Holdings: The light fantastic

The light fantastic: a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Kenyon, Ian R. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2008
Edition:	1. publ.
Subjects:	Optics Quantum optics Optik Quantenoptik
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XXI, 630 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780198566458 9780198566465

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adam_text	Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aims and contents ...................... 1 1.2 Electromagnetic waves .................... 6 1.3 The velocity of light ..................... 8 1.4 A sketch of electromagnetic wave theory .......... 10 1.4.1 More general waveforms ............... 14 1.5 The electromagnetic spectrum ................ 16 1.5.1 Visible spectra .................... 18 1.6 Absorption and dispersion .................. 19 1.7 Radiation terminology .................... 22 1.8 Black body radiation .................... 26 1.9 Doppler shift ......................... 27 2 Reflection and refraction at plane surfaces 31 2.1 Light rays and Huygens principle .............. 31 2.1.1 The laws of reflection ................ 32 2.1.2 Snell s law of refraction ............... 33 2.1.3 Fermat s principle .................. 34 2.1.4 Simple imaging .................... 35 2.1.5 Deviation of light by a triangular prism ...... 36 2.2 Total internal reflection ................... 37 2.2.1 Constant deviation prism .............. 38 2.2.2 Porro prisms ..................... 39 2.2.3 Corner cube reflector ................. 39 2.2.4 Pulfrich refractometer ................ 40 2.3 Optical fibre ......................... 41 3 Spherical mirrors and lenses 45 3.1 Introduction .......................... 45 3.1.1 Cartesian sign convention .............. 46 3.2 Spherical mirrors ....................... 47 3.2.1 Ray tracing for mirrors ............... 49 3.3 Refraction at a spherical interface .............. 50 3.4 Thin lens equation ...................... 51 3.4.1 Ray tracing for lenses ................ 53 3.5 Magnifiers ........................... 55 xiv CONTENTS 3.6 Matrix methods for paraxial optics ............ 55 3.6.1 The equivalent thin lens .............. 58 3.7 Aberrations .......................... 58 3.7.1 Monochromatic aberrations ............. 59 3.7.2 Spherical aberration ................. 61 3.7.3 Coma ......................... 62 3.7.4 Astigmatism ..................... 63 3.7.5 Field curvature .................... 64 3.7.6 Distortion ....................... 66 3.7.7 Chromatic aberration ................ 67 3.8 Further reading ........................ 70 Optical instruments 73 4.1 Introduction .......................... 73 4.2 The refracting telescope ................... 73 4.2.1 Field of view ..................... 75 4.2.2 Etendue ....................... 77 4.3 Telescope objectives and eyepieces ............. 79 4.4 The microscope ....................... 80 4.5 Cameras ............................ 83 4.5.1 Camera lens design .................. 85 4.5.2 SLR camera features ................. 86 4.5.3 Telecentric lenses ................... 88 4.5.4 Telephoto lenses ................... 89 4.5.5 Zoom lenses ..................... 89 4.6 Graded index lenses ..................... 91 4.7 Aspheric lenses ........................ 92 4.8 Fresnel lenses ......................... 92 Interference effects and interferometers 95 5.1 Introduction ..........................95 5.2 The superposition principle ................. 96 5.3 Young s two slit experiment .................96 5.3.1 Fresneľs analysis ...................97 5.3.2 Interference by amplitude division .........101 5.4 Michelson s interferometer ..................103 5.4.1 The constancy of с ..................104 5.5 Coherence and wavepackets .................105 5.5.1 The frequency content of wavepackets .......109 5.5.2 Optical beats .....................110 5.5.3 Coherence area ...................112 5.6 Stokes relations .......................113 5.7 Interferometry ........................113 5.7.1 The Twyman-Green interferometer .........114 5.7.2 The Fizeau interferometer ...............115 5.7.3 The Mach-Zehnder interferometer .........116 5.7.4 The Sagnac interferometer .............116 5.8 Standing waves ........................ Ц8 CONTENTS xv 5.9 The Fabry -Perot interferometer ..............121 Diffraction 129 6.1 Introduction .......................... 129 6.2 Huygens-Fresnel analysis .................. 130 6.3 Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction .............. 130 6.4 Diffraction at a rectangular aperture ............ 133 6.5 Diffraction from multiple identical slits .......... 134 6.6 Babinet s principle ...................... 137 6.7 Fraunhofer diffraction at a circular hole .......... 138 6.8 Diffraction gratings ...................... 139 6.9 Spectrometers and spectroscopes .............. 141 6.9.1 Grating structure ................... 142 6.9.2 Etendue ........................ 143 6.9.3 Czerny-Turner spectrometer ............ 144 6.9.4 Littrow mounting .................. 145 6.9.5 Echelle grating .................... 145 6.9.6 Automated spectrometers .............. 146 6.10 Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction ............. 146 6.11 Single slit Fresnel diffraction ................. 147 6.11.1 Lunar occultation .................. 151 6.12 Fresnel diffraction at screens with circular symmetry . . . 151 6.12.1 Zone plates ...................... 153 6.13 Microprocessor lithography ................. 154 6.14 Near field diffraction ..................... 155 6.15 Gaussian beams ....................... 156 6.15.1 Matrix methods ................... 160 Fourier optics 163 7.1 Introduction ..........................163 7.2 Fourier analysis ........................163 7.2.1 Diffraction and convolution .............166 7.3 Coherence and correlations .................169 7.3.1 Power spectra ....................171 7.3.2 Fourier transform spectrometry ..........176 7.4 Image formation and spatial transforms ..........181 7.5 Spatial filtering ........................182 7.5.1 Schlieren photography ................184 7.5.2 Apodization ......................184 7.6 Acousto-optic Bragg gratings ................184 7.6.1 Microwave spectrum analysis ............186 7.7 Holography ..........................186 7.7.1 Principles of holography ...............188 7.7.2 Hologram preparation ................189 7.7.3 Motion and vibration analysis ............190 7.7.4 Thick holograms ...................191 7.8 Optical information processing ...............192 7.8.1 The 4/ architecture .................192 xvi CONTENTS 7.8.2 Data storage and retrieval ..............194 8 Astronomical telescopes 197 8.1 Introduction ..........................197 8.2 Telescope design .......................198 8.2.1 Auxiliary equipment .................202 8.3 Schmidt camera ........................203 8.4 Atmospheric turbulence ...................204 8.5 Adaptive optics ........................205 8.6 Michelson s stellar interferometer .............208 8.7 Modern interferometers ...................210 8.8 Aperture synthesis ......................212 8.9 Aperture arrays ........................216 8.10 Image recovery ........................217 8.11 Comparisons with radioastronomy .............219 8.12 Gravitational wave detectors ................220 8.12.1 Laser-cavity locking .................222 8.12.2 Noise sources .....................224 8.13 Gravitational imaging ....................225 9 Classical electromagnetic theory 229 9.1 Introduction ..........................229 9.2 Maxwell s equations .....................230 9.3 The wave equation ......................234 9.3.1 Energy storage and energy flow ...........236 9.4 Electromagnetic radiation ..................239 9.5 Reflection and refraction ..................241 9.6 Fresneľs equations ......................245 9.7 Interference filters ......................249 9.7.1 