Indigenous heritage and intellectual property: genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Alphen aan den Rijn
Kluwer Law International
[2008]
Austin ; Boston ; Chicago ; New York ; The Netherlands Wolters Kluwer Law & Business [2008] |
| Edition: | Second edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXVI, 536 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9789041124920 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Indigenous heritage and intellectual property |b genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore |c Dr. Silke von Lewinski |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Alphen aan den Rijn |b Kluwer Law International |c [2008] | |
| 264 | 1 | |a Austin ; Boston ; Chicago ; New York ; The Netherlands |b Wolters Kluwer Law & Business |c [2008] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 536 Seiten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Indigenes Volk | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Intellectual property | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cultural property |x Protection |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Indigenous peoples |x Legal status, laws, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ethnoscience | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Recht |0 (DE-588)4048737-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Lewinski, Silke von |0 (DE-588)112454496 |4 edt | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137404478521344 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table
of
Contents
Abbreviations
xix
Notes on
Contributors
xxv
Part
I.
Introduction
1
Silke von Lewinski
Part
II. Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous
Knowledge
and Indigenous
7
Resources in International Law
Peter-Tobias Stoll and
Anja von Hahn
Section
1.
Indigenous Peoples in International Law
7
Section
2.
Indigenous Peoples: Definition Issues
10
I. The Term Indigenous : An Approximation
11
II. The Recognition of Indigenous Peoples as Peoples
15
Section
3.
Some Essential Characteristics of Indigenous Cultures
17
I. Collective Rights
17
II. Indigenous Peoples and Their Land
18
Ш.
Indigenous Heritage: Indigenous and Traditional Resources
19
Section
4.
Relevant Human Rights Norms in the Context of Indigenous
Knowledge and Indigenous Resources
21
I. General Human Rights Norms Relevant to the Protection of
Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Resources
21
1.
Human Rights Standards for the Protection of Intellectual
Property
21
2.
Other Relevant Standards in the Context of Indigenous
Resources and Traditional Knowledge
23
II. Specific Human Rights Instruments for the Protection of
Indigenous Peoples
24
1.
ILO
Convention No.
169 25
Vlil
Table of Contents
2.
Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
26
3.
The Proposed American Declaration
29
Section
5.
Indigenous Peoples in International Environmental Law
30
I. The Convention on Biological Diversity
31
1.
Indigenous and Local Communities
32
2.
The General Concept
32
(a) Dependence of Indigenous and Local Communities
on Biological Resources
32
(b) The Concept of Benefit-Sharing
32
3.
Art.
8(j)
of the CBD as the Key Operative Provision
33
(a) Art. 8(j) in Context: in situ Conservation of
Biological Diversity as a State Obligation and the
National Law Limitation
34
(b) Subject and Contents
34
Section
6.
Ongoing Discussions: Recent Developments in International
Forums Regarding Indigenous Resources and Traditional
Knowledge
35
I. The World Intellectual Property Organization
36
II. Traditional Knowledge in the Context of the WTO
37
III. The Convention on Biological Diversity
38
IV. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations: The International Undertaking on Plant Genetic
Resources and the Concept of Farmers Rights
41
1.
Farmers Rights and Indigenous Peoples
42
2.
The Concept of Farmers Rights
43
3.
Farmers Rights, Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual
Property
43
V. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
44
VI. The World Health Organization
45
Section
7.
Recent Developments at the Regional and National Levels with
Regard to the Protection of Indigenous Resources and Traditional
Knowledge
45
Section
8.
Statements, Declarations, Charters, Resolutions, and
Recommendations by Indigenous Peoples
49
Section
9.
Conclusion
52
Bibliography
52
Part III. Analysis of Different Areas of Indigenous Resources
59
Section
1.
Traditional Knowledge
59
Antony Taubman and Matthias
Leistner
I. Findings at the Factual Level
59
1.
Recognizing the Characteristics of Traditional Knowledge
59
2.
Sources of Factual Information
64
Table
of Contents
ix
3.
Terms and Definitions
68
(a) Choice of Terminology
69
(aa) General
69
(bb) Addressing Indigenous Knowledge in Particular
69
(b) Subject Matter to be Covered: Characterizing
Traditional Knowledge
71
(aa) Holistic Approach
71
(bb) Diversity
72
(cc) Self-Referential Aspect of Defining TK
73
(dd) The Role of a Definition of TK
74
(ее)
Linkage with Traditional Community and
Dynamic, Intergenerational Quality
77
(c) Scope of Legally Protected TK
78
4.
TK and IP Protection in an Holistic Context
81
5.
Needs and Expectations for the Protection of Traditional
Knowledge
82
(a) Positive Protection
83
(b) Defensive Protection
85
6.
The Focus on the Point of Access
87
(a) General
87
(b) Initiatives for Documentation Measures
-
Advantages and Disadvantages
87
7.
The Role of Customary Law
89
8.
Use of Certification and Collective Marks and
Geographical Indications
90
II. Existing Legal Provisions Regarding the Protection of
Traditional Knowledge
92
1.
