Motivation and action:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English German |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge Univ. Press
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Contributor biographical information Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 445 - 500 |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 508 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780521852593 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Motivation and action |c ed. by Jutta Heckhausen ; Heinz Heckhausen |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 508 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 500 | |a Literaturverz. S. 445 - 500 | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Motivation and action: introduction and overview -- Historical trends in motivation research -- Trait theories of motivation -- Situational determinants of behavior -- Motivation as a function of expectancy and incentive -- Achievement motivation -- Social bonding: affiliation motivation and intimacy motivation -- Power motivation -- Implicit and explicit motives -- Biopsychological aspects of motivation -- Motivation and volition in the course of action -- Individual differences in self-regulation -- Intrinsic motivation and flow -- Causal attribution of behavior and achievement -- Motivation and development | |
| 546 | |a Transl. from the German | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137436575432704 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE SECOND ENGLISH EDITION XIII
CONTRIBUTORS XV
1 MOTIVATION AND ACTION: INTRODUCTION AND
OVERVIEW 1
J. HECKHAUSEN AND H. HECKHAUSEN
1.1 UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN ACTION 1
1.1.1 CONTROL STRIVING 2
1.1.2 GOAL ENGAGEMENT AND GOAL
DISENGAGEMENT 2
1.2 MOTIVATION AS A PRODUCT OF PERSON AND
SITUATION 3
1.2.1 PERSON FACTORS: NEEDS AND IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT
MOTIVES 3
1.2.2 SITUATION FACTORS: INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC
INCENTIVES 4
1.2.3 THE INTERACTION OF PERSON AND SITUATION:
SUBJECTIVE PATTERNS OF INCENTIVES 5
1.3 MOTIVATIONAL AND VOLITIONAL ACTION CONTROL 6
1.4 DEVELOPMENT OF MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION
OF DEVELOPMENT: THE DYNAMIC INTERACTION
OF PERSON AND SITUATION ACROSS THE LIFESPAN 8
2 HISTORICAL TRENDS IN MOTIVATION RESEARCH 10
H. HECKHAUSEN
2.1 INTRODUCTION 10
2.2 THE GENERATION OF PIONEERS 11
2.3 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE WILL 13
2.4 THE INSTINCT THEORY APPROACH 17
2.5 PERSONALITY THEORIES 20
2.5.1 THE MOTIVATION PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH 22
2.5.2 THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH 25
2.5.3 THE PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH 27
2.6 ASSOCIATIONIST THEORIES 29
2.6.1 THE LEARNING PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH 29
2.6.2 THE ACTIVATION PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH 33
3 TRAIT THEORIES OF MOTIVATION 42
D. SCHEFFER AND H. HECKHAUSEN
3.1 FROM THE NOMOTHETIC TO THE IDIOGRAPHIC 42
3.1.1 KEY ISSUES IN TRAIT THEORIES OF MOTIVATION 42
3.1.2 DEFINITION OF A TRAIT 43
3.2 THE LEXICAL APPROACH OR THE WISDOM OF
LANGUAGE 44
3.2.1 THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL (BIG FIVE) 44
3.2.2 R. B. CATTELL S TRAIT THEORY 47
3.3 MOTIVES AS AN EXPRESSION OF NEEDS 50
3.3.1 INSTINCT-BASED CLASSIFICATION OF MOTIVES 50
3.3.2 PERSON-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS 52
3.3.3 MASLOW S HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF MOTIVE
CLASSIFICATION 55
3.4 BASIC EMOTIONS AS A RUDIMENTARY MOTIVATION
SYSTEM 57
3.4.1 THE BASIC EMOTIONS 58
3.4.2 THE ADAPTIVE VALUE OF EMOTIONS 59
3.4.3 PERSONALITY TRAITS AS CONGEALED EMOTIONS 60
3.5 SYSTEMS THEORY MODELS OF MOTIVATION 61
3.5.1 THE ZURICH MODEL OF SOCIAL MOTIVATION 61
3.5.2 KUHL S PERSONALITY SYSTEMS INTERACTION
THEORY 64
3.6 ALLPORT S IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH 65
4 SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR 69
J. BECKMANN AND H. HECKHAUSEN
4.1 THE EXPLANATORY ROLE OF THE SITUATION IN
MOTIVATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 70
4.2 NEED AND DRIVE 70
4.3 DRIVE THEORY 72
4.3.1 ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS OF DRIVE 73
4.3.2 DRIVE STIMULI 74
4.3.3 INDEPENDENCE OF DRIVE AND HABIT 74
4.3.4 ENERGIZING EFFECTS OF DRIVE 75
4.3.5 REINFORCEMENT EFFECTS OF DRIVE REDUCTION 75
4.3.6 THE GENERAL NATURE OF DRIVE 76
4.3.7 EXTENSIONS OF DRIVE THEORY 77
4.4 NEO-ASSOCIATIONISM 79
4.5 CONFLICT THEORY 80
4.5.1 LEWIN S CONFLICT THEORY 80
4.5.2 MILLER S MODEL OF CONFLICT 82
4.5.3 APPLICATIONS OF THE CONFLICT MODEL 83
4.6 ACTIVATION THEORIES 85
4.6.1 THE CONSTRUCT OF AROUSAL 85
VLI
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/990123588
VIII
CONTENTS
4.6.2 AROUSAL POTENTIAL AND ITS EFFECTS 86
4.7 COGNITIVE APPRAISAL THEORIES 88
4.7.1 EMOTION AS AN OUTCOME OF A COGNITIVE
APPRAISAL 88
4.7.2 EMOTION-TRIGGERING SITUATIONS 89
4.7.3 APPRAISAL OF THREATENING SITUATIONS 89
4.7.4 COGNITIVE DISSONANCE 91
4.8 COGNITIVE APPRAISAL THEORIES AND MOTIVATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY 96
5 MOTIVATION AS A FUNCTION OF EXPECTANCY
AND INCENTIVE 99
J. BECKMANN AND H. HECKHAUSEN