Analysis of multiple layers .............249 9.7.2 Beam splitters ....................254 9.8 Modes of the electromagnetic field .............255 9.8.1 Mode counting ....................257 9.9 Planar waveguides ......................259 9.9.1 The prism coupler ..................261 10 Polarization 265 10.1 Introduction ..........................265 10.2 States of polarization .....................265 10.3 Dichroism and Malus law ..................268 10.4 Birefringence .........................269 10.4.1 Analysis of birefringence ...............271 10.4.2 The index ellipsoid .................273 10.4.3 Energy flow and rays .................274 10.4.4 Huygens5 construction ................275 10.5 Wave plates ........................ 276 10.5.1 Jones vectors and matrices .............277 10.5.2 Prism separators ...................278 CONTENTS xvii 10.5.3 Polarizing beam splitters and DVD readers .... 280 10.6 Optical activity .......................281 10.7 Effects of applied electromagnetic fields ..........282 10.7.1 Pockels effect and modulators ...........283 10.7.2 Kerr effect ......................286 10.7.3 Faraday effect ....................287 10.8 Liquid crystals ........................288 10.8.1 The twisted nematic LCD ..............289 10.8.2 In-plane switching ..................291 10.8.3 Polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) .... 293 10.8.4 Ferroelectric liquid crystals (FELC) ........294 10.9 Further reading ........................295 11 Scattering, absorption and dispersion 297 11.1 Introduction ..........................297 11.2 Rayleigh scattering ......................298 11.2.1 Coherent scattering .................300 11.3 Mie scattering .........................301 11.4 Absorption ..........................303 11.5 Dispersion and absorption ..................304 11.5.1 The atomic oscillator model ............305 11.6 Absorption by, and reflection off metals ..........309 11.6.1 Plasmas in metals ..................314 11.6.2 Group and signal velocity ..............316 11.6.3 Surface plasma waves ................319 11.7 Further reading ........................322 12 The quantum nature of light and matter 325 12.1 Introduction ..........................325 12.2 The black body spectrum ..................326 12.3 The photoelectric effect ...................330 12.4 The Compton effect .....................333 12.5 de Brogue s hypothesis ....................335 12.6 The Bohr model of the atom ................336 12.6.1 Beyond hydrogen ...................340 12.6.2 Weaknesses of the Bohr model ...........341 12.7 Wave-particle duality ....................341 12.8 The uncertainty principle ..................344 12.9 Which path information ...................347 12.10 Wavepackets and modes ..................349 12.10.1 Etendue .......................349 12.11 Afterword ..........................350 12.12 Further reading .......................351 13 Quantum mechanics and the atom 353 13.1 Introduction ..........................353 13.2 An outline of quantum mechanics ..............354 13.3 Schroedingers equation ...................355 xviii CONTENTS 13.3.1 The square potential well ..............357 13.4 Eigenstates .......................... 359 13.4.1 Orthogonality of eigenstates .............360 13.5 Expectation values ......................361 13.5.1 Collapse of the wavefunction ............363 13.5.2 Compatible, or simultaneous observables ......363 13.6 The harmonic oscillator potential .............365 13.7 The hydrogen atom .....................366 13.8 The Stern-Gerlach experiment ...............370 13.9 Electron spin .........................371 13.10 Multi-electron atoms ....................373 13.10.1 Resonance fluorescence ................375 13.10.2 Atoms in constant fields ...............375 13.11 Photon momentum and spin ................376 13.12 Quantum statistics .....................379 13.13 Line widths and decay rates ................380 13.14 Further reading .......................381 