TK as Subject Matter for Intellectual Property Rights
92
(a) International Level
92
(aa) Patents
93
(1)
Positive Protection of TK Innovations
through the Patent System
95
(i) TK as Inherent Subject Matter for
Patent Protection
95
(ii) Cultural and Legal Constraints on
Use of Patent System
by TK Holders
97
(iii) Inventorship
in a Traditional
Context
97
(iv)
Application of Patentability
Standards in the Context of
TK Systems
100
Table
of Contents
(2)
Defensive Protection in the Patent
System: the PCT
and IPC
104
(i) Recognition of TK in the Patent
System
104
(ii) International Patent Classification
104
(iii)
Patent Cooperation Treaty
104
(iv)
WIPO Recommendations on the
Recognition of TK
105
(v) The Dilemma of Pyrrhic
Protection
106
(bb) Geographical Indications and Certification
Marks
107
(cc) Suppression of Unfair Competition
109
(dd)
Sui
Generis Protection
111
(b) Regional Level
113
(aa) Andean Community
113
(bb) European Patent Convention
114
(1)
Novelty and Inventive Step under
theEPC
114
(2)
Cases on Patenting TK-Related Inventions
115
(cc) Regional Models for Protection
120
(dd) Bilateral Agreements
120
(c) National Level
121
(aa) Patent Law
121
(1)
General Considerations and Some
Cases: TK under
National Patent Law
121
(2)
Positive Protection of TK under
National Law
123
(3)
Defensive Protection of TK against
Illegitimate Patenting
124
(i) Per
se
Exclusions of TK from
Patentability under National Law
124
(ii) Enhanced Disclosure Mechanisms
under National Law
126
(bb) Trademarks, Public Certification Systems
and Geographical Indications
127
(1)
Collective Marks and Certification
Marks (Annette
Kur)
127
(2)
Public Certification Systems
(Annette
Kur)
129
Table
of Contents
xi
(3)
Geographical Indications
(Roland
Knaak)
130
(4)
Conclusions (Annette
Kur)
131
(5)
Related Regulation
132
(cc) Trade Secrets and Confidential Information
132
(dd) Recognition of Customary Law in
National IP Laws
134
(ее)
Sui
Generis Protection of TK under
National Law
136
(1)
General
136
(2)
Objectives of
Sui
Generis Protection
138
(3)
Legal Basis for Protection
140
(4)
Forms of Knowledge Protected
141
(5)
Beneficiaries of Protection
143
(6)
Manner of Protection
144
(i) Prior Informed Consent
144
(ii) Exclusive Rights
145
(iii)
Domaine
Public
Payant
147
(7)
Registration
148
(8)
Recognition of Customary Law
149
2.
Forms of Legal Protection beyond Intellectual Property
at the International Level
151
(a) Convention on Biological Diversity
151
(b) FAO
International Treaty
154
(c) International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights
155
III. Draft Laws and Other Models
156
1.
International Level
156
(a) WIPO Draft
Sui
Generis Protection against
Misuse and Misappropriation of TK and
Related WIPO Developments
156
(aa) Draft Provisions
156
(b) Related Developments
159
(c) Convention on Biological Diversity
162
(d) WTO TRIPS Council
165
(e) Customary Law in International Instruments
169
(f) UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples
171
2.
Draft
Sui
Generis Models at the Regional Level
172
IV. Conclusions
173
Section
2.
Genetic Resources
181
Antony Taubman
I. Introduction
181
1.
Unity in Biological Diversity? The Challenges
of Regulating Genetic Resources
181
Xli
Table
of Contents
2.
The New Legal and Policy Environment for Genetic
Resources
185
3.
Valuing Genetic Resources
187
(a) Genetic Resources as a Public Good
187
(b) Diverse Value Systems and Genetic Resources
188
(c) Biotechnology Patents as Means of Realizing
Value
190
II. Findings at the Factual Level
192
1.
The Framework for Factual Findings: Genetic Diversity
and Modern Biotechnology
192
(a) The Empirical Framework for Review of Genetic
Resources
192
(b) Genetic Diversity and a Common Technology
Platform
193
(c) Innovation through Transgressing Species
Boundaries
194
(d) The Policy Implications of Genetic Diversity
196
2.
Unity and Diversity in the Regulation of Genetic
Resources
198
(a) Mapping Regulatory Regimes to Forms of Genetic
Resources
198
(b) The Distinctness of the Human Genome
201
3.
The Interface between Intellectual Property and Genetic
Resources
205
HI. Existing Legal Provisions Relevant to Genetic Resources
217
1.
Genetic Resources as the Subject of Intellectual Property
217
2.
Overview of Current Questions
221
3.
Intellectual Property Instruments
222
(a) International Level
222
(aa) International IP Law in Context
222
(bb) The TRIPS Agreement
225
(cc) The Budapest Treaty
229
(dd) Plant Breeders Rights
230
(b) Regional and National Levels
236
(aa) The Distinction between Naturally
Occurring and Isolated Genetic Material
236
(bb) Valuing the Pathway from the Genetic
Resource to the Product or Valuing the
Product?
238
(cc) Overview of the Issues in Patenting Genetic
Material
240
(dd) Defensive Measures in National and Regional
Patent Law
242
(1)
A Priori Exclusions
243
Table
of Contents
xiii
(2)
Conditional Exclusions
245
4.