5.1 THE EMERGENCE OF INCENTIVES AS EXPLANATORY
CONCEPTS 99
5.2 SITUATIONAL PARAMETERS OF MOTIVATION 100
5.2.1 THE INCENTIVE CONCEPT 100
5.2.2 THE EXPECTANCY CONCEPT 101
5.3 LINKING INCENTIVE AND EXPECTANCY 101
5.4 LEWIN S FIELD THEORY 101
5.4.1 TOLMAN S ANALYSIS OF GOAL-DIRECTED
BEHAVIOR 111
5.4.2 HULL S LEARNING THEORY CONCEPTION
OF MOTIVATION 114
5.4.3 MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 116
5.5 EXPECTANCY-VALUE THEORIES 120
5.6 DECISION THEORY 121
5.7 LEVEL OF ASPIRATION AND THE THEORY
OF RESULTANT VALENCE 123
5.7.1 SUCCESS EXPECTANCY AND VALENCE 124
5.8 ATKINSON S RISK-TAKING MODEL 125
5.9 ROTTER S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY 128
5.10 INSTRUMENTALITY THEORY 129
5.10.1 VROOM S INSTRUMENTALITY MODEL 131
5.10.2 THE THREE-COMPONENT MODEL OF VALENCE,
ACTION, AND PERFORMANCE 132
6 ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION 137
J. C. BRUNSTEIN AND H. HECKHAUSEN
6.1 EVOLUTIONARY AND ONTOGENETIC PERSPECTIVES 138
6.2 MOTIVE MEASUREMENT 139
6.2.1 THE THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST
(TAT) 139
6.2.2 TAT MEASUREMENTS OF THE ACHIEVEMENT
MOTIVE 140
6.2.3 SUCCESS AND FAILURE MOTIVES 142
6.2.4 TAT MEASUREMENTS OF HOPE AND FEAR 143
6.2.5 PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE TAT 144
6.2.6 THE CONSISTENCY PROBLEM FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF MEASUREMENT AND CONSTRUCT
VALIDITY 146
6.2.7 OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING
ACHIEVEMENT-RELATED MOTIVES 146
6.2.8 ANATOMY, MECHANISMS, AND MEASUREMENT
OF THE ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE 149
6.3 THE ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE AND BEHAVIOR 150
6.3.1 THE ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE AND INDIVIDUAL
PERFORMANCE 150
6.3.2 THE ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE AND HISTORICAL AND
ECONOMIC CHANGE 152
6.4 THE RISK-TAKING MODEL AS THE DOMINANT RESEARCH
PARADIGM 154
6.4.1 MOTIVE-DEPENDENT VALENCE GRADIENTS 155
6.4.2 CHOICE: PRODUCT OF INCENTIVE AND
EXPECTANCY 158
6.4.3 PERSISTENCE 163
6.4.4 PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES
165
6.5 ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AND SELF-
EVALUATION 173
6.5.1 ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AS A SELF-REINFORCING
SYSTEM 173
6.5.2 THE ROLE OF REFERENCE NORMS IN THE MOTIVATION
PROCESS 176
6.5.3 REFERENCE-NORM ORIENTATION AND ACHIEVEMENT
MOTIVATION 177
6.6 THE IMPORTANCE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
RESEARCH FOR MOTIVATION AND LEARNING 181
7 SOCIAL BONDING: AFFILIATION MOTIVATION AND INTIMACY
MOTIVATION 184
K. SOKOLOWSKI AND H. HECKHAUSEN
7.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL BONDS 184
7.1.1 THE PHYLOGENY OF SOCIAL BONDING 185
7.1.2 THE ONTOGENESIS OF SOCIAL BONDING 185
7.2 AFFILIATION MOTIVATION 186
7.3 THE TWO SIDES OF THE AFFILIATION MOTIVE - HOPE AND
FEAR 189
7.3.1 HOPE OF AFFILIATION 189
7.3.2 FEAR OF REJECTION 190
7.3.3 CONFLICTS BETWEEN HOPE AND FEAR IN AFFILIATIVE
SITUATIONS 191
7.4 MEASURING THE AFFILIATION MOTIVE AND ITS BEHAVIORAL
CORRELATES 192
7.4.1 THE THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT) 192
7.4.2 QUESTIONNAIRE MEASURES 195
7.4.3 THE GRID TECHNIQUE 196
7.5 INTIMACY MOTIVATION 198
7.5.1 MEASURING THE INTIMACY MOTIVE 198
7.5.2 THE INTIMACY MOTIVE AND MEMORY 199
7.6 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEUROIMMUNOLOGICAL
CORRELATES 199
8
POWER MOTIVATION 202
H.-D. SCHMALT AND H. HECKHAUSEN
8.1 POWER: CONCEPTS AND CONSTRUCTS 202
8.1.1 POWER AND POWER MOTIVATION 203
CONTENTS
8.1.2 SOURCES OF POWER 205
8.1.3 FORMS AND GOALS OF POWER BEHAVIOR 207
8.1.4 APPROACH AND AVOIDANCE IN POWER
MOTIVATION 209
8.1.5 CONNECTING EXPECTANCY AND VALUE 209
8.1.6 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF POWER 210
8.1.7 POWER AND DOMINANCE IN EVOLUTION 212
8.2 MEASURING THE POWER MOTIVE 213
8.2.1 THE TAT METHOD 213
8.2.2 THE GRID TECHNIQUE 217
8.3 THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF THE POWER MOTIVE 219
8.3.1 ENDOCRINOLOGICAL FACTORS 219
8.3.2 PSYCHOIMMUNOLOGICAL FACTORS 219
8.4 AN INFLUENTIAL TRIO: THE POWER, ACHIEVEMENT,
AND AFFILIATION MOTIVES 220
8.4.1 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN GAME SETTINGS 221
8.4.2 ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES 221
8.4.3 POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES 223
8.4.4 WAR AND PEACE 224
9 IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT MOTIVES 227
J. BRUNSTEIN
9.1 THEORETICAL CONCEPTS AND BACKGROUND 227
9.2 EVIDENCE FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF IMPLICIT
AND EXPLICIT MOTIVES 229
9.2.1 ZERO CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT
MEASURES OF MOTIVES 229
9.2.2 BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT
MOTIVES 231
9.2.3 MOTIVE-AROUSING INCENTIVES 233
9.2.4 DIFFERENCES IN CHILD-REARING PRACTICES AND
DEVELOPMENT 234
9.3 COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEEDS 237
9.4 THE INTERACTION OF IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT
MOTIVES 239
9.4.1 COALITIONS 239
9.4.2 CONFLICTS 240
9.4.3 HARMONIZATION OF IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT
MOTIVES 242
9.5 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE
CONCEPT OF DUAL MOTIVES 244
