Introduction to nanoscience:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.]
CRC Press, Taylor and Francis
2008
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXIV, 815 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1420048058 9781420048056 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to nanoscience |c Gabor L. Hornyak ... |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Nanoscience |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] |b CRC Press, Taylor and Francis |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXXIV, 815 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Nanoscience | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nanostructured materials | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nanostructures | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nanotechnology | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Nanowissenschaften |0 (DE-588)7734987-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Nanotechnologie |0 (DE-588)4327470-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Nanotechnologie |0 (DE-588)4327470-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Nanowissenschaften |0 (DE-588)7734987-8 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hornyak, Gabor L. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016381282&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016381282 | ||
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137468563292160 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | ONTENTS
Preface
xix
Acknowledgments
xxv
Authors
xxxi
SECTION
1:
PERSPECTIVES
1
1
Introduction
3
1.0
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
—
The Distinction
5
1.0.2
Requisite Definitions
6
1.0.2
Government Line
8
1.0.3
Working Definitions
9
1.1
Historical Perspectives
13
2.2.2
Concept of Atomism
13
2.2.2
Colored Glasses
14
2.2.3
Photography
19
2.2.4
Catalysis
19
2.2.5
Integrated Circuits and Chips
21
2.2.6
Microelectromechanical Systems
23
1.2
Advanced Materials
23
2.2.2
Thin Films
25
2.2.2
Fullerenes
and Carbon Nanotubes
30
2.2.3
Quantum Dots
31
2.2.4
Other Advanced Materials
32
1.3
Tools of
Nano
33
2.3.2
Electron Microscopy
35
2.3.2
Atomic Probe
M
icroscopes
3
б
2.3.3
Х
-Ray Spectroscopy
36
2.3.4
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
3 8
2.3.5
Lithography
38
2.3.6
Computer Modeling and Simulation
39
2.3.7
Molecular Electronics
40
viii
1.4
Nature s Take on
Nano
and the
Advent of Molecular Biology
40
1.4.1
Macroscopic Expressions
of Natural Nanomaterials
40
1.4.2
Cell
Biolog}
41
1.4.3
Molecular
Biolog}1
and Genetics
42
1.5
The
Nano
Perspective
44
1.5.1
Integration of Everything
44
1 .5.2
Scale of Things and Titnescales
48
1.5.3
Grand Challenges Facing Nanoscience
and Nanotechnolog}1
48
1.5.4
Next Industrial Revolution
50
1.6
Concluding Remarks
52
Acknowledgments
52
References
53
Problems
56
Societal Implications of
Nano
59
2.0
Introduction to Societal Issues
61
2.0.1
Societal Implications—The Background
61
2.0.2
Breadth of Societal Implications
63
2.0.3
Meet the Experts
65
2.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
68
2.1
Ethical Implications
70
2.1.1
Ethics in the Context of Research
and Applied Science
71
2.2.2
Principle of Respect for Communities
72
2.1.3
Principle of the Common Good
73
2.1.4
Principle of Social Justice
75
2.1.5
You as Moral Agent
76
2.2
Legal Implications
76
2.2.2
Interaction of Law and Nanoscience
7 7
2.2.2
Intellectual Properly
77
2.2.3
Civil Liability Issues
80
2.2.4
Evaluation
83
2.3
Environmental Implications
83
2.3.2
Nanotoxicology
85
2.3.2
Nanotechnology Risk Assessment
87
2.3.3
Environmental Aspects of Nanotechnology
89
2.4
Public Perception
90
2.4.1
Factors Influencing Public Perception
90
2.4.2
Nano
and Public Opinion Polls
91
2.4.3
A Call for Two-Way Communication
93
IX
2.5
Future
of Nanotechnology
93
2.5.1
Cycles and Patterns
93
2.5.2
Ћепа
Forecasting
94
2.5.3
Attractionary Futuristics
94
2.5.4
Maximum Freud
95
2.5.5
Nanotechnology End Points
97
Acknowledgment
98
References
99
Problems
101
Introduction to Societal Issues
101
Ethical Implications
101
Legal Implications
101
Environmental Implications
102
Public Perception
103
Future of Nanotechnology
104
Ancillary Problems
104
SECTION
2:
NANOTOOLS
105
Characterization Methods
107
3.0
Characterization of Nanomaterials
108
3.0.1
Background
109
3.0.2
Types of Characterization Methods
113
3.0.3
Optics and Resolution
116
3.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
122
3.1
Electron Probe Methods
123
3.1.1
Electron Interactions with Matter
125
3.1.2
Scanning Electron
M
icroscopy
and Electron Probe Microanalysis
131
3.1.3
Tnnsmission
Electron Microscopy
135
3.1.4
Other Important Electron Probe Methods
140
3.2
Scanning Probe Microscopy Methods
142
3.2.1
Atomic Force
M
icroscopy
144
3.2.2
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
148
3.2.3
Other Important Scanning Probe Methods
152
3.2.4
Atom-Probe Methods
153
3.3
Spectroscopie
Methods
154
3.3.1
UV-Visible Absorption
and Emission Spectroscopy
155
3.3.2
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
157
3.3.3
Х
-Ray Methods
158
3.4
Nonradiative and
Nonelectron
Characterization Methods
159
3.4.1
Particle Spectroscopy
159
3.4.2
Thermodynamic Methods
161
3.4.3
Partiële
Size
Determination 161
3.4.4
Surface Area and Porosity
162
3.4.5
Other Important Characterization Methods
167
References
171
Problems
173
Fabrication Methods
177
4.0
Fabrication of Nanomaterials
178
4.0.1
Background
178
4.0.2
Types of Top-Down Fabrication Methods
180
4.0.3
Types of Bottom-Up Fabrication Methods
185
4.0.4
Nebulous Bottom-Up Fabrication Categories
191
4.0.5
The
Nano
Perspective
192
4.1
Тор
-Down
Fabrication
193
4.1.1
Mechanical Methods (Mechanosynthesis)
194
4.1.2
Thermal Methods
196
4.1.3
High-Energy Methods
197
4.1.4
Chemical Fabrication Methods
200
4.1.5
Lithographic Methods
203
4.2
Bottom-Up Fabrication
210
4.2.1
Gaseous-Phase Methods
210
4.2.2
Liquid-Phase Methods
217
4.2.3
Solid-Phase Bottom-Up Fabrication?