Non-intellectual Property Instruments
249
(a) International Level
249
(aa) Genetic Resources as National Property and
the Eclipse of the Common Heritage
249
(bb) Convention on Biological Diversity
252
(1)
Central Principles
252
(2)
The CBD Objectives and Intellectual
Property
254
(i) Sovereignty over Genetic
Resources
255
(ii) Retroactivity
256
(iii)
Diffusion of Genetic Resources
and Scop of Sovereignty
257
(iv)
Prior Informed Consent
257
(v) Equitable Benefit Sharing
259
(vi)
Transfer of Technology
262
(3)
Food and Agricultural Organization:
International Treaty
269
(b) National and Regional Levels
273
IV. Draft Laws and Other Models
277
1.
Tailored Patent Disclosure Mechanisms for Genetic
Resources
277
2.
CBD Bonn Guidelines
281
3.
CBD International Regime
283
4.
FAO:
Standard Material Transfer Agreement
284
5.
WITO
-
Guidelines on Access and Benefit-sharing
286
V. Conclusions
288
Section
3.
Protection of Traditional Names and Designations
293
Annette
Kur
and Roland
Knaak
I. Findings at the Factual Level
293
II. Existing Legal Provisions Regarding the Protection of
Traditional Names and Designations
296
1.
Intellectual Property Rights
296
(a) International Level
296
(aa) Trademarks
296
(1)
Overview
296
(bb) Geographical Indications
301
(cc) Unfair Competition
308
(b) Regional Level
308
(aa) Trademarks
308
(1)
The Community Trademark System
308
(2)
Other Regional Systems
310
(bb) Geographical Indications
310
(1)
EC Regulation
2081/92
310
xjv Table of Contents
(2)
Georgraphical Community Collective
Marks
312
(c) National Level
313
(aa) Trademarks
313
(1)
Absolute Grounds for Refusal
314
(i) Lack of Distinctive Character
314
(ii) Deceptive Marks
316
(iii)
Offensive Marks
317
(iv)
Registration in Bad Faith
320
(v) Signs Excluded from Registration
321
(2)
Relative Grounds for Refusal
322
(3)
Rights in the Case of Successful
Registration
323
(4)
Domain Names
324
(5)
Misrepresentation
327
(bb) Geographical Indications
328
(1)
Registration System
328
(2)
Authorizing Procedures
328
(3)
No Formalities
329
(4)
Trademark Law
-
Grounds for Refusal
330
(5)
Geographical Collective or Certification
Marks
331
2.
Outside Intellectual Property
332
III. Draft Laws and Other Models
332
IV.
Conclusions
332
1.
General Remarks
332
2.
Solutions for Improved Protection
333
(a) Exemptions from the Country of Protection
Principle
333
(b) Need for Improvement of Informational
Infrastructure
334
(c) Measures at the National Level
334
(d) Prior Rights
335
Bibliography
335
Section
4.
Folklore
339
Agnès Lucas-Schloetter
I. Findings at the Factual Level
339
1.
The Commercial Value of Folklore
340
2.
The Different Forms of Exploitation of Folklore
341
3.
The Expectations of Indigenous Peoples with Respect
to their Folklore
343
4.
The Definition of Folklore
344
II. Existing Legal Regimes Regarding the Protection of
Folklore
350
Table
of Contents
xv
1.
Intellectual
Property Rights
350
(a) International Level
350
(aa)
Copyright
350
(1)
The Berne Convention
350
(2)
The TRIPS Agreement and the WCT
353
(bb)
Neighbouring Rights
354
(1)
The Performer s Neighbouring Rights
354
(2)
The Neighbouring Right of the Producer
of Phonograms
356
(cc)
The International Conventions concerning
Industrial Property and Unfair Competition
357
(b) Regional Level
359
(aa)
Europe
359
(1)
The European Directives in the Field of
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
359
(2)
The European Directives in the Field of
Industial Property
361
(bb)
The Americas
361
(1)
The North American Free Trade
Agreement
361
(2)
The Cartagena Agreement
361
(3)
MERCOSUR
363
(4)
The Central American Convention
on the Protection of
Industrial Property
364
(cc)
Africa
364
(1)
Annex
VII
concerning Copyright
365
(i) Annex
VII in
the
1977
Version
365
(ii) Annex
VII in
the
1999
Version
367
(2)
The Annexes concerning Industrial
Property
368
(dd)
Pacific Islands
369
(c) National Level
370
faal
Protection on the Basis of Coovrieht
370
(1)
Classification of National Copyright
Legislation
371
(i) National Legislation with no
Reference to Folklore
371
(ii) National Legislation Expressly
Excluding Folklore from
its Scope of Application
372
(iii)
National Copyright Legislation
Granting Direct Protection
to Folklore
373
XVI
Table of
Contents
(2)
Direct
Protection
of
Folklore via
Copyright
383
(i) The
Obstacles
to Protection of
Folklore via Copyright
383
(ii) Assessment of the Protection of
Folklore by Means of
Copyright
390
(3)
Indirect Protection of Folklore on the
Basis of the Rules concerning
Collections and Adaptations
393
(i) Collections
393
(ii) Adaptations
394
(4)
Indirect Protection of Folklore on the
Basis of Neighbouring Rights
397
(i) The Producer s Neighbouring
Right
397
(ii) The Performer s Neighbouring
Right
398
(bb) Protection on the Basis of Industrial Property
399
(1)
Design Law
399
(2)
Trademark Law
400
(3)
Geographical Indications
406
(4)
Unfair Competition
407
(cc)
Sui
Generis Intellectual Property Right
411
(1)
Panama
411
(2)
Other Examples
413
2.
