The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks: with 23 tables
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2008
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XII, 406 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540756337 9783540756330 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Velde, Bruce |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)120623013 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks |b with 23 tables |c Bruce Velde ; Alain Meunier |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XII, 406 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Meunier, Alain |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-3-540-75634-7 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |q text/html |u http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3002275&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm |3 Inhaltstext |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016294345&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Contents
Introduction
. 1
1
Fundamentals of Clay Mineral Crystal Structure and
Physicochemical Properties
.3
Introduction
.3
ід
The Common Structure of Phyllosilicates
.3
1.1.1 From Atomic Sheets to Layers
.4
1.1.2
Negatively Charged Layers
.8
1.1.3
The Different Layer-to-Layer Chemical Bonds
.10
1.2
Polytypes and Mixed Layer Minerals
.11
1.2.1
Layers of Identical Composition: Polytypes
.11
1.2.2
Layers of Different Composition: Mixed Layer Minerals
.13
1.3
Crystallites
-
Particles
-
Aggregates
.15
1.3.1
Crystallites: The Limit of the Mineralogical Definition
.15
1.3.2
Particles and Aggregates
.16
1.4
The Principal Clay Mineral Species
.17
1.4.1
The Cation Substitutions
.17
1.4.2
The Principal Mineral Species of the
1:1
Phyllosilicate Group
.19
1.4.3
Principal Mineral Species of the
2:1
Phyllosilicates Group
without Interlayer Sheet
.20
1.4.4
The
2:1
Phyllosilicates with an Interlayer Ion Sheet (Micas)
.21
1.4.5
Phyllosilicates with a Brucite-type Interlayer Sheet
(2:1:1) .23
1.4.6
The Fibrous Clay Minerals: Sepiolite and Palygorskite
.25
1.5
Typical Properties of Intermediate Charge Clay Minerals
.26
1.5.1 Hydration
and Swelling
.26
1.5.2
The Crystallite Outer Surfaces
.28
1.5.3
The Ion Exchange Capacity
.30
1.6
Particularities of Clay Minerals: Size and Continuity
.34
1.6.1
Clay Minerals are always Small
.34
1.6.2
The Reduced Number of Layers in the Stacks
Typical of Clay Minerals
.37
1.6.3
From Order-Disorder to Crystal Defects
.38
1.6.4
Composition Heterogeneity at the Scale of a Single Layer
.41
1.7
How Do Clay Minerals Grow?
.46
1.7.1
Phyllosilicate Growth Principles
.46
VIII Contents
1.7.2
Speculative
Interpretation
of Growth Processes
-
Crystal Morphology Relations
.50
1.7.3
Nucleation Processes in Clay-Bearing Rocks
.53
1.8
Summary: Clay Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks
.56
1.8.1
The
2:1
Clay Structure and Its Importance in Soils
.56
1.8.2
The Illitic Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks
.57
1.8.3
Expandable Minerals (Smectites
-
Vermiculites)
.61
1.8.4
Hydroxy Interlayered Minerals
.62
1.8.5
Mixed Layer Minerals in Soils
.67
1.8.6
Kaolinite
and Kaolinite/Smectite Mixed Layer Minerals (K/S)
.68
1.8.7
Allophane and Imogolite
.69
1.8.8
The Non-Phyllosilicate Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks
.71
1.8.9
Stability of Clay Minerals Formed under
Weathering Conditions
.73
Suggested Reading
.73
2
Basics for the Study of Soil and Weathered Rock
Geochemical Systems
.75
Introduction
.75
2.1
Definition of the Systems
.76
2.1.1
The Size of the Systems under Consideration
.76
2.1.2
The Solutions in Systems of Different Size
.87
2.2
The Physicochemical Forces Acting in the Systems
.91
2.2.1
Basic Definitions
.91
2.2.2
The Chemical Potential
.94
2.2.3
A Particular Chemical Potential: The
pH .99
2.2.4
The Oxidation-Reduction Potential
(Redox)
. 105
2.3
Mineral Reactions in Alteration Systems
. 108
2.3.1
Conditions at Equilibrium
. 108
2.3.2
Kinetics of Alteration Reactions
. 110
Suggested Reading
.
Ill
3
The Development of Soils and Weathering Profile
. 113
Introduction
. 113
3.1
Physical Description of Soils and Weathering Profiles
. 114
3.1.1
The Development of Weathering Profiles
. 114
3.1.2
The Development of Soils
. 118
3.1.3
Conclusion in a YES or NO Question Series
. 122
3.2
Dynamics of the Alteration Process under Temperate Conditions:
An Investigation Comparing Soil and Rock Alteration in Profiles
. 123
3.2.1
Alteration in Temperate Climates
. 123
3.2.2
Kinetics of Alteration Processes
. 125
3.2.3
Kinetics of Soil Formation
. 127
3.3
The Inter-Relation of the Dynamics of the
Alteration-Soil Profile Sequence
. 132
3.3.1
Overview of Soil and Weathering Mineralogy
. 132
3.3.2
The Mineralogy of Soil Horizons
. 134
Contents
IX
3.3.3 Mineralogical and Chemical
Differences between
Alteration
and Sou Zones.
135
3.4
What Are the Clay Mineral Assemblages?