10 BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MOTIVATION 247
O. C. SCHULTHEISS AND M. M. WIRTH
10.1 A PRIMER
ON BIOPSYCHOLOGY AND ITS METHODS 247
10.2 HALLMARKS OF MOTIVATION 248
10.2.1 MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR COMES IN TWO BASIC
FLAVORS: APPROACH AND AVOIDANCE MOTIVATION 248
10.2.2 MOTIVATION CONSISTS OF TWO DISTINCT
PHASES 249
10.2.3 MANY QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT TYPES OF REWARDS
CAN STIMULATE MOTIVATION 249
10.2.4 MOTIVATION IS DYNAMIC 250
IX
10.2.5 MOTIVATION CAN BE NEED DRIVEN, INCENTIVE
DRIVEN, OR BOTH 250
10.2.6 MOTIVATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY
FLEXIBILITY OF CUE-REWARD AND MEANS-END
RELATIONSHIPS 251
10.2.7 MOTIVATION HAS CONSCIOUS AND NONCONSCIOUS
ASPECTS 251
10.3 BRAIN STRUCTURES GENERALLY INVOLVED IN
MOTIVATION 252
10.3.1 AMYGDALA: RECOGNIZING REWARDS AND
PUNISHMENTS AT A DISTANCE 252
10.3.2 THE MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINE SYSTEM: SCALING THE
MAGNETIC PULL OF INCENTIVES 254
10.3.3
THE ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX: EVALUATING REWARDS
AND PUNISHMENTS 255
10.3.4 THE LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX: MOTIVATIONAL
REGULATION AND OVERRIDE 259
10.4 SPECIFIC MOTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS 260
10.4.1 FEEDING 260
10.4.2 AFFILIATION AND ATTACHMENT 263
10.4.3 DOMINANCE 265
10.4.4 SEX 267
10.5 CONCLUSION 269
11 MOTIVATION AND VOLITION IN THE COURSE OF ACTION 272
A. ACHTZIGER AND P M. GOLLWITZER
11.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTION
PERSPECTIVE 272
11.2 THE RUBICON MODEL OF ACTION PHASES 273
11.2.1 ACTION PHASES 273
11.2.2 MOTIVATIONAL VS. VOLITIONAL ACTION
PHASES 276
11.3 ACTION PHASES AND MINDSETS: HOW CAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES BE INCORPORATED IN AN
IDEALIZED, STRUCTURAL MODEL? 276
11.4 CONTRASTING EFFECTS OF DELIBERATIVE AND
IMPLEMENTAL MINDSETS 278
11.4.1 COGNITIVE TUNING TOWARD TASK-CONGRUENT
INFORMATION 279
11.4.2 PROCESSING OF RELEVANT AND IRRELEVANT
INFORMATION 279
11.4.3 BIASED PROCESSING OF INFORMATION RELATING TO
GOAL FEASIBILITY AND DESIRABILITY 279
11.4.4 MINDSETS AND SELF-EVALUATION 281
11.4.5 MODERATOR EFFECTS IN THE DELIBERATIVE AND
IMPLEMENTAL MINDSETS 281
11.4.6 MINDSETS AND GOAL ACHIEVEMENT 282
11.4.7 CONCLUDING DISCUSSION: MINDSETS AND
SELF-REGULATION OF GOAL STRIVING 282
11.5 DIFFERENT KINDS OF INTENTIONS: GOAL INTENTIONS
AND IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS 283
11.5.1 HOW DO IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS
WORK? 283
X
CONTENTS
11.5.2 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS AND THE INITIATION
OF WANTED BEHAVIOR 286
11.6 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS AND THE CONTROL OF
UNWANTED BEHAVIOR 287
11.6.1 SUPPRESSION-ORIENTED IMPLEMENTATION
INTENTIONS 288
11.6.2 BLOCKING DETRIMENTAL SELF-STATES BY PLANNING
WANTED BEHAVIOR 289
11.6.3 BLOCKING ADVERSE CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES BY
PLANNING WANTED BEHAVIOR 290
11.7 POTENTIAL COSTS OF IMPLEMENTATION
INTENTIONS 291
11.7.1 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS AND BEHAVIORAL
RIGIDITY 291
11.7.2 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS AND EGO
DEPLETION 292
11.7.3 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS AND REBOUND
EFFECTS 293
11.8 DISCUSSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 293
11.8.1 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS: A FOOLPROOF
SELF-REGULATORY STRATEGY? 293
11.8.2 PROSPECTIVE MEMORY AND NEURONAL
SUBSTRATES 293
12 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SELF-REGULATION 296
J. KUHL
12.1 REFLECTIONS ON THE NEGLECT OF INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 296
12.2 MOTIVES AS NEED-ORIENTED SELF-REGULATORY
SYSTEMS 297
12.2.1 NEEDS: SUBAFFECTIVE DETECTORS OF DISCREPANCIES
BETWEEN ACTUAL AND DESIRED STATES 298
12.2.2 AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE SYSTEMS:
NEED-RELEVANT SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS 298
12.2.3 IMPLICIT MOTIVES: INTELLIGENT NEEDS
SERVING THE CONTEXT-SENSITIVE REGULATION OF
BEHAVIOR
300
12.3 WILL WITHOUT HOMUNCULUS: DECOMPOSING GLOBAL
CONCEPTS OF WILL 304
12.3.1 INTERNAL DICTATORSHIP VS. DEMOCRACY:
SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-REGULATION 305
12.3.2 PROGRESSION VS. REGRESSION: STRESS-RELATED
VOLITIONAL INHIBITION AND INHIBITION OF THE SELF 307
12.4 AFFECT-REGULATORY COMPETENCIES: ACTION VS. STATE
ORIENTATION 308
12.4.1 THE CORE OF THE CONSTRUCT: SELF-REGULATION OF
AFFECT 308
12.4.2 EFFECTS OF ACTION AND STATE ORIENTATION 311
12.5 PSI THEORY: AFFECT-MODULATED INTERACTIONS OF
SYSTEMS RELEVANT TO PERSONALITY 314
12.5.1 PSYCHOLOGICAL MACROSYSTEMS 314
12.5.2 THE FIRST MODULATION ASSUMPTION: VOLITIONAL
FACILITATION 315
12.5.3 THE SECOND MODULATION ASSUMPTION: SELF-
ACCESS AND SELF-DEVELOPMENT 317
12.6 DEVELOPMENT: DETERMINANTS OF ACTION AND STATE
ORIENTATION 318
13 INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND FLOW 323
F. RHEINBERG
13.1 INTRODUCTION 323
13.2 DEFINING INTRINSIC MOTIVATION : IN PURSUIT OF A
PHANTOM 325
13.2.1 THE PROBLEM 325
13.2.2 INTRINSIC IN THE SENSE OF IN THE ACTIVITY 325
13.2.3 INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AS THE NEED FOR