Legal Protection of Folklore outside Intellectual Property
413
(a) Customary Law
413
(b) Cultural Heritage Legislation
420
(aa) International Level
420
(1)
The
1972
World Heritage Convention
and the
2003
Intangible Cultural
Heritage Convention
420
(2)
The
1970
Unesco Convention
on Cultural
Property
422
(3)
The
1995
Unidroit Convention
424
(bb) Regional Level
425
(1)
On the Continent of Europe
425
(2)
On the Continent of the Americas
425
(3)
On the Continent of Africa
426
(cc) National Level
428
(c) The Legal Instruments in the Field of Human
Rights and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
434
(aa) The Legal Instrument in the Field of
Human Rights
434
Table
of Contents
xvii
(bb) The Legal Instruments in the Field of
Indigenous Peoples Rights
439
(i)
ILO
Convention No.
169 439
(ii) The United Nations Human Rights
Commission
441
III. Draft Laws and Other Models
445
1.
The Tunis Model Law on Copyright
(WIPO/UNESCO,
1976) 445
2.
The Model Provisions for National Laws on the
Protection of the Expressions of Folklore against
Illicit Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions
(WIPO/UNESCO,
1982) 447
3.
Draft Treaty for the Protection of Expressions of
Folklore against Illicit Exploitation and Other
Prejudicial Actions (WIPO/UNESCO,
1984) 451
4.
Draft Declarations in the Field of Indigenous Peoples
Rights
453
(a) The Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples
453
(b) Draft Principles and Guidelines on the Heritage of
Indigenous Peoples
456
(c) Draft Regional Declarations on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples
458
5.
Draft National Legislation
459
6.
WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual
Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge
and Folklore
-
Revised Provisions for the Protection of
Expressions of Folklore: Policy Objectives and Core
Principles
460
7.
OAPI/ARIPO Draft Legal Instrument on the Protection
of Expressions of Folklore
467
8.
The Initiatives of Various Semi-Official and Unofficial
Groups in the Field of the Protection of Folklore
469
(a) International Level
469
(b) Regional Level
474
(c) National Level: The Example of Australia
476
(aa) Report of the Working Party on the Protection
of Aboriginal Folklore
(1981) 476
(bb) Report of the Committee of the Inquiry into
Folklife in Australia
(1987) 477
(cc) Stopping the Rip-offs
(1994) 478
(dd) Our Culture, Our Future
(1997) 478
IV. Conclusions
480
XVIII
Table of
Contents
Section
4.
Bibliography
Part IV. Final Considerations
Silke von Lewinski
Section
1.
Preliminary Remarks
Section
2.
The Needs as Expressed by Indigenous Peoples
Section
3.
Protection by Existing Intellectual Property Regimes
I. Protection of Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge
and Folklore Per
Se
II. Protection of
Derivates
1. Derivates
Produced by Indigenous Peoples
2. Derivates
Produced by Outsiders
(a) Opposition to Intellectual Property Rights of
Outsiders of Indigenous Communities
(b) Possible Responses to Claims for Defensive
Protection
Protection of Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and
Folklore by Legal Regimes beyond Classical Intellectual Property
I. Customary Law
1.
Problematic Issues
2.
Basic Approaches
II.
Sui
Generis Protection as a Means to Respond to Specific
Needs
1.
Holders of Rights
2.
Object of Protection and Uses Covered
3.
Other Issues
4.
Objections to
Sui
Generis Protection: Public Domain
5.
Selected Practical Aspects of Legal Protection: Databases
and Collecting Societies
(a) Databases
(b) Collecting Societies
Section
5.
The Level of Legal Measures
Section
6.
Additional Instruments
Section
7.
Practical Measures
Bibliography
485
507
507
508
509
509
512
513
513
513
514
515
516
516
517
518
519
520
521
521
524
524
525
526
527
528
528
Index
531
|
| adam_txt |
Table
of
Contents
Abbreviations
xix
Notes on
Contributors
xxv
Part
I.
Introduction
1
Silke von Lewinski
Part
II. Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous
Knowledge
and Indigenous
7
Resources in International Law
Peter-Tobias Stoll and
Anja von Hahn
Section
1.
Indigenous Peoples in International Law
7
Section
2.
Indigenous Peoples: Definition Issues
10
I. The Term'Indigenous': An Approximation
11
II. The Recognition of Indigenous Peoples as 'Peoples'
15
Section
3.
Some Essential Characteristics of Indigenous Cultures
17
I. Collective Rights
17
II. Indigenous Peoples and Their Land
18
Ш.
Indigenous Heritage: Indigenous and Traditional Resources
19
Section
4.
Relevant Human Rights Norms in the Context of Indigenous
Knowledge and Indigenous Resources
21
I. General Human Rights Norms Relevant to the Protection of
Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Resources
21
1.
