Plastic packaging: interactions with food and pharmaceuticals
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| Other Authors: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Weinheim
WILEY-VCH
2008
|
| Edition: | 2., compl. rev. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Früher mit der Nummer 9783527288687 |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 614 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 240 mm x 170 mm |
| ISBN: | 9783527314553 3527314555 |
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MARC
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| 020 | |a 3527314555 |c Gb. : ca. EUR 229.00 (freier Pr.), ca. sfr 362.00 (freier Pr.) |9 3-527-31455-5 | ||
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plastic packaging |b interactions with food and pharmaceuticals |c ed. by Otto G. Piringer ... |
| 250 | |a 2., compl. rev. ed. | ||
| 259 | |a 12 | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b WILEY-VCH |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 614 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 240 mm x 170 mm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Früher mit der Nummer 9783527288687 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Aliments - Conditionnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Matières plastiques dans l'emballage | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Food |x Packaging | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plastics in packaging | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Verpackung |0 (DE-588)4063118-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Plastik |0 (DE-588)4046277-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Verpackung |0 (DE-588)4063118-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Plastik |0 (DE-588)4046277-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |C b |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Piringer, Otto G. |4 edt | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016390613&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016390613 | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1817681420049448960 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
XV
LIST O
F CONTRIBUTORS
XVII
1 PRESERVATION O
F QUALITY THROUGH PACKAGING 1
ALBERT BANER AND OTTO PIRINGER
1.1 QUALITY AN
D SHELF-LIFE
1
1.2 PHYSICAL AN
D CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PLASTICS AN
D FOOD
OR PHARMACEUTICALS
4
1.3 TH
E ORGANIZATION OF THI
S BOOK 5
FURTHER READING
12
2 CHARACTERISTICS O
F PLASTIC MATERIALS
15
JOHANNES BRANDSCH AND OTTO PIRINGER
2.1 CLASSIFICATION, MANUFACTURE, AN
D PROCESSING AIDS 15
2.1.1 CLASSIFICATION AN
D MANUFACTURE OF PLASTICS
16
2.1.1.1 RAW MATERIALS AN
D POLYMERIZATION PROCESSES
17
2.1.1.2 ADDITION POLYMERIZATION
18
2.1.1.3 CONDENSATIO
N POLYMERIZATION
19
2.1.1.4 SYNTHESIS OF COPOLYMERS, BLOCK, AN
D GRAFT COPOLYMERS
19
2.1.1.5 POLYMER REACTIONS
20
2.1.1.6 PLASTIC PROCESSING
22
2.1.2 PROCESSING AIDS
23
2.1.2.1 INITIATORS AN
D CROSSLINKERS
24
I.M.I
CATALYSTS
25
2.2 STRUCTURE AN
D STATES OF AGGREGATION I
N POLYMERS
26
2.2.1 STRUCTURE
26
2.2.2 STATES OF AGGREGATION
29
2.3 TH
E MOST IMPORTAN
T PLASTICS
32
2.3.1 THERMOPLASTIC
S
32
2.3.1.1 POLYETHYLENE
32
GESCANNT DURCH
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/984872833
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
VI
CONTENTS
2.3.1.2 POLYPROPYLENE
34
2.3.1.3 POLYBUTENE-1
36
2.3.1.4 POLYISOBUTYLENE
36
2.3.1.5 POLY-4-METHYLPENTENE-L (P4MP1)
36
2.3.1.6 IONOMER
S
36
2.3.1.7 CYCLIC OLEFIN COPOLYMERS (COC)
37
2.3.1.8 POLYSTYRENE
38
2.3.1.9 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
39
2.3.1.10 POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
41
2.3.1.11 THERMOPLASTI
C POLYESTERS
41
2.3.1.12 POLYCARBONATE
42
2.3.1.13 POLYAMIDE
43
2.3.1.14 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE
44
2.3.1.15 POLYOXYMETHYLENE OR ACETAL RESIN
45
2.3.1.16 POLYPHENYLENE ETHER (PPE)
45
2.3.1.17 POLYSULFONE 45
2.3.1.18 FLUORIDE CONTAININ
G POLYMERS
46
2.3.1.19 POLYVINYLETHER
46
2.3.2 THERMOSET
S 46
2.3.2.1 AMIN
O RESINS (UF, MF)
47
2.3.2.2 UNSATURATE
D POLYESTER (UP)
47
2.3.3 POLYURETHANES
48
2.3.4 NATURAL AN
D SYNTHETIC RUBBER
49
2.3.5 SILICONES 51
2.3.6 PLASTICS BASED ON NATURA
L POLYMERS REGENERATED CELLULOSE 5
4
2.3.6.1 BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
54
2.3.7 COATINGS AN
D ADHESIVES
55
2.3.7.1 LACQUERS
56
2.3.7.2 PLASTIC DISPERSIONS
57
2.3.7.3
MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES
57
23.7A
TEMPERATURE-RESISTANT COATINGS
58
2.3.7.5 PRINTIN
G INK
S AN
D VARNISHES
59
REFERENCES
60
3 POLYMER ADDITIVES
63
JAN POSPISIL AND STANISLAV NESPUREK
3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 63
3.2 ANTIFOGGING AGENTS
64
3.3 ANTISTATIC AGENTS
65
3.4 BLOWING AGENTS
65
3.5 COLORANTS
66
3.6 FILLERS AN
D REINFORCING AGENTS
66
3.7 LUBRICANTS
67
3.8 NUCLEATING AGENTS
67
3.9 OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS
68
CONTENTS
VII
3.10 PLASTICIZERS
68
3.11 STABILIZERS
70
3.11.1 ANTIACIDS
71
3.11.2 ANTIMICROBIALS
72
3.11.3 ANTIOXIDANTS
72
3.11.3.1 CHAIN-BREAKING ANTIOXIDANTS
73
3.11.3.2 HYDROPEROXIDE DEACTIVATING ANTIOXIDANTS
74
3.11.4 DEHYDRATING AGENT
75
3.11.5 HEA
T STABILIZERS
75
3.11.6 LIGH
T STABILIZERS
76
3.11.6.1 LIGH
T SCREENING PIGMENT
S AN
D UV ABSORBERS 76
3.11.6.2 PHOTOANTIOXIDANTS
77
3.12 TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS OF PLASTIC STABILIZERS
78
3.12.1 TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS FROM PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS AN
D UV
ABSORBERS
79
3.12.2 TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS FROM HYDROPEROXIDE DEACTIVATING
ANTIOXIDANTS 83
3.12.3 TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS FROM HINDERE
D AMIN
E
STABILIZERS
84
3.12.4 TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS FROM HEAT STABILIZERS FOR PVC
85
3.13 CONCLUSIONS 86
REFERENCES
86
4 PARTITION COEFFICIENTS
89
ALBERT BANER AND OTTO PIRINGER
4.1 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATIO
N OF POLYMER/LIQUI
D PARTITION
COEFFICIENTS
89
4.2 THERMODYNAMIC
S OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS
90
4.2.1 EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHASES I
N IDEAL SOLUTIONS
91
4.2.1.1 PARTITIONING I
N IDEAL SOLUTIONS: NERNST'
S LAW
92
4.2.2 EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHASES I
N NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS
93
4.2.2.1 PARTITION COEFFICIENTS FOR NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS
94
4.2.3 PARTITION COEFFICIENTS FOR SYSTEMS WITH POLYMERS
96
4.2.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTITION COEFFICIENTS AN
D SOLUBILITY
COEFFICIENTS
98
4.3 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS BETWEEN POLYMERS AN
D
LIQUID
S
99
4.3.1 ADDITIVE MOLECULAR PROPERTIES
99
4.3.2 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS USING QSAR AN
D QSPR
102
4.3.3 GROUP-CONTRIBUTION THERMODYNAMI
C POLYMER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
ESTIMATION METHODS 202
4.3.3.1 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS USIN
G RST
104
4.3.3.2 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS USING UNIFAC
104
4.3.3.3 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS USING GROUP-CONTRIBUTION
FLORY EQUATION-OF-STATE
108
VIII
CONTENTS
4.3.3.4 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS USING ELBRO FREE VOLUME
