Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Regierungsdokument Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
United Nations
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | World investment report
2007 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Overview mit 42 S.: UNCTAD/WIR/2000(Overview) |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 294 S. graph. Darst., Kt. Overview |
| ISBN: | 9789211127188 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development
Autor:
Jahr: 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................iv
OVERVIEW.........................................................................................................................................xv
PART ONE
WIDESPREAD GROWTH IN FDI
CHAPTER I. GLOBAL TRENDS: SUSTAINED GROWTH IN FDI FLOWS.............................3
A. FDI AND INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION.............................................................................3
1. Trends in FDI.....................................................................................................................................3
a. Overall trends...............................................................................................................................3
b. Continued rise in cross-border M As.........................................................................................5
c. FDI by private equity funds..........................................................................................................7
2. International production.....................................................................................................................8
3. Indices of inward FDI performance and potential...........................................................................12
4. Developments in FDI policies..........................................................................................................14
a. Developments at the national level.............................................................................................14
b. Developments at the international level......................................................................................16
B. CHANGING PATTERNS OF FDI...............................................................................................19
1. Geographic patterns.........................................................................................................................19
2. Sectoral and industrial distribution of FDI.......................................................................................22
C. THE LARGEST TNCs..................................................................................................................24
1. The world s 100 largest TNCs.........................................................................................................24
2. The 100 largest TNCs from developing economies.........................................................................25
3. Transnationality of the largest TNCs...............................................................................................26
4. The world s 50 largest financial TNCs.............................................................................................26
D. PROSPECTS..................................................................................................................................28
NOTES ............................................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER II. REGIONAL TRENDS...............................................................................................33
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................33
A. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......................................................................................................34
1. Africa................................................................................................................................................34
a. Geographical trends....................................................................................................................34
(i) Inward FDI: natural resources drove the surge..........................................................................34
(ii) Outward FDI hit new heights.....................................................................................................38
b. Sectoral trends: primary sector s share rose...............................................................................38
c. Policy developments...................................................................................................................38
d. Prospects: moderate growth expected in 2007...........................................................................39
2. Asia and Oceania..............................................................................................................................40
a. South, East and South-East Asia.................................................................................................41
(i) Geographical trends....................................................................................................................41
(a) Inward FDI: continued shift in favour of South and South-East Asia................................41
(b) Outward FDI increased substantially from all subregions.................................................43
Page
(ii) Sectoral trends............................................................................................................................45
(a) Inward FDI increased in primary and services sectors.......................................................45
(b) Outward FDI: resource-seeking FDI continued to rise......................................................46
(iii) Policy developments...................................................................................................................47
(iv) Prospects: most-favoured region for FDI...................................................................................47
b. West Asia....................................................................................................................................48
(i) Geographical trends....................................................................................................................48
(a) Inward FDI maintained its upward trend...........................................................................48
(b) Outward FDI increased slightly.........................................................................................49
(ii) Sectoral trends: all sectors attracted higher flows......................................................................50
(iii) Policy developments...................................................................................................................52
(iv) Prospects: upward trend should continue...................................................................................53
c. Oceania.......................................................................................................................................53
3. Latin America and the Caribbean.....................................................................................................53
a. Geographical trends....................................................................................................................54
(i) Inward FDI remained stable.......................................................................................................54
(ii) Outward FDI soared...................................................................................................................55
b. Sectoral trends............................................................................................................................56