Human Rights Standards for the Protection of Intellectual
Property
21
2.
Other Relevant Standards in the Context of Indigenous
Resources and Traditional Knowledge
23
II. Specific Human Rights Instruments for the Protection of
Indigenous Peoples
24
1.
ILO
Convention No.
169 25
Vlil
Table of Contents
2.
Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
26
3.
The Proposed American Declaration
29
Section
5.
Indigenous Peoples in International Environmental Law
30
I. The Convention on Biological Diversity
31
1.
'Indigenous and Local Communities'
32
2.
The General Concept
32
(a) Dependence of Indigenous and Local Communities
on Biological Resources
32
(b) The Concept of Benefit-Sharing
32
3.
Art.
8(j)
of the CBD as the Key Operative Provision
33
(a) Art. 8(j) in Context: in situ Conservation of
Biological Diversity as a State Obligation and the
National Law Limitation
34
(b) Subject and Contents
34
Section
6.
Ongoing Discussions: Recent Developments in International
Forums Regarding Indigenous Resources and Traditional
Knowledge
35
I. The World Intellectual Property Organization
36
II. Traditional Knowledge in the Context of the WTO
37
III. The Convention on Biological Diversity
38
IV. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations: The International Undertaking on Plant Genetic
Resources and the Concept of Farmers' Rights
41
1.
'Farmers' Rights' and Indigenous Peoples
42
2.
The Concept of Farmers' Rights
43
3.
Farmers' Rights, Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual
Property
43
V. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
44
VI. The World Health Organization
45
Section
7.
Recent Developments at the Regional and National Levels with
Regard to the Protection of Indigenous Resources and Traditional
Knowledge
45
Section
8.
Statements, Declarations, Charters, Resolutions, and
Recommendations by Indigenous Peoples
49
Section
9.
Conclusion
52
Bibliography
52
Part III. Analysis of Different Areas of Indigenous Resources
59
Section
1.
Traditional Knowledge
59
Antony Taubman and Matthias
Leistner
I. Findings at the Factual Level
59
1.
Recognizing the Characteristics of Traditional Knowledge
59
2.
Sources of Factual Information
64
Table
of Contents
ix
3.
Terms and Definitions
68
(a) Choice of Terminology
69
(aa) General
69
(bb) Addressing Indigenous Knowledge in Particular
69
(b) Subject Matter to be Covered: Characterizing
Traditional Knowledge
71
(aa) Holistic Approach
71
(bb) Diversity
72
(cc) Self-Referential Aspect of Defining TK
73
(dd) The Role of a Definition of TK
74
(ее)
Linkage with Traditional Community and
Dynamic, Intergenerational Quality
77
(c) Scope of Legally Protected TK
78
4.
TK and IP Protection in an Holistic Context
81
5.
Needs and Expectations for the Protection of Traditional
Knowledge
82
(a) Positive Protection
83
(b) Defensive Protection
85
6.
The Focus on the Point of Access
87
(a) General
87
(b) Initiatives for Documentation Measures
-
Advantages and Disadvantages
87
7.
The Role of Customary Law
89
8.
Use of Certification and Collective Marks and
Geographical Indications
90
II. Existing Legal Provisions Regarding the Protection of
Traditional Knowledge
92
1.
TK as Subject Matter for Intellectual Property Rights
92
(a) International Level
92
(aa) Patents
93
(1)
Positive Protection of TK Innovations
through the Patent System
95
(i) TK as Inherent Subject Matter for
Patent Protection
95
(ii) Cultural and Legal Constraints on
Use of Patent System
by TK Holders
97
(iii) Inventorship
in a Traditional
Context
97
(iv)
Application of Patentability
Standards in the Context of
TK Systems
100
Table
of Contents
(2)
Defensive Protection in the Patent
System: the PCT
and IPC
104
(i) Recognition of TK in the Patent
System
104
(ii) International Patent Classification
104
(iii)
Patent Cooperation Treaty
104
(iv)
WIPO Recommendations on the
Recognition of TK
105
(v) The Dilemma of Pyrrhic
Protection
106
(bb) Geographical Indications and Certification
Marks
107
(cc) Suppression of Unfair Competition
109
(dd)
Sui
Generis Protection
111
(b) Regional Level
113
(aa) Andean Community
113
(bb) European Patent Convention
114
(1)
Novelty and Inventive Step under
theEPC
114
(2)
Cases on Patenting TK-Related Inventions
115
(cc) Regional Models for Protection
120
(dd) Bilateral Agreements
120
(c) National Level
121
(aa) Patent Law
121
(1)
General Considerations and Some
Cases: TK under
National Patent Law
121
(2)
Positive Protection of TK under
National Law
123
(3)
Defensive Protection of TK against
Illegitimate Patenting
124
(i) Per
se
Exclusions of TK from
Patentability under National Law
124
(ii) Enhanced Disclosure Mechanisms
under National Law
126
(bb) Trademarks, Public Certification Systems
and Geographical Indications
127
(1)
Collective Marks and Certification
Marks (Annette
Kur)
127
(2)
Public Certification Systems
(Annette
Kur)
129
Table
of Contents
xi
(3)
Geographical Indications
(Roland
Knaak)
130
(4)
Conclusions (Annette
Kur)
131
(5)
Related Regulation
132
(cc) Trade Secrets and Confidential Information
132
(dd) Recognition of Customary Law in
National IP Laws
134
(ее)
Sui
Generis Protection of TK under
National Law
136
(1)
General
136
(2)
Objectives of
Sui
Generis Protection
138
(3)
Legal Basis for Protection
140
(4)
Forms of Knowledge Protected
141
(5)
Beneficiaries of Protection
143
(6)
Manner of Protection
144
(i) Prior Informed Consent
144
(ii) Exclusive Rights
145
(iii)
Domaine
Public
Payant
147
(7)
Registration
148
(8)
Recognition of Customary Law
149
2.