223
4.2.4
Template Synthesis
224
4.3
Computational Chemistry
and Molecular Modeling
225
4.3.1
History
226
4.3.2
General Types of Molecular
Modeling Methods
227
References
231
Problems
235
SECTION
3:
PHYSICS: PROPERTIES
AND PHENOMENA
237
Materials, Structure,
and the Nanosurface
239
5.0
Importance of the Surface
240
5.0.1
Background
240
5.0.2
Natural Perspective
241
5.0.3
Inorganic Perspective
241
5.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
243
5.1
Engineering Materials
243
5.1.1
Metals and Alloys
245
5.1.2
Semiconductors
246
xi
5.1.3
Ceramic
and Glassy Materials
247
5.2.4
Carbon-Based Materials
247
5.2.5
Polymers
247
5.1.6
Biological Materials
249
5.1.7
Composites
249
5.2
Particle Shape and the Surface
250
5.2.1
Exterior Surface and Particle Shape
251
5.2.2
Interior Nanoscale Surface Area
255
5.3
Surface and Volume
257
5.3.2
Geometric Surface-to-Volume Ratio
258
5.3.2
Specific Surface Area
258
5.3.3
Spherical Cluster Approximation
260
5.4
Atomic Structure
261
5.4.2
Crystal Systems and the Unit Cell
261
5.4.2
Cubic and Hexagonal Systems
264
5.4.3
Packing Fraction and Density
267
5.4.4
Structural Magic Numbers
268
5.4.5
Miller Indices and
Х
-Ray Diffraction
271
5.5
Particle Orientation
274
5.5.2
Surface Polarization in Metals
275
5.5.2
Particle Depolarization Factor
and Screening Parameters
278
5.5.3
Quasi-Static Limit
280
5.5.4
Orientation of Nanometals
in
ЋатрагеШ
Media
281
References
284
Problems
285
Energy at the Nanoscale
289
6.0
Surface Energy
290
6.0.2
Background
292
6.0.2
Nature
293
6.0.3
Introduction to Surface Stabilization
295
6.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
296
6.1
Basic Thermodynamics
297
6.1.1
Derivation of Surface Tension,
γ
297
6.1.2
Surface Excess
298
6.2.3
Kelvin Equation
299
6.2.4
Particle Curvature and the
Young-Laplace Equation
300
6.2.5
Chemical Potential
302
6.2
Liquid State
302
6.2.1
Classical Surface Tension
305
6.2.2
Capillarity
307
6.2.3
Surface Tension Measurements
308
xii
6.3
Surface Energy (and Stress)
of Solids
311
6.3.1
Interaction Pair
Potentials
313
6.3.2
Surface Energy
of Low-Index Crystals
313
6.3.3
Surface Energy
of Nanoparticles
316
6.4
Surface Energy
Minimization Mechanisms
317
6.4.1
Surface Tension
Reduction in Liquids
317
6.4.2
DIVO
Theory
318
6.4.3
Polymeric
(Sterk)
Stabilization
321
6.4.4
Nucleation
321
6.4.5 Ostwald
Ripening
322
6.4.6
Sintering
325
6.4.7
Structural Stabilization in Solids
326
References
332
Problems
333
The Material Continuum
335
7.0
Material Continuum
336
7.0.1
Material Properties and Phenomena
337
7.0.2
Background
339
7.0.3
Nano
(Quantum) Perspective
341
7.1
Basic Quantum Mechanics and the Solid State
342
7.1.1
Ubiquitous Particle in a Box
343
7.2.2
Two-Dimensional Quantum Systems
348
7.2.3 Schrödinger
Equation
350
7.2.4
Bohr
Excitan
Radius
352
7.2.5
Bandgaps
354
7.2
Zero-Dimensional Materials
357
7.2.2
Clusters
357
7.2.2
Metal Clusters and the HOCO-LUCO
360
7.2.3
Optical Properties of Clusters
360
7.2.4
Other Physical Properties and Phenomena
362
7.3
One-Dimensional Materials
367
7.3.1
Types of Nanowires
369
7.3.2
Physical Properties and Phenomena
369
7.4
Two-Dimensional Materials
370
7.4.2
Types of Thin Films
371
7.4.2
Physical Properties
371
7.5
Hierarchical Structures
372
7.5.2
Importance of Hierarchical Materials
372
7.6
Quantum Size Effects and Scaling Laws
373
7.6.1
Scaling Laws
374
7.6.2
Classical Scaling Laws and the Nanoscale
375
7.6.3
Scaling Laws for Clusters
376
References
378
Problems
380
XIII
Nanothermodynamics
383
8.0
Thermodynamics and Nanothermodynamics
384
S.O. 2
Background
384
8.0.2
The
Nano
Perspective
386
8.1
Classical Equilibrium Thermodynamics
387
8.1.1
Extensive and Intensive Properties
and State Functions
387
8.1.2
The System, Its Surroundings, and Equilibrium
390
8.1.3
Laws of Thermodynamics
3 91
8.1.4
Fundamental Equations of Thermodynamics
395
8.1.5
Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Kinetics
397
8.2
