A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2008
|
| Series: | Conceptual advances in brain research
[8] |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents only Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-277) and index |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 287 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 1420058975 9781420058970 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders |c Robert Miller |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 287 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Conceptual advances in brain research |v [8] | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-277) and index | ||
| 650 | 2 | |a Affections des ganglions de la base | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Noyaux basaux |2 ram | |
| 650 | 2 | |a Noyaux gris centraux | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Basal ganglia |x Physiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Basal ganglia |x Pathophysiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Basal ganglia |x Diseases | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Basal Ganglia |x physiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Basal Ganglia |x physiopathology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Basal Ganglia Diseases |x etiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Basal Ganglia Diseases |x physiopathology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mental Disorders |x etiology | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
Series Preface xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Author xix
PART I The Framework for Normal Basal
Ganglionic Function
Chapter 1 Introduction: Background to the Dynam ics of the Basal Gangl ia 3
1.1 The Cortico-Thalamo-Hippocampal Excitatory Network: Substrate for
Cell Assemblies and Associative Operations 3
1.2 Definition of Executive Functions 7
1.3 The Motor Thalamus : Target of Executive Decisions? 8
Chapter 2 The Striatum: Functional Significance and Direct
Connectivity to Output Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia 13
2.1 The Striatum: Detector and Encoder of Motivationally Significant
Outcomes of Behavior and Deployer of Motivationally Favorable
Behaviors 13
2.2 Functional Subdivisions within Each Component of the Basal Ganglia 18
2.3 The Credit Assignment Problem 20
2.4 Morphological Evidence about the Fine Distribution of Connections in
the Basal Ganglia 21
2.5 Cybernetic Interpretations Derived from Quantitative Synaptology 28
2.6 Collateral Inhibition in the Striatum 32
Chapter 3 The Indirect Pathways from Striatum to Basal Ganglia
Output Nuclei, and Their Relation to the Direct Pathway 37
3.1 Overall Patterns of Connectivity 37
3.2 Segregation versus Overlap of Direct and Indirect Pathways from
Striatum to Thalamus 40
3.3 The Credit Assignment Problem in the Indirect Pathway 42
3.4 Evidence on the Relative Role of Direct and Indirect Pathways 43
3.4.1 Is the Subthalamus an Input Nucleus for the Basal Ganglia or a
Relay in the Indirect Pathway? 43
v
vi Contents
3.4.2 Dopamine in the Subthalamic Nucleus, and Changes in Neural
Activity There, after Dopamine Denervation 46
3.4.3 Evidence that Neural Activity in GPe and GPi Have Opposite
Signs of Relation to Behavior 48
3.4.3.1 Relation Between Levels of Motor Activity and Neural
Activity in GPi or SNR 48
3.4.3.2 Relation Between Levels of Motor Activity and Neural
Activity in GPe 52
3.4.3.3 Relation Between Striatal Neurons of Origin of Direct
and Indirect Pathways, and Levels of Motor Activity 54
3.4.3.4 Summary 57
3.4.4 Supposed Separate Cellular Locations and Actions of Different
Dopamine Receptors on Neurons of Origin of the Direct and
Indirect Pathways 58
3.4.4.1 Cytological and Histological Studies 58
3.4.4.2 Function Studied by Biochemical Methods 61
3.4.4.3 Function Studied by Electrophysiological Methods 63
3.4.4.4 Function Studied by Behavioral Methods 64
3.4.4.5 Synopsis 65
3.4.5 Increase versus Decrease of Firing Rate in Neurons of Origin of
the Direct and Indirect Pathways 66
Chapter 4 Theories of Basal Ganglionic Function 71
4.1 Early Theories 71
4.2 Synopsis of Key Issues 73
4.3 The Scaling of Movement Hypothesis 76
4.4 The Focused Selection Hypothesis 77
4.5 A More Complete Version of the Focused Selection Theory,
Including Predictions 82
4.6 Comparison with an Earlier Theory of the Basal Ganglia: Significance
of Cell Assemblies 90
4.7 Dynamics of Neural Activity in Structures of the Basal Ganglia and