MODEL 108
4.3.3.5 COMPARISO
N OF THERMODYNAMI
C GROUP-CONTRIBUTION PARTITION
COEFFICIENT ESTIMATION METHODS 208
4.3.4 VAPOR PRESSUR
E INDEX PARTITION COEFFICIENT ESTIMATION METHOD
109
4.3.4.1 EXAMPLES OF VAPOR PRESSUR
E INDE
X VALUES 112
REFERENCES
118
5 MODELS FOR DIFFUSION IN POLYMERS
123
PETER MERCEA
5.1 DIFFUSION IN POLYMERS - TH
E CLASSICAL APPROACH 225
5.1.1 DIFFUSION I
N RUBBERY POLYMERS
126
5.1.1.1 MOLECULAR MODELS
126
5.1.1.2 TH
E MOLECULAR MODEL OF PACE AN
D DATYNER 229
5.1.1.3 FREE-VOLUME MODELS 231
5.1.1.4 TH
E FREE-VOLUME MODEL OF VRENTAS AN
D DUDA 233
5.1.2 DIFFUSION I
N GLASSY POLYMERS 235
5.2 DIFFUSION IN POLYMERS - TH
E COMPUTATIONA
L APPROACH
140
5.2.1 MOLECULAR DYNAMICS
142
5.2.2 TH
E TRANSITION-STATE APPROACH 250
5.3 CONCLUSIONS
154
REFERENCES 258
6 A UNIFORM MODEL FOR PREDICTION O
F DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS WITH
EMPHASIS ON PLASTIC MATERIALS 263
OTTO PIRINGER
6.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 163
6.2 INTERACTION MODEL 166
6.2.1 MODEL ASSUMPTION
S
166
6.3 PREREQUISITE
S FOR DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS 168
6.3.1 CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
S OF N-ALKANES 268
6.3.2 MELTING TEMPERATURE
S OF N-ALKANES
170
6.3.3 MELTING TEMPERATURE
S O
F ATO
M CLUSTER
S 273
6.3.4 CRITICAL COMPRESSIO
N FACTOR 275
6.3.5 TH
E ENTROPY OF EVAPORATION 275
6.3.6 TH
E REFERENCE TEMPERATUR
E AN
D TH
E REFERENCE MOLAR VOLUME 176
6.4 TH
E DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
178
6.4.1 DIFFUSION I
N GASES
178
6.4.2 DIFFUSION I
N TH
E CRITICAL STATE 282
6.4.3 DIFFUSION I
N SOLIDS 181
6.4.3.1 SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS I
N METALS
181
6.4.3.2 SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS I
N SEMICONDUCTOR
S AN
D SALTS 283
6.4.3.3 SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS I
N N-ALKANES 284
6.4.4 DIFFUSION I
N LIQUID
S 184
6.4.4.1 SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS I
N METALS 284
6.4.4.2 SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS I
N N-ALKANES 285
CONTENTS
II
X
6.4.5 DIFFUSION I
N PLASTIC MATERIALS
188
6.4.5.1 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF N-ALKANES I
N POLYETHYLENE 188
6.4.5.2 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF ADDITIVES I
N POLYMERS
191
REFERENCES
193
7
TRANSPORT EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
195
OTTO PIRINGER AND TITUS BEU
7.1 TH
E TRANSPORT EQUATIONS 295
7.1.1 TH
E TERMINOLOGY OF FLOW
196
7.1.2 TH
E DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF DIFFUSION
197
7.1.3 TH
E GENERAL TRANSPORT EQUATIONS
200
7.2
SOLUTIONS OF TH
E DIFFUSION EQUATION
201
7.2.1 STEADY STATE
202
7.2.2
NONSTEADY STATE
202
7.2.3 DIFFUSION I
N A SINGLE-PHASE HOMOGENEOU
S SYSTEM
203
7.2.3.1 DIMENSIONLES
S PARAMETER
S AN
D TH
E PROPORTIONALITY OF MASS TRANSFER
TO TH
E SQUARE ROOT OF TIM
E 209
7.2.3.2 COMPARISO
N OF DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS FOR TH
E SAME SPECIAL CASES 222
7.2.4 DIFFUSION I
N MULTIPHAS
E SYSTEMS
213
7.2.4.1 DIFFUSION I
N POLYMER/LIQUI
D SYSTEMS
213
7.2.4.2 INFLUENCE OF DIFFUSION I
N FOOD 224
7.2.5 SURFACE EVAPORATION
225
7.2.6 PERMEATIO
N THROUG
H HOMOGENEOU
S MATERIALS
227
7.2.7
PERMEATIO
N THROUG
H A LAMINATE
228
7.2.8 CONCENTRATION DEPENDENC
E OF TH
E DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
228
7.2.9 DIFFUSION AN
D CHEMICAL REACTION
229
7.3 NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE DIFFUSION EQUATION
230
7.3.1 WHY NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS?
230
7.3.2 FINITE-DIFFERENCE SOLUTION BY TH
E EXPLICIT METHOD
231
7.3.2.1 VON NEUMAN
N STABILITY ANALYSIS
236
7.3.2.2 TH
E CRANK-NICHOLSO
N IMPLICIT METHOD
237
7.3.3 SPATIALLY VARIABLE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
240
7.3.4 BOUNDARY CONDITION
S
241
7.3.5 ONE-DIMENSIONA
L DIFFUSION I
N CYLINDRICAL AN
D SPHERICAL
GEOMETRY
243
7.3.6 MULTIDIMENSIONA
L DIFFUSION
245
REFERENCES 246
8 SOLUTION O
F THE DIFFUSION EQUATION FOR MULTILAYER PACKAGING
247
VALER TOSA AND PETER MERCEA
8.1 INTRODUCTIO
N
247
8.2 METHODS FOR SOLVING TH
E DIFFUSION PROBLE
M I
N A MULTILAYER (ML)
PACKAGING
248
8.3 SOLVING TH
E DIFFUSION EQUATION FOR A MULTILAYER PACKAGING I
N
CONTACT WIT
H A FOODSTUFF 252
X I
CONTENTS
8.4 DEVELOPMENT OF A USER-FRIENDLY SOFTWARE FOR TH
E ESTIMATION OF
MIGRATION FROM MULTILAYER PACKAGING
256
REFERENCES 262
9 USER-FRIENDLY SOFTWARE FOR MIGRATION ESTIMATIONS
263
PETER MERCEA, LIVIU PETRESCU, OTTO PIRINGER AND VALER TOSA
9.1 INTRODUCTION 263
9.2 MIGRATESTIITE - A USER-FRIENDLY SOFTWARE FOR MIGRATION
ESTIMATIONS 266
9.2.1 BASIC FEATURES OF MIGRATESTIITE AN
D INPU
T DATA MENU
S
266
9.2.2 ESTIMATION OF MIGRATION WIT
H MIGRATEST
E
IIT
E 276
9.2.3 OUTPU
T INFORMATION DELIVERED BY MIGRATESTIITE
278
9.2.4 CASE EXAMPLES COMPUTE
D WITH MIGRATESTIITE
278
9.2.5 MIGRATION ESTIMATIONS WITH TH
E MIGRATESTEXP SOFTWARE 282
9.2.6 CASE EXAMPLES COMPUTE
D WITH MIGRATESTEXP
287
REFERENCES 296
10 PERMEATION O
F CASES AND CONDENSABLE SUBSTANCES THROUGH
MONOLAYERAND MULTILAYER STRUCTURES
297
HORST-CHRISTIAN LANGOWSKI
10.1 INTRODUCTION: BARRIER FUNCTION OF POLYMER-BASED
PACKAGING
297
10.2 PERMEATION THROUG
H POLYMERIC MATERIALS
302
10.2.1 SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT THROUG
H MONOLAYER POLYMER FILMS
303
10.2.2 SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT THROUG