Statistical Mechanics
398
8.2.1
Microstates and Macrostates
398
8.2.2
Canonical Ensembles
399
8.2.3
Energy (Molecular) Partition Functions
402
8.3
Other Kinds of Thermodynamics
402
8.3.1
The Onsager Relations
403
8.3.2
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics
404
8.3.3
The Concept of Pseudoequilibrium
406
8.3.4
Cellular and Subcellular Systems
407
8.4
Nanothermodynamics
410
8.4.1
Background
413
8.4.2
Application of Classical Thermodynamics
to Nanomaterials
415
8.4.3
Small System Thermodynamics
(the Theory of T. L. Hill)
421
8.5
Modern Nanothermodynamics
424
8.5.1
Nonextensivity and Nonintensivity
424
8.5.2
Nanothermodynamics of a Single Molecule
427
8.5.3
Modeling Nanomaterials
427
8.5.4
Modern Non-nanothermodynamics?
429
References
430
Problems
433
SECTION
4:
CHEMISTRY: SYNTHESIS AND
MODIFICATION
435
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
437
9.0
Carbon
438
9.0.1
Types of Carbon Materials
439
9.0.2
Bonding in Carbon Compounds
442
9.0.3
The
Nano
Perspective
443
9.1
Fullerenes
445
9.1.1
Fullerene
Properties
446
9.1.2
Fullerene
Synthesis
447
9.1.3
Physical and Chemical Reactions of
Fullerenes
448
xiv
9.2 Carbon Nanotubes 453
9.2.1
Structure
of Single-Walled
Carbon Nanotubes 454
9.2.2
Physical Properties of
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
458
9.2.3
Synthesis of
Carbon Nanotubes
464
9.2.4
Growth Mechanisms
467
9.2.5
Chemical
Modification of
Carbon Nanotubes
469
9.3
Diamondoid Nanomaterials
474
9.3.1
Diamondoids
476
9.3.2
Thin
Diamond Films
(and Other
Ultrahard
Substances)
477
9.3.3
Chemical
Modification of CVD Diamond
478
References
480
Problems
485
Chemical Interactions at
the Nanoscale
487
10.0
Bonding Considerations at the Nanoscale
488
20.0.2
Background
490
10.0.2
Intramolecular versus
Intermodular Bonding
492
20.0.3
Types of Intertnolecular Bonding
494
10.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
496
10.1
Electrostatic Interactions
497
10.1.1
Ion Pair Interactions
500
20.2.2
Solvent Effects
501
20.2.3
Ion-Dipole ana
Dipole-Dipole
Interactions
505
20.2.4
Dative Bonds
509
20.2.5
n-Interactions
515
10.2
Hydrogen Bonding
517
20.2.2
Standard Hydrogen Bonds
517
10.2.2
C-a-H-
■ ■
О
Hydrogen Bonds
523
20.2.3
Halogen Bonds
523
10.2.4
Hydrogen Bonds and Living Things
524
10.3
Van
der Waals
Attractions
524
10.3.1
Contributions to the van
der
Waals
Interaction
526
10.3.2
Van
der Waals
Radius
529
20.3.3
Physical Property Dependence
529
10.4 Hydrophobie
Effect
533
20.4.2
Background
533
20.4.2
Water and the
Hydrophobie
Effect
534
20.4.3
Amino
Acids and Proteins
537
References
537
Problems
540
XV
111
SUPRAMOLECULAR
CHEMISTRY
543
11.0
Chemistry of Nanomaterials
545
11.0.1
Background
546
11.0.2
Types of Chemical Synthesis
548
11.0.3
Thermodynamic versus Kinetic
Control and Selectivity
550
11.0.4
Introduction to Supramolecular Design
554
22.0.5
The
Nano
Perspective
555
11.1
Supramolecular Chemistry
557
22.2.2
The Host-Guest Relationship
557
22.2.2
Molecular Recognition
559
11.1.3
Synthetic Supramolecular Host Species
567
22.2.4
Surfactants and Micelles
576
22.2.5
Biological Supramolecular Host Species
578
11.2
Design and Synthesis of Selected
Supramolecular Species
581
22.2.2
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Effects
585
11.2.2
Basic Design Parameters: The Host,
the Guest, and the Solvent
593
11.3
Extended Supramolecular Structures
595
22.3.2
Golden Molecular Sauares
596
22.3.2
Synthesis of Benzocoronene Complexes
599
22.3.3
Helical Supramolecular Polymers
602
References
603
Problems
605
ι
Chemical Synthesis and
Modification of Nanomaterials
609
12.0
Chemistry and Chemical Modification
610
22.0.2
Types of Synthesis Processes
611
22.0.2
Introduction to Molecular Self-Assembly
611
22.0.3
Introduction to Chemical
Functionalization
613
22.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
614
12.1
Self-Assembly Revisited
615
22.2.2
Langmuir-Blodgett Films
619
22.2.2
Gold-Thiol Monolayers
