EU digital copyright law and the end-user:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2008
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 374 S. |
| ISBN: | 9783540759850 3540759840 9783540759843 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Mazziotti, Giuseppe |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a EU digital copyright law and the end-user |c Giuseppe Mazziotti |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 374 S. | ||
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| 610 | 1 | 4 | |a Europäische Union |
| 650 | 7 | |a Auteursrecht |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Eindgebruikers |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Europese Unie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a ICT |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Copyright and electronic data processing |z European Union countries | |
| 651 | 7 | |a EU-landen |2 gtt | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137453852819456 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................................XIX
PART I COPYRIGHT AND
DIGITISATION..................................................1 1.
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................................3
1.1. THE RESEARCH QUESTION
.................................................................................3
1.2. TERMINOLOGY
...............................................................................................4
1.3. THE VALUE OF TRANSFORMATIVE AND NON-TRANSFORMATIVE USES IN THE
COPYRIGHT SYSTEM
.........................................................................................6
1.4. NEW KINDS OF TRANSFORMATIVE USE
................................................................9 1.5.
NON-TRANSFORMATIVE
USE.............................................................................10
1.6. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK
..........................................................................12
2. THE IMPACT OF DIGITISATION ON THE DESIRABILITY OF COPYRIGHT
EXCEPTIONS .......15 2.1. AN ECONOMICS-BASED INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK
PROBLEM............................15 2.1.1. WORKS OF INTELLECT AS
PUBLIC GOODS..................................................15 2.1.2.
FROM IMPERFECT TO PERFECT
EXCLUDABILITY..........................................17 2.1.3. PERFECT
LOCK-UP OF COPYRIGHTED INFORMATION
....................................20 2.2. LEGAL CONSEQUENCES
..................................................................................22
2.2.1. IN SEARCH OF A PUBLIC POLICY WITHOUT FREE ACCESS TO COPYRIGHTED
WORKS...............................................................................................23
2.2.2. DRM AND THE ECONOMICS OF COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS
..........................27 2.2.2.1. TRANSACTION COSTS AND THE MARKET
FAILURE BEHIND PRIVATE
COPYING...............................................................................27
2.2.2.2. WHY THE MARKET FAILURE RATIONALE BEHIND PRIVATE COPYING IS
LOSING ITS SIGNIFICANCE
.....................................................28 2.2.2.3. THE
PERSISTENCE OF *BARGAINING BREAKDOWN* PROBLEMS ......30 2.2.2.4. WHICH
JUSTIFICATIONS ARE AFFECTED BY THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DRM?
............................................................................33
2.2.3. PRIVACY CONCERNS
.............................................................................34
2.3. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK: COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS UNDER EU
LAW.......................36 2.4.
SUMMARY...................................................................................................38
XII TABLE OF CONTENTS PART II EU DIGITAL COPYRIGHT LAW FROM THE
END-USER
PERSPECTIVE...................................................................................................
41 3. COPYRIGHT HARMONISATION ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGICAL DICTATES
.................... 43 3.1. INTRODUCTION
..............................................................................................
43 3.2. LEGAL BASIS AND OBJECTIVES OF COPYRIGHT HARMONISATION IN THE
EU............ 43 3.2.1. THE PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMUNITY
COPYRIGHT POLICY ... 44 3.2.1.1. FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS AND THE
EXHAUSTION PRINCIPLE...... 44 3.2.1.2. NATIONAL COPYRIGHT PROTECTION
UNDER ARTICLE 30 OF THE EC
TREATY.................................................................................
45 3.2.1.3. COPYRIGHT LEGISLATION AS A TOOL FOSTERING MARKET INTEGRATION
..........................................................................
46 3.2.2. LEGAL BASIS AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE INFOSOC
DIRECTIVE.......... 49 3.2.2.1. THE LEGAL BASIS OF ARTICLE 95 OF THE EC
TREATY................... 49 3.2.2.2. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE 1995 GREEN
PAPER ............................ 50 3.2.2.3. THE OBJECTIVE TO
IMPLEMENT THE 1996 WIPO COPYRIGHT
TREATY.................................................................................
51 3.3. THE RE-DEFINITION OF THE COPYRIGHT
SCOPE................................................... 52 3.3.1. THE
NATIONAL DIMENSION OF COPYRIGHT*S SUBJECT MATTER.................... 52
3.3.1.1. THE ABSENCE OF A SINGLE STANDARD OF
ORIGINALITY.................. 53 3.3.2. TERRITORIAL RESTRICTIONS IN
COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT............................ 54 3.3.3. THE
OVERSTRETCHED EXCLUSIVE RIGHT OF DIGITAL REPRODUCTION .............. 58
3.3.3.1. THE NOTION OF REPRODUCTION UNDER THE EC SOFTWARE DIRECTIVE
............................................................................
58 3.3.3.2. EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN SOFTWARE REPRODUCTIONS FROM COPYRIGHT
PROTECTION........................................................... 60
3.3.3.3. THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION UNDER THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE
............................................................................
61 3.3.4. THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT OF COMMUNICATION TO THE
PUBLIC....................... 65 3.3.5. THE RIGHT OF DISTRIBUTION OF
TANGIBLE COPYRIGHTED GOODS ................. 66 3.3.6. INTANGIBLE
COPYRIGHTED GOODS AS SERVICES........................................ 67
3.4. ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION LAW IN DEFENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION
MEASURES
...................................................................................................