the Nature of the Neural Code in These Structures 93
Chapter 5 Synopsis of Part I and Predictions Derived from It 99
PART II Interpretation of Symptoms of Diseases
of the Basal Ganglia
Chapter 6 Introduction 105
6.1 General Comments 105
6.2 Neuropathology and Pathophysiology of Disorders of the
Basal Ganglia 106
Contents vii
Chapter 7 Huntington s Disease Ill
Chapter 8 Parkinson s Disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes 115
8.1 Introduction 115
8.2 The Goad and the Halter in Parkinson s Disease 115
8.3 Coactivation of Striatal Neurons and Cognitive Problems Associated
with Parkinsonian Syndromes 120
8.4 Inflexibility of Adjustments of Posture and Gait in Parkinson s Disease 125
8.5 The Role of the Subthalamus in Production of Parkinsonian Symptoms 128
8.6 Burst Firing in Components of the Basal Ganglia and Parkinsonian
Tremor 129
8.7 Direct Connections from Basal Ganglia to Brain Stem, and Their Role
in Parkinsonian Akinesia and Rigidity 135
8.7.1 Projections from GP and STN to the Pedunculopontine Nucleus 135
8.7.2 Akinesia and the Influence of the Basal Ganglia on the
Pedunculopontine Nucleus 136
8.7.3 Parkinsonian Rigidity 139
8.8 Parkinson s Disease: Summary 142
Chapter 9 Dopamine-Dependent Psychosis 145
9.1 Introduction 145
9.2 Development of the Dopamine Hypothesis of Psychosis 146
9.3 Neural Dynamics in the Basal Ganglia When Dopaminergic Tone Is
Elevated 147
9.3.1 Striatal Unit Firing in High-Dopamine States: Experiments and
Theory 148
9.3.2 Unit Firing in Other Components of the Basal Ganglia in
High-Dopamine States 151
9.4 Overactivity of Striatal Dopamine in Relation to the Symptoms of
Psychosis 154
9.4.1 Perceptual and Conceptual Bases of Psychotic Symptoms 154
9.4.2 Behavioral and Motor Bases of Psychotic Symptoms 161
9.5 Pharmacology of Psychosis 163
9.6 Positive Feedback Between Striatum and Cortex in the Generation of
Psychosis 169
Chapter 10 Syndromes Arising as Complications of Prolonged
Underactivity of Striatal Dopamine Mechanism, and Other
Disorders of the Basal Ganglia 171
10.1 Introduction 171
10.2 Reasons for Identifying Striatal Cholinergic Cell Loss as the Origin of
the Four Syndromes 172
10.2.1 Three of These Syndromes Emerge during Prolonged
Dopaminergic Underactivity 172
viM Contents
10.2.2 These Syndromes Are Persistent, Even Permanent 175
10.2.3 Relationship of These Syndromes to Dopamine and
Acetylcholine 175
10.2.4 Discussion 176
10.2.5 Pathology and Neurochemical Pathology in Syndromes
Emergent during Prolonged Dopaminergic Underactivity 178
10.2.6 Neuronal Dynamics during PDD and TD and the Role of
Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons 180
10.3 Phenomenology of PDD and TD 186
10.4 Dyskinesias, Stereotypy, Refractory Psychosis and Other Behavioral
Pathologies Related to High-Dopamine States without a Prior History
of Prolonged Dopaminergic Underactivity 192
10.5 Pharmacological Theory: Involvement of Dopaminergic and
Cholinergic Receptor Subtypes 194
10.5.1 Agonists and Antagonists Selective for Dl versus D2
Dopamine Receptors 194
10.5.2 Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes and the Special Efficacy of
Clozapine, and Other Agents 196
10.6 Other Disorders Involving the Basal Ganglia 199
10.6.1 Dystonia 200
10.6.2 Tourette s Syndrome and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 203
10.6.3 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 207
Chapter 11 Synopsis of Part II and Predictions Derived from It 211
Appendix 1 Abbreviations 217
Appendix 2 Pharmacological Agents and Their Actions 219
References 221
Index 279
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram of the cortico-thalamo-hippocampal (CTH)
network 6
Figure 1.2 Inhibitory ( symmetrical ) synapses made by pallidal afferents,
upon principal neurons of the motor thalamus (nucleus VA of
macaque monkey) 9
Figure 1.3 Tonic activity of neurons in basal ganglionic output nuclei in in
vivo and in slice preparations 11
Figure 2.1 (1) Schematic illustration of main components and main
connections of the basal ganglia. (2) Modified version of this
figure emphasizing the direct pathway from striatum via GPi
and SNR to motor thalamus 14
Figure 2.2 Morphology of single axon terminal arborization of striatal
neurons projecting to pallidum or SNR 22
Figure 2.3 Photograph of multiterminal innervation of pallidal dendrites
by striatal afferents 23
Figure 2.4 Diagram of striatal fibers approaching SNR and interleaving