626
22.2.3
Organosilanes
629
12.2
Synthesis and Chemical Modification
of Nanomaterials
631
22.2.2
Synthesis and Modification of
Zero-Dimensional Materials
631
22.2.2
Synthesis and Modification of
One-Dimensional Materials
645
xvi
12.2.3
$}vithesis and Modification of
Ћио
-Dimensional
Materials
647
12.3
Template Synthesis
651
12.3.1
Maavporous Template Materials
657
12.3.2
Mesoporous Template Materials
658
12.3.3
Microporous Template Materials
668
12.3.4
Other Interesting Template Materials
668
12.4
Polymer Chemistry and Nanocomposites
669
12.4.1
Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
669
12.4.2
Polymer Synthesis
670
12.4.3
Block Copolymers
675
12.4.4
Emulsion Polymerization
676
22.4.5
Nanocomposites
681
References
683
Problems
690
SECTIONS: NATURAL AND BIONANOSCIENCE
693
з
Natural Nanomaterials
695
13.0
Natural Nanomaterials
696
13.0.1
Nanomaterials All around Us
697
33.0.2
Aesthetic and Practical Value of
Natural Nanomaterials
697
13.0.3
Learning from Natural Nanomaterials
697
13.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
697
13.1
Inorganic Natural Nanomaterials
698
13.1.1
Minerals
698
13.1.2
Clays
700
13.1.3
Natural Carbon Nanoparticles
703
13.1.4
Nanoparticles from Space
706
13.2
Nanomaterials from the Animal Kingdom
706
13.2.1
Building Blocks of
Biomaterials
707
23.2.2
Shells
709
13.2.3
Exoskeletons
711
23.2.4
Enâoskeletons
713
23.2.5
Skin and Its Extensions
718
23.2.6
Summary
720
13.3
Nanomaterials Derived from Cell Walls
721
23.3.2
Paper
721
23.3.2
Cotton
722
23.3.3
Bacterial Fibers
723
23.3.4
Diatoms
725
13.3.5
Lotus Flower
726
13
A Nanomaterials in Insects
728
13.4.1 Chitin 728
xvii
13.4.2 Chitin
Structures
in
Insect Wings
729
13.4.3
Butterfly Wings
730
13.4.4
Color and Structure
730
13.5
Gecko Feet: Adhesive Nanostructures
734
13.5.1
Gecko Feet
735
13.5.2
Mechanism of Adhesion
735
13.5.3
Attachment and Release of Grip
73 6
13.5.4
Self-Cleaning
737
13.6
More Natural Fibers
737
13.6.1
Spider Silk
737
23.6.2
Sponge Fibers
741
13.7
Summary
742
References
742
Problems
746
Biomolecular Nanoscience
749
14.0
Introduction to Biomolecular Nanoscience
751
14.0.1
Definitions: Biomolecular Nanoscience
751
14.0.2
Historical Origins
752
24.0.3
Biomolecular Nanoscience:
Roots in Traditional Science
752
24.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
754
14.1
Material Basis of Life
755
24.2.2
Molecular Building Blocks
—
From the Bottom Up
755
24.2.2
Cells and Organized Structures
761
24.2.3
Viruses
768
24.1.4
Prions
768
24.2.5
Toxins and Disruptive Nanoparticles
769
14.1.6
Completing the Circle from
Top Down to Bottom Up
769
14.2
Cellular Membranes and Signaling Systems
772
24.2.2
Cell Membrane Function
773
24.2.2
Ion Pumps, Ion Channels,
and Maintenance of the
Cellular Environment
775
14.2.3
Transmission of Neural Impulses:
Action Potential and
К
Channel
775
14.2.4
Synapses and
Neurotransmitters
782
24.2.5
Hormones and Regulation
of Cell Growth and Metabolism
783
14.3
DNA, RNA,
and Protein Synthesis
785
24.3.2 DNA
and
RNA
Function and Structure
785
14.3.2 DNA
Replication
787
XVIII
14.3.3
DNA as a Genetic Information
Storage Material
789
14.3.4
RNA
and
DNA Nanoengines:
Viruses and Phages
792
14.3.5
The Role of the Protein Environment
793
14.4
Concluding Remarks
794
14.4.1
Emerging Concepts and Developments
794
References
794
Problems
799
Index
801
|
| adam_txt |
ONTENTS
Preface
xix
Acknowledgments
xxv
Authors
xxxi
SECTION
1:
PERSPECTIVES
1
1
Introduction
3
1.0
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
—
The Distinction
5
1.0.2
Requisite Definitions
6
1.0.2
Government Line
8
1.0.3
Working Definitions
9
1.1
Historical Perspectives
13
2.2.2
Concept of Atomism
13
2.2.2
Colored Glasses
14
2.2.3
Photography
19
2.2.4
Catalysis
19
2.2.5
Integrated Circuits and Chips
21
2.2.6
Microelectromechanical Systems
23
1.2
Advanced Materials
23
2.2.2
Thin Films
25
2.2.2
Fullerenes
and Carbon Nanotubes
30
2.2.3