69 3.4.1. THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLES 6 AND 7 OF THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE
.......... 69 3.4.2. WHAT *ACCESS RIGHT* IN THE
EU?....................................................... 71 3.4.3.
DISCREPANCIES IN THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION LAW
..................................................................................................
74 3.5.
SUMMARY...................................................................................................
76 4. THE LEGAL TREATMENT OF COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS UNDER SECONDARY EU
LAW ...... 77 4.1. INTRODUCTION: FROM VERTICAL TO HORIZONTAL
EXCEPTIONS................................. 77 4.2. THE INTRODUCTION OF
THE THREE-STEP TEST UNDER EU LAW ............................... 80
4.2.1. THE THREE-STEP TEST UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
..................................... 80 4.2.2. THE TRANSPOSITION OF THE
TEST INTO EU LAW........................................ 84 4.3. THE NEW
REQUIREMENT OF LEGAL ACCESS AT THE EXPENSE OF LAWFUL USE ........... 86
4.4. THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE*S EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS
............. 89 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII 4.4.1. NON-TRANSFORMATIVE USE:
PRIVATE COPYING........................................89 4.4.2.
TRANSFORMATIVE
USES........................................................................93
4.5. SAFETY NETS FOR COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS AGAINST DRM SYSTEMS
.....................94 4.5.1. OBLIGATIONS CREATED BY ARTICLE
6(4).................................................95 4.5.2. THE
NARROW SCOPE OF MEMBER STATES* OBLIGATIONS...........................96
4.5.3. CONSEQUENCES OF THE ARTICLE 6(4)
SYSTEM........................................98 4.5.4. THE MODEL
INTERFACE BETWEEN COPYRIGHT, CONTRACT AND TECHNICAL MEASURES OF THE
SOFTWARE DIRECTIVE ..............................................100
4.5.5. MONITORING SYSTEMS ON THE EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF
EXCEPTIONS..102 4.6. NATIONAL EXCEPTIONS AFTER THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE: A
BRIEF OVERVIEW .........104 4.6.1. PRELIMINARY
REMARKS......................................................................104
4.6.2. WHAT NATIONAL EXCEPTIONS, IN THE
CONCRETE?...................................105 4.6.2.1. PRIVATE COPYING
................................................................105
4.6.2.2. TRANSFORMATIVE
USE...........................................................107
4.6.2.3. A FEW EXAMPLES OF EXTENSION OF THE STATUTORY PROTECTION OF
COPYRIGHT
EXCEPTIONS....................................................108 4.7.
SUMMARY.................................................................................................109
5. DIGITAL COPYRIGHT LAW: GENERAL POLICY ISSUES UNDER THE EC TREATY
............111 5.1. INTRODUCTION
............................................................................................111
5.2. THE FAILURE OF THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE IN THE PURSUIT OF MARKET
INTEGRATION
...............................................................................................113
5.2.1. FRAGMENTATION ON MARKETS FOR TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE GOODS
.......114 5.2.2. INCONSISTENCY WITH ARTICLE 95 OF THE EC TREATY
............................115 5.3. THE CLASH WITH MEMBER STATES*
CULTURAL POLICIES ....................................118 5.3.1. THE
DEADLOCK OF NATIONAL COPYRIGHT
EXCEPTIONS.............................119 5.3.2. ARTICLE 151(4) OF THE
EC TREATY AND NATIONAL COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS
.....................................................................................119
5.4. END-USE LICENCES AND EU CONSUMER CONTRACT LAW: A NEGLECTED
INTERSECTION..................................................................
............................120 5.4.1. THE ABSENCE OF CONSUMER
PROTECTION MEASURES UNDER DIGITAL COPYRIGHT LAW
................................................................................121
5.4.2. CONSUMER PROTECTION UNDER EU PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
.............121 5.4.3. CONSUMER CONTRACT
LAW..................................................................123
5.4.3.1. A BRIEF COMPARISON BETWEEN U.S. AND EU CONTRACT LAWS .123
5.4.3.2. DUTIES OF TRANSPARENCY IN THE EU DISTANCE CONTRACT
DIRECTIVE...........................................................................126
5.4.3.3. OVERRIDING COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS AS AN UNFAIR COMMERCIAL
PRACTICE? .......................................................129
5.4.3.4. THE END-USER*S INFORMATION RIGHT AGAINST TECHNICAL
RESTRICTIONS........................................................................130
5.4.3.5. CONCLUSIVE REMARKS ON CONSUMER PROTECTION
...................132 5.5.
SUMMARY.................................................................................................133
XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS PART III UNSETTLED
ISSUES....................................................................
135 6. IMPLICATIONS OF SHARING COPYRIGHTED WORKS ON THE INTERNET
...................... 137 6.1. INTRODUCTION
............................................................................................
137 6.2. END-USER LIABILITY: THE UNITED STATES
....................................................... 138 6.2.1. THE
BIRTH OF FILE-SHARING TECHNOLOGIES
........................................... 138 6.2.2. FILE-SHARING
UNDER THE U.S. FAIR USE DOCTRINE ................................ 139
6.2.2.1. PURPOSE AND CHARACTER OF
FILE-SHARING............................... 140 6.2.2.2. NATURE AND
PORTION OF THE WORK USED................................ 142 6.2.2.3.