Forms of Legal Protection beyond Intellectual Property
at the International Level
151
(a) Convention on Biological Diversity
151
(b) FAO
International Treaty
154
(c) International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights
155
III. Draft Laws and Other Models
156
1.
International Level
156
(a) WIPO Draft
Sui
Generis Protection against
Misuse and Misappropriation of TK and
Related WIPO Developments
156
(aa) Draft Provisions
156
(b) Related Developments
159
(c) Convention on Biological Diversity
162
(d) WTO TRIPS Council
165
(e) Customary Law in International Instruments
169
(f) UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples
171
2.
Draft
Sui
Generis Models at the Regional Level
172
IV. Conclusions
173
Section
2.
Genetic Resources
181
Antony Taubman
I. Introduction
181
1.
Unity in Biological Diversity? The Challenges
of Regulating Genetic Resources
181
Xli
Table
of Contents
2.
The New Legal and Policy Environment for Genetic
Resources
185
3.
Valuing Genetic Resources
187
(a) Genetic Resources as a Public Good
187
(b) Diverse Value Systems and Genetic Resources
188
(c) Biotechnology Patents as Means of Realizing
Value
190
II. Findings at the Factual Level
192
1.
The Framework for Factual Findings: Genetic Diversity
and Modern Biotechnology
192
(a) The Empirical Framework for Review of Genetic
Resources
192
(b) Genetic Diversity and a Common Technology
Platform
193
(c) Innovation through Transgressing Species
Boundaries
194
(d) The Policy Implications of Genetic Diversity
196
2.
Unity and Diversity in the Regulation of Genetic
Resources
198
(a) Mapping Regulatory Regimes to Forms of Genetic
Resources
198
(b) The Distinctness of the Human Genome
201
3.
The Interface between Intellectual Property and Genetic
Resources
205
HI. Existing Legal Provisions Relevant to Genetic Resources
217
1.
Genetic Resources as the Subject of Intellectual Property
217
2.
Overview of Current Questions
221
3.
Intellectual Property Instruments
222
(a) International Level
222
(aa) International IP Law in Context
222
(bb) The TRIPS Agreement
225
(cc) The Budapest Treaty
229
(dd) Plant Breeders' Rights
230
(b) Regional and National Levels
236
(aa) The Distinction between 'Naturally
Occurring' and 'Isolated' Genetic Material
236
(bb) Valuing the Pathway from the Genetic
Resource to the Product or Valuing the
Product?
238
(cc) Overview of the Issues in Patenting Genetic
Material
240
(dd) Defensive Measures in National and Regional
Patent Law
242
(1)
A Priori Exclusions
243
Table
of Contents
xiii
(2)
Conditional Exclusions
245
4.
Non-intellectual Property Instruments
249
(a) International Level
249
(aa) Genetic Resources as National Property and
the Eclipse of the Common Heritage
249
(bb) Convention on Biological Diversity
252
(1)
Central Principles
252
(2)
The CBD Objectives and Intellectual
Property
254
(i) Sovereignty over Genetic
Resources
255
(ii) Retroactivity
256
(iii)
Diffusion of Genetic Resources
and Scop of Sovereignty
257
(iv)
Prior Informed Consent
257
(v) Equitable Benefit Sharing
259
(vi)
Transfer of Technology
262
(3)
Food and Agricultural Organization:
International Treaty
269
(b) National and Regional Levels
273
IV. Draft Laws and Other Models
277
1.
Tailored Patent Disclosure Mechanisms for Genetic
Resources
277
2.
CBD Bonn Guidelines
281
3.
CBD International Regime
283
4.
FAO:
Standard Material Transfer Agreement
284
5.
WITO
-
Guidelines on Access and Benefit-sharing
286
V. Conclusions
288
Section
3.
Protection of Traditional Names and Designations
293
Annette
Kur
and Roland
Knaak
I. Findings at the Factual Level
293
II. Existing Legal Provisions Regarding the Protection of
Traditional Names and Designations
296
1.