(i) Primary sector: modest decline in inflows but foreign investors interest remains strong.........56
(ii) Manufacturing continued to attract the largest inflows..............................................................58
(iii) Modest increase of FDI in services............................................................................................59
c. Policy developments...................................................................................................................59
d. Prospects: moderate growth of inflows, reduced outflows........................................................60
B. SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES ...61
1. Geographical trends.........................................................................................................................61
a. Inward FDI surged......................................................................................................................61
b. Outward FDI growth was sustained...........................................................................................62
2. Sectoral trends: FDI in services was buoyant..................................................................................63
3. Policy developments........................................................................................................................64
4. Prospects: brighter for larger economies and new EU members.....................................................66
C. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.........................................................................................................66
1. Geographical trends.........................................................................................................................67
a. Inward FDI grew in all regions and all sectors...........................................................................67
b. Outward FDI increased sharply..................................................................................................69
2. Sectoral trends: services continued to dominate..............................................................................71
3. Policy developments........................................................................................................................72
4. Prospects: optimism for further growth in FDI................................................................................72
NOTES ............................................................................................................................................74
PART TWO
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS, EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
AND DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................81
CHAPTER III. FEATURES OF THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES...........................................83
A. EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY__________________________83
1. Minerals are essential for all economies..........................................................................................83
2. Geography of production and consumption of selected minerals....................................................86
Page
B. THE COMMODITY PRICE BOOM AND ITS IMPACT ON INVESTMENTS___.______86
1. Booms and busts of mineral prices.................................................................................................88
2. The boom led to rising profits and investments..............................................................................89
3. Prices likely to remain high for some time......................................................................................90
C. EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
FOR DEVELOPMENT.................................................................................................................91
1. Characteristics of investments in extractive industries....................................................................91
2. Public policy concerns of mineral-rich countries.............................................................................93
a. Mineral endowments represent development opportunities.......................................................93
b. The economic challenge.............................................................................................................94
c. The environmental, social and political challenges....................................................................95
d. The governance challenge..........................................................................................................96
NOTES ............................................................................................................................................97
CHAPTER IV. TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES................................................................99
A. GLOBAL TRENDS IN FDI AND OTHER FORMS OF TNC
PARTICIPATION IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES................................................................99
1. FDI trends........................................................................................................................................99
2. Developing and transition economies are receiving a growing share of foreign investment......100
B. THE CHANGING UNIVERSE OF TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES......................105
1. TNCs in the metal mining industry................................................................................................107
a. Continued dominance of private firms.....................................................................................107
b. Varying degrees of internationalization....................................................................................Ill
2. TNCs in oil and gas........................................................................................................................113
a. The Seven Sisters have given way to State-owned companies................................................113
b. TNCs from developing and transition economies are expanding overseas..............................116
C. DRIVERS AND DETERMINANTS...........................................................................................122
1. Motivations for internationalization.............................................................................................. 122
2. Determinants of TNC activity.......................................................................................................123
a. Ownership-specific advantages................................................................................................123
b. Internalization advantages........................................................................................................124
c. Locational advantages..............................................................................................................124
D. CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................................125
NOTES ..........................................................................................................................................127
CHAPTER V. DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST COUNTRIES........................129
A. A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST
COUNTRIES OF TNC INVOLVEMENT IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES.......................129
B. ECONOMIC IMPACT................................................................................................................130
1. Direct economic effects..................................................................................................................131
a. Financial contributions.............................................................................................................131