EFFECT OF FILE-SHARING ON THE MARKET FOR COPYRIGHTED
WORKS................................................................................
142 6.3. END-USER LIABILITY: THE EUROPEAN UNION
.................................................. 143 6.3.1.
PEER-TO-PEER DOWNLOADS UNDER THE EXCEPTION OF PRIVATE COPYING .. 143
6.3.2. PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS AS A LAWFUL SOURCE OF UNAUTHORISED
COPYRIGHTED
WORKS?.......................................................................
147 6.3.3. UNAUTHORISED DOWNLOADS UNDER THE THREE-STEP
TEST....................... 149 6.4. PEER-TO-PEER SOFTWARE PROVIDERS*
LIABILITY: THE UNITED STATES.................. 152 6.4.1. THE U.S. CASE
LAW..........................................................................
153 6.4.1.1. THE NAPSTER
CASE.............................................................. 154
6.4.1.2. THE AIMSTER CASE
............................................................. 155
6.4.1.3. THE GROKSTER CASE
............................................................ 156 6.4.2.
HOW CONSIDERATION OF NON-INFRINGING USES HAS AN IMPACT ON INDIRECT
LIABILITY.............................................................................
158 6.4.3. FINDINGS FROM THE U.S. CASE LAW
................................................... 162 6.5.
PEER-TO-PEER SOFTWARE PROVIDERS* LIABILITY: THE EUROPEAN UNION
............. 162 6.5.1. COPYRIGHT LIABILITY IN THE KAZAA AND BITTORRENT
CASES .................. 163 6.5.1.1. DIRECT
LIABILITY..................................................................
164 6.5.1.2. INDIRECT
LIABILITY................................................................
164 6.5.2. POSSIBLE TECHNOLOGY*S RESTRICTIONS UNDER ARTICLE 8 OF THE EU
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ENFORCEMENT DIRECTIVE .....................
166 6.5.3. INDIRECT LIABILITY UNDER THE PRINCIPLE OF DUE CARE
........................... 168 6.5.3.1. DUTIES OF CARE ON THE INTERNET
AFTER THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE
..........................................................................
168 6.5.3.2. DUTIES OF CARE UPON ISPS AND NETWORK OPERATORS
............. 169 6.5.3.3. DUTIES OF CARE UPON PEER-TO-PEER SOFTWARE
PROVIDERS ....... 172 6.5.4. FINDINGS FROM EU LAW AND FROM THE NATIONAL
CASE LAW ................. 174 6.6.
SUMMARY.................................................................................................
175 7. FREEDOM OF USE VS . DRM TECHNOLOGY
.......................................................... 179 7.1.
INTRODUCTION
............................................................................................
179 7.2. DRM TECHNOLOGY UNDER EU LAW
............................................................. 180 7.2.1.
LEGAL BASIS FOR THE PROTECTION OF DRM TECHNOLOGY.......................
180 7.2.2. FROM AN EX POST TO AN EX ANTE DETERMINATION OF FAIRNESS
............... 181 7.2.3. DRM AND THE EU AMBIGUOUS SYSTEM OF COPYRIGHT
EXCEPTIONS...... 182 7.2.4. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONDITION OF LEGAL
ACCESS TO DRM-PROTECTED WORKS
.................................................................. 183
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV 7.3. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION*S VIEW OF DRM
TECHNOLOGY ........................186 7.3.1. THE 2004 COMMUNICATION ON
COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT ..................186 7.3.2. THE MAIN COMMISSION*S
OBJECTIVES ..............................................187 7.4.
SPECIFIC ISSUES RAISED BY DRM TECHNOLOGY:
INTEROPERABILITY..................189 7.4.1. DRM SYSTEMS AS
COPYRIGHT-PROTECTED COMPUTER PROGRAMMES ......190 7.4.2. COPYRIGHT VS.
INTEROPERABILITY: THE CASE OF APPLE*S DRM SYSTEM.190 7.4.3. THE EXAMPLE
OF NEW PRO-INTEROPERABILITY LEGISLATION IN FRANCE.....193 7.4.4.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTION AND EU INTEROPERABILITY
POLICY....................196 7.5. RESTRICTION OF PRIVATE
COPYING.................................................................200
7.5.1. THE POLICY OPTION OF PRESERVING PRIVATE COPYING NOTWITHSTANDING
DRM...................................................................200
7.5.2. THE MULHOLLAND DRIVE CASE IN FRANCE: DOES A RIGHT OF PRIVATE
COPYING EXIST?
...............................................................................201
7.5.3. MAY PRIVATE COPYING OF COPY-PROTECTED WORKS BE COMPATIBLE WITH
THE THREE-STEP TEST?
................................................................205
7.5.4. THE ROLE OF NATIONAL LAW IN THE PRESERVATION OF DIGITAL PRIVATE
COPYING
.........................................................................................210
7.6. RESTRICTION OF TRANSFORMATIVE
USES...........................................................215
7.6.1. MAY DRM TECHNOLOGY ADDRESS CUMULATIVE CREATIVITY AND
INNOVATION?....................................................................................215
7.6.2. POLICY OPTIONS FOR THE ACCOMMODATION OF CUMULATIVE
CREATIVITY...219 7.6.2.1. CREATING AN EXCEPTION OF FAIR
CIRCUMVENTION....................220 7.6.2.2. CREATING A USER RIGHTS
MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE............224 7.7.