SELF-DETERMINATION AND COMPETENCE 326
13.2.4 INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AS INTEREST AND
INVOLVEMENT 327
13.2.5 INTRINSIC IN THE SENSE OF A CORRESPONDENCE
BETWEEN MEANS AND ENDS 328
13.2.6 GOAL ORIENTATION AND INTRINSIC
MOTIVATION 329
13.2.7 SO WHAT EXACTLY IS INTRINSIC
MOTIVATION? 330
13.2.8 THE UNDERMINING EFFECT OF EXTERNAL
REWARDS: MYTH OR REALITY? 330
13.2.9 TERMINOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 331
13.3 PURPOSE- AND ACTIVITY-RELATED INCENTIVES IN THE
EXTENDED COGNITIVE MODEL OF MOTIVATION 332
13.3.1 THE PURPOSE-ORIENTED MODEL OF RATIONAL
BEHAVIOR 332
13.3.2 THE ROLE OF ACTIVITY-RELATED INCENTIVES 333
13.4 QUALITATIVE ANALYSES OF ACTIVITY-RELATED
INCENTIVES 334
13.4.1 STANDARDIZED ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF
EXPERIENCE 334
13.4.2 ASSESSING ACTIVITY-SPECIFIC INCENTIVES 335
13.4.3 THE ACTIVITY-RELATED INCENTIVE OF ACHIEVEMENT
MOTIVATION 336
13.5 FLOW: JOYFUL ABSORPTION IN AN ACTIVITY 337
13.5.1 THE PHENOMENON 337
13.5.2 QUALITATIVE FLOW RESEARCH 338
13.5.3 QUANTITATIVE FLOW RESEARCH 339
13.5.4 A REVISION OF THE MODEL 340
13.5.5 THE EXPERTISE EFFECT AND RESISTANCE TO THE
UNDERMINING OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION 341
13.5.6 FLOW AND ACHIEVEMENT 342
13.6 FUTURE PROSPECTS: THE FLOW HYPOTHESIS OF
MOTIVATIONAL COMPETENCE 343
14 CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION OF BEHAVIOR AND
ACHIEVEMENT 349
J. STIENSMEIER-PELSTER AND H. FLECKHAUSEN
14.1 CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION: HOW THINKING ABOUT CAUSES
INFLUENCES BEHAVIOR 349
CONTENTS
14.2 WEINER S ATTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF MOTIVATION,
EMOTION, AND BEHAVIOR 350
14.3 ATTRIBUTION THEORIES 353
14.3.1
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS 353
14.3.2
CAUSAL SEARCH: TRIGGERING CONDITIONS,
DURATION, AND INTENSITY 354
14.3.3
PROCESSES OF CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION: NORMATIVE
MODELS 359
14.3.4
PROCESSES OF CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION: DESCRIPTIVE
PERSPECTIVES 370
14.4 ATTRIBUTIONAL THEORIES 374
14.4.1
ATTRIBUTION AND CHANGES IN
EXPECTANCY 375
14.4.2
ATTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF HOPELESSNESS
DEPRESSION 376
14.4.3
ATTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIOR 380
15 MOTIVATION AND DEVELOPMENT 384
J.
HECKAUSEN AND H. HECKAUSEN
15.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROL STRIVING ACROSS THE
LIFESPAN: A FUNDAMENTAL PHENOMENON OF
MOTIVATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 384
15.2 EARLY CONTROL STRIVING 386
15.3 FOCUSING ON THE INTENDED OUTCOME OF AN
ACTION 387
15.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF PERSONAL COMPETENCE AS AN
ACTION INCENTIVE 388
15.4.1
PRIDE AND SHAME - EMOTIONS BETWEEN
ACHIEVEMENT AND POWER 389
15.4.2
RISKS OF SELF-EVALUATIVE RESPONSES 391
15.4.3
STRATEGIES TO COUNTERACT OR AVOID NEGATIVE
SELF-EVALUATION 392
XI
15.5 PARENT-CHILD INTERACTION: THE CRADLE
OF ACTION 394
15.6 DEVELOPMENTAL PRECONDITIONS OF
ACHIEVEMENT-MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR 396
15.6.1
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN DEGREES OF TASK
DIFFICULTY AND PERSONAL COMPETENCE 396
15.6.2
DISTINGUISHING CAUSAL CONCEPTIONS OF ABILITY
AND EFFORT 397
15.6.3
COGNITIVE PRECONDITIONS FOR SETTING LEVELS OF
ASPIRATION 399
15.6.4
CAUSAL SCHEMATA FOR ABILITY AND EFFORT 403
15.7 DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MOTIVE
STRENGTH AND ACTION REGULATION SYSTEMS 407
15.7.1
IMPLICIT MOTIVES 407
15.7.2
SPECIFIC INCENTIVES AND EXPECTANCIES 408
15.7.3
GENERALIZED GOAL ORIENTATIONS 411
15.7.4
REGULATION OF MOTIVATION AND ACTION 413
15.7.5
DIFFERENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS: CRITICAL
PHASES, LIFE-COURSE TRANSITIONS, AND UNIVERSAL
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES 415
15.8
THE MOTIVATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL
REGULATION 423
15.8.1
THE LIFE COURSE AS A FIELD OF ACTION 423
15.8.2
THE ACTION-PHASE MODEL OF DEVELOPMENTAL
REGULATION 427
15.8.3
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE CAPACITY FOR
DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION 438
15.8.4
MOTIVATED DEVELOPMENT: DYNAMIC INTERACTION
BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND MOTIVATION ACROSS THE
LIFESPAN
439
REFERENCES 445
INDEX 501
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE SECOND ENGLISH EDITION XIII
CONTRIBUTORS XV
1 MOTIVATION AND ACTION: INTRODUCTION AND
OVERVIEW 1
J. HECKHAUSEN AND H. HECKHAUSEN
1.1 UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN ACTION 1
1.1.1 CONTROL STRIVING 2
1.1.2 GOAL ENGAGEMENT AND GOAL
DISENGAGEMENT 2
1.2 MOTIVATION AS A PRODUCT OF PERSON AND
SITUATION 3
1.2.1 PERSON FACTORS: NEEDS AND IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT
MOTIVES 3
1.2.2 SITUATION FACTORS: INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC
INCENTIVES 4
1.2.3 THE INTERACTION OF PERSON AND SITUATION:
SUBJECTIVE PATTERNS OF INCENTIVES 5
1.3 MOTIVATIONAL AND VOLITIONAL ACTION CONTROL 6
1.4 DEVELOPMENT OF MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION
OF DEVELOPMENT: THE DYNAMIC INTERACTION
OF PERSON AND SITUATION ACROSS THE LIFESPAN 8
2 HISTORICAL TRENDS IN MOTIVATION RESEARCH 10