14 Lasers 383 14.1 Introduction ..........................383 14.2 The Einstein coefficients ..................384 14.3 Prerequisites for lasing ....................386 14.4 The He:Ne laser .......................388 14.4.1 Three and four level lasers ..............390 14.4.2 Gain .........................390 14.4.3 Cavity modes ....................393 14.4.4 Hole burning .....................395 14.4.5 Laser speckles .....................397 14.4.6 Optical beats .....................397 14.5 The CO2 gas laser ......................398 14.6 Organic dye lasers ......................398 14.6.1 Saturation spectroscopy ...............400 14.6.2 Cavity ring-down spectroscopy ...........402 14.6.3 A heterodyne laser interferometer .........404 14.7 Introducing semiconductors .................408 14.7.1 DH lasers .......................412 14.7.2 DFB lasers ......................414 14.7.3 Limiting line widths .................415 14.8 Quantum well lasers ..................... 416 14.8.1 Vertical cavity lasers .................418 14.9 Nd:YAG and Nd:glass lasers .................420 14.9.1 Q switching ...................... 421 14.10 Tirsapphire lasers ......................423 14.11 Optical Kerr effect and mode locking ...........425 14.11.1 Mode locking .....................426 14.12 Frequency combs ..................... 428 14.12.1 Optical frequency measurement ..........430 14.13 Extreme energies ...................... 431 CONTENTS xix 14.14 Second order non-linear effects ..............432 14.14.1 Raman scattering ..................436 14.14.2Brillouin scattering ..................437 14.14.3 Stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering .....438 14.15 Further reading .......................439 15 Detectors 441 15.1 Introduction ..........................441 15.2 Photoconductors .......................442 15.3 Photodiodes ..........................445 15.3.1 Dark current .....................448 15.4 Photodiode response .....................449 15.4.1 Speed of response ...................451 15.4.2 Noise .........................452 15.4.3 Amplifiers .......................454 15.4.4 Solar cells .......................456 15.5 Avalanche photodiodes ....................457 15.6 Schottky photodiodes ....................459 15.7 Imaging arrays ........................461 15.7.1 Quantum efficiency and colour ...........463 15.7.2 CCD readout .....................464 15.7.3 Noise and dynamic range ..............466 15.7.4 CMOS arrays .....................466 15.8 Photomultipliers .......................467 15.8.1 Counting and timing .................469 15.9 MicroChannel plates and image intensifiers .........471 15.10 Further reading .......................472 16 Optical fibres 475 16.1 Introduction ..........................475 16.2 Attenuation in optical fibre .................477 16.3 Guided waves ........................478 16.4 Fibre types and dispersion properties ...........482 16.5 Signalling ...........................486 16.6 Sources and detectors ....................488 16.7 Connectors and routing devices ...............490 16.7.1 Directional couplers .................491 16.7.2 Circulators ......................492 16.7.3 MMI devices .....................492 16.8 Link noise and power budget ................493 16.9 Long haul links ........................496 16.9.1 Fibre amplifiers ...................497 16.9.2 Dispersion compensation ..............499 16.10 Multiplexing .........................500 16.10.1 Thin film filters and Bragg gratings ........500 16.10.2 Array waveguide gratings ..............502 16.10.3 MEMS .........................505 16.11 Solitons............................506 xx CONTENTS 16.11.1 Communication using solitone ............508 16.12 Fibre optic sensors ......................509 16.12.1 Fibre Bragg sensors .................509 16.12.2The fibre optic gyroscope ..............510 16.13 Optical current transformer .................513 16.14 Photonic crystal fibres ....................515 16.15 Further reading .......................517 17 Quantum interactions 519 17.1 Introduction ..........................519 17.2 Transition rates .......................521 17.2.1 Selection rules ....................526 17.2.2 Electric susceptibility ................528 17.3 Rabi oscillations .......................530 17.4 Dressed states .........................533 17.5 Electromagnetically induced transparency .........538 17.5.1 Slow light .......................542 17.6 Trapping and cooling ions ..................544 17.7 Shelving ............................548 17.8 Optical clocks .........................550 17.9 Further reading ........................552 18 The quantized electromagnetic field 555 18.1 Introduction ..........................555 18.2 Second quantization .....................556 18.2.1 Continuous variables ................562 18.3 First order coherence .....................563 18.4 Second order coherence ...................565 18.5 Laser light and thermal light ................567 18.5.1 Coherent (laser-like) states of the electromagnetic field ..........................568 18.5.2 Thermal light .....................570 18.6 Observations of photon correlations .............573 18.6.1 Stellar correlation interferometer ..........574 18.7 Entangled states .......................575 18.7.1 Beam splitters ....................576 18.7.2 Spontaneous parametric down conversion .....576 18.8 The HOM interferometer ..................579 18.9 Franson-Chiao interferometry ................581 lS.lOComplementarity .......................583 18.10.1 Delayed choice and quantum erasure .......584 18.11Further reading ........................586 A Physical constants and parameters 589 В Appendix: Cardinal points and planes of lens systems 591 С Appendix: Kirchhoff s analysis of wave propagation at apertures CONTENTS xxi D Appendix: The non-linear Schroedinger equation 597 E Appendix: State vectors 601 F Appendix: Representations 605 G Appendix: Fermi s golden rule 607 H Appendix: Solutions 609 Index 625
adam_txt	Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aims and contents . 1 1.2 Electromagnetic waves . 6 1.3 The velocity of light . 8 1.4 A sketch of electromagnetic wave theory . 10 1.4.1 More general waveforms . 14 1.5 The electromagnetic spectrum . 16 1.5.1 Visible spectra . 18 1.6 Absorption and dispersion . 19 1.7 Radiation terminology . 22 1.8 Black body radiation . 26 1.9 Doppler shift . 27 2 Reflection and refraction at plane surfaces 31 2.1 Light rays and Huygens' principle . 31 2.1.1 The laws of reflection . 32 2.1.2 Snell's law of refraction . 33 2.1.3 Fermat's principle . 34 2.1.4 Simple imaging . 35 2.1.5 Deviation of light by a triangular prism . 36 2.2 Total internal reflection . 37 2.2.1 Constant deviation prism . 38 2.2.2 Porro prisms . 39 2.2.3 Corner cube reflector . 39 2.2.4 Pulfrich refractometer . 40 2.3 Optical fibre . 41 3 Spherical mirrors and lenses 45 3.1 Introduction . 45 3.1.1 Cartesian sign convention . 46 3.2 Spherical mirrors . 47 3.2.1 Ray tracing for mirrors . 49 3.3 Refraction at a spherical interface . 50 3.4 Thin lens equation . 51 3.4.1 Ray tracing for lenses . 53 3.5 Magnifiers . 55 xiv CONTENTS 3.6 Matrix methods for paraxial optics . 55 3.6.1 The equivalent thin lens . 58 3.7 Aberrations . 58 3.7.1 Monochromatic aberrations . 59 3.7.2 Spherical aberration . 61 3.7.3 Coma . 62 3.7.4 Astigmatism . 63 3.7.5 Field curvature . 64 3.7.6 Distortion . 66 3.7.7 Chromatic aberration . 67 3.8 Further reading . 70 Optical instruments 73 4.1 Introduction . 73 4.2 The refracting telescope . 73 4.2.1 Field of view . 75 4.2.2 Etendue . 77 4.3 Telescope objectives and eyepieces . 79 4.4 The microscope . 80 4.5 Cameras . 83 4.5.1 Camera lens design . 85 4.5.2 SLR camera features . 86 4.5.3 Telecentric lenses . 88 4.5.4 Telephoto lenses . 89 4.5.5 Zoom lenses . 89 4.6 Graded index lenses . 91 4.7 Aspheric lenses . 92 4.8 Fresnel lenses . 