SUMMARY.................................................................................................227
PART IV
...........................................................................................................231
8. COPYRIGHT POLICY ALTERNATIVES FOR PRESERVING END-USER FREEDOM OF
EXPRESSION AND
INFORMATION..........................................................................233
8.1. ADDRESSING THE CONFLICT BETWEEN COPYRIGHT AND FREEDOM OF
EXPRESSION..233 8.1.1. THE LEGAL VALUE OF ARTICLE 10 OF THE
ECHR...................................233 8.1.2. COPYRIGHT VS. FREE
EXPRESSION........................................................235
8.2. RESTRICTIONS ON FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATION OVER PEER-TO-PEER
NETWORKS..................................................................................................239
8.2.1. PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKING AND FREE COMMUNICATION
........................239 8.2.2. HOW COPYLEFT LICENCES INCREASE THE
MAGNITUDE OF FREE
INFORMATION....................................................................................241
8.3. EU COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT POLICY IN RESPECT OF FILE-SHARING
...................245 8.3.1. TARGETING COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT AT
INDIVIDUALS............................246 8.3.1.1. THE UNITED
STATES.............................................................246
8.3.1.2. THE EUROPEAN UNION
........................................................248 8.3.1.3. WHY
THIS OPTION WOULD BE COST-INEFFECTIVE AND
SHORT-SIGHTED.....................................................................251
8.3.2. COPYRIGHT LEVIES TO COMPENSATE
CREATORS.......................................252 8.3.2.1. THE
*FISHER-NETANEL* PROPOSAL OF A NON-COMMERCIAL USE LEVY SYSTEM
................................................................253 XVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.3.2.2. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF A COPYRIGHT LEVY SYSTEM
................. 256 8.3.2.3. WHY THIS POLICY OPTION DOES NOT FIT EU
DIGITAL COPYRIGHT LAW
................................................................... 258
8.3.3. MANDATORY COLLECTIVE ADMINISTRATION OF ONLINE EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS
... 260 8.3.3.1. IS MANDATORY COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT A LEGITIMATE POLICY
OPTION?
.................................................................. 261
8.3.3.2. MANDATORY COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE
ACQUIS COMMUNAUTAIRE ON COPYRIGHT
ENTITLEMENTS......................................................................
263 8.3.4. SEEKING COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN FILE-SHARING AND COPYRIGHT-
PROTECTING
TECHNOLOGIES.................................................................
268 8.3.4.1. MANDATING THE ADOPTION OF COPYRIGHT-PROTECTING TECHNOLOGIES
.....................................................................
269 8.3.4.1.1. RE-DESIGN OF PEER-TO-PEER TECHNOLOGY ............. 269
8.3.4.1.2. ADOPTION OF FILTERING TECHNOLOGIES................... 271
8.3.4.1.3. ON THE SUITABLE FUNCTION OF DRM SYSTEMS AND
FINGERPRINTS................................................ 272
8.3.4.2. ADVANTAGES OF THIS POLICY OPTION
..................................... 274 8.4. THE ADVERSE IMPACT OF
CURRENT DRM TECHNOLOGY ON FREE USES................ 276 8.4.1. COLLISION
WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION .................. 277
8.4.2. CHILLING EFFECTS ON FOLLOW-ON USES: A USER RIGHTS MANAGEMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A POSSIBLE WAY OUT
.............................................. 278 8.5.
SUMMARY.................................................................................................
282 9. CONCLUSION: TOWARDS A BETTER EU COPYRIGHT
LAW......................................... 285 9.1. INTRODUCTION
............................................................................................
285 9.2. CREATING A USER RIGHTS
INFRASTRUCTURE........................................................
285 9.2.1. LEGAL PROTECTION OF TECHNICAL MEASURES SHOULD FOLLOW
COPYRIGHT LAW
................................................................................
286 9.2.2. REPLACING COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS BY A LAW OF USERS*
RIGHTS............. 287 9.3. ELEMENTS OF A USER RIGHTS MANAGEMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE............................. 292 9.3.1. IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE *FAIR USE BY DESIGN* REQUIREMENT ............... 292 9.3.2.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A MIXED USER RIGHTS INFRASTRUCTURE ...................
293 9.3.3. A SINGLE EU INTEROPERABILITY POLICY FOR DRM TECHNOLOGY
............ 297 9.4. RE-ADJUSTING THE THREE-STEP
TEST............................................................... 302
9.4.1. THE FLAWED FUNCTION OF ARTICLE 5(5) UNDER THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE .
303 9.4.2. SUITABLE REVISION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE TEST INSIDE THE
INFOSOC DIRECTIVE
.......................................................................................
305 9.5.
SUMMARY.................................................................................................
