 MMMYHONORNA N REMATONORUFI 491 17.2.9 PENPOAYICRMBHBIE ACNEKTBI M PA3BMTNE 492 17.2.10 OHKONORIMECKWE 3A6ONEBAHMN 492 17.2.11 MEPONPMHTMJI NO3AMNTE 493 18 RESUMEN Y RECOMENDACIONES PARA ESTUDIOS POSTERIORES 497 18.1 RESUMEN 497 18.1.1 FUENTES, MEDICIONES Y EXPOSICIONES 497 18.1.2 CAMPOS ELECTRICOS Y MAGNETICOS DENTRO DEL CUERPO 498 .3 MECANISMOS BIOFISICOS 500 .4 NEUROCOMPORTAMIENTO 501 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. .5 SISTEMA NEUROENDOCRINO 503 .6 TRASTOMNOS NEURODEGENERATIVOS 504 .7 TRASTORNOS CARDIOVASCULARES 505 INMUNOLOGIA Y HEMATOLOGIA 505 1.9 REPRODUCCION Y DESARROLLO 506 1.10 CANCER 506 1.11 EVALUACIONDE LOS RIESGOS DE SALUD 508 18.1.12 MEDIDAS DE PROTECCION 510 18.2 RECOMENDACIONES PARA LA INVESTIGACION 512 18.2.1 FUENTES, MEDICIONES Y EXPOSICIONES 512 18.2.2 DOSIMETRIA 513 18.2.3 MECANISMOS BIOFISICOS 514 18.2.4 NEUROCOMPORTAMIENTO 514 18.2.5 SISTEMA NEUROENDOCRINO 515 18.2.6 TRASTORNOS NEURODEGENERATIVOS 515 18.2.7 TRASTORNOS CARDIOVASCULARES 515 18.2.8 INMUNOLOGIA Y HEMATOLOGIA 516 18.2.9 REPRODUCCION Y DESARROLLO 516 18.2.10 CANCER 516 18.2.11 MEDIDAS DE PROTECCI6N 517
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spelling	Extremely low frequency fields Geneva World Health Organization 2007 XXIV, 519 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental health criteria 238 Zsfassung in franz., russ. und span. Sprache Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd rswk-swf Extrem niederfrequentes Elektromagnetisches Feld gnd rswk-swf Extrem niederfrequentes Elektromagnetisches Feld f Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 s b DE-604 Environmental health criteria 238 (DE-604)BV000011459 238 http://digitool.hbz-nrw.de:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=2335913&custom_att_2=simple_viewer Extremely low frequency fields Inhaltsverzeichnis GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016404499&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Extremely low frequency fields Environmental health criteria Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4071808-6
title	Extremely low frequency fields
title_auth	Extremely low frequency fields
title_exact_search	Extremely low frequency fields
title_exact_search_txtP	Extremely low frequency fields
title_full	Extremely low frequency fields
title_fullStr	Extremely low frequency fields
title_full_unstemmed	Extremely low frequency fields
title_short	Extremely low frequency fields
title_sort	extremely low frequency fields
topic	Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd
topic_facet	Gesundheitsgefährdung Extrem niederfrequentes Elektromagnetisches Feld
url	http://digitool.hbz-nrw.de:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=2335913&custom_att_2=simple_viewer http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016404499&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV000011459

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