Quantum Dots
31
2.2.4
Other Advanced Materials
32
1.3
Tools of
Nano
33
2.3.2
Electron Microscopy
35
2.3.2
Atomic Probe
M
icroscopes
3
б
2.3.3
Х
-Ray Spectroscopy
36
2.3.4
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
3 8
2.3.5
Lithography
38
2.3.6
Computer Modeling and Simulation
39
2.3.7
Molecular Electronics
40
viii
1.4
Nature's Take on
Nano
and the
Advent of Molecular Biology
40
1.4.1
Macroscopic Expressions
of Natural Nanomaterials
40
1.4.2
Cell
Biolog}'
41
1.4.3
Molecular
Biolog}1
and Genetics
42
1.5
The
Nano
Perspective
44
1.5.1
Integration of Everything
44
1 .5.2
Scale of Things and Titnescales
48
1.5.3
Grand Challenges Facing Nanoscience
and Nanotechnolog}1
48
1.5.4
Next Industrial Revolution
50
1.6
Concluding Remarks
52
Acknowledgments
52
References
53
Problems
56
Societal Implications of
Nano
59
2.0
Introduction to Societal Issues
61
2.0.1
Societal Implications—The Background
61
2.0.2
Breadth of Societal Implications
63
2.0.3
Meet the Experts
65
2.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
68
2.1
Ethical Implications
70
2.1.1
Ethics in the Context of Research
and Applied Science
71
2.2.2
Principle of Respect for Communities
72
2.1.3
Principle of the Common Good
73
2.1.4
Principle of Social Justice
75
2.1.5
You as Moral Agent
76
2.2
Legal Implications
76
2.2.2
Interaction of Law and Nanoscience
7 7
2.2.2
Intellectual Properly
77
2.2.3
Civil Liability Issues
80
2.2.4
Evaluation
83
2.3
Environmental Implications
83
2.3.2
Nanotoxicology
85
2.3.2
Nanotechnology Risk Assessment
87
2.3.3
Environmental Aspects of Nanotechnology
89
2.4
Public Perception
90
2.4.1
Factors Influencing Public Perception
90
2.4.2
Nano
and Public Opinion Polls
91
2.4.3
A Call for Two-Way Communication
93
IX
2.5
Future
of Nanotechnology
93
2.5.1
Cycles and Patterns
93
2.5.2
Ћепа
Forecasting
94
2.5.3
Attractionary Futuristics
94
2.5.4
Maximum Freud
95
2.5.5
Nanotechnology End Points
97
Acknowledgment
98
References
99
Problems
101
Introduction to Societal Issues
101
Ethical Implications
101
Legal Implications
101
Environmental Implications
102
Public Perception
103
Future of Nanotechnology
104
Ancillary Problems
104
SECTION
2:
NANOTOOLS
105
Characterization Methods
107
3.0
Characterization of Nanomaterials
108
3.0.1
Background
109
3.0.2
Types of Characterization Methods
113
3.0.3
Optics and Resolution
116
3.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
122
3.1
Electron Probe Methods
123
3.1.1
Electron Interactions with Matter
125
3.1.2
Scanning Electron
M
icroscopy
and Electron Probe Microanalysis
131
3.1.3
Tnnsmission
Electron Microscopy
135
3.1.4
Other Important Electron Probe Methods
140
3.2
Scanning Probe Microscopy Methods
142
3.2.1
Atomic Force
M
icroscopy
144
3.2.2
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
148
3.2.3
Other Important Scanning Probe Methods
152
3.2.4
Atom-Probe Methods
153
3.3
Spectroscopie
Methods
154
3.3.1
UV-Visible Absorption
and Emission Spectroscopy
155
3.3.2
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
157
3.3.3
Х
-Ray Methods
158
3.4
Nonradiative and
Nonelectron
Characterization Methods
159
3.4.1
Particle Spectroscopy
159
3.4.2
Thermodynamic Methods
161
3.4.3
Partiële
Size
Determination 161
3.4.4
Surface Area and Porosity
162
3.4.5
Other Important Characterization Methods
167
References
171
Problems
173
Fabrication Methods
177
4.0
Fabrication of Nanomaterials
178
4.0.1
Background
178
4.0.2
Types of Top-Down Fabrication Methods
180
4.0.3
Types of Bottom-Up Fabrication Methods
185
4.0.4
Nebulous Bottom-Up Fabrication Categories
191
4.0.5
The
Nano
Perspective
192
4.1
Тор
-Down
Fabrication
193
4.1.1
Mechanical Methods (Mechanosynthesis)
194
4.1.2
Thermal Methods
196
4.1.3
High-Energy Methods
197
4.1.4
Chemical Fabrication Methods
200
4.1.5
Lithographic Methods
203
4.2
Bottom-Up Fabrication
210
4.2.1
Gaseous-Phase Methods
210
4.2.2
Liquid-Phase Methods
217
4.2.3
Solid-Phase Bottom-Up Fabrication?