H MULTILAYER POLYMER FILMS
(LAMINATES)
305
10.2.3 UNITS FOR DIFFERENT PARAMETER
S
307
10.3 SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT THROUG
H SINGLE AN
D MULTILAYER POLYMER
SUBSTRATES COMBINE
D WIT
H ON
E INORGANIC BARRIER LAYER
307
10.3.1 NUMERICAL MODELING
307
10.3.2 SIMPLIFICATION: BARRIER IMPROVEMEN
T FACTOR 322
10.3.3 MULTILAYER POLYMER SUBSTRATES COMBINE
D WITH ON
E INORGANI
C
LAYER
313
10.3.4 POLYMER SUBSTRATES COMBINE
D WITH A
N INORGANIC
BARRIER LAYER AN
D OTHE
R POLYMER LAYERS ON TOP OF
TH
E INORGANIC LAYER
314
10.3.5 TEMPERATUR
E BEHAVIOR OF TH
E STRUCTURES SHOWN ABOVE 326
10.3.6 SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT THROUG
H THI
N POLYMER LAYERS HAVING
INORGANI
C LAYERS ON BOTH SIDES 32
7
10.5 SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT THROUG
H POLYMERS FILLED WIT
H
PARTICLES
320
10.6 EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS: POLYMER FILMS AN
D ONE INORGANI
C
BARRIER LAYER
321
10.6.1 STRUCTURES AN
D DEFECTS I
N INORGANI
C BARRIER LAYERS O
N POLYMER
SUBSTRATES
323
CONTENTS
XI
10.6.2 COMPARISON OF MODEL CALCULATIONS AN
D EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR
COMBINATION
S OF POLYMER FILMS AN
D ON
E INORGANIC BARRIER LAYER
324
10.6.3 APPAREN
T ADDITIONAL TRANSPORT MECHANISM
S FOR WATER VAPOR
327
10.6.4 PROPERTIES OF SYSTEMS WIT
H AT LEAST ON
E INORGANIC LAYER
EMBEDDED BETWEEN T
O POLYMER LAYERS OR FILMS
332
10.7 EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
: COMBINATIONS OF POLYMER FILMS AN
D MORE
THA
N ON
E INORGANI
C BARRIER LAYER
332
10.8 EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
: POLYMERS FILLED WIT
H PLATELET-SHAPED
PARTICLES
333
10.9 EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
: PERMEATION OF FLAVORS THROUG
H MONO- AN
D
MULTILAYER FILMS AND COMBINATION
S WITH INORGANIC BARRIER
LAYERS
338
10.10 CONCLUSIONS
342
REFERENCES
342
11 MIGRATION OF PLASTIC CONSTITUENTS
349
ROLAND FRANZ AND ANGELA STORMER
11.1 DEFINITIONS AN
D THEORY
349
11.1.1 MIGRATION, EXTRACTION, AN
D ADSORPTION
349
11.1.2 FUNCTIONAL BARRIER
350
11.1.3 LEGAL MIGRATION LIMITS AN
D EXPOSURE 350
11.1.4 PARAMETERS DETERMININ
G MIGRATION
352
11.2 INDIRECT MIGRATION ASSESSMEN
T
354
11.2.1 WORST-CASE (TOTAL MASS TRANSFER) ASSUMPTIO
N
355
11.2.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
: TAKING SOLUBILITY AND/O
R LOW DIFFUSIVITY OF
CERTAIN PLASTICS INT
O ACCOUNT
357
11.2.3 MIGRATION ASSESSMEN
T OF MONO- AN
D MULTILAYERS BY APPLICATION OF
COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL MODELS
359
11.2.4 MULTILAYERS 359
11.3 MIGRATION EXPERIMENT 361
11.3.1 DIRECT MIGRATION MEASUREMEN
T I
N CONVENTIONAL AN
D ALTERNATIVE
SIMULANT
S
361
11.3.2 ACCELERATED MIGRATION TESTS: ALTERNATIVE MIGRATION TESTS
362
11.3.3 CHOICE OF APPROPRIATE TEST CONDITIONS 36
5
11.3.3.1 FOOD SIMULANTS
365
11.3.3.2 TIME-TEMPERATUR
E CONDITION
S
367
11.3.3.3 SURFACE-TO-VOLUME RATIO 369
11.3.3.4 MIGRATION CONTACT
370
11.4 ANALYSIS OF MIGRATION SOLUTIONS
372
11 A.I
OVERALL MIGRATION
372
11.4.1.1 AQUEOUS AN
D ALTERNATIVE VOLATILE SIMULANTS
372
11.4.1.2 OLIVE OIL
372
11.4.1.3 MODIFIED POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE (TENAX
S
)
373
11.4.2 SPECIFIC MIGRATION
374
11.4.2.1 VINYL CHLORIDE EU DIRECTIVES
374
XII CONTENTS
11.4.2.2 EN 13130 SERIES
374
11.4.2.3 FURTHE
R STANDARD METHODS
375
11.4.2.4 METHODS OF ANALYSIS I
N PETITIONS T
O TH
E EUROPEAN COMMISSIO
N
376
11.4.2.5 METHODS I
N FOODS (FOODMIGROSURE PROJECT)
377
11.5 DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS, VALIDATION, AN
D VERIFICATION
378
11.5.1 ESTABLISHING (JURISTICALLY) VALID PERFORMANCE OF METHODS
378
11.5.2 A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR DEVELOPING AN
D PREVALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL
METHODS
380
11.5.3 VALIDATION REQUIREMENT
S FOR EU FOOD CONTACT PETITIONS AN
D US
FDA FOOD CONTACT NOTIFICATIONS
387
11.5.4 DETERMINATIO
N OF TH
E DETECTION LIMI
T
387
11.5.5 ANALYTICAL UNCERTAINTY 389
11.5.6 USE OF TH
E PRECISION DATA FRO
M FULLY VALIDATED METHODS 39
0
11.6 SOURCES OF ERRORS 39
4
11.6.1 HIGHLY VOLATILE MIGRANTS
394
11.6.2 REACTION WIT
H FOOD/SIMULAN
T CONSTITUENT
S 395
11.6.3 MIGRANTS I
N REACTIVE PROCESSES (E.G., PRIMARY AROMATIC AMINE
S
FROM ADHESIVES)
397
11.7 MIGRATION INT
O FOOD SIMULANT
S I
N COMPARISO
N T
O FOODS
400
11.8 CONSIDERATIO
N OF NON INTENTIONALLY ADDED SUBSTANCES (NIAS) AN
D OTHE
R
NO
T REGULATED MIGRANTS
407
REFERENCES
409
12 US FDA FOOD CONTACT MATERIALS REGULATIONS
417
ALLAN BAILEY, LAYLA BATARSEH, TIMOTHY BEGLEY AND MICHELLE TWAROSKI
12.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 42
7
12.2 REGULATORY AUTHORITY
417
12.2.1 FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG AN
D COSMETIC ACT (FFDCA) 42
7
12.2.2 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTA
L POLICY ACT (NEPA)
421
12.3 PREMARKE
T SAFETY ASSESSMEN
T
422
12.3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 422
12.3.2 CHEMISTR
Y INFORMATION
422
12.3.2.1 MIGRANT LEVELS I
N FOOD 423
12.3.2.2 PACKAGING INFORMATION
423
12.3.3 TOXICOLOGY INFORMATION 426
12.3.3.1 SAFETY ASSESSMEN
T
427
12.3.3.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATION
S 432
12.3.4 ENVIRONMENTA
L INFORMATIO
N
432
12.3.4.1 CLAIM OF CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION
432