Intellectual Property Rights
296
(a) International Level
296
(aa) Trademarks
296
(1)
Overview
296
(bb) Geographical Indications
301
(cc) Unfair Competition
308
(b) Regional Level
308
(aa) Trademarks
308
(1)
The Community Trademark System
308
(2)
Other Regional Systems
310
(bb) Geographical Indications
310
(1)
EC Regulation
2081/92
310
xjv Table of Contents
(2)
Georgraphical Community Collective
Marks
312
(c) National Level
313
(aa) Trademarks
313
(1)
Absolute Grounds for Refusal
314
(i) Lack of Distinctive Character
314
(ii) Deceptive Marks
316
(iii)
Offensive Marks
317
(iv)
Registration in Bad Faith
320
(v) Signs Excluded from Registration
321
(2)
Relative Grounds for Refusal
322
(3)
Rights in the Case of Successful
Registration
323
(4)
Domain Names
324
(5)
Misrepresentation
327
(bb) Geographical Indications
328
(1)
Registration System
328
(2)
Authorizing Procedures
328
(3)
No Formalities
329
(4)
Trademark Law
-
Grounds for Refusal
330
(5)
Geographical Collective or Certification
Marks
331
2.
Outside Intellectual Property
332
III. Draft Laws and Other Models
332
IV.
Conclusions
332
1.
General Remarks
332
2.
Solutions for Improved Protection
333
(a) Exemptions from the Country of Protection
Principle
333
(b) Need for Improvement of Informational
Infrastructure
334
(c) Measures at the National Level
334
(d) Prior Rights
335
Bibliography
335
Section
4.
Folklore
339
Agnès Lucas-Schloetter
I. Findings at the Factual Level
339
1.
The Commercial Value of Folklore
340
2.
The Different Forms of Exploitation of Folklore
341
3.
The Expectations of Indigenous Peoples with Respect
to their Folklore
343
4.
The Definition of Folklore
344
II. Existing Legal Regimes Regarding the Protection of
Folklore
350
Table
of Contents
xv
1.
Intellectual
Property Rights
350
(a) International Level
350
(aa)
Copyright
350
(1)
The Berne Convention
350
(2)
The TRIPS Agreement and the WCT
353
(bb)
Neighbouring Rights
354
(1)
The Performer's Neighbouring Rights
354
(2)
The Neighbouring Right of the Producer
of Phonograms
356
(cc)
The International Conventions concerning
Industrial Property and Unfair Competition
357
(b) Regional Level
359
(aa)
Europe
359
(1)
The European Directives in the Field of
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
359
(2)
The European Directives in the Field of
Industial Property
361
(bb)
The Americas
361
(1)
The North American Free Trade
Agreement
361
(2)
The Cartagena Agreement
361
(3)
MERCOSUR
363
(4)
The Central American Convention
on the Protection of
Industrial Property
364
(cc)
Africa
364
(1)
Annex
VII
concerning Copyright
365
(i) Annex
VII in
the
1977
Version
365
(ii) Annex
VII in
the
1999
Version
367
(2)
The Annexes concerning Industrial
Property
368
(dd)
Pacific Islands
369
(c) National Level
370
faal
Protection on the Basis of Coovrieht
370
(1)
Classification of National Copyright
Legislation
371
(i) National Legislation with no
Reference to Folklore
371
(ii) National Legislation Expressly
Excluding Folklore from
its Scope of Application
372
(iii)
National Copyright Legislation
Granting Direct Protection
to Folklore
373
XVI
Table of
Contents
(2)
Direct
Protection
of
Folklore via
Copyright
383
(i) The
Obstacles
to Protection of
Folklore via Copyright
383
(ii) Assessment of the Protection of
Folklore by Means of
Copyright
390
(3)
Indirect Protection of Folklore on the
Basis of the Rules concerning
Collections and Adaptations
393
(i) Collections
393
(ii) Adaptations
394
(4)
Indirect Protection of Folklore on the
Basis of Neighbouring Rights
397
(i) The Producer's Neighbouring
Right
397
(ii) The Performer's Neighbouring
Right
398
(bb) Protection on the Basis of Industrial Property
399
(1)
Design Law
399
(2)
Trademark Law
400
(3)
Geographical Indications
406
(4)
Unfair Competition
407
(cc)
Sui
Generis Intellectual Property Right
411
(1)
Panama
411
(2)
Other Examples
413
2.
Legal Protection of Folklore outside Intellectual Property
413
(a) Customary Law
413
(b) Cultural Heritage Legislation
420
(aa) International Level
420
(1)
The
1972
World Heritage Convention
and the
2003
Intangible Cultural
Heritage Convention
420
(2)
The
1970
Unesco Convention
on Cultural
Property
422
(3)
The
1995
Unidroit Convention
424
(bb) Regional Level
425
(1)
On the Continent of Europe
425
(2)
On the Continent of the Americas
425
(3)
On the Continent of Africa
426
(cc) National Level
428
(c) The Legal Instruments in the Field of Human
Rights and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
434
(aa) The Legal Instrument in the Field of
Human Rights
434
Table
of Contents
xvii
(bb) The Legal Instruments in the Field of
Indigenous Peoples' Rights
439
(i)
ILO
Convention No.
169 439
(ii) The United Nations Human Rights
Commission
441
III. Draft Laws and Other Models
445
1.
The Tunis Model Law on Copyright
(WIPO/UNESCO,
1976) 445
2.
The Model Provisions for National Laws on the
Protection of the Expressions of Folklore against
Illicit Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions
(WIPO/UNESCO,
1982) 447
3.
Draft Treaty for the Protection of Expressions of
Folklore against Illicit Exploitation and Other
Prejudicial Actions (WIPO/UNESCO,
1984) 451
4.