with dendritic fields there 24
Figure 2.5 Electron micrographs of GPi and SNR from monkeys in both
studies 25
Figure 2.6 (1) Semischematic illustration of distribution of extremely
dense bunches of terminal arborizations of four reconstructed
axons in primate pallido-thalamic projections. (2) Camera
lucida drawing of single axon in lateral thalamus labeled from
an injection site in medial pallidum (scale bar = 200 (im) with
(inset 1) a single bunch seen at high magnification (scale bar 50
jim) 27
Figure 2.7 Diagrammatic synopsis of connectivity in direct pathway
from cortex, through striatum, and GPi/SNR to motor
thalamus (illustrating concept of alternative labeled lines
of connectivity) 29
Figure 2.8 Soma and dendritic tree of a striatal medium spiny neuron
labeled by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase, and
electrophysiological evidence of collateral inhibition between
neighboring cells of this sort 34
ix
x List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Schematic illustration of main connections of the basal ganglia
emphasizing different versions of the indirect pathway
(connections in bold) 38
Figure 4.1 Neuronal response in advance of a correlated movement
response. Delayed response task, with arrow indicating light
onset and solid circle indicating response. Each group of three
traces represents consecutive trials with intertrial interval of
25-50 s 72
Figure 4.2 Predictions for electrophysiological experiments aimed at
defining the separate roles of the direct and indirect
pathway, respectively, in active behavior and suppression
of active behavior 87
Figure 4.3 Experimental results illustrating the coding of
information by timing of pauses in firing, rather than by
timing of impulses 96
Figure 8.1 Cumulative frequency histograms of spontaneous firing
frequency in medial (A) and lateral (B) striatal neurons of rats
with various degrees of dopamine depletion (vehicle and three
doses of 6-HD administered intraventricularly) 118
Figure 8.2 Burst firing in rat SNR neurons on relief from sustained
hyperpolarization studied in vitro 131
Figure 9.1 Effect of D2-receptor blocking drugs on firing rate and firing
pattern of dopamine cells recorded in free-moving rats 166
Figure 9.2 Alternative hypotheses for indirect action of dopamine D2-
receptor blocking antipsychotic drugs. Both hypotheses
postulate increased firing of striatal cholinergic interneurons,
and that the final common target of antipsychotic drugs is
reduced formation of cAMP. 168
Figure 10.1 Kluver-Barrera stain of field of striatal neurons, showing large
striatal neurons (which form a small minority of all neurons) as
insets 179
Figure 10.2 Feedback loops between striatum and neocortex, and the role of
cholinergic interneurons in the striatum 183
Figure 10.3 Proposed pharmacological determinants of TD, PDD, and
supersensitivity psychosis 194
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Synopsis of Quantitative Synaptology of Striatal Projection to
a Typical Pallidal Neuron in Rat 28
Table 11.1 Synopsis of Postulated Origin of Major Symptoms of Disorders
of Basal Ganglia 215
xi
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
Series Preface xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Author xix
PART I The Framework for Normal Basal
Ganglionic Function
Chapter 1 Introduction: Background to the Dynam ics of the Basal Gangl ia 3
1.1 The Cortico-Thalamo-Hippocampal Excitatory Network: Substrate for
Cell Assemblies and Associative Operations 3
1.2 Definition of Executive Functions 7
1.3 The "Motor Thalamus": Target of Executive Decisions? 8
Chapter 2 The Striatum: Functional Significance and "Direct"
Connectivity to Output Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia 13
2.1 The Striatum: Detector and Encoder of Motivationally Significant
Outcomes of Behavior and Deployer of Motivationally Favorable
Behaviors 13
2.2 Functional Subdivisions within Each Component of the Basal Ganglia 18
2.3 The "Credit Assignment Problem" 20
2.4 Morphological Evidence about the Fine Distribution of Connections in
the Basal Ganglia 21
2.5 Cybernetic Interpretations Derived from Quantitative Synaptology 28
2.6 Collateral Inhibition in the Striatum 32
Chapter 3 The "Indirect" Pathways from Striatum to Basal Ganglia
Output Nuclei, and Their Relation to the "Direct" Pathway 37
3.1 Overall Patterns of Connectivity 37
3.2 Segregation versus Overlap of "Direct" and "Indirect" Pathways from
Striatum to Thalamus 40