12.3.4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMEN
T (EA)
434
12.3.4.3 POLYMERIC FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS
435
12.3.4.4 INADEQUACIES I
N EAS
436
12.4 FINAL THOUGHT
S
437
12.5 CONCLUSION
S
438
REFERENCES
438
CONTENTS
XIII
13 COMMUNITY LEGISLATION ON MATERIALS AND ARTICLES INTENDED TO COME INTO
CONTACT WITH FOODSTUFFS 442
LUIGI ROSSI
13.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 441
13.2 COMMUNIT
Y LEGISLATION
442
13.2.1 DIRECTIVES/REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL MATERIALS AN
D ARTICLES
442
13.2.1.1 FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVES/REGULATION 442
13.2.1.2 REGULATION O
N GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE
445
13.2.2 DIRECTIVES APPLICABLE T
O ON
E CATEGORY OF MATERIALS AN
D ARTICLES
446
13.2.2.1 DIRECTIVE ON REGENERATED CELLULOSE FILM
446
13.2.2.2 DIRECTIVE ON CERAMICS
447
13.2.2.3 DIRECTIVE ON PLASTICS MATERIALS 448
13.2.2.4 FIELD OF APPLICATION
448
13.2.2.5 EU LIST OF AUTHORIZED SUBSTANCES
449
13.2.2.6 RESTRICTED USE OF AUTHORIZED SUBSTANCES (OML, SML, QM,
AN
D QMA)
450
13.2.2.7 AUTHORIZATION OF NEW SUBSTANCES 451
13.2.2.8 DIRECTIVES ON TH
E SYSTEM OF CHECKING MIGRATION
452
13.2.2.9 FUNCTIONAL BARRIER
454
13.2.2.10 FAT (CONSUMPTION) REDUCTION FACTORS
455
13.2.2.11 DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE
456
13.2.2.12 SPECIFIC RULES FOR INFANTS AN
D YOUNG CHILDRE
N
457
13.2.2.13 SPECIAL RESTRICTIONS FOR CERTAIN PHTHALATES NO
W AUTHORIZED
AT EU LEVEL
457
13.2.2.14 SIMULAN
T FOR MILK AN
D MILK PRODUCTS 458
13.2.2.15 OTHER COMPLEMENTAR
Y COMMUNIT
Y INITIATIVES
458
13.2.3 DIRECTIVES CONCERNIN
G INDIVIDUAL OR GROUPS OF SUBSTANCES
459
13.2.3.1 DIRECTIVES ON VINYL CHLORIDE 459
13.2.3.2 DIRECTIVE ON MEG AN
D DEG I
N REGENERATED CELLULOSE FILM
459
13.2.3.3 DIRECTIVE ON NITROSAMINE
S I
N RUBBER TEATS AN
D SOOTHERS
459
13.2.3.4 REGULATION ON TH
E RESTRICTION OF US
E OF CERTAIN EPOXY
DERIVATIVES
459
13.2.3.5 DIRECTIVE O
N TH
E SUSPENSIO
N OF TH
E US
E OF AZODICARBONAMIDE
AS BLOWING AGENT IN PLASTICS 460
13.2.3.6 REGULATION ON SOM
E PLASTICIZERS IN GASKETS I
N LID
S
460
13.3 NATIONAL LAW AN
D EUROPEAN MUTUAL RECOGNITION
460
13.3.1 FUTURE COMMISSIO
N PLANS 462
13.4 NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS AN
D COUNCIL O
F EUROPE RESOLUTIONS
462
13.5 CONCLUSIONS
462
14 PACKAGING RELATED OFF-FLAVORS IN FOODS
465
ALBERT BANER, FRANCOIS CHASTELLAIN AND ANDRE" MANDANIS
14.1 INTRODUCTIO
N
465
14.2 SENSORY EVALUATION
466
14.3 IDENTIFICATION OF OFF-FLAVOR COMPOUND
S 46
8
14.4 PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PARAMETER
S DETERMININ
G OFF-FLAVORS
469
14.5 DERIVATION OF THRESHOLD CONCENTRATIONS OF SENSORY-ACTIVE
COMPOUND
S
474
REFERENCES 494
15 POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS O
F MIGRATION MODELING
499
PETER MERCEA AND OTTO PIRINGER
15.1 CORRELATION OF DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS WITH PLASTIC PROPERTIES 502
15.2 TH
E PARTITION COEFFICIENT 522
REFERENCES 522
APPENDICES
523
APPENDIX I
525
PETER MERCEA
REFERENCES 552
APPENDIX I
I
557
REFERENCES
589
APPENDIX II
I
591
A SELECTION OF ADDITIVES USED I
N MANY PLASTIC MATERIALS 591
INDEX 607 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
XV
LIST O
F CONTRIBUTORS
XVII
1 PRESERVATION O
F QUALITY THROUGH PACKAGING 1
ALBERT BANER AND OTTO PIRINGER
1.1 QUALITY AN
D SHELF-LIFE
1
1.2 PHYSICAL AN
D CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PLASTICS AN
D FOOD
OR PHARMACEUTICALS
4
1.3 TH
E ORGANIZATION OF THI
S BOOK 5
FURTHER READING
12
2 CHARACTERISTICS O
F PLASTIC MATERIALS
15
JOHANNES BRANDSCH AND OTTO PIRINGER
2.1 CLASSIFICATION, MANUFACTURE, AN
D PROCESSING AIDS 15
2.1.1 CLASSIFICATION AN
D MANUFACTURE OF PLASTICS
16
2.1.1.1 RAW MATERIALS AN
D POLYMERIZATION PROCESSES
17
2.1.1.2 ADDITION POLYMERIZATION
18
2.1.1.3 CONDENSATIO
N POLYMERIZATION
19
2.1.1.4 SYNTHESIS OF COPOLYMERS, BLOCK, AN
D GRAFT COPOLYMERS
19
2.1.1.5 POLYMER REACTIONS
20
2.1.1.6 PLASTIC PROCESSING
22
2.1.2 PROCESSING AIDS
23
2.1.2.1 INITIATORS AN
D CROSSLINKERS
24
I.M.I
CATALYSTS
25
2.2 STRUCTURE AN
D STATES OF AGGREGATION I
N POLYMERS
26
2.2.1 STRUCTURE
26
2.2.2 STATES OF AGGREGATION
29
2.3 TH
E MOST IMPORTAN
T PLASTICS
32
2.3.1 THERMOPLASTIC
S
32
2.3.1.1 POLYETHYLENE
32
GESCANNT DURCH
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/984872833
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
VI
CONTENTS
2.3.1.2 POLYPROPYLENE
34
2.3.1.3 POLYBUTENE-1
36
2.3.1.4 POLYISOBUTYLENE
36
2.3.1.5 POLY-4-METHYLPENTENE-L (P4MP1)
36
2.3.1.6 IONOMER
S
36
2.3.1.7 CYCLIC OLEFIN COPOLYMERS (COC)
37
2.3.1.8 POLYSTYRENE
38
2.3.1.9 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
39
2.3.1.10 POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
41
2.3.1.11 THERMOPLASTI
C POLYESTERS
41
2.3.1.12 POLYCARBONATE
42
2.3.1.13 POLYAMIDE
43
2.3.1.14 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE
44
2.3.1.15 POLYOXYMETHYLENE OR ACETAL RESIN
45
2.3.1.16 POLYPHENYLENE ETHER (PPE)
45
2.3.1.17 POLYSULFONE 45
2.3.1.18 FLUORIDE CONTAININ
G POLYMERS
46
2.3.1.19 POLYVINYLETHER
46
2.3.2 THERMOSET
S 46
2.3.2.1 AMIN
O RESINS (UF, MF)
47
2.3.2.2 UNSATURATE
D POLYESTER (UP)
47
2.3.3 POLYURETHANES
48
2.3.4 NATURAL AN
D SYNTHETIC RUBBER
49
2.3.5 SILICONES 51
2.3.6 PLASTICS BASED ON NATURA
L POLYMERS REGENERATED CELLULOSE 5
4
2.3.6.1 BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