H. HECKHAUSEN
2.1 INTRODUCTION 10
2.2 THE GENERATION OF PIONEERS 11
2.3 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE WILL 13
2.4 THE INSTINCT THEORY APPROACH 17
2.5 PERSONALITY THEORIES 20
2.5.1 THE MOTIVATION PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH 22
2.5.2 THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH 25
2.5.3 THE PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH 27
2.6 ASSOCIATIONIST THEORIES 29
2.6.1 THE LEARNING PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH 29
2.6.2 THE ACTIVATION PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH 33
3 TRAIT THEORIES OF MOTIVATION 42
D. SCHEFFER AND H. HECKHAUSEN
3.1 FROM THE NOMOTHETIC TO THE IDIOGRAPHIC 42
3.1.1 KEY ISSUES IN TRAIT THEORIES OF MOTIVATION 42
3.1.2 DEFINITION OF A TRAIT 43
3.2 THE LEXICAL APPROACH OR THE "WISDOM OF
LANGUAGE" 44
3.2.1 THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL (BIG FIVE) 44
3.2.2 R. B. CATTELL'S TRAIT THEORY 47
3.3 MOTIVES AS AN EXPRESSION OF NEEDS 50
3.3.1 INSTINCT-BASED CLASSIFICATION OF MOTIVES 50
3.3.2 PERSON-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS 52
3.3.3 MASLOW'S HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF MOTIVE
CLASSIFICATION 55
3.4 BASIC EMOTIONS AS A RUDIMENTARY MOTIVATION
SYSTEM 57
3.4.1 THE BASIC EMOTIONS 58
3.4.2 THE ADAPTIVE VALUE OF EMOTIONS 59
3.4.3 PERSONALITY TRAITS AS "CONGEALED" EMOTIONS 60
3.5 SYSTEMS THEORY MODELS OF MOTIVATION 61
3.5.1 THE ZURICH MODEL OF SOCIAL MOTIVATION 61
3.5.2 KUHL'S PERSONALITY SYSTEMS INTERACTION
THEORY 64
3.6 ALLPORT'S IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH 65
4 SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR 69
J. BECKMANN AND H. HECKHAUSEN
4.1 THE EXPLANATORY ROLE OF THE SITUATION IN
MOTIVATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 70
4.2 NEED AND DRIVE 70
4.3 DRIVE THEORY 72
4.3.1 ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS OF DRIVE 73
4.3.2 DRIVE STIMULI 74
4.3.3 INDEPENDENCE OF DRIVE AND HABIT 74
4.3.4 ENERGIZING EFFECTS OF DRIVE 75
4.3.5 REINFORCEMENT EFFECTS OF DRIVE REDUCTION 75
4.3.6 THE GENERAL NATURE OF DRIVE 76
4.3.7 EXTENSIONS OF DRIVE THEORY 77
4.4 NEO-ASSOCIATIONISM 79
4.5 CONFLICT THEORY 80
4.5.1 LEWIN'S CONFLICT THEORY 80
4.5.2 MILLER'S MODEL OF CONFLICT 82
4.5.3 APPLICATIONS OF THE CONFLICT MODEL 83
4.6 ACTIVATION THEORIES 85
4.6.1 THE CONSTRUCT OF AROUSAL 85
VLI
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/990123588
VIII
CONTENTS
4.6.2 AROUSAL POTENTIAL AND ITS EFFECTS 86
4.7 COGNITIVE APPRAISAL THEORIES 88
4.7.1 EMOTION AS AN OUTCOME OF A COGNITIVE
APPRAISAL 88
4.7.2 EMOTION-TRIGGERING SITUATIONS 89
4.7.3 APPRAISAL OF THREATENING SITUATIONS 89
4.7.4 COGNITIVE DISSONANCE 91
4.8 COGNITIVE APPRAISAL THEORIES AND MOTIVATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY 96
5 MOTIVATION AS A FUNCTION OF EXPECTANCY
AND INCENTIVE 99
J. BECKMANN AND H. HECKHAUSEN
5.1 THE EMERGENCE OF INCENTIVES AS EXPLANATORY
CONCEPTS 99
5.2 SITUATIONAL PARAMETERS OF MOTIVATION 100
5.2.1 THE INCENTIVE CONCEPT 100
5.2.2 THE EXPECTANCY CONCEPT 101
5.3 LINKING INCENTIVE AND EXPECTANCY 101
5.4 LEWIN'S FIELD THEORY 101
5.4.1 TOLMAN'S ANALYSIS OF GOAL-DIRECTED
BEHAVIOR 111
5.4.2 HULL'S LEARNING THEORY CONCEPTION
OF MOTIVATION 114
5.4.3 MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 116
5.5 EXPECTANCY-VALUE THEORIES 120
5.6 DECISION THEORY 121
5.7 LEVEL OF ASPIRATION AND THE THEORY
OF RESULTANT VALENCE 123
5.7.1 SUCCESS EXPECTANCY AND VALENCE 124
5.8 ATKINSON'S RISK-TAKING MODEL 125
5.9 ROTTER'S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY 128
5.10 INSTRUMENTALITY THEORY 129
5.10.1 VROOM'S INSTRUMENTALITY MODEL 131
5.10.2 THE THREE-COMPONENT MODEL OF VALENCE,
ACTION, AND PERFORMANCE 132
6 ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION 137
J. C. BRUNSTEIN AND H. HECKHAUSEN
6.1 EVOLUTIONARY AND ONTOGENETIC PERSPECTIVES 138
6.2 MOTIVE MEASUREMENT 139
6.2.1 THE THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST
(TAT) 139
6.2.2 TAT MEASUREMENTS OF THE ACHIEVEMENT
MOTIVE 140
6.2.3 SUCCESS AND FAILURE MOTIVES 142
6.2.4 TAT MEASUREMENTS OF HOPE AND FEAR 143
6.2.5 PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE TAT 144
6.2.6 THE CONSISTENCY PROBLEM FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF MEASUREMENT AND CONSTRUCT
VALIDITY 146
6.2.7 OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING
ACHIEVEMENT-RELATED MOTIVES 146
6.2.8 ANATOMY, MECHANISMS, AND MEASUREMENT
OF THE ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE 149
6.3 THE ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE AND BEHAVIOR 150
6.3.1 THE ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE AND INDIVIDUAL
PERFORMANCE 150
6.3.2 THE ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE AND HISTORICAL AND
ECONOMIC CHANGE 152
6.4 THE RISK-TAKING MODEL AS THE DOMINANT RESEARCH
PARADIGM 154
6.4.1 MOTIVE-DEPENDENT VALENCE GRADIENTS 155
6.4.2 CHOICE: PRODUCT OF INCENTIVE AND
EXPECTANCY 158
6.4.3 PERSISTENCE 163
6.4.4 PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES
165
6.5 ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AND SELF-
EVALUATION 173
6.5.1 ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AS A SELF-REINFORCING
SYSTEM 173
6.5.2 THE ROLE OF REFERENCE NORMS IN THE MOTIVATION