92 Interference effects and interferometers 95 5.1 Introduction .95 5.2 The superposition principle . 96 5.3 Young's two slit experiment .96 5.3.1 Fresneľs analysis .97 5.3.2 Interference by amplitude division .101 5.4 Michelson's interferometer .103 5.4.1 The constancy of с .104 5.5 Coherence and wavepackets .105 5.5.1 The frequency content of wavepackets .109 5.5.2 Optical beats .110 5.5.3 Coherence area .112 5.6 Stokes' relations .113 5.7 Interferometry .113 5.7.1 The Twyman-Green interferometer .114 5.7.2 The Fizeau interferometer .115 5.7.3 The Mach-Zehnder interferometer .116 5.7.4 The Sagnac interferometer .116 5.8 Standing waves . Ц8 CONTENTS xv 5.9 The Fabry -Perot interferometer .121 Diffraction 129 6.1 Introduction . 129 6.2 Huygens-Fresnel analysis . 130 6.3 Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction . 130 6.4 Diffraction at a rectangular aperture . 133 6.5 Diffraction from multiple identical slits . 134 6.6 Babinet's principle . 137 6.7 Fraunhofer diffraction at a circular hole . 138 6.8 Diffraction gratings . 139 6.9 Spectrometers and spectroscopes . 141 6.9.1 Grating structure . 142 6.9.2 Etendue . 143 6.9.3 Czerny-Turner spectrometer . 144 6.9.4 Littrow mounting . 145 6.9.5 Echelle grating . 145 6.9.6 Automated spectrometers . 146 6.10 Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction . 146 6.11 Single slit Fresnel diffraction . 147 6.11.1 Lunar occultation . 151 6.12 Fresnel diffraction at screens with circular symmetry . . . 151 6.12.1 Zone plates . 153 6.13 Microprocessor lithography . 154 6.14 Near field diffraction . 155 6.15 Gaussian beams . 156 6.15.1 Matrix methods . 160 Fourier optics 163 7.1 Introduction .163 7.2 Fourier analysis .163 7.2.1 Diffraction and convolution .166 7.3 Coherence and correlations .169 7.3.1 Power spectra .171 7.3.2 Fourier transform spectrometry .176 7.4 Image formation and spatial transforms .181 7.5 Spatial filtering .182 7.5.1 Schlieren photography .184 7.5.2 Apodization .184 7.6 Acousto-optic Bragg gratings .184 7.6.1 Microwave spectrum analysis .186 7.7 Holography .186 7.7.1 Principles of holography .188 7.7.2 Hologram preparation .189 7.7.3 Motion and vibration analysis .190 7.7.4 Thick holograms .191 7.8 Optical information processing .192 7.8.1 The 4/ architecture .192 xvi CONTENTS 7.8.2 Data storage and retrieval .194 8 Astronomical telescopes 197 8.1 Introduction .197 8.2 Telescope design .198 8.2.1 Auxiliary equipment .202 8.3 Schmidt camera .203 8.4 Atmospheric turbulence .204 8.5 Adaptive optics .205 8.6 Michelson's stellar interferometer .208 8.7 Modern interferometers .210 8.8 Aperture synthesis .212 8.9 Aperture arrays .216 8.10 Image recovery .217 8.11 Comparisons with radioastronomy .219 8.12 Gravitational wave detectors .220 8.12.1 Laser-cavity locking .222 8.12.2 Noise sources .224 8.13 Gravitational imaging .225 9 Classical electromagnetic theory 229 9.1 Introduction .229 9.2 Maxwell's equations .230 9.3 The wave equation .234 9.3.1 Energy storage and energy flow .236 9.4 Electromagnetic radiation .239 9.5 Reflection and refraction .241 9.6 Fresneľs equations .245 9.7 Interference filters .249 9.7.1 Analysis of multiple layers .249 9.7.2 Beam splitters .254 9.8 Modes of the electromagnetic field .255 9.8.1 Mode counting .257 9.9 Planar waveguides .259 9.9.1 The prism coupler .261 10 Polarization 265 10.1 Introduction .265 10.2 States of polarization .265 10.3 Dichroism and Malus' law .268 10.4 Birefringence .269 10.4.1 Analysis of birefringence .271 10.4.2 The index ellipsoid .273 10.4.3 Energy flow and rays .274 10.4.4 Huygens5 construction .275 10.5 Wave plates . 276 10.5.1 Jones vectors and matrices .277 10.5.2 Prism separators .278 CONTENTS xvii 10.5.3 Polarizing beam splitters and DVD readers . 280 10.6 Optical activity .281 10.7 Effects of applied electromagnetic fields .282 10.7.1 Pockels effect and modulators .283 10.7.2 Kerr effect .286 10.7.3 Faraday effect .287 10.8 Liquid crystals .288 10.8.1 The twisted nematic LCD .289 10.8.2 In-plane switching .291 10.8.3 Polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) . 