54
2.3.7 COATINGS AN
D ADHESIVES
55
2.3.7.1 LACQUERS
56
2.3.7.2 PLASTIC DISPERSIONS
57
2.3.7.3
MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES
57
23.7A
TEMPERATURE-RESISTANT COATINGS
58
2.3.7.5 PRINTIN
G INK
S AN
D VARNISHES
59
REFERENCES
60
3 POLYMER ADDITIVES
63
JAN POSPISIL AND STANISLAV NESPUREK
3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 63
3.2 ANTIFOGGING AGENTS
64
3.3 ANTISTATIC AGENTS
65
3.4 BLOWING AGENTS
65
3.5 COLORANTS
66
3.6 FILLERS AN
D REINFORCING AGENTS
66
3.7 LUBRICANTS
67
3.8 NUCLEATING AGENTS
67
3.9 OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS
68
CONTENTS
VII
3.10 PLASTICIZERS
68
3.11 STABILIZERS
70
3.11.1 ANTIACIDS
71
3.11.2 ANTIMICROBIALS
72
3.11.3 ANTIOXIDANTS
72
3.11.3.1 CHAIN-BREAKING ANTIOXIDANTS
73
3.11.3.2 HYDROPEROXIDE DEACTIVATING ANTIOXIDANTS
74
3.11.4 DEHYDRATING AGENT
75
3.11.5 HEA
T STABILIZERS
75
3.11.6 LIGH
T STABILIZERS
76
3.11.6.1 LIGH
T SCREENING PIGMENT
S AN
D UV ABSORBERS 76
3.11.6.2 PHOTOANTIOXIDANTS
77
3.12 TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS OF PLASTIC STABILIZERS
78
3.12.1 TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS FROM PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS AN
D UV
ABSORBERS
79
3.12.2 TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS FROM HYDROPEROXIDE DEACTIVATING
ANTIOXIDANTS 83
3.12.3 TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS FROM HINDERE
D AMIN
E
STABILIZERS
84
3.12.4 TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS FROM HEAT STABILIZERS FOR PVC
85
3.13 CONCLUSIONS 86
REFERENCES
86
4 PARTITION COEFFICIENTS
89
ALBERT BANER AND OTTO PIRINGER
4.1 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATIO
N OF POLYMER/LIQUI
D PARTITION
COEFFICIENTS
89
4.2 THERMODYNAMIC
S OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS
90
4.2.1 EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHASES I
N IDEAL SOLUTIONS
91
4.2.1.1 PARTITIONING I
N IDEAL SOLUTIONS: NERNST'
S LAW
92
4.2.2 EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHASES I
N NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS
93
4.2.2.1 PARTITION COEFFICIENTS FOR NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS
94
4.2.3 PARTITION COEFFICIENTS FOR SYSTEMS WITH POLYMERS
96
4.2.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTITION COEFFICIENTS AN
D SOLUBILITY
COEFFICIENTS
98
4.3 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS BETWEEN POLYMERS AN
D
LIQUID
S
99
4.3.1 ADDITIVE MOLECULAR PROPERTIES
99
4.3.2 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS USING QSAR AN
D QSPR
102
4.3.3 GROUP-CONTRIBUTION THERMODYNAMI
C POLYMER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
ESTIMATION METHODS 202
4.3.3.1 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS USIN
G RST
104
4.3.3.2 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS USING UNIFAC
104
4.3.3.3 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS USING GROUP-CONTRIBUTION
FLORY EQUATION-OF-STATE
108
VIII
CONTENTS
4.3.3.4 ESTIMATION OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS USING ELBRO FREE VOLUME
MODEL 108
4.3.3.5 COMPARISO
N OF THERMODYNAMI
C GROUP-CONTRIBUTION PARTITION
COEFFICIENT ESTIMATION METHODS 208
4.3.4 VAPOR PRESSUR
E INDEX PARTITION COEFFICIENT ESTIMATION METHOD
109
4.3.4.1 EXAMPLES OF VAPOR PRESSUR
E INDE
X VALUES 112
REFERENCES
118
5 MODELS FOR DIFFUSION IN POLYMERS
123
PETER MERCEA
5.1 DIFFUSION IN POLYMERS - TH
E CLASSICAL APPROACH 225
5.1.1 DIFFUSION I
N RUBBERY POLYMERS
126
5.1.1.1 MOLECULAR MODELS
126
5.1.1.2 TH
E MOLECULAR MODEL OF PACE AN
D DATYNER 229
5.1.1.3 FREE-VOLUME MODELS 231
5.1.1.4 TH
E FREE-VOLUME MODEL OF VRENTAS AN
D DUDA 233
5.1.2 DIFFUSION I
N GLASSY POLYMERS 235
5.2 DIFFUSION IN POLYMERS - TH
E COMPUTATIONA
L APPROACH
140
5.2.1 MOLECULAR DYNAMICS
142
5.2.2 TH
E TRANSITION-STATE APPROACH 250
5.3 CONCLUSIONS
154
REFERENCES 258
6 A UNIFORM MODEL FOR PREDICTION O
F DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS WITH
EMPHASIS ON PLASTIC MATERIALS 263
OTTO PIRINGER
6.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 163
6.2 INTERACTION MODEL 166
6.2.1 MODEL ASSUMPTION
S
166
6.3 PREREQUISITE
S FOR DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS 168
6.3.1 CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
S OF N-ALKANES 268
6.3.2 MELTING TEMPERATURE
S OF N-ALKANES
170
6.3.3 MELTING TEMPERATURE
S O
F ATO
M CLUSTER
S 273
6.3.4 CRITICAL COMPRESSIO
N FACTOR 275
6.3.5 TH
E ENTROPY OF EVAPORATION 275
6.3.6 TH
E REFERENCE TEMPERATUR
E AN
D TH
E REFERENCE MOLAR VOLUME 176
6.4 TH
E DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
178
6.4.1 DIFFUSION I
N GASES
178
6.4.2 DIFFUSION I
N TH
E CRITICAL STATE 282
6.4.3 DIFFUSION I
N SOLIDS 181
6.4.3.1 SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS I
N METALS
181
6.4.3.2 SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS I
N SEMICONDUCTOR
S AN
D SALTS 283
6.4.3.3 SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS I
N N-ALKANES 284
6.4.4 DIFFUSION I
N LIQUID
S 184
6.4.4.1 SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS I
N METALS 284
6.4.4.2 SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS I
N N-ALKANES 285
CONTENTS
II
X
6.4.5 DIFFUSION I
N PLASTIC MATERIALS
188
6.4.5.1 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF N-ALKANES I
N POLYETHYLENE 188