3.3 The "Credit Assignment Problem" in the Indirect Pathway 42
3.4 Evidence on the Relative Role of "Direct" and "Indirect" Pathways 43
3.4.1 Is the Subthalamus an Input Nucleus for the Basal Ganglia or a
Relay in the Indirect Pathway? 43
v
vi Contents
3.4.2 Dopamine in the Subthalamic Nucleus, and Changes in Neural
Activity There, after Dopamine Denervation 46
3.4.3 Evidence that Neural Activity in GPe and GPi Have Opposite
Signs of Relation to Behavior 48
3.4.3.1 Relation Between Levels of Motor Activity and Neural
Activity in GPi or SNR 48
3.4.3.2 Relation Between Levels of Motor Activity and Neural
Activity in GPe 52
3.4.3.3 Relation Between Striatal Neurons of Origin of Direct
and Indirect Pathways, and Levels of Motor Activity 54
3.4.3.4 Summary 57
3.4.4 Supposed Separate Cellular Locations and Actions of Different
Dopamine Receptors on Neurons of Origin of the "Direct" and
"Indirect" Pathways 58
3.4.4.1 Cytological and Histological Studies 58
3.4.4.2 Function Studied by Biochemical Methods 61
3.4.4.3 Function Studied by Electrophysiological Methods 63
3.4.4.4 Function Studied by Behavioral Methods 64
3.4.4.5 Synopsis 65
3.4.5 Increase versus Decrease of Firing Rate in Neurons of Origin of
the Direct and Indirect Pathways 66
Chapter 4 Theories of Basal Ganglionic Function 71
4.1 Early Theories 71
4.2 Synopsis of Key Issues 73
4.3 The "Scaling of Movement" Hypothesis 76
4.4 The "Focused Selection" Hypothesis 77
4.5 A More Complete Version of the "Focused Selection" Theory,
Including Predictions 82
4.6 Comparison with an Earlier Theory of the Basal Ganglia: Significance
of Cell Assemblies 90
4.7 Dynamics of Neural Activity in Structures of the Basal Ganglia and
the Nature of the Neural Code in These Structures 93
Chapter 5 Synopsis of Part I and Predictions Derived from It 99
PART II Interpretation of Symptoms of Diseases
of the Basal Ganglia
Chapter 6 Introduction 105
6.1 General Comments 105
6.2 Neuropathology and Pathophysiology of Disorders of the
Basal Ganglia 106
Contents vii
Chapter 7 Huntington's Disease Ill
Chapter 8 Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes 115
8.1 Introduction 115
8.2 The "Goad and the Halter" in Parkinson's Disease 115
8.3 Coactivation of Striatal Neurons and Cognitive Problems Associated
with Parkinsonian Syndromes 120
8.4 Inflexibility of Adjustments of Posture and Gait in Parkinson's Disease 125
8.5 The Role of the Subthalamus in Production of Parkinsonian Symptoms 128
8.6 Burst Firing in Components of the Basal Ganglia and Parkinsonian
Tremor 129
8.7 Direct Connections from Basal Ganglia to Brain Stem, and Their Role
in Parkinsonian Akinesia and Rigidity 135
8.7.1 Projections from GP and STN to the Pedunculopontine Nucleus 135
8.7.2 Akinesia and the Influence of the Basal Ganglia on the
Pedunculopontine Nucleus 136
8.7.3 Parkinsonian Rigidity 139
8.8 Parkinson's Disease: Summary 142
Chapter 9 Dopamine-Dependent Psychosis 145
9.1 Introduction 145
9.2 Development of the Dopamine Hypothesis of Psychosis 146
9.3 Neural Dynamics in the Basal Ganglia When Dopaminergic Tone Is
Elevated 147
9.3.1 Striatal Unit Firing in High-Dopamine States: Experiments and
Theory 148
9.3.2 Unit Firing in Other Components of the Basal Ganglia in
High-Dopamine States 151
9.4 Overactivity of Striatal Dopamine in Relation to the Symptoms of
Psychosis 154
9.4.1 Perceptual and Conceptual Bases of Psychotic Symptoms 154
9.4.2 Behavioral and Motor Bases of Psychotic Symptoms 161
9.5 Pharmacology of Psychosis 163
9.6 Positive Feedback Between Striatum and Cortex in the Generation of
Psychosis 169
Chapter 10 Syndromes Arising as Complications of Prolonged
Underactivity of Striatal Dopamine Mechanism, and Other
Disorders of the Basal Ganglia 171
10.1 Introduction 171
10.2 Reasons for Identifying Striatal Cholinergic Cell Loss as the Origin of
the Four Syndromes 172
10.2.1 Three of These Syndromes Emerge during Prolonged
Dopaminergic Underactivity 172
viM Contents
10.2.2 These Syndromes Are Persistent, Even Permanent 175
10.2.3 Relationship of These Syndromes to Dopamine and
Acetylcholine 175
10.2.4 Discussion 176
10.2.5 Pathology and Neurochemical Pathology in Syndromes
Emergent during Prolonged Dopaminergic Underactivity 178
10.2.6 Neuronal Dynamics during PDD and TD and the Role of
Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons 180
10.3 Phenomenology of PDD and TD 186
10.4 Dyskinesias, Stereotypy, Refractory Psychosis and Other Behavioral
Pathologies Related to High-Dopamine States without a Prior History