307 TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII APPENDIX
........................................................................................................311
APPENDIX I - DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT: THE TECHNOLOGICAL SCENARIO
......313 APPENDIX II - EXAMPLES OF NATIONAL TRANSPOSITION OF ARTICLE
6(4) OF THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE
...............................................................................................325
APPENDIX III - DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL OF 22 MAY 2001 ON THE HARMONISATION OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF
COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY (OFFICIAL
JOURNAL L 167, 22.06.2001, P.10)
..........................................................333
REFERENCE LIST
....................................................................................................349
INDEX
...................................................................................................................367
|
| adam_txt |
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS.XIX
PART I COPYRIGHT AND
DIGITISATION.1 1.
INTRODUCTION
.3
1.1. THE RESEARCH QUESTION
.3
1.2. TERMINOLOGY
.4
1.3. THE VALUE OF TRANSFORMATIVE AND NON-TRANSFORMATIVE USES IN THE
COPYRIGHT SYSTEM
.6
1.4. NEW KINDS OF TRANSFORMATIVE USE
.9 1.5.
NON-TRANSFORMATIVE
USE.10
1.6. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK
.12
2. THE IMPACT OF DIGITISATION ON THE DESIRABILITY OF COPYRIGHT
EXCEPTIONS .15 2.1. AN ECONOMICS-BASED INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK
PROBLEM.15 2.1.1. WORKS OF INTELLECT AS
PUBLIC GOODS.15 2.1.2.
FROM IMPERFECT TO PERFECT
EXCLUDABILITY.17 2.1.3. PERFECT
LOCK-UP OF COPYRIGHTED INFORMATION
.20 2.2. LEGAL CONSEQUENCES
.22
2.2.1. IN SEARCH OF A PUBLIC POLICY WITHOUT FREE ACCESS TO COPYRIGHTED
WORKS.23
2.2.2. DRM AND THE ECONOMICS OF COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS
.27 2.2.2.1. TRANSACTION COSTS AND THE MARKET
FAILURE BEHIND PRIVATE
COPYING.27
2.2.2.2. WHY THE MARKET FAILURE RATIONALE BEHIND PRIVATE COPYING IS
LOSING ITS SIGNIFICANCE
.28 2.2.2.3. THE
PERSISTENCE OF *BARGAINING BREAKDOWN* PROBLEMS .30 2.2.2.4. WHICH
JUSTIFICATIONS ARE AFFECTED BY THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DRM?
.33
2.2.3. PRIVACY CONCERNS
.34
2.3. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK: COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS UNDER EU
LAW.36 2.4.
SUMMARY.38
XII TABLE OF CONTENTS PART II EU DIGITAL COPYRIGHT LAW FROM THE
END-USER
PERSPECTIVE.
41 3. COPYRIGHT HARMONISATION ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGICAL DICTATES
. 43 3.1. INTRODUCTION
.
43 3.2. LEGAL BASIS AND OBJECTIVES OF COPYRIGHT HARMONISATION IN THE
EU. 43 3.2.1. THE PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMUNITY
COPYRIGHT POLICY . 44 3.2.1.1. FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS AND THE
EXHAUSTION PRINCIPLE. 44 3.2.1.2. NATIONAL COPYRIGHT PROTECTION
UNDER ARTICLE 30 OF THE EC
TREATY.
45 3.2.1.3. COPYRIGHT LEGISLATION AS A TOOL FOSTERING MARKET INTEGRATION
.
46 3.2.2. LEGAL BASIS AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE INFOSOC
DIRECTIVE. 49 3.2.2.1. THE LEGAL BASIS OF ARTICLE 95 OF THE EC
TREATY. 49 3.2.2.2. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE 1995 GREEN
PAPER . 50 3.2.2.3. THE OBJECTIVE TO
IMPLEMENT THE 1996 WIPO COPYRIGHT
TREATY.
51 3.3. THE RE-DEFINITION OF THE COPYRIGHT
SCOPE. 52 3.3.1. THE
NATIONAL DIMENSION OF COPYRIGHT*S SUBJECT MATTER. 52
3.3.1.1. THE ABSENCE OF A SINGLE STANDARD OF
ORIGINALITY. 53 3.3.2. TERRITORIAL RESTRICTIONS IN
COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT. 54 3.3.3. THE
OVERSTRETCHED EXCLUSIVE RIGHT OF DIGITAL REPRODUCTION . 58
3.3.3.1. THE NOTION OF REPRODUCTION UNDER THE EC SOFTWARE DIRECTIVE
.
58 3.3.3.2. EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN SOFTWARE REPRODUCTIONS FROM COPYRIGHT
PROTECTION. 60
3.3.3.3. THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION UNDER THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE
.
61 3.3.4. THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT OF COMMUNICATION TO THE
PUBLIC. 65 3.3.5. THE RIGHT OF DISTRIBUTION OF
TANGIBLE COPYRIGHTED GOODS . 66 3.3.6. INTANGIBLE
COPYRIGHTED GOODS AS SERVICES. 67
3.4. ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION LAW IN DEFENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION
MEASURES
.
69 3.4.1. THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLES 6 AND 7 OF THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE
. 69 3.4.2. WHAT *ACCESS RIGHT* IN THE
EU?. 71 3.4.3.
DISCREPANCIES IN THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION LAW
.
74 3.5.
SUMMARY.