b. Technology contributions.........................................................................................................132
c. Employment impacts................................................................................................................133
d. Enhancement of exports...........................................................................................................135
e. Generation of government revenue..........................................................................................136
Page
2. Indirect economic effects...............................................................................................................139
a. Linkages ..................................................................................................................................140
b. Infrastructure development.......................................................................................................142
3. Overall impact: implications for macroeconomic performance........................................................142
C. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT...................................................................................................145
D. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPACTS.....................................................................................148
1. Health and safety impacts..............................................................................................................148
2. Social impacts on the local community ........................................................................................149
3. Human rights implications.............................................................................................................152
4. Corruption, conflict and other political issues................................................................................152
E. CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................................153
NOTES ..........................................................................................................................................154
CHAPTER VI. THE POLICY CHALLENGE...............................................................................157
A. THE BROADER GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK.....157
B. REGULATING THE ENTRY AND OPERATIONS OF
TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES...................................................................................158
1. Oil and gas: from old-style concessions to partnership agreements...........................................159
2. Codes and mining agreements governing FDI in metal mining....................................................161
C. ARRANGEMENTS FOR RENT-SHARING............................................................................163
1. Recent policy changes....................................................................................................................163
2. Implications of recent policy changes............................................................................................165
3. Is progressive taxation a solution?.................................................................................................166
D. POLICIES FOR BROADER ECONOMIC BENEFITS..........................................................168
1. Promoting linkages.........................................................................................................................168
2. Promoting skills and technology development..............................................................................169
E. COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES..........................................................171
F. ADDRESSING SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONCERNS......................................................173
1. Labour-related concerns.................................................................................................................173
2. Local community concerns............................................................................................................174
3. Human rights..................................................................................................................................176
4. Enhancing transparency.................................................................................................................178
5. Dealing with extractive-industry TNC investments in conflict situations.....................................179
G. CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................................182
NOTES ..........................................................................................................................................184
ANNEX TO CHAPTER VI. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WITH
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES: SELECTED EXAMPLES............................................................189
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................193
ANNEXES__________________________________________________________....................206
Page
SELECTED UNCTAD PUBLICATIONS ON TNCs AND FDI ....................................................287
QUESTIONNAIRE...........................................................................................................................293
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development
Autor:
Jahr: 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE .iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.iv
OVERVIEW.xv
PART ONE
WIDESPREAD GROWTH IN FDI
CHAPTER I. GLOBAL TRENDS: SUSTAINED GROWTH IN FDI FLOWS.3
A. FDI AND INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION.3
1. Trends in FDI.3
a. Overall trends.3
b. Continued rise in cross-border M As.5
c. FDI by private equity funds.7
2. International production.8
3. Indices of inward FDI performance and potential.12
4. Developments in FDI policies.14
a. Developments at the national level.14
b. Developments at the international level.16
B. CHANGING PATTERNS OF FDI.19
1. Geographic patterns.19
2. Sectoral and industrial distribution of FDI.22
C. THE LARGEST TNCs.24
1. The world's 100 largest TNCs.24
2. The 100 largest TNCs from developing economies.25
3. Transnationality of the largest TNCs.26
4. The world's 50 largest financial TNCs.26
D. PROSPECTS.28
NOTES .30
CHAPTER II. REGIONAL TRENDS.33
INTRODUCTION.33
A. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.34
1. Africa.34
a. Geographical trends.34
(i) Inward FDI: natural resources drove the surge.34
(ii) Outward FDI hit new heights.38
b. Sectoral trends: primary sector's share rose.38
c. Policy developments.38
d. Prospects: moderate growth expected in 2007.39
2. Asia and Oceania.40
a. South, East and South-East Asia.41
(i) Geographical trends.41
(a) Inward FDI: continued shift in favour of South and South-East Asia.41
(b) Outward FDI increased substantially from all subregions.43
Page
(ii) Sectoral trends.45
(a) Inward FDI increased in primary and services sectors.45
(b) Outward FDI: resource-seeking FDI continued to rise.46
(iii) Policy developments.47
(iv) Prospects: most-favoured region for FDI.47
b. West Asia.48
(i) Geographical trends.48
(a) Inward FDI maintained its upward trend.48
(b) Outward FDI increased slightly.49
(ii) Sectoral trends: all sectors attracted higher flows.50
(iii) Policy developments.52
(iv) Prospects: upward trend should continue.53
c. Oceania.53
3. Latin America and the Caribbean.53
a. Geographical trends.54
(i) Inward FDI remained stable.54
(ii) Outward FDI soared.55
b. Sectoral trends.56
(i) Primary sector: modest decline in inflows but foreign investors' interest remains strong.56
(ii) Manufacturing continued to attract the largest inflows.58