PROCESS 176
6.5.3 REFERENCE-NORM ORIENTATION AND ACHIEVEMENT
MOTIVATION 177
6.6 THE IMPORTANCE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
RESEARCH FOR MOTIVATION AND LEARNING 181
7 SOCIAL BONDING: AFFILIATION MOTIVATION AND INTIMACY
MOTIVATION 184
K. SOKOLOWSKI AND H. HECKHAUSEN
7.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL BONDS 184
7.1.1 THE PHYLOGENY OF SOCIAL BONDING 185
7.1.2 THE ONTOGENESIS OF SOCIAL BONDING 185
7.2 AFFILIATION MOTIVATION 186
7.3 THE TWO SIDES OF THE AFFILIATION MOTIVE - HOPE AND
FEAR 189
7.3.1 HOPE OF AFFILIATION 189
7.3.2 FEAR OF REJECTION 190
7.3.3 CONFLICTS BETWEEN HOPE AND FEAR IN AFFILIATIVE
SITUATIONS 191
7.4 MEASURING THE AFFILIATION MOTIVE AND ITS BEHAVIORAL
CORRELATES 192
7.4.1 THE THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT) 192
7.4.2 QUESTIONNAIRE MEASURES 195
7.4.3 THE GRID TECHNIQUE 196
7.5 INTIMACY MOTIVATION 198
7.5.1 MEASURING THE INTIMACY MOTIVE 198
7.5.2 THE INTIMACY MOTIVE AND MEMORY 199
7.6 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEUROIMMUNOLOGICAL
CORRELATES 199
8
POWER MOTIVATION 202
H.-D. SCHMALT AND H. HECKHAUSEN
8.1 POWER: CONCEPTS AND CONSTRUCTS 202
8.1.1 POWER AND POWER MOTIVATION 203'
CONTENTS
8.1.2 SOURCES OF POWER 205
8.1.3 FORMS AND GOALS OF POWER BEHAVIOR 207
8.1.4 APPROACH AND AVOIDANCE IN POWER
MOTIVATION 209
8.1.5 CONNECTING EXPECTANCY AND VALUE 209
8.1.6 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF POWER 210
8.1.7 POWER AND DOMINANCE IN EVOLUTION 212
8.2 MEASURING THE POWER MOTIVE 213
8.2.1 THE TAT METHOD 213
8.2.2 THE GRID TECHNIQUE 217
8.3 THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF THE POWER MOTIVE 219
8.3.1 ENDOCRINOLOGICAL FACTORS 219
8.3.2 PSYCHOIMMUNOLOGICAL FACTORS 219
8.4 AN INFLUENTIAL TRIO: THE POWER, ACHIEVEMENT,
AND AFFILIATION MOTIVES 220
8.4.1 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN GAME SETTINGS 221
8.4.2 ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES 221
8.4.3 POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES 223
8.4.4 WAR AND PEACE 224
9 IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT MOTIVES 227
J. BRUNSTEIN
9.1 THEORETICAL CONCEPTS AND BACKGROUND 227
9.2 EVIDENCE FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF IMPLICIT
AND EXPLICIT MOTIVES 229
9.2.1 ZERO CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT
MEASURES OF MOTIVES 229
9.2.2 BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT
MOTIVES 231
9.2.3 MOTIVE-AROUSING INCENTIVES 233
9.2.4 DIFFERENCES IN CHILD-REARING PRACTICES AND
DEVELOPMENT 234
9.3 COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEEDS 237
9.4 THE INTERACTION OF IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT
MOTIVES 239
9.4.1 COALITIONS 239
9.4.2 CONFLICTS 240
9.4.3 HARMONIZATION OF IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT
MOTIVES 242
9.5 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE
CONCEPT OF DUAL MOTIVES 244
10 BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MOTIVATION 247
O. C. SCHULTHEISS AND M. M. WIRTH
10.1 A PRIMER
ON BIOPSYCHOLOGY AND ITS METHODS 247
10.2 HALLMARKS OF MOTIVATION 248
10.2.1 MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR COMES IN TWO BASIC
FLAVORS: APPROACH AND AVOIDANCE MOTIVATION 248
10.2.2 MOTIVATION CONSISTS OF TWO DISTINCT
PHASES 249
10.2.3 MANY QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT TYPES OF REWARDS
CAN STIMULATE MOTIVATION 249
10.2.4 MOTIVATION IS DYNAMIC 250
IX
10.2.5 MOTIVATION CAN BE NEED DRIVEN, INCENTIVE
DRIVEN, OR BOTH 250
10.2.6 MOTIVATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY
FLEXIBILITY OF CUE-REWARD AND MEANS-END
RELATIONSHIPS 251
10.2.7 MOTIVATION HAS CONSCIOUS AND NONCONSCIOUS
ASPECTS 251
10.3 BRAIN STRUCTURES GENERALLY INVOLVED IN
MOTIVATION 252
10.3.1 AMYGDALA: RECOGNIZING REWARDS AND
PUNISHMENTS AT A DISTANCE 252
10.3.2 THE MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINE SYSTEM: SCALING THE
"MAGNETIC" PULL OF INCENTIVES 254
10.3.3
THE ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX: EVALUATING REWARDS
AND PUNISHMENTS 255
10.3.4 THE LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX: MOTIVATIONAL
REGULATION AND OVERRIDE 259
10.4 SPECIFIC MOTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS 260
10.4.1 FEEDING 260
10.4.2 AFFILIATION AND ATTACHMENT 263
10.4.3 DOMINANCE 265
10.4.4 SEX 267
10.5 CONCLUSION 269
11 MOTIVATION AND VOLITION IN THE COURSE OF ACTION 272
A. ACHTZIGER AND P M. GOLLWITZER
11.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTION
PERSPECTIVE 272
11.2 THE RUBICON MODEL OF ACTION PHASES 273
11.2.1 ACTION PHASES 273
11.2.2 MOTIVATIONAL VS. VOLITIONAL ACTION
PHASES 276
11.3 ACTION PHASES AND MINDSETS: HOW CAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES BE INCORPORATED IN AN
IDEALIZED, STRUCTURAL MODEL? 276
11.4 CONTRASTING EFFECTS OF DELIBERATIVE AND
IMPLEMENTAL MINDSETS 278
11.4.1 COGNITIVE TUNING TOWARD TASK-CONGRUENT
INFORMATION 279
11.4.2 PROCESSING OF RELEVANT AND IRRELEVANT
INFORMATION 279
11.4.3 BIASED PROCESSING OF INFORMATION RELATING TO
GOAL FEASIBILITY AND DESIRABILITY 279
11.4.4 MINDSETS AND SELF-EVALUATION 281
11.4.5 MODERATOR EFFECTS IN THE DELIBERATIVE AND
IMPLEMENTAL MINDSETS 281
11.4.6 MINDSETS AND GOAL ACHIEVEMENT 282
11.4.7 CONCLUDING DISCUSSION: MINDSETS AND
SELF-REGULATION OF GOAL STRIVING 282