6.4.5.2 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF ADDITIVES I
N POLYMERS
191
REFERENCES
193
7
TRANSPORT EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
195
OTTO PIRINGER AND TITUS BEU
7.1 TH
E TRANSPORT EQUATIONS 295
7.1.1 TH
E TERMINOLOGY OF FLOW
196
7.1.2 TH
E DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF DIFFUSION
197
7.1.3 TH
E GENERAL TRANSPORT EQUATIONS
200
7.2
SOLUTIONS OF TH
E DIFFUSION EQUATION
201
7.2.1 STEADY STATE
202
7.2.2
NONSTEADY STATE
202
7.2.3 DIFFUSION I
N A SINGLE-PHASE HOMOGENEOU
S SYSTEM
203
7.2.3.1 DIMENSIONLES
S PARAMETER
S AN
D TH
E PROPORTIONALITY OF MASS TRANSFER
TO TH
E SQUARE ROOT OF TIM
E 209
7.2.3.2 COMPARISO
N OF DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS FOR TH
E SAME SPECIAL CASES 222
7.2.4 DIFFUSION I
N MULTIPHAS
E SYSTEMS
213
7.2.4.1 DIFFUSION I
N POLYMER/LIQUI
D SYSTEMS
213
7.2.4.2 INFLUENCE OF DIFFUSION I
N FOOD 224
7.2.5 SURFACE EVAPORATION
225
7.2.6 PERMEATIO
N THROUG
H HOMOGENEOU
S MATERIALS
227
7.2.7
PERMEATIO
N THROUG
H A LAMINATE
228
7.2.8 CONCENTRATION DEPENDENC
E OF TH
E DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
228
7.2.9 DIFFUSION AN
D CHEMICAL REACTION
229
7.3 NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE DIFFUSION EQUATION
230
7.3.1 WHY NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS?
230
7.3.2 FINITE-DIFFERENCE SOLUTION BY TH
E EXPLICIT METHOD
231
7.3.2.1 VON NEUMAN
N STABILITY ANALYSIS
236
7.3.2.2 TH
E CRANK-NICHOLSO
N IMPLICIT METHOD
237
7.3.3 SPATIALLY VARIABLE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
240
7.3.4 BOUNDARY CONDITION
S
241
7.3.5 ONE-DIMENSIONA
L DIFFUSION I
N CYLINDRICAL AN
D SPHERICAL
GEOMETRY
243
7.3.6 MULTIDIMENSIONA
L DIFFUSION
245
REFERENCES 246
8 SOLUTION O
F THE DIFFUSION EQUATION FOR MULTILAYER PACKAGING
247
VALER TOSA AND PETER MERCEA
8.1 INTRODUCTIO
N
247
8.2 METHODS FOR SOLVING TH
E DIFFUSION PROBLE
M I
N A MULTILAYER (ML)
PACKAGING
248
8.3 SOLVING TH
E DIFFUSION EQUATION FOR A MULTILAYER PACKAGING I
N
CONTACT WIT
H A FOODSTUFF 252
X I
CONTENTS
8.4 DEVELOPMENT OF A USER-FRIENDLY SOFTWARE FOR TH
E ESTIMATION OF
MIGRATION FROM MULTILAYER PACKAGING
256
REFERENCES 262
9 USER-FRIENDLY SOFTWARE FOR MIGRATION ESTIMATIONS
263
PETER MERCEA, LIVIU PETRESCU, OTTO PIRINGER AND VALER TOSA
9.1 INTRODUCTION 263
9.2 MIGRATESTIITE - A USER-FRIENDLY SOFTWARE FOR MIGRATION
ESTIMATIONS 266
9.2.1 BASIC FEATURES OF MIGRATESTIITE AN
D INPU
T DATA MENU
S
266
9.2.2 ESTIMATION OF MIGRATION WIT
H MIGRATEST
E
IIT
E 276
9.2.3 OUTPU
T INFORMATION DELIVERED BY MIGRATESTIITE
278
9.2.4 CASE EXAMPLES COMPUTE
D WITH MIGRATESTIITE
278
9.2.5 MIGRATION ESTIMATIONS WITH TH
E MIGRATESTEXP SOFTWARE 282
9.2.6 CASE EXAMPLES COMPUTE
D WITH MIGRATESTEXP
287
REFERENCES 296
10 PERMEATION O
F CASES AND CONDENSABLE SUBSTANCES THROUGH
MONOLAYERAND MULTILAYER STRUCTURES
297
HORST-CHRISTIAN LANGOWSKI
10.1 INTRODUCTION: BARRIER FUNCTION OF POLYMER-BASED
PACKAGING
297
10.2 PERMEATION THROUG
H POLYMERIC MATERIALS
302
10.2.1 SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT THROUG
H MONOLAYER POLYMER FILMS
303
10.2.2 SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT THROUG
H MULTILAYER POLYMER FILMS
(LAMINATES)
305
10.2.3 UNITS FOR DIFFERENT PARAMETER
S
307
10.3 SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT THROUG
H SINGLE AN
D MULTILAYER POLYMER
SUBSTRATES COMBINE
D WIT
H ON
E INORGANIC BARRIER LAYER
307
10.3.1 NUMERICAL MODELING
307
10.3.2 SIMPLIFICATION: BARRIER IMPROVEMEN
T FACTOR 322
10.3.3 MULTILAYER POLYMER SUBSTRATES COMBINE
D WITH ON
E INORGANI
C
LAYER
313
10.3.4 POLYMER SUBSTRATES COMBINE
D WITH A
N INORGANIC
BARRIER LAYER AN
D OTHE
R POLYMER LAYERS ON TOP OF
TH
E INORGANIC LAYER
314
10.3.5 TEMPERATUR
E BEHAVIOR OF TH
E STRUCTURES SHOWN ABOVE 326
10.3.6 SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT THROUG
H THI
N POLYMER LAYERS HAVING
INORGANI
C LAYERS ON BOTH SIDES 32
7
10.5 SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT THROUG
H POLYMERS FILLED WIT
H
PARTICLES
320
10.6 EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS: POLYMER FILMS AN
D ONE INORGANI
C
BARRIER LAYER
321
10.6.1 STRUCTURES AN
D DEFECTS I
N INORGANI
C BARRIER LAYERS O
N POLYMER
SUBSTRATES
323
CONTENTS
XI
10.6.2 COMPARISON OF MODEL CALCULATIONS AN
D EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR
COMBINATION
S OF POLYMER FILMS AN
D ON
E INORGANIC BARRIER LAYER
324
10.6.3 APPAREN
T ADDITIONAL TRANSPORT MECHANISM
S FOR WATER VAPOR
327
10.6.4 PROPERTIES OF SYSTEMS WIT
H AT LEAST ON
E INORGANIC LAYER
EMBEDDED BETWEEN T
O POLYMER LAYERS OR FILMS
332
10.7 EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
: COMBINATIONS OF POLYMER FILMS AN
D MORE
THA
N ON
E INORGANI
C BARRIER LAYER
332
10.8 EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
: POLYMERS FILLED WIT
H PLATELET-SHAPED
PARTICLES
333
10.9 EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
: PERMEATION OF FLAVORS THROUG
H MONO- AN
D
MULTILAYER FILMS AND COMBINATION
S WITH INORGANIC BARRIER
LAYERS
338
10.10 CONCLUSIONS
342
REFERENCES
342
11 MIGRATION OF PLASTIC CONSTITUENTS
349
ROLAND FRANZ AND ANGELA STORMER
11.1 DEFINITIONS AN
D THEORY
349
11.1.1 MIGRATION, EXTRACTION, AN
D ADSORPTION
349
11.1.2 FUNCTIONAL BARRIER
350
11.1.3 LEGAL MIGRATION LIMITS AN
D EXPOSURE 350
11.1.4 PARAMETERS DETERMININ
G MIGRATION
352
11.2 INDIRECT MIGRATION ASSESSMEN
T
354