of Prolonged Dopaminergic Underactivity 192
10.5 Pharmacological Theory: Involvement of Dopaminergic and
Cholinergic Receptor Subtypes 194
10.5.1 Agonists and Antagonists Selective for Dl versus D2
Dopamine Receptors 194
10.5.2 Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes and the Special Efficacy of
Clozapine, and Other Agents 196
10.6 Other Disorders Involving the Basal Ganglia 199
10.6.1 Dystonia 200
10.6.2 Tourette's Syndrome and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 203
10.6.3 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 207
Chapter 11 Synopsis of Part II and Predictions Derived from It 211
Appendix 1 Abbreviations 217
Appendix 2 Pharmacological Agents and Their Actions 219
References 221
Index 279
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram of the cortico-thalamo-hippocampal (CTH)
network 6
Figure 1.2 Inhibitory ("symmetrical") synapses made by pallidal afferents,
upon principal neurons of the motor thalamus (nucleus VA of
macaque monkey) 9
Figure 1.3 Tonic activity of neurons in basal ganglionic output nuclei in in
vivo and in slice preparations 11
Figure 2.1 (1) Schematic illustration of main components and main
connections of the basal ganglia. (2) Modified version of this
figure emphasizing the "direct" pathway from striatum via GPi
and SNR to motor thalamus 14
Figure 2.2 Morphology of single axon terminal arborization of striatal
neurons projecting to pallidum or SNR 22
Figure 2.3 Photograph of multiterminal innervation of pallidal dendrites
by striatal afferents 23
Figure 2.4 Diagram of striatal fibers approaching SNR and interleaving
with dendritic fields there 24
Figure 2.5 Electron micrographs of GPi and SNR from monkeys in both
studies 25
Figure 2.6 (1) Semischematic illustration of distribution of "extremely
dense bunches" of terminal arborizations of four reconstructed
axons in primate pallido-thalamic projections. (2) Camera
lucida drawing of single axon in lateral thalamus labeled from
an injection site in medial pallidum (scale bar = 200 (im) with
(inset 1) a single bunch seen at high magnification (scale bar 50
jim) 27
Figure 2.7 Diagrammatic synopsis of connectivity in "direct pathway"
from cortex, through striatum, and GPi/SNR to motor
thalamus (illustrating concept of "alternative labeled lines"
of connectivity) 29
Figure 2.8 Soma and dendritic tree of a striatal medium spiny neuron
labeled by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase, and
electrophysiological evidence of collateral inhibition between
neighboring cells of this sort 34
ix
x List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Schematic illustration of main connections of the basal ganglia
emphasizing different versions of the "indirect" pathway
(connections in bold) 38
Figure 4.1 Neuronal response in advance of a correlated movement
response. Delayed response task, with arrow indicating light
onset and solid circle indicating response. Each group of three
traces represents consecutive trials with intertrial interval of
25-50 s 72
Figure 4.2 Predictions for electrophysiological experiments aimed at
defining the separate roles of the direct and indirect
pathway, respectively, in active behavior and suppression
of active behavior 87
Figure 4.3 Experimental results illustrating the coding of
information by timing of pauses in firing, rather than by
timing of impulses 96
Figure 8.1 Cumulative frequency histograms of spontaneous firing
frequency in medial (A) and lateral (B) striatal neurons of rats
with various degrees of dopamine depletion (vehicle and three
doses of 6-HD administered intraventricularly) 118
Figure 8.2 Burst firing in rat SNR neurons on relief from sustained
hyperpolarization studied in vitro 131
Figure 9.1 Effect of D2-receptor blocking drugs on firing rate and firing
pattern of dopamine cells recorded in free-moving rats 166
Figure 9.2 Alternative hypotheses for indirect action of dopamine D2-
receptor blocking antipsychotic drugs. Both hypotheses
postulate increased firing of striatal cholinergic interneurons,
and that the final common target of antipsychotic drugs is
reduced formation of cAMP. 168
Figure 10.1 Kluver-Barrera stain of field of striatal neurons, showing large
striatal neurons (which form a small minority of all neurons) as
insets 179
Figure 10.2 Feedback loops between striatum and neocortex, and the role of
cholinergic interneurons in the striatum 183
Figure 10.3 Proposed pharmacological determinants of TD, PDD, and
supersensitivity psychosis 194