293 10.8.4 Ferroelectric liquid crystals (FELC) .294 10.9 Further reading .295 11 Scattering, absorption and dispersion 297 11.1 Introduction .297 11.2 Rayleigh scattering .298 11.2.1 Coherent scattering .300 11.3 Mie scattering .301 11.4 Absorption .303 11.5 Dispersion and absorption .304 11.5.1 The atomic oscillator model .305 11.6 Absorption by, and reflection off metals .309 11.6.1 Plasmas in metals .314 11.6.2 Group and signal velocity .316 11.6.3 Surface plasma waves .319 11.7 Further reading .322 12 The quantum nature of light and matter 325 12.1 Introduction .325 12.2 The black body spectrum .326 12.3 The photoelectric effect .330 12.4 The Compton effect .333 12.5 de Brogue's hypothesis .335 12.6 The Bohr model of the atom .336 12.6.1 Beyond hydrogen .340 12.6.2 Weaknesses of the Bohr model .341 12.7 Wave-particle duality .341 12.8 The uncertainty principle .344 12.9 Which path information .347 12.10 Wavepackets and modes .349 12.10.1 Etendue .349 12.11 Afterword .350 12.12 Further reading .351 13 Quantum mechanics and the atom 353 13.1 Introduction .353 13.2 An outline of quantum mechanics .354 13.3 Schroedingers equation .355 xviii CONTENTS 13.3.1 The square potential well .357 13.4 Eigenstates . 359 13.4.1 Orthogonality of eigenstates .360 13.5 Expectation values .361 13.5.1 Collapse of the wavefunction .363 13.5.2 Compatible, or simultaneous observables .363 13.6 The harmonic oscillator potential .365 13.7 The hydrogen atom .366 13.8 The Stern-Gerlach experiment .370 13.9 Electron spin .371 13.10 Multi-electron atoms .373 13.10.1 Resonance fluorescence .375 13.10.2 Atoms in constant fields .375 13.11 Photon momentum and spin .376 13.12 Quantum statistics .379 13.13 Line widths and decay rates .380 13.14 Further reading .381 14 Lasers 383 14.1 Introduction .383 14.2 The Einstein coefficients .384 14.3 Prerequisites for lasing .386 14.4 The He:Ne laser .388 14.4.1 Three and four level lasers .390 14.4.2 Gain .390 14.4.3 Cavity modes .393 14.4.4 Hole burning .395 14.4.5 Laser speckles .397 14.4.6 Optical beats .397 14.5 The CO2 gas laser .398 14.6 Organic dye lasers .398 14.6.1 Saturation spectroscopy .400 14.6.2 Cavity ring-down spectroscopy .402 14.6.3 A heterodyne laser interferometer .404 14.7 Introducing semiconductors .408 14.7.1 DH lasers .412 14.7.2 DFB lasers .414 14.7.3 Limiting line widths .415 14.8 Quantum well lasers . 416 14.8.1 Vertical cavity lasers .418 14.9 Nd:YAG and Nd:glass lasers .420 14.9.1 Q switching . 421 14.10 Tirsapphire lasers .423 14.11 Optical Kerr effect and mode locking .425 14.11.1 Mode locking .426 14.12 Frequency combs . 428 14.12.1 Optical frequency measurement .430 14.13 Extreme energies . 431 CONTENTS xix 14.14 Second order non-linear effects .432 14.14.1 Raman scattering .436 14.14.2Brillouin scattering .437 14.14.3 Stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering .438 14.15 Further reading .439 15 Detectors 441 15.1 Introduction .441 15.2 Photoconductors .442 15.3 Photodiodes .445 15.3.1 Dark current .448 15.4 Photodiode response .449 15.4.1 Speed of response .451 15.4.2 Noise .452 15.4.3 Amplifiers .454 15.4.4 Solar cells .456 15.5 Avalanche photodiodes .457 15.6 Schottky photodiodes .459 15.7 Imaging arrays .461 15.7.1 Quantum efficiency and colour .463 15.7.2 CCD readout .464 15.7.3 Noise and dynamic range .466 15.7.4 CMOS arrays .466 15.8 Photomultipliers .467 15.8.1 Counting and timing .469 15.9 MicroChannel plates and image intensifiers .471 15.10 Further reading .472 16 Optical fibres 475 16.1 Introduction .475 16.2 Attenuation in optical fibre .477 16.3 Guided waves .478 16.4 Fibre types and dispersion properties .482 16.5 Signalling .486 16.6 Sources and detectors .488 16.7 Connectors and routing devices .490 16.7.1 Directional couplers .491 16.7.2 Circulators .492 16.7.3 MMI devices .492 16.8 Link noise and power budget .493 16.9 Long haul links .496 16.9.1 Fibre amplifiers .497 16.9.2 