11.2.1 WORST-CASE (TOTAL MASS TRANSFER) ASSUMPTIO
N
355
11.2.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
: TAKING SOLUBILITY AND/O
R LOW DIFFUSIVITY OF
CERTAIN PLASTICS INT
O ACCOUNT
357
11.2.3 MIGRATION ASSESSMEN
T OF MONO- AN
D MULTILAYERS BY APPLICATION OF
COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL MODELS
359
11.2.4 MULTILAYERS 359
11.3 MIGRATION EXPERIMENT 361
11.3.1 DIRECT MIGRATION MEASUREMEN
T I
N CONVENTIONAL AN
D ALTERNATIVE
SIMULANT
S
361
11.3.2 ACCELERATED MIGRATION TESTS: ALTERNATIVE MIGRATION TESTS
362
11.3.3 CHOICE OF APPROPRIATE TEST CONDITIONS 36
5
11.3.3.1 FOOD SIMULANTS
365
11.3.3.2 TIME-TEMPERATUR
E CONDITION
S
367
11.3.3.3 SURFACE-TO-VOLUME RATIO 369
11.3.3.4 MIGRATION CONTACT
370
11.4 ANALYSIS OF MIGRATION SOLUTIONS
372
11 A.I
OVERALL MIGRATION
372
11.4.1.1 AQUEOUS AN
D ALTERNATIVE VOLATILE SIMULANTS
372
11.4.1.2 OLIVE OIL
372
11.4.1.3 MODIFIED POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE (TENAX
S
)
373
11.4.2 SPECIFIC MIGRATION
374
11.4.2.1 VINYL CHLORIDE EU DIRECTIVES
374
XII CONTENTS
11.4.2.2 EN 13130 SERIES
374
11.4.2.3 FURTHE
R STANDARD METHODS
375
11.4.2.4 METHODS OF ANALYSIS I
N PETITIONS T
O TH
E EUROPEAN COMMISSIO
N
376
11.4.2.5 METHODS I
N FOODS (FOODMIGROSURE PROJECT)
377
11.5 DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS, VALIDATION, AN
D VERIFICATION
378
11.5.1 ESTABLISHING (JURISTICALLY) VALID PERFORMANCE OF METHODS
378
11.5.2 A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR DEVELOPING AN
D PREVALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL
METHODS
380
11.5.3 VALIDATION REQUIREMENT
S FOR EU FOOD CONTACT PETITIONS AN
D US
FDA FOOD CONTACT NOTIFICATIONS
387
11.5.4 DETERMINATIO
N OF TH
E DETECTION LIMI
T
387
11.5.5 ANALYTICAL UNCERTAINTY 389
11.5.6 USE OF TH
E PRECISION DATA FRO
M FULLY VALIDATED METHODS 39
0
11.6 SOURCES OF ERRORS 39
4
11.6.1 HIGHLY VOLATILE MIGRANTS
394
11.6.2 REACTION WIT
H FOOD/SIMULAN
T CONSTITUENT
S 395
11.6.3 MIGRANTS I
N REACTIVE PROCESSES (E.G., PRIMARY AROMATIC AMINE
S
FROM ADHESIVES)
397
11.7 MIGRATION INT
O FOOD SIMULANT
S I
N COMPARISO
N T
O FOODS
400
11.8 CONSIDERATIO
N OF NON INTENTIONALLY ADDED SUBSTANCES (NIAS) AN
D OTHE
R
NO
T REGULATED MIGRANTS
407
REFERENCES
409
12 US FDA FOOD CONTACT MATERIALS REGULATIONS
417
ALLAN BAILEY, LAYLA BATARSEH, TIMOTHY BEGLEY AND MICHELLE TWAROSKI
12.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 42
7
12.2 REGULATORY AUTHORITY
417
12.2.1 FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG AN
D COSMETIC ACT (FFDCA) 42
7
12.2.2 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTA
L POLICY ACT (NEPA)
421
12.3 PREMARKE
T SAFETY ASSESSMEN
T
422
12.3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 422
12.3.2 CHEMISTR
Y INFORMATION
422
12.3.2.1 MIGRANT LEVELS I
N FOOD 423
12.3.2.2 PACKAGING INFORMATION
423
12.3.3 TOXICOLOGY INFORMATION 426
12.3.3.1 SAFETY ASSESSMEN
T
427
12.3.3.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATION
S 432
12.3.4 ENVIRONMENTA
L INFORMATIO
N
432
12.3.4.1 CLAIM OF CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION
432
12.3.4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMEN
T (EA)
434
12.3.4.3 POLYMERIC FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS
435
12.3.4.4 INADEQUACIES I
N EAS
436
12.4 FINAL THOUGHT
S
437
12.5 CONCLUSION
S
438
REFERENCES
438
CONTENTS
XIII
13 COMMUNITY LEGISLATION ON MATERIALS AND ARTICLES INTENDED TO COME INTO
CONTACT WITH FOODSTUFFS 442
LUIGI ROSSI
13.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 441
13.2 COMMUNIT
Y LEGISLATION
442
13.2.1 DIRECTIVES/REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL MATERIALS AN
D ARTICLES
442
13.2.1.1 FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVES/REGULATION 442
13.2.1.2 REGULATION O
N GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE
445
13.2.2 DIRECTIVES APPLICABLE T
O ON
E CATEGORY OF MATERIALS AN
D ARTICLES
446
13.2.2.1 DIRECTIVE ON REGENERATED CELLULOSE FILM
446
13.2.2.2 DIRECTIVE ON CERAMICS
447
13.2.2.3 DIRECTIVE ON PLASTICS MATERIALS 448
13.2.2.4 FIELD OF APPLICATION
448
13.2.2.5 EU LIST OF AUTHORIZED SUBSTANCES
449
13.2.2.6 RESTRICTED USE OF AUTHORIZED SUBSTANCES (OML, SML, QM,
AN
D QMA)
450
13.2.2.7 AUTHORIZATION OF NEW SUBSTANCES 451
13.2.2.8 DIRECTIVES ON TH
E SYSTEM OF CHECKING MIGRATION
452
13.2.2.9 FUNCTIONAL BARRIER
454
13.2.2.10 FAT (CONSUMPTION) REDUCTION FACTORS
455
13.2.2.11 DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE
456
13.2.2.12 SPECIFIC RULES FOR INFANTS AN
D YOUNG CHILDRE
N
457
13.2.2.13 SPECIAL RESTRICTIONS FOR CERTAIN PHTHALATES NO
W AUTHORIZED
AT EU LEVEL
457
13.2.2.14 SIMULAN
T FOR MILK AN
D MILK PRODUCTS 458
13.2.2.15 OTHER COMPLEMENTAR
Y COMMUNIT
Y INITIATIVES
458
13.2.3 DIRECTIVES CONCERNIN
G INDIVIDUAL OR GROUPS OF SUBSTANCES
459
13.2.3.1 DIRECTIVES ON VINYL CHLORIDE 459
13.2.3.2 DIRECTIVE ON MEG AN
D DEG I
N REGENERATED CELLULOSE FILM
459
13.2.3.3 DIRECTIVE ON NITROSAMINE
S I
N RUBBER TEATS AN
D SOOTHERS
459
13.2.3.4 REGULATION ON TH
E RESTRICTION OF US
E OF CERTAIN EPOXY
DERIVATIVES
459
13.2.3.5 DIRECTIVE O
N TH
E SUSPENSIO
N OF TH
E US
E OF AZODICARBONAMIDE
AS BLOWING AGENT IN PLASTICS 460
13.2.3.6 REGULATION ON SOM
E PLASTICIZERS IN GASKETS I
N LID
S
460
13.3 NATIONAL LAW AN
D EUROPEAN MUTUAL RECOGNITION
460
13.3.1 FUTURE COMMISSIO
N PLANS 462
13.4 NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS AN