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Synopsis of Quantitative Synaptology of Striatal Projection to
a Typical Pallidal Neuron in Rat 28
Table 11.1 Synopsis of Postulated Origin of Major Symptoms of Disorders
of Basal Ganglia 215
xi |
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| id | DE-604.BV023205474 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:09:50Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:13:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1420058975 9781420058970 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007010062 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016391639 |
| oclc_num | 85862403 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XIX, 287 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Conceptual advances in brain research |
| series2 | Conceptual advances in brain research |
| spelling | Miller, Robert Verfasser aut A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders Robert Miller Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2008 XIX, 287 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Conceptual advances in brain research [8] Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-277) and index Affections des ganglions de la base Noyaux basaux ram Noyaux gris centraux Basal ganglia Physiology Basal ganglia Pathophysiology Basal ganglia Diseases Basal Ganglia physiology Basal Ganglia physiopathology Basal Ganglia Diseases etiology Basal Ganglia Diseases physiopathology Mental Disorders etiology Basalganglien (DE-588)4192407-1 gnd rswk-swf Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 gnd rswk-swf Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 s Basalganglien (DE-588)4192407-1 s b DE-604 Conceptual advances in brain research [8] (DE-604)BV013422282 8 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0712/2007010062.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0710/2007010062-d.html Publisher description HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016391639&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Miller, Robert A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders Conceptual advances in brain research Affections des ganglions de la base Noyaux basaux ram Noyaux gris centraux Basal ganglia Physiology Basal ganglia Pathophysiology Basal ganglia Diseases Basal Ganglia physiology Basal Ganglia physiopathology Basal Ganglia Diseases etiology Basal Ganglia Diseases physiopathology Mental Disorders etiology Basalganglien (DE-588)4192407-1 gnd Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4192407-1 (DE-588)4041888-1 |
| title | A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders |
| title_auth | A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders |
| title_exact_search | A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders |
| title_exact_search_txtP | A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders |
| title_full | A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders Robert Miller |
| title_fullStr | A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders Robert Miller |
| title_full_unstemmed | A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders Robert Miller |
| title_short | A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders |
| title_sort | a theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders |
| topic | Affections des ganglions de la base Noyaux basaux ram Noyaux gris centraux Basal ganglia Physiology Basal ganglia Pathophysiology Basal ganglia Diseases Basal Ganglia physiology Basal Ganglia physiopathology Basal Ganglia Diseases etiology Basal Ganglia Diseases physiopathology Mental Disorders etiology Basalganglien (DE-588)4192407-1 gnd Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Affections des ganglions de la base Noyaux basaux Noyaux gris centraux Basal ganglia Physiology Basal ganglia Pathophysiology Basal ganglia Diseases Basal Ganglia physiology Basal Ganglia physiopathology Basal Ganglia Diseases etiology Basal Ganglia Diseases physiopathology Mental Disorders etiology Basalganglien Neurologie |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0712/2007010062.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0710/2007010062-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016391639&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013422282 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT millerrobert atheoryofthebasalgangliaandtheirdisorders |