76 4. THE LEGAL TREATMENT OF COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS UNDER SECONDARY EU
LAW . 77 4.1. INTRODUCTION: FROM VERTICAL TO HORIZONTAL
EXCEPTIONS. 77 4.2. THE INTRODUCTION OF
THE THREE-STEP TEST UNDER EU LAW . 80
4.2.1. THE THREE-STEP TEST UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
. 80 4.2.2. THE TRANSPOSITION OF THE
TEST INTO EU LAW. 84 4.3. THE NEW
REQUIREMENT OF LEGAL ACCESS AT THE EXPENSE OF LAWFUL USE . 86
4.4. THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE*S EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS
. 89 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII 4.4.1. NON-TRANSFORMATIVE USE:
PRIVATE COPYING.89 4.4.2.
TRANSFORMATIVE
USES.93
4.5. SAFETY NETS FOR COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS AGAINST DRM SYSTEMS
.94 4.5.1. OBLIGATIONS CREATED BY ARTICLE
6(4).95 4.5.2. THE
NARROW SCOPE OF MEMBER STATES* OBLIGATIONS.96
4.5.3. CONSEQUENCES OF THE ARTICLE 6(4)
SYSTEM.98 4.5.4. THE MODEL
INTERFACE BETWEEN COPYRIGHT, CONTRACT AND TECHNICAL MEASURES OF THE
SOFTWARE DIRECTIVE .100
4.5.5. MONITORING SYSTEMS ON THE EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF
EXCEPTIONS.102 4.6. NATIONAL EXCEPTIONS AFTER THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE: A
BRIEF OVERVIEW .104 4.6.1. PRELIMINARY
REMARKS.104
4.6.2. WHAT NATIONAL EXCEPTIONS, IN THE
CONCRETE?.105 4.6.2.1. PRIVATE COPYING
.105
4.6.2.2. TRANSFORMATIVE
USE.107
4.6.2.3. A FEW EXAMPLES OF EXTENSION OF THE STATUTORY PROTECTION OF
COPYRIGHT
EXCEPTIONS.108 4.7.
SUMMARY.109
5. DIGITAL COPYRIGHT LAW: GENERAL POLICY ISSUES UNDER THE EC TREATY
.111 5.1. INTRODUCTION
.111
5.2. THE FAILURE OF THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE IN THE PURSUIT OF MARKET
INTEGRATION
.113
5.2.1. FRAGMENTATION ON MARKETS FOR TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE GOODS
.114 5.2.2. INCONSISTENCY WITH ARTICLE 95 OF THE EC TREATY
.115 5.3. THE CLASH WITH MEMBER STATES*
CULTURAL POLICIES .118 5.3.1. THE
DEADLOCK OF NATIONAL COPYRIGHT
EXCEPTIONS.119 5.3.2. ARTICLE 151(4) OF THE
EC TREATY AND NATIONAL COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS
.119
5.4. END-USE LICENCES AND EU CONSUMER CONTRACT LAW: A NEGLECTED
INTERSECTION.
.120 5.4.1. THE ABSENCE OF CONSUMER
PROTECTION MEASURES UNDER DIGITAL COPYRIGHT LAW
.121
5.4.2. CONSUMER PROTECTION UNDER EU PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
.121 5.4.3. CONSUMER CONTRACT
LAW.123
5.4.3.1. A BRIEF COMPARISON BETWEEN U.S. AND EU CONTRACT LAWS .123
5.4.3.2. DUTIES OF TRANSPARENCY IN THE EU DISTANCE CONTRACT
DIRECTIVE.126
5.4.3.3. OVERRIDING COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS AS AN UNFAIR COMMERCIAL
PRACTICE? .129
5.4.3.4. THE END-USER*S INFORMATION RIGHT AGAINST TECHNICAL
RESTRICTIONS.130
5.4.3.5. CONCLUSIVE REMARKS ON CONSUMER PROTECTION
.132 5.5.
SUMMARY.133
XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS PART III UNSETTLED
ISSUES.
135 6. IMPLICATIONS OF SHARING COPYRIGHTED WORKS ON THE INTERNET
. 137 6.1. INTRODUCTION
.
137 6.2. END-USER LIABILITY: THE UNITED STATES
. 138 6.2.1. THE
BIRTH OF FILE-SHARING TECHNOLOGIES
. 138 6.2.2. FILE-SHARING
UNDER THE U.S. FAIR USE DOCTRINE . 139
6.2.2.1. PURPOSE AND CHARACTER OF
FILE-SHARING. 140 6.2.2.2. NATURE AND
PORTION OF THE WORK USED. 142 6.2.2.3.
EFFECT OF FILE-SHARING ON THE MARKET FOR COPYRIGHTED
WORKS.
142 6.3. END-USER LIABILITY: THE EUROPEAN UNION
. 143 6.3.1.
PEER-TO-PEER DOWNLOADS UNDER THE EXCEPTION OF PRIVATE COPYING . 143
6.3.2. PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS AS A LAWFUL SOURCE OF UNAUTHORISED
COPYRIGHTED
WORKS?.
147 6.3.3. UNAUTHORISED DOWNLOADS UNDER THE THREE-STEP
TEST. 149 6.4. PEER-TO-PEER SOFTWARE PROVIDERS*
LIABILITY: THE UNITED STATES. 152 6.4.1. THE U.S. CASE
LAW.