223
4.2.4
Template Synthesis
224
4.3
Computational Chemistry
and Molecular Modeling
225
4.3.1
History
226
4.3.2
General Types of Molecular
Modeling Methods
227
References
231
Problems
235
SECTION
3:
PHYSICS: PROPERTIES
AND PHENOMENA
237
Materials, Structure,
and the Nanosurface
239
5.0
Importance of the Surface
240
5.0.1
Background
240
5.0.2
Natural Perspective
241
5.0.3
Inorganic Perspective
241
5.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
243
5.1
Engineering Materials
243
5.1.1
Metals and Alloys
245
5.1.2
Semiconductors
246
xi
5.1.3
Ceramic
and Glassy Materials
247
5.2.4
Carbon-Based Materials
247
5.2.5
Polymers
247
5.1.6
Biological Materials
249
5.1.7
Composites
249
5.2
Particle Shape and the Surface
250
5.2.1
Exterior Surface and Particle Shape
251
5.2.2
Interior Nanoscale Surface Area
255
5.3
Surface and Volume
257
5.3.2
Geometric Surface-to-Volume Ratio
258
5.3.2
Specific Surface Area
258
5.3.3
Spherical Cluster Approximation
260
5.4
Atomic Structure
261
5.4.2
Crystal Systems and the Unit Cell
261
5.4.2
Cubic and Hexagonal Systems
264
5.4.3
Packing Fraction and Density
267
5.4.4
Structural Magic Numbers
268
5.4.5
Miller Indices and
Х
-Ray Diffraction
271
5.5
Particle Orientation
274
5.5.2
Surface Polarization in Metals
275
5.5.2
Particle Depolarization Factor
and Screening Parameters
278
5.5.3
Quasi-Static Limit
280
5.5.4
Orientation of Nanometals
in
ЋатрагеШ
Media
281
References
284
Problems
285
Energy at the Nanoscale
289
6.0
Surface Energy
290
6.0.2
Background
292
6.0.2
Nature
293
6.0.3
Introduction to Surface Stabilization
295
6.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
296
6.1
Basic Thermodynamics
297
6.1.1
Derivation of Surface Tension,
γ
297
6.1.2
Surface Excess
298
6.2.3
Kelvin Equation
299
6.2.4
Particle Curvature and the
Young-Laplace Equation
300
6.2.5
Chemical Potential
302
6.2
Liquid State
302
6.2.1
Classical Surface Tension
305
6.2.2
Capillarity
307
6.2.3
Surface Tension Measurements
308
xii
6.3
Surface Energy (and Stress)
of Solids
311
6.3.1
Interaction Pair
Potentials
313
6.3.2
Surface Energy
of Low-Index Crystals
313
6.3.3
Surface Energy
of Nanoparticles
316
6.4
Surface Energy
Minimization Mechanisms
317
6.4.1
Surface Tension
Reduction in Liquids
317
6.4.2
DIVO
Theory
318
6.4.3
Polymeric
(Sterk)
Stabilization
321
6.4.4
Nucleation
321 '
6.4.5 Ostwald
Ripening
322
6.4.6
Sintering
325
6.4.7
Structural Stabilization in Solids
326
References
332
Problems
333
The Material Continuum
335
7.0
Material Continuum
336
7.0.1
Material Properties and Phenomena
337
7.0.2
Background
339
7.0.3
Nano
(Quantum) Perspective
341
7.1
Basic Quantum Mechanics and the Solid State
342
7.1.1
Ubiquitous Particle in a Box
343
7.2.2
Two-Dimensional Quantum Systems
348
7.2.3 Schrödinger
Equation
350
7.2.4
Bohr
Excitan
Radius
352
7.2.5
Bandgaps
354
7.2
Zero-Dimensional Materials
357
7.2.2
Clusters
357
7.2.2
Metal Clusters and the HOCO-LUCO
360
7.2.3
Optical Properties of Clusters
360
7.2.4
Other Physical Properties and Phenomena
362
7.3
One-Dimensional Materials
367
7.3.1
Types of Nanowires
369
7.3.2
Physical Properties and Phenomena
369
7.4
Two-Dimensional Materials
370
7.4.2
Types of Thin Films
371
7.4.2
Physical Properties
371
7.5
Hierarchical Structures
372
7.5.2
Importance of Hierarchical Materials
372
7.6
Quantum Size Effects and Scaling Laws
373
7.6.1
Scaling Laws
374
7.6.2
Classical Scaling Laws and the Nanoscale
375
7.6.3
Scaling Laws for Clusters
376
References
378
Problems
380
XIII
Nanothermodynamics
383
8.0
Thermodynamics and Nanothermodynamics
384
S.O. 2
Background
384
8.0.2
The
Nano
Perspective
386
8.1
Classical Equilibrium Thermodynamics
387
8.1.1
Extensive and Intensive Properties
and State Functions
387
8.1.2
The System, Its Surroundings, and Equilibrium
390
8.1.3
Laws of Thermodynamics
3 91
8.1.4
Fundamental Equations of Thermodynamics
395
8.1.5
Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Kinetics
397
8.2
Statistical Mechanics
398
8.2.1
Microstates and Macrostates
398
8.2.2
Canonical Ensembles
399
8.2.3
Energy (Molecular) Partition Functions
402
8.3
Other Kinds of Thermodynamics
402
8.3.1
The Onsager Relations
403
8.3.2
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics
404
8.3.3
The Concept of Pseudoequilibrium
406
8.3.4
Cellular and Subcellular Systems
407
8.4
Nanothermodynamics
410
8.4.1
Background
413
8.4.2
Application of Classical Thermodynamics
to Nanomaterials
415
8.4.3
Small System Thermodynamics
(the Theory of T. L. Hill)
421
8.5
Modern Nanothermodynamics
424
8.5.1
Nonextensivity and Nonintensivity
424
8.5.2
Nanothermodynamics of a Single Molecule
427
8.5.3
Modeling Nanomaterials
427
8.5.4
Modern Non-nanothermodynamics?