Dispersion compensation .499 16.10 Multiplexing .500 16.10.1 Thin film filters and Bragg gratings .500 16.10.2 Array waveguide gratings .502 16.10.3 MEMS .505 16.11 Solitons.506 xx CONTENTS 16.11.1 Communication using solitone .508 16.12 Fibre optic sensors .509 16.12.1 Fibre Bragg sensors .509 16.12.2The fibre optic gyroscope .510 16.13 Optical current transformer .513 16.14 Photonic crystal fibres .515 16.15 Further reading .517 17 Quantum interactions 519 17.1 Introduction .519 17.2 Transition rates .521 17.2.1 Selection rules .526 17.2.2 Electric susceptibility .528 17.3 Rabi oscillations .530 17.4 Dressed states .533 17.5 Electromagnetically induced transparency .538 17.5.1 Slow light .542 17.6 Trapping and cooling ions .544 17.7 Shelving .548 17.8 Optical clocks .550 17.9 Further reading .552 18 The quantized electromagnetic field 555 18.1 Introduction .555 18.2 Second quantization .556 18.2.1 Continuous variables .562 18.3 First order coherence .563 18.4 Second order coherence .565 18.5 Laser light and thermal light .567 18.5.1 Coherent (laser-like) states of the electromagnetic field .568 18.5.2 Thermal light .570 18.6 Observations of photon correlations .573 18.6.1 Stellar correlation interferometer .574 18.7 Entangled states .575 18.7.1 Beam splitters .576 18.7.2 Spontaneous parametric down conversion .576 18.8 The HOM interferometer .579 18.9 Franson-Chiao interferometry .581 lS.lOComplementarity .583 18.10.1 Delayed choice and quantum erasure .584 18.11Further reading .586 A Physical constants and parameters 589 В Appendix: Cardinal points and planes of lens systems 591 С Appendix: Kirchhoff 's analysis of wave propagation at apertures CONTENTS xxi D Appendix: The non-linear Schroedinger equation 597 E Appendix: State vectors 601 F Appendix: Representations 605 G Appendix: Fermi's golden rule 607 H Appendix: Solutions 609 Index 625
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spelling	Kenyon, Ian R. Verfasser (DE-588)113399170 aut The light fantastic a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics I. R. Kenyon 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2008 XXI, 630 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Optics Quantum optics Optik (DE-588)4043650-0 gnd rswk-swf Quantenoptik (DE-588)4047990-0 gnd rswk-swf Optik (DE-588)4043650-0 s DE-604 Quantenoptik (DE-588)4047990-0 s Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016358515&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Kenyon, Ian R. The light fantastic a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics Optics Quantum optics Optik (DE-588)4043650-0 gnd Quantenoptik (DE-588)4047990-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4043650-0 (DE-588)4047990-0
title	The light fantastic a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics
title_auth	The light fantastic a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics
title_exact_search	The light fantastic a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics
title_exact_search_txtP	The light fantastic a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics
title_full	The light fantastic a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics I. R. Kenyon
title_fullStr	The light fantastic a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics I. R. Kenyon
title_full_unstemmed	The light fantastic a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics I. R. Kenyon
title_short	The light fantastic
title_sort	the light fantastic a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics
title_sub	a modern introduction to classical and quantum optics
topic	Optics Quantum optics Optik (DE-588)4043650-0 gnd Quantenoptik (DE-588)4047990-0 gnd
topic_facet	Optics Quantum optics Optik Quantenoptik
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016358515&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT kenyonianr thelightfantasticamodernintroductiontoclassicalandquantumoptics

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