11.5 DIFFERENT KINDS OF INTENTIONS: GOAL INTENTIONS
AND IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS 283
11.5.1 HOW DO IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS
WORK? 283
X
CONTENTS
11.5.2 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS AND THE INITIATION
OF WANTED BEHAVIOR 286
11.6 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS AND THE CONTROL OF
UNWANTED BEHAVIOR 287
11.6.1 SUPPRESSION-ORIENTED IMPLEMENTATION
INTENTIONS 288
11.6.2 BLOCKING DETRIMENTAL SELF-STATES BY PLANNING
WANTED BEHAVIOR 289
11.6.3 BLOCKING ADVERSE CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES BY
PLANNING WANTED BEHAVIOR 290
11.7 POTENTIAL COSTS OF IMPLEMENTATION
INTENTIONS 291
11.7.1 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS AND BEHAVIORAL
RIGIDITY 291
11.7.2 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS AND EGO
DEPLETION 292
11.7.3 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS AND REBOUND
EFFECTS 293
11.8 DISCUSSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 293
11.8.1 IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS: A FOOLPROOF
SELF-REGULATORY STRATEGY? 293
11.8.2 PROSPECTIVE MEMORY AND NEURONAL
SUBSTRATES 293
12 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SELF-REGULATION 296
J. KUHL
12.1 REFLECTIONS ON THE NEGLECT OF INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 296
12.2 MOTIVES AS NEED-ORIENTED SELF-REGULATORY
SYSTEMS 297
12.2.1 NEEDS: SUBAFFECTIVE DETECTORS OF DISCREPANCIES
BETWEEN ACTUAL AND DESIRED STATES 298
12.2.2 AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE SYSTEMS:
NEED-RELEVANT SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS 298
12.2.3 IMPLICIT MOTIVES: INTELLIGENT NEEDS
SERVING THE CONTEXT-SENSITIVE REGULATION OF
BEHAVIOR
300
12.3 WILL WITHOUT HOMUNCULUS: DECOMPOSING GLOBAL
CONCEPTS OF WILL 304
12.3.1 INTERNAL DICTATORSHIP VS. DEMOCRACY:
SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-REGULATION 305
12.3.2 PROGRESSION VS. REGRESSION: STRESS-RELATED
VOLITIONAL INHIBITION AND INHIBITION OF THE SELF 307
12.4 AFFECT-REGULATORY COMPETENCIES: ACTION VS. STATE
ORIENTATION 308
12.4.1 THE CORE OF THE CONSTRUCT: SELF-REGULATION OF
AFFECT 308
12.4.2 EFFECTS OF ACTION AND STATE ORIENTATION 311
12.5 PSI THEORY: AFFECT-MODULATED INTERACTIONS OF
SYSTEMS RELEVANT TO PERSONALITY 314
12.5.1 PSYCHOLOGICAL MACROSYSTEMS 314
12.5.2 THE FIRST MODULATION ASSUMPTION: VOLITIONAL
FACILITATION 315
12.5.3 THE SECOND MODULATION ASSUMPTION: SELF-
ACCESS AND SELF-DEVELOPMENT 317
12.6 DEVELOPMENT: DETERMINANTS OF ACTION AND STATE
ORIENTATION 318
13 INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND FLOW 323
F. RHEINBERG
13.1 INTRODUCTION 323
13.2 DEFINING "INTRINSIC MOTIVATION": IN PURSUIT OF A
PHANTOM 325
13.2.1 THE PROBLEM 325
13.2.2 INTRINSIC IN THE SENSE OF "IN THE ACTIVITY" 325
13.2.3 INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AS THE NEED FOR
SELF-DETERMINATION AND COMPETENCE 326
13.2.4 INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AS INTEREST AND
INVOLVEMENT 327
13.2.5 INTRINSIC IN THE SENSE OF A CORRESPONDENCE
BETWEEN MEANS AND ENDS 328
13.2.6 GOAL ORIENTATION AND INTRINSIC
MOTIVATION 329
13.2.7 SO WHAT EXACTLY IS INTRINSIC
MOTIVATION? 330
13.2.8 THE UNDERMINING EFFECT OF EXTERNAL
REWARDS: MYTH OR REALITY? 330
13.2.9 TERMINOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 331
13.3 PURPOSE- AND ACTIVITY-RELATED INCENTIVES IN THE
EXTENDED COGNITIVE MODEL OF MOTIVATION 332
13.3.1 THE PURPOSE-ORIENTED MODEL OF RATIONAL
BEHAVIOR 332
13.3.2 THE ROLE OF ACTIVITY-RELATED INCENTIVES 333
13.4 QUALITATIVE ANALYSES OF ACTIVITY-RELATED
INCENTIVES 334
13.4.1 STANDARDIZED ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF
EXPERIENCE 334
13.4.2 ASSESSING ACTIVITY-SPECIFIC INCENTIVES 335
13.4.3 THE ACTIVITY-RELATED INCENTIVE OF ACHIEVEMENT
MOTIVATION 336
13.5 FLOW: JOYFUL ABSORPTION IN AN ACTIVITY 337
13.5.1 THE PHENOMENON 337
13.5.2 QUALITATIVE FLOW RESEARCH 338
13.5.3 QUANTITATIVE FLOW RESEARCH 339
13.5.4 A REVISION OF THE MODEL 340
13.5.5 THE EXPERTISE EFFECT AND RESISTANCE TO THE
UNDERMINING OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION 341
13.5.6 FLOW AND ACHIEVEMENT 342
13.6 FUTURE PROSPECTS: THE FLOW HYPOTHESIS OF
MOTIVATIONAL COMPETENCE 343
14 CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION OF BEHAVIOR AND
ACHIEVEMENT 349
J. STIENSMEIER-PELSTER AND H. FLECKHAUSEN
14.1 CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION: HOW THINKING ABOUT CAUSES
INFLUENCES BEHAVIOR 349
CONTENTS
14.2 WEINER'S ATTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF MOTIVATION,
EMOTION, AND BEHAVIOR 350
14.3 ATTRIBUTION THEORIES 353
14.3.1
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS 353
14.3.2
CAUSAL SEARCH: TRIGGERING CONDITIONS,
DURATION, AND INTENSITY 354
14.3.3
PROCESSES OF CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION: NORMATIVE
MODELS 359
14.3.4
PROCESSES OF CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION: DESCRIPTIVE
PERSPECTIVES 370
14.4 ATTRIBUTIONAL THEORIES 374
14.4.1
ATTRIBUTION AND CHANGES IN
EXPECTANCY 375
14.4.2
ATTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF HOPELESSNESS
DEPRESSION 376
14.4.3
ATTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIOR 380
15 MOTIVATION AND DEVELOPMENT 384
J.