153 6.4.1.1. THE NAPSTER
CASE. 154
6.4.1.2. THE AIMSTER CASE
. 155
6.4.1.3. THE GROKSTER CASE
. 156 6.4.2.
HOW CONSIDERATION OF NON-INFRINGING USES HAS AN IMPACT ON INDIRECT
LIABILITY.
158 6.4.3. FINDINGS FROM THE U.S. CASE LAW
. 162 6.5.
PEER-TO-PEER SOFTWARE PROVIDERS* LIABILITY: THE EUROPEAN UNION
. 162 6.5.1. COPYRIGHT LIABILITY IN THE KAZAA AND BITTORRENT
CASES . 163 6.5.1.1. DIRECT
LIABILITY.
164 6.5.1.2. INDIRECT
LIABILITY.
164 6.5.2. POSSIBLE TECHNOLOGY*S RESTRICTIONS UNDER ARTICLE 8 OF THE EU
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ENFORCEMENT DIRECTIVE .
166 6.5.3. INDIRECT LIABILITY UNDER THE PRINCIPLE OF DUE CARE
. 168 6.5.3.1. DUTIES OF CARE ON THE INTERNET
AFTER THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE
.
168 6.5.3.2. DUTIES OF CARE UPON ISPS AND NETWORK OPERATORS
. 169 6.5.3.3. DUTIES OF CARE UPON PEER-TO-PEER SOFTWARE
PROVIDERS . 172 6.5.4. FINDINGS FROM EU LAW AND FROM THE NATIONAL
CASE LAW . 174 6.6.
SUMMARY.
175 7. FREEDOM OF USE VS . DRM TECHNOLOGY
. 179 7.1.
INTRODUCTION
.
179 7.2. DRM TECHNOLOGY UNDER EU LAW
. 180 7.2.1.
LEGAL BASIS FOR THE PROTECTION OF DRM TECHNOLOGY.
180 7.2.2. FROM AN EX POST TO AN EX ANTE DETERMINATION OF FAIRNESS
. 181 7.2.3. DRM AND THE EU AMBIGUOUS SYSTEM OF COPYRIGHT
EXCEPTIONS. 182 7.2.4. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONDITION OF LEGAL
ACCESS TO DRM-PROTECTED WORKS
. 183
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV 7.3. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION*S VIEW OF DRM
TECHNOLOGY .186 7.3.1. THE 2004 COMMUNICATION ON
COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT .186 7.3.2. THE MAIN COMMISSION*S
OBJECTIVES .187 7.4.
SPECIFIC ISSUES RAISED BY DRM TECHNOLOGY:
INTEROPERABILITY.189 7.4.1. DRM SYSTEMS AS
COPYRIGHT-PROTECTED COMPUTER PROGRAMMES .190 7.4.2. COPYRIGHT VS.
INTEROPERABILITY: THE CASE OF APPLE*S DRM SYSTEM.190 7.4.3. THE EXAMPLE
OF NEW PRO-INTEROPERABILITY LEGISLATION IN FRANCE.193 7.4.4.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTION AND EU INTEROPERABILITY
POLICY.196 7.5. RESTRICTION OF PRIVATE
COPYING.200
7.5.1. THE POLICY OPTION OF PRESERVING PRIVATE COPYING NOTWITHSTANDING
DRM.200
7.5.2. THE MULHOLLAND DRIVE CASE IN FRANCE: DOES A RIGHT OF PRIVATE
COPYING EXIST?
.201
7.5.3. MAY PRIVATE COPYING OF COPY-PROTECTED WORKS BE COMPATIBLE WITH
THE THREE-STEP TEST?
.205
7.5.4. THE ROLE OF NATIONAL LAW IN THE PRESERVATION OF DIGITAL PRIVATE
COPYING
.210
7.6. RESTRICTION OF TRANSFORMATIVE
USES.215
7.6.1. MAY DRM TECHNOLOGY ADDRESS CUMULATIVE CREATIVITY AND
INNOVATION?.215
7.6.2. POLICY OPTIONS FOR THE ACCOMMODATION OF CUMULATIVE
CREATIVITY.219 7.6.2.1. CREATING AN EXCEPTION OF FAIR
CIRCUMVENTION.220 7.6.2.2. CREATING A USER RIGHTS
MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE.224 7.7.
SUMMARY.227
PART IV
.231
8. COPYRIGHT POLICY ALTERNATIVES FOR PRESERVING END-USER FREEDOM OF
EXPRESSION AND
INFORMATION.233
8.1. ADDRESSING THE CONFLICT BETWEEN COPYRIGHT AND FREEDOM OF
EXPRESSION.233 8.1.1. THE LEGAL VALUE OF ARTICLE 10 OF THE
ECHR.233 8.1.2. COPYRIGHT VS. FREE
EXPRESSION.235
8.2. RESTRICTIONS ON FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATION OVER PEER-TO-PEER
NETWORKS.239
8.2.1. PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKING AND FREE COMMUNICATION
.239 8.2.2. HOW COPYLEFT LICENCES INCREASE THE
MAGNITUDE OF FREE
INFORMATION.241
8.3. EU COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT POLICY IN RESPECT OF FILE-SHARING
.245 8.3.1. TARGETING COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT AT
INDIVIDUALS.246 8.3.1.1. THE UNITED
STATES.246
8.3.1.2. THE EUROPEAN UNION
.248 8.3.1.3. WHY
THIS OPTION WOULD BE COST-INEFFECTIVE AND
SHORT-SIGHTED.251
8.3.2. COPYRIGHT LEVIES TO COMPENSATE
CREATORS.252 8.3.2.1. THE
*FISHER-NETANEL* PROPOSAL OF A NON-COMMERCIAL USE LEVY SYSTEM
.253 XVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.3.2.2. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF A COPYRIGHT LEVY SYSTEM
. 256 8.3.2.3. WHY THIS POLICY OPTION DOES NOT FIT EU
DIGITAL COPYRIGHT LAW
. 258
8.3.3. MANDATORY COLLECTIVE ADMINISTRATION OF ONLINE EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS
. 260 8.3.3.1. IS MANDATORY COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT A LEGITIMATE POLICY
OPTION?