(iii) Modest increase of FDI in services.59
c. Policy developments.59
d. Prospects: moderate growth of inflows, reduced outflows.60
B. SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES .61
1. Geographical trends.61
a. Inward FDI surged.61
b. Outward FDI growth was sustained.62
2. Sectoral trends: FDI in services was buoyant.63
3. Policy developments.64
4. Prospects: brighter for larger economies and new EU members.66
C. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.66
1. Geographical trends.67
a. Inward FDI grew in all regions and all sectors.67
b. Outward FDI increased sharply.69
2. Sectoral trends: services continued to dominate.71
3. Policy developments.72
4. Prospects: optimism for further growth in FDI.72
NOTES .74
PART TWO
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS, EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
AND DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION.81
CHAPTER III. FEATURES OF THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES.83
A. EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY_83
1. Minerals are essential for all economies.83
2. Geography of production and consumption of selected minerals.86
Page
B. THE COMMODITY PRICE BOOM AND ITS IMPACT ON INVESTMENTS_._86
1. Booms and busts of mineral prices.88
2. The boom led to rising profits and investments.89
3. Prices likely to remain high for some time.90
C. EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
FOR DEVELOPMENT.91
1. Characteristics of investments in extractive industries.91
2. Public policy concerns of mineral-rich countries.93
a. Mineral endowments represent development opportunities.93
b. The economic challenge.94
c. The environmental, social and political challenges.95
d. The governance challenge.96
NOTES .97
CHAPTER IV. TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES.99
A. GLOBAL TRENDS IN FDI AND OTHER FORMS OF TNC
PARTICIPATION IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES.99
1. FDI trends.99
2. Developing and transition economies are receiving a growing share of foreign investment.100
B. THE CHANGING UNIVERSE OF TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES.105
1. TNCs in the metal mining industry.107
a. Continued dominance of private firms.107
b. Varying degrees of internationalization.Ill
2. TNCs in oil and gas.113
a. The Seven Sisters have given way to State-owned companies.113
b. TNCs from developing and transition economies are expanding overseas.116
C. DRIVERS AND DETERMINANTS.122
1. Motivations for internationalization. 122
2. Determinants of TNC activity.123
a. Ownership-specific advantages.123
b. Internalization advantages.124
c. Locational advantages.124
D. CONCLUSIONS.125
NOTES .127
CHAPTER V. DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST COUNTRIES.129
A. A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST
COUNTRIES OF TNC INVOLVEMENT IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES.129
B. ECONOMIC IMPACT.130
1. Direct economic effects.131
a. Financial contributions.131
b. Technology contributions.132
c. Employment impacts.133
d. Enhancement of exports.135
e. Generation of government revenue.136
Page
2. Indirect economic effects.139
a. Linkages .140
b. Infrastructure development.142
3. Overall impact: implications for macroeconomic performance.142
C. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.145
D. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPACTS.148
1. Health and safety impacts.148
2. Social impacts on the local community .149
3. Human rights implications.152
4. Corruption, conflict and other political issues.152
E. CONCLUSIONS.153
NOTES .154
CHAPTER VI. THE POLICY CHALLENGE.157
A. THE BROADER GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK.157
B. REGULATING THE ENTRY AND OPERATIONS OF
TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES.158
1. Oil and gas: from "old-style" concessions to partnership agreements.159
2. Codes and mining agreements governing FDI in metal mining.161
C. ARRANGEMENTS FOR RENT-SHARING.163
1. Recent policy changes.163
2. Implications of recent policy changes.165
3. Is progressive taxation a solution?.166
D. POLICIES FOR BROADER ECONOMIC BENEFITS.168
1. Promoting linkages.168
2. Promoting skills and technology development.169
E. COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES.171
F. ADDRESSING SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONCERNS.173
1. Labour-related concerns.173
2. Local community concerns.174
3. Human rights.176
4. Enhancing transparency.178
5. Dealing with extractive-industry TNC investments in conflict situations.179
G. CONCLUSIONS.182
NOTES .184
ANNEX TO CHAPTER VI. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WITH
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES: SELECTED EXAMPLES.189
REFERENCES.193
ANNEXES_.206
Page
SELECTED UNCTAD PUBLICATIONS ON TNCs AND FDI .287
QUESTIONNAIRE.293 |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV023100834 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:44:39Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:11:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789211127188 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016303558 |
| oclc_num | 237208812 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-523 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-523 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | XXVIII, 294 S. graph. Darst., Kt. Overview |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | United Nations |
| record_format | marc |
| series | World investment report |
| series2 | World investment report |
| spelling | Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD/WIR/2007 New York [u.a.] United Nations 2007 XXVIII, 294 S. graph. Darst., Kt. Overview txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier World investment report 2007 Overview mit 42 S.: UNCTAD/WIR/2000(Overview) Geschichte 2007 gnd rswk-swf Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 gnd rswk-swf Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 gnd rswk-swf Rohstoffwirtschaft (DE-588)4050434-7 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd rswk-swf Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 s Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 s Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 s Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 s Rohstoffwirtschaft (DE-588)4050434-7 s Geschichte 2007 z DE-604 World investment report 2007 (DE-604)BV011580690 2007 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016303558&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development World investment report Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 gnd Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 gnd Rohstoffwirtschaft (DE-588)4050434-7 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4070496-8 (DE-588)4075092-9 (DE-588)4050434-7 (DE-588)4066438-7 (DE-588)4065468-0 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development |
| title_alt | UNCTAD/WIR/2007 |
| title_auth | Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development |
| title_exact_search | Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development |
| title_full | Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| title_fullStr | Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| title_short | Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development |
| title_sort | transnational corporations extractive industries and development |
| topic | Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 gnd Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 gnd Rohstoffwirtschaft (DE-588)4050434-7 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Direktinvestition Multinationales Unternehmen Rohstoffwirtschaft Wirtschaftsentwicklung Weltwirtschaft Konferenzschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016303558&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011580690 |