429
References
430
Problems
433
SECTION
4:
CHEMISTRY: SYNTHESIS AND
MODIFICATION
435
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
437
9.0
Carbon
438
9.0.1
Types of Carbon Materials
439
9.0.2
Bonding in Carbon Compounds
442
9.0.3
The
Nano
Perspective
443
9.1
Fullerenes
445
9.1.1
Fullerene
Properties
446
9.1.2
Fullerene
Synthesis
447
9.1.3
Physical and Chemical Reactions of
Fullerenes
448
xiv
9.2 Carbon Nanotubes 453
9.2.1
Structure
of Single-Walled
Carbon Nanotubes 454
9.2.2
Physical Properties of
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
458
9.2.3
Synthesis of
Carbon Nanotubes
464
9.2.4
Growth Mechanisms
467
9.2.5
Chemical
Modification of
Carbon Nanotubes
469
9.3
Diamondoid Nanomaterials
474
9.3.1
Diamondoids
476
9.3.2
Thin
Diamond Films
(and Other
Ultrahard
Substances)
477
9.3.3
Chemical
Modification of CVD Diamond
478
References
480
Problems
485
Chemical Interactions at
the Nanoscale
487
10.0
Bonding Considerations at the Nanoscale
488
20.0.2
Background
490
10.0.2
Intramolecular versus
Intermodular Bonding
492
20.0.3
Types of Intertnolecular Bonding
494
10.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
496
10.1
Electrostatic Interactions
497
10.1.1
Ion Pair Interactions
500
20.2.2
Solvent Effects
501
20.2.3
Ion-Dipole ana
Dipole-Dipole
Interactions
505
20.2.4
Dative Bonds
509
20.2.5
n-Interactions
515
10.2
Hydrogen Bonding
517
20.2.2
Standard Hydrogen Bonds
517
10.2.2
C-a-H-
■ ■
О
Hydrogen Bonds
523
20.2.3
Halogen Bonds
523
10.2.4
Hydrogen Bonds and Living Things
524
10.3
Van
der Waals
Attractions
524
10.3.1
Contributions to the van
der
Waals
Interaction
526
10.3.2
Van
der Waals
Radius
529
20.3.3
Physical Property Dependence
529
10.4 Hydrophobie
Effect
533
20.4.2
Background
533
20.4.2
Water and the
Hydrophobie
Effect
534
20.4.3
Amino
Acids and Proteins
537
References
537
Problems
540
XV
111
SUPRAMOLECULAR
CHEMISTRY
543
11.0
Chemistry of Nanomaterials
545
11.0.1
Background
546
11.0.2
Types of Chemical Synthesis
548
11.0.3
Thermodynamic versus Kinetic
Control and Selectivity
550
11.0.4
Introduction to Supramolecular Design
554
22.0.5
The
Nano
Perspective
555
11.1
Supramolecular Chemistry
557
22.2.2
The Host-Guest Relationship
557
22.2.2
Molecular Recognition
559
11.1.3
Synthetic Supramolecular Host Species
567
22.2.4
Surfactants and Micelles
576
22.2.5
Biological Supramolecular Host Species
578
11.2
Design and Synthesis of Selected
Supramolecular Species
581
22.2.2
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Effects
585
11.2.2
Basic Design Parameters: The Host,
the Guest, and the Solvent
593
11.3
Extended Supramolecular Structures
595
22.3.2
Golden Molecular Sauares
596
22.3.2
Synthesis of Benzocoronene Complexes
599
22.3.3
Helical Supramolecular Polymers
602
References
603
Problems
605
ι
Chemical Synthesis and
Modification of Nanomaterials
609
12.0
Chemistry and Chemical Modification
610
22.0.2
Types of Synthesis Processes
611
22.0.2
Introduction to Molecular Self-Assembly
611
22.0.3
Introduction to Chemical
Functionalization
613
22.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
614
12.1
Self-Assembly Revisited
615
22.2.2
Langmuir-Blodgett Films
619
22.2.2
Gold-Thiol Monolayers
626
22.2.3
Organosilanes
629
12.2
Synthesis and Chemical Modification
of Nanomaterials
631
22.2.2
Synthesis and Modification of
Zero-Dimensional Materials
631
22.2.2
Synthesis and Modification of
One-Dimensional Materials
645
xvi
12.2.3
$}vithesis and Modification of
Ћио
-Dimensional
Materials
647
12.3
Template Synthesis
651
12.3.1
Maavporous Template Materials
657
12.3.2
Mesoporous Template Materials
658
12.3.3
Microporous Template Materials
668
12.3.4
Other Interesting Template Materials
668
12.4
Polymer Chemistry and Nanocomposites
669
12.4.1
Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
669
12.4.2
Polymer Synthesis
670
12.4.3
Block Copolymers
675
12.4.4
Emulsion Polymerization
676
22.4.5
Nanocomposites
681
References
683
Problems
690
SECTIONS: NATURAL AND BIONANOSCIENCE
693
з
Natural Nanomaterials
695
13.0
Natural Nanomaterials
696
13.0.1
Nanomaterials All around Us
697
33.0.2
Aesthetic and Practical Value of
Natural Nanomaterials
697
13.0.3
Learning from Natural Nanomaterials
697
13.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
697
13.1
Inorganic Natural Nanomaterials
698
13.1.1
Minerals
698
13.1.2
Clays
700
13.1.3
Natural Carbon Nanoparticles
703
13.1.4
Nanoparticles from Space
706
13.2
Nanomaterials from the Animal Kingdom
706
13.2.1
Building Blocks of
Biomaterials
707
23.2.2
Shells
709
13.2.3
Exoskeletons
711
23.2.4
Enâoskeletons
713
23.2.5
Skin and Its Extensions
718
23.2.6
Summary
720
13.3
Nanomaterials Derived from Cell Walls
721
23.3.2
Paper
721
23.3.2
Cotton
722
23.3.3
Bacterial Fibers
723
23.3.4
Diatoms
725
13.3.5
Lotus Flower
726
13