D COUNCIL O
F EUROPE RESOLUTIONS
462
13.5 CONCLUSIONS
462
14 PACKAGING RELATED OFF-FLAVORS IN FOODS
465
ALBERT BANER, FRANCOIS CHASTELLAIN AND ANDRE" MANDANIS
14.1 INTRODUCTIO
N
465
14.2 SENSORY EVALUATION
466
14.3 IDENTIFICATION OF OFF-FLAVOR COMPOUND
S 46
8
14.4 PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PARAMETER
S DETERMININ
G OFF-FLAVORS
469
14.5 DERIVATION OF THRESHOLD CONCENTRATIONS OF SENSORY-ACTIVE
COMPOUND
S
474
REFERENCES 494
15 POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS O
F MIGRATION MODELING
499
PETER MERCEA AND OTTO PIRINGER
15.1 CORRELATION OF DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS WITH PLASTIC PROPERTIES 502
15.2 TH
E PARTITION COEFFICIENT 522
REFERENCES 522
APPENDICES
523
APPENDIX I
525
PETER MERCEA
REFERENCES 552
APPENDIX I
I
557
REFERENCES
589
APPENDIX II
I
591
A SELECTION OF ADDITIVES USED I
N MANY PLASTIC MATERIALS 591
INDEX 607 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Piringer, Otto G. |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | o g p og ogp |
| author_facet | Piringer, Otto G. |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023204396 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TP374 |
| callnumber-raw | TP374 |
| callnumber-search | TP374 |
| callnumber-sort | TP 3374 |
| callnumber-subject | TP - Chemical Technology |
| classification_rvk | VN 5900 VN 8600 VX 8660 ZE 65200 |
| classification_tum | LEB 158f WER 550f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)173721092 (DE-599)DNB984872833 |
| dewey-full | 658.564 664.09 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 658 - General management 664 - Food technology |
| dewey-raw | 658.564 664.09 |
| dewey-search | 658.564 664.09 |
| dewey-sort | 3658.564 |
| dewey-tens | 650 - Management and auxiliary services 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Lebensmitteltechnologie Werkstoffwissenschaften Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie Werkstoffwissenschaften Lebensmitteltechnologie Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 2., compl. rev. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV023204396 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:09:20Z |
| indexdate | 2024-12-06T09:08:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527314553 3527314555 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016390613 |
| oclc_num | 173721092 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-1029 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-1102 DE-83 DE-B768 DE-859 |
| owner_facet | DE-1029 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-1102 DE-83 DE-B768 DE-859 |
| physical | XVIII, 614 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 240 mm x 170 mm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | WILEY-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Plastic packaging interactions with food and pharmaceuticals ed. by Otto G. Piringer ... 2., compl. rev. ed. 12 Weinheim WILEY-VCH 2008 XVIII, 614 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 240 mm x 170 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Früher mit der Nummer 9783527288687 Aliments - Conditionnement Matières plastiques dans l'emballage Food Packaging Plastics in packaging Verpackung (DE-588)4063118-7 gnd rswk-swf Plastik (DE-588)4046277-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Verpackung (DE-588)4063118-7 s Plastik (DE-588)4046277-8 s b DE-604 Piringer, Otto G. edt DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016390613&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Plastic packaging interactions with food and pharmaceuticals Aliments - Conditionnement Matières plastiques dans l'emballage Food Packaging Plastics in packaging Verpackung (DE-588)4063118-7 gnd Plastik (DE-588)4046277-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063118-7 (DE-588)4046277-8 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Plastic packaging interactions with food and pharmaceuticals |
| title_auth | Plastic packaging interactions with food and pharmaceuticals |
| title_exact_search | Plastic packaging interactions with food and pharmaceuticals |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Plastic packaging interactions with food and pharmaceuticals |
| title_full | Plastic packaging interactions with food and pharmaceuticals ed. by Otto G. Piringer ... |
| title_fullStr | Plastic packaging interactions with food and pharmaceuticals ed. by Otto G. Piringer ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plastic packaging interactions with food and pharmaceuticals ed. by Otto G. Piringer ... |
| title_short | Plastic packaging |
| title_sort | plastic packaging interactions with food and pharmaceuticals |
| title_sub | interactions with food and pharmaceuticals |
| topic | Aliments - Conditionnement Matières plastiques dans l'emballage Food Packaging Plastics in packaging Verpackung (DE-588)4063118-7 gnd Plastik (DE-588)4046277-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Aliments - Conditionnement Matières plastiques dans l'emballage Food Packaging Plastics in packaging Verpackung Plastik Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016390613&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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