HECKAUSEN AND H. HECKAUSEN
15.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROL STRIVING ACROSS THE
LIFESPAN: A FUNDAMENTAL PHENOMENON OF
MOTIVATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 384
15.2 EARLY CONTROL STRIVING 386
15.3 FOCUSING ON THE INTENDED OUTCOME OF AN
ACTION 387
15.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF PERSONAL COMPETENCE AS AN
ACTION INCENTIVE 388
15.4.1
PRIDE AND SHAME - EMOTIONS BETWEEN
ACHIEVEMENT AND POWER 389
15.4.2
RISKS OF SELF-EVALUATIVE RESPONSES 391
15.4.3
STRATEGIES TO COUNTERACT OR AVOID NEGATIVE
SELF-EVALUATION 392
XI
15.5 PARENT-CHILD INTERACTION: THE CRADLE
OF ACTION 394
15.6 DEVELOPMENTAL PRECONDITIONS OF
ACHIEVEMENT-MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR 396
15.6.1
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN DEGREES OF TASK
DIFFICULTY AND PERSONAL COMPETENCE 396
15.6.2
DISTINGUISHING CAUSAL CONCEPTIONS OF ABILITY
AND EFFORT 397
15.6.3
COGNITIVE PRECONDITIONS FOR SETTING LEVELS OF
ASPIRATION 399
15.6.4
CAUSAL SCHEMATA FOR ABILITY AND EFFORT 403
15.7 DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MOTIVE
STRENGTH AND ACTION REGULATION SYSTEMS 407
15.7.1
IMPLICIT MOTIVES 407
15.7.2
SPECIFIC INCENTIVES AND EXPECTANCIES 408
15.7.3
GENERALIZED GOAL ORIENTATIONS 411
15.7.4
REGULATION OF MOTIVATION AND ACTION 413
15.7.5
DIFFERENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS: CRITICAL
PHASES, LIFE-COURSE TRANSITIONS, AND UNIVERSAL
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES 415
15.8
THE MOTIVATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL
REGULATION 423
15.8.1
THE LIFE COURSE AS A FIELD OF ACTION 423
15.8.2
THE ACTION-PHASE MODEL OF DEVELOPMENTAL
REGULATION 427
15.8.3
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE CAPACITY FOR
DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION 438
15.8.4
MOTIVATED DEVELOPMENT: DYNAMIC INTERACTION
BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND MOTIVATION ACROSS THE
LIFESPAN
439
REFERENCES 445
INDEX 501 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Heckhausen, Jutta 1957- Heckhausen, Heinz 1926-1988 |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | j h jh h h hh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)130413275 (DE-588)11891314X |
| author_facet | Heckhausen, Jutta 1957- Heckhausen, Heinz 1926-1988 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023173234 |
| callnumber-first | B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion |
| callnumber-label | BF503 |
| callnumber-raw | BF503 |
| callnumber-search | BF503 |
| callnumber-sort | BF 3503 |
| callnumber-subject | BF - Psychology |
| classification_rvk | CP 3000 |
| classification_tum | PSY 220 PSY 230 |
| contents | Motivation and action: introduction and overview -- Historical trends in motivation research -- Trait theories of motivation -- Situational determinants of behavior -- Motivation as a function of expectancy and incentive -- Achievement motivation -- Social bonding: affiliation motivation and intimacy motivation -- Power motivation -- Implicit and explicit motives -- Biopsychological aspects of motivation -- Motivation and volition in the course of action -- Individual differences in self-regulation -- Intrinsic motivation and flow -- Causal attribution of behavior and achievement -- Motivation and development |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)248344363 (DE-599)BVBBV023173234 |
| dewey-full | 153.8 |
| dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
| dewey-ones | 153 - Conscious mental processes & intelligence |
| dewey-raw | 153.8 |
| dewey-search | 153.8 |
| dewey-sort | 3153.8 |
| dewey-tens | 150 - Psychology |
| discipline | Psychologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Psychologie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content 2\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV023173234 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:58:40Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:12:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780521852593 |
| language | English German |
| lccn | 2007024637 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016359878 |
| oclc_num | 248344363 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 |
| physical | XVII, 508 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Motivation und Handeln Motivation and action ed. by Jutta Heckhausen ; Heinz Heckhausen 1. publ. Cambridge Cambridge Univ. Press 2008 XVII, 508 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 445 - 500 Motivation and action: introduction and overview -- Historical trends in motivation research -- Trait theories of motivation -- Situational determinants of behavior -- Motivation as a function of expectancy and incentive -- Achievement motivation -- Social bonding: affiliation motivation and intimacy motivation -- Power motivation -- Implicit and explicit motives -- Biopsychological aspects of motivation -- Motivation and volition in the course of action -- Individual differences in self-regulation -- Intrinsic motivation and flow -- Causal attribution of behavior and achievement -- Motivation and development Transl. from the German Motivation (Psychology) Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 gnd rswk-swf Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd rswk-swf Handlung (DE-588)4023277-3 gnd rswk-swf Motivationspsychologie (DE-588)4075001-2 gnd rswk-swf Elektronische Publikation (DE-588)4514269-5 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content 2\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Motivationspsychologie (DE-588)4075001-2 s Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 s Handlung (DE-588)4023277-3 s DE-604 Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 s 3\p DE-604 Elektronische Publikation (DE-588)4514269-5 s 4\p DE-604 Heckhausen, Jutta 1957- (DE-588)130413275 edt Heckhausen, Heinz 1926-1988 (DE-588)11891314X edt http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0720/2007024637.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007024637-b.html Contributor biographical information http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007024637-d.html Publisher description DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016359878&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Motivation and action Motivation and action: introduction and overview -- Historical trends in motivation research -- Trait theories of motivation -- Situational determinants of behavior -- Motivation as a function of expectancy and incentive -- Achievement motivation -- Social bonding: affiliation motivation and intimacy motivation -- Power motivation -- Implicit and explicit motives -- Biopsychological aspects of motivation -- Motivation and volition in the course of action -- Individual differences in self-regulation -- Intrinsic motivation and flow -- Causal attribution of behavior and achievement -- Motivation and development Motivation (Psychology) Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Handlung (DE-588)4023277-3 gnd Motivationspsychologie (DE-588)4075001-2 gnd Elektronische Publikation (DE-588)4514269-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4040364-6 (DE-588)4047704-6 (DE-588)4023277-3 (DE-588)4075001-2 (DE-588)4514269-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Motivation and action |
| title_alt | Motivation und Handeln |
| title_auth | Motivation and action |
| title_exact_search | Motivation and action |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Motivation and action |
| title_full | Motivation and action ed. by Jutta Heckhausen ; Heinz Heckhausen |
| title_fullStr | Motivation and action ed. by Jutta Heckhausen ; Heinz Heckhausen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Motivation and action ed. by Jutta Heckhausen ; Heinz Heckhausen |
| title_short | Motivation and action |
| title_sort | motivation and action |
| topic | Motivation (Psychology) Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Handlung (DE-588)4023277-3 gnd Motivationspsychologie (DE-588)4075001-2 gnd Elektronische Publikation (DE-588)4514269-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Motivation (Psychology) Motivation Psychologie Handlung Motivationspsychologie Elektronische Publikation Aufsatzsammlung Lehrbuch |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0720/2007024637.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007024637-b.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007024637-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016359878&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | UT motivationundhandeln AT heckhausenjutta motivationandaction AT heckhausenheinz motivationandaction |