Draft Declarations in the Field of Indigenous Peoples'
Rights
453
(a) The Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples
453
(b) Draft Principles and Guidelines on the Heritage of
Indigenous Peoples
456
(c) Draft Regional Declarations on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples
458
5.
Draft National Legislation
459
6.
WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual
Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge
and Folklore
-
Revised Provisions for the Protection of
Expressions of Folklore: Policy Objectives and Core
Principles
460
7.
OAPI/ARIPO Draft Legal Instrument on the Protection
of Expressions of Folklore
467
8.
The Initiatives of Various Semi-Official and Unofficial
Groups in the Field of the Protection of Folklore
469
(a) International Level
469
(b) Regional Level
474
(c) National Level: The Example of Australia
476
(aa) Report of the Working Party on the Protection
of Aboriginal Folklore
(1981) 476
(bb) Report of the Committee of the Inquiry into
Folklife in Australia
(1987) 477
(cc) Stopping the Rip-offs
(1994) 478
(dd) Our Culture, Our Future
(1997) 478
IV. Conclusions
480
XVIII
Table of
Contents
Section
4.
Bibliography
Part IV. Final Considerations
Silke von Lewinski
Section
1.
Preliminary Remarks
Section
2.
The Needs as Expressed by Indigenous Peoples
Section
3.
Protection by Existing Intellectual Property Regimes
I. Protection of Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge
and Folklore Per
Se
II. Protection of
'Derivates'
1. 'Derivates'
Produced by Indigenous Peoples
2. 'Derivates'
Produced by Outsiders
(a) Opposition to Intellectual Property Rights of
Outsiders of Indigenous Communities
(b) Possible Responses to Claims for Defensive
Protection
Protection of Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and
Folklore by Legal Regimes beyond Classical Intellectual Property
I. Customary Law
1.
Problematic Issues
2.
Basic Approaches
II.
Sui
Generis Protection as a Means to Respond to Specific
Needs
1.
Holders of Rights
2.
Object of Protection and Uses Covered
3.
Other Issues
4.
Objections to
Sui
Generis Protection: Public Domain
5.
Selected Practical Aspects of Legal Protection: Databases
and Collecting Societies
(a) Databases
(b) Collecting Societies
Section
5.
The Level of Legal Measures
Section
6.
Additional Instruments
Section
7.
Practical Measures
Bibliography
485
507
507
508
509
509
512
513
513
513
514
515
516
516
517
518
519
520
521
521
524
524
525
526
527
528
528
Index
531 |
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| author2 | Lewinski, Silke von |
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| contents | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)254121181 (DE-599)BVBBV023165017 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
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| id | DE-604.BV023165017 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:55:15Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:11:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789041124920 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016333200 |
| oclc_num | 254121181 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-703 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-703 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XXVI, 536 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Kluwer Law International Wolters Kluwer Law & Business |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Indigenous heritage and intellectual property genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore Dr. Silke von Lewinski Second edition Alphen aan den Rijn Kluwer Law International [2008] Austin ; Boston ; Chicago ; New York ; The Netherlands Wolters Kluwer Law & Business [2008] © 2008 XXVI, 536 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Indigenes Volk Recht Intellectual property Cultural property Protection Law and legislation Indigenous peoples Legal status, laws, etc Ethnoscience Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd rswk-swf Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd rswk-swf Indigenes Volk (DE-588)4187207-1 gnd rswk-swf Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd rswk-swf Indigenes Volk (DE-588)4187207-1 s Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 s Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 s Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 s DE-604 Lewinski, Silke von (DE-588)112454496 edt Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016333200&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Indigenous heritage and intellectual property genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore Includes bibliographical references and index Indigenes Volk Recht Intellectual property Cultural property Protection Law and legislation Indigenous peoples Legal status, laws, etc Ethnoscience Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd Indigenes Volk (DE-588)4187207-1 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033560-4 (DE-588)4136832-0 (DE-588)4187207-1 (DE-588)4048737-4 |
| title | Indigenous heritage and intellectual property genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore |
| title_auth | Indigenous heritage and intellectual property genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore |
| title_exact_search | Indigenous heritage and intellectual property genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Indigenous heritage and intellectual property genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore |
| title_full | Indigenous heritage and intellectual property genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore Dr. Silke von Lewinski |
| title_fullStr | Indigenous heritage and intellectual property genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore Dr. Silke von Lewinski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Indigenous heritage and intellectual property genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore Dr. Silke von Lewinski |
| title_short | Indigenous heritage and intellectual property |
| title_sort | indigenous heritage and intellectual property genetic resources traditional knowledge and folklore |
| title_sub | genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore |
| topic | Indigenes Volk Recht Intellectual property Cultural property Protection Law and legislation Indigenous peoples Legal status, laws, etc Ethnoscience Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd Indigenes Volk (DE-588)4187207-1 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Indigenes Volk Recht Intellectual property Cultural property Protection Law and legislation Indigenous peoples Legal status, laws, etc Ethnoscience Kulturerbe Geistiges Eigentum |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016333200&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lewinskisilkevon indigenousheritageandintellectualpropertygeneticresourcestraditionalknowledgeandfolklore |