A Nanomaterials in Insects
728
13.4.1 Chitin 728
xvii
13.4.2 Chitin
Structures
in
Insect Wings
729
13.4.3
Butterfly Wings
730
13.4.4
Color and Structure
730
13.5
Gecko Feet: Adhesive Nanostructures
734
13.5.1
Gecko Feet
735
13.5.2
Mechanism of Adhesion
735
13.5.3
Attachment and Release of Grip
73 6
13.5.4
Self-Cleaning
737
13.6
More Natural Fibers
737
13.6.1
Spider Silk
737
23.6.2
Sponge Fibers
741
13.7
Summary
742
References
742
Problems
746
Biomolecular Nanoscience
749
14.0
Introduction to Biomolecular Nanoscience
751
14.0.1
Definitions: Biomolecular Nanoscience
751
14.0.2
Historical Origins
752
24.0.3
Biomolecular Nanoscience:
Roots in Traditional Science
752
24.0.4
The
Nano
Perspective
754
14.1
Material Basis of Life
755
24.2.2
Molecular Building Blocks
—
From the Bottom Up
755
24.2.2
Cells and Organized Structures
761
24.2.3
Viruses
768
24.1.4
Prions
768
24.2.5
Toxins and Disruptive Nanoparticles
769
14.1.6
Completing the Circle from
Top Down to Bottom Up
769
14.2
Cellular Membranes and Signaling Systems
772
24.2.2
Cell Membrane Function
773
24.2.2
Ion Pumps, Ion Channels,
and Maintenance of the
Cellular Environment
775
14.2.3
Transmission of Neural Impulses:
Action Potential and
К
Channel
775
14.2.4
Synapses and
Neurotransmitters
782
24.2.5
Hormones and Regulation
of Cell Growth and Metabolism
783
14.3
DNA, RNA,
and Protein Synthesis
785
24.3.2 DNA
and
RNA
Function and Structure
785
14.3.2 DNA
Replication
787
XVIII
14.3.3
DNA as a Genetic Information
Storage Material
789
14.3.4
RNA
and
DNA Nanoengines:
Viruses and Phages
792
14.3.5
The Role of the Protein Environment
793
14.4
Concluding Remarks
794
14.4.1
Emerging Concepts and Developments
794
References
794
Problems
799
Index
801 |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023194952 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QC176 |
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| callnumber-subject | QC - Physics |
| classification_rvk | ZN 3700 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)255772948 (DE-599)BVBBV023194952 |
| dewey-full | 620.5 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| dewey-raw | 620.5 |
| dewey-search | 620.5 |
| dewey-sort | 3620.5 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023194952 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:06:03Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:12:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1420048058 9781420048056 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016381282 |
| oclc_num | 255772948 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-703 DE-29T DE-11 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-703 DE-29T DE-11 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-83 |
| physical | XXXIV, 815 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | CRC Press, Taylor and Francis |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Introduction to nanoscience Gabor L. Hornyak ... Nanoscience Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] CRC Press, Taylor and Francis 2008 XXXIV, 815 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Nanostructured materials Nanostructures Nanotechnology Nanowissenschaften (DE-588)7734987-8 gnd rswk-swf Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd rswk-swf Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 s DE-604 Nanowissenschaften (DE-588)7734987-8 s Hornyak, Gabor L. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016381282&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Introduction to nanoscience Nanoscience Nanostructured materials Nanostructures Nanotechnology Nanowissenschaften (DE-588)7734987-8 gnd Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7734987-8 (DE-588)4327470-5 |
| title | Introduction to nanoscience |
| title_alt | Nanoscience |
| title_auth | Introduction to nanoscience |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to nanoscience |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Introduction to nanoscience |
| title_full | Introduction to nanoscience Gabor L. Hornyak ... |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to nanoscience Gabor L. Hornyak ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to nanoscience Gabor L. Hornyak ... |
| title_short | Introduction to nanoscience |
| title_sort | introduction to nanoscience |
| topic | Nanoscience Nanostructured materials Nanostructures Nanotechnology Nanowissenschaften (DE-588)7734987-8 gnd Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nanoscience Nanostructured materials Nanostructures Nanotechnology Nanowissenschaften Nanotechnologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016381282&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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