. 261
8.3.3.2. MANDATORY COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE
ACQUIS COMMUNAUTAIRE ON COPYRIGHT
ENTITLEMENTS.
263 8.3.4. SEEKING COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN FILE-SHARING AND COPYRIGHT-
PROTECTING
TECHNOLOGIES.
268 8.3.4.1. MANDATING THE ADOPTION OF COPYRIGHT-PROTECTING TECHNOLOGIES
.
269 8.3.4.1.1. RE-DESIGN OF PEER-TO-PEER TECHNOLOGY . 269
8.3.4.1.2. ADOPTION OF FILTERING TECHNOLOGIES. 271
8.3.4.1.3. ON THE SUITABLE FUNCTION OF DRM SYSTEMS AND
FINGERPRINTS. 272
8.3.4.2. ADVANTAGES OF THIS POLICY OPTION
. 274 8.4. THE ADVERSE IMPACT OF
CURRENT DRM TECHNOLOGY ON FREE USES. 276 8.4.1. COLLISION
WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION . 277
8.4.2. CHILLING EFFECTS ON FOLLOW-ON USES: A USER RIGHTS MANAGEMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A POSSIBLE WAY OUT
. 278 8.5.
SUMMARY.
282 9. CONCLUSION: TOWARDS A BETTER EU COPYRIGHT
LAW. 285 9.1. INTRODUCTION
.
285 9.2. CREATING A USER RIGHTS
INFRASTRUCTURE.
285 9.2.1. LEGAL PROTECTION OF TECHNICAL MEASURES SHOULD FOLLOW
COPYRIGHT LAW
.
286 9.2.2. REPLACING COPYRIGHT EXCEPTIONS BY A LAW OF USERS*
RIGHTS. 287 9.3. ELEMENTS OF A USER RIGHTS MANAGEMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE. 292 9.3.1. IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE *FAIR USE BY DESIGN* REQUIREMENT . 292 9.3.2.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A MIXED USER RIGHTS INFRASTRUCTURE .
293 9.3.3. A SINGLE EU INTEROPERABILITY POLICY FOR DRM TECHNOLOGY
. 297 9.4. RE-ADJUSTING THE THREE-STEP
TEST. 302
9.4.1. THE FLAWED FUNCTION OF ARTICLE 5(5) UNDER THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE .
303 9.4.2. SUITABLE REVISION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE TEST INSIDE THE
INFOSOC DIRECTIVE
.
305 9.5.
SUMMARY.
307 TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII APPENDIX
.311
APPENDIX I - DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT: THE TECHNOLOGICAL SCENARIO
.313 APPENDIX II - EXAMPLES OF NATIONAL TRANSPOSITION OF ARTICLE
6(4) OF THE INFOSOC DIRECTIVE
.325
APPENDIX III - DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL OF 22 MAY 2001 ON THE HARMONISATION OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF
COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY (OFFICIAL
JOURNAL L 167, 22.06.2001, P.10)
.333
REFERENCE LIST
.349
INDEX
.367 |
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| spelling | Mazziotti, Giuseppe Verfasser aut EU digital copyright law and the end-user Giuseppe Mazziotti Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2008 XX, 374 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union Auteursrecht gtt Eindgebruikers gtt Europese Unie gtt ICT gtt Copyright and electronic data processing European Union countries EU-landen gtt Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016371343&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Mazziotti, Giuseppe EU digital copyright law and the end-user Europäische Union Auteursrecht gtt Eindgebruikers gtt Europese Unie gtt ICT gtt Copyright and electronic data processing European Union countries |
| title | EU digital copyright law and the end-user |
| title_auth | EU digital copyright law and the end-user |
| title_exact_search | EU digital copyright law and the end-user |
| title_exact_search_txtP | EU digital copyright law and the end-user |
| title_full | EU digital copyright law and the end-user Giuseppe Mazziotti |
| title_fullStr | EU digital copyright law and the end-user Giuseppe Mazziotti |
| title_full_unstemmed | EU digital copyright law and the end-user Giuseppe Mazziotti |
| title_short | EU digital copyright law and the end-user |
| title_sort | eu digital copyright law and the end user |
| topic | Europäische Union Auteursrecht gtt Eindgebruikers gtt Europese Unie gtt ICT gtt Copyright and electronic data processing European Union countries |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Auteursrecht Eindgebruikers Europese Unie ICT Copyright and electronic data processing European Union countries EU-landen Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
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