. 137
3.4.1
Formation of Different Clay Mineral Phases in A Horizon
. 137
3.4.2
General Schema of Alteration Zone and Soil Relations
. 140
3.4.3
Overview of Alteration in the Soil Zone
in Temperate Climates
. 142
Suggested Reading
. 142
4
Clay Mineral Formation in Weathered Rocks:
Water-Rock Interaction
. 143
Introduction
. 143
4.1
Weathered Rock Profiles in Temperate Climates
. 144
4.1.1
Weathering at the Landscape Scale
. 144
4.1.2
The Parent Rock Control on Weathering Profiles
. 147
4.1.3
The Climate Control on Weathering Profiles
. 152
4.1.4
From Macro- to Microscopic Scale
. 155
4.2
The Internal Destabilization of Primary Minerals
(Primary Plasmic Microsystems)
. 156
4.2.1
Porosity-Permeability and Microsystems in Crystalline Rocks
. 156
4.2.2
Petrography of Contact Microsystems
. 163
4.2.3
Petrography of the Primary Plasmic Microsystems
. 167
4.3
Mineral Reactions in the Secondary Plasmic Microsystems
. 193
4.3.1
Petrography of the Secondary Plasmic Microsystems
. 194
4.3.2
Clays Forming in Secondary Plasmic Microsystems
. 196
4.4
The Ultimate Weathering Stages
. 203
4.4.1
The
Fissurai
Microsystems: Cutans
. 203
4.4.2
Accumulations (Absolute and Residual)
. 207
4.5
The Weathering of Porous Sedimentary Rocks
. 214
4.5.1
Glauconitic Sandstones
. 214
4.5.2
Weathering of Marls
. 217
4.6
Possible Models for Weathering Processes
. 219
4.6.1
From Heterogeneity to Homogeneity
. 219
4.6.2
Mass Balance and Weathering Rates
. 222
4.6.3
From Qualitative to Quantitative Models
. 225
4-7
Summary of the Water/Rock Interaction Clay-Forming Processes
. 237
Suggested Reading
. 239
5
Plants and Soil Clay Minerals
. 241
Introduction
. 241
5.1
Dynamics of Clay Reactions in the Sou (Plant/Clay Interaction) Zone
of the A Horizon
. 241
5.1.1
Disequilibrium in Plant-Soil Zone Clays
. 241
5.1.2
Dynamics of Clay Reactions in the Soils
. 242
5.2
Clay Mineral Types in the Plant-Soil Interaction Zone
. 247
5.2.1
Illite
. 247
5.2.2
Kaolinite
. 248
χ
Contents
5.2.3 Oxides
and Oxyhydroxides
. 249
5.2.4
Mixed Layer Minerals
. 249
5.3
Soil Clay Mineral Assemblages by Ecological Type
. 255
5.3.1
Prairie Soils
. 256
5.3.2
Forest Soils
. 261
5.4
Chemical Control in Soil Horzion by Plant Action
. 265
5.4.1
Silica
. 266
5.4.2
Potassium
. 267
5.4.3
Element Loss and Element Gain
. 270
5.5
Agricultural Influences
. 272
5.5.1
Prairie Soil Clay Mineralogy in Agriculture
. 272
5.5.2
Effector Fertilizer on Clay Minerals
. 278
5.5.3
Plants and Soil Clay Minerals:
Some Thoughts for Further Consideration
. 281
Suggested Reading
. 281
6
Clays and Climate
-
Clay Assemblages Formed under
Extreme Humidity Conditions
.283
Introduction
. 283
6.1
Impact of High Rainfall on Clay Mineralogy
. 283
6.1.1
Soil Development as a Function of Rainfall
. 283
6.1.2
Very High Rainfall
. 285
6.2
Rainfall and Vitreous Rocks
(Andosols)
. 288
6.2.1
Andosol
Characteristics
. 288
6.2.2
Weathering Processes Affecting Vitreous Rocks under
Constantly Humid Conditions
. 290
6.2.3
Mineralogy and
Hydration
State of
Andosols
. 293
6.3
Weathering Trends as a Function of Time
. 294
6.3.1
Weathering Trends as a Function of Time under
Tropical Conditions
. 294
6.3.2
Weathering Trends in Semi-Arid and Arid Climates
. 295
6.3.3
Summary
. 298
Suggested Reading
. 299
7
Physical Disequilibrium and Transportation of Soil Material
. 301
Introduction
. 301
7.1
Slope Effects and Physical Disequilibrium
. 301
7.1.1
High Slopes in Mountains
. 301
7.1.2
Moderate Slopes
. 302
7.1.3
WindandWater
. 303
7.1.4
Movement of Coarse Grained Material
. 306
7.2
Fine Grained Material
. 306
7.2.1
Wind Transport and Loess
. 307
7.2.2
Reaction Rates due to Plant/Loess Interaction
. 308
7.2.3
River Transport and Salt Marsh Sediments
. 312
7.3
Catena Movement of Fine Grained Material on Slopes
. 314
Contents
XI
7.3.1
Topographically Controlled Soil Sequences
. 314
7.3.2
Slope and Smectite Genesis (Catenas)
. 314
7.4
Summary
. 318
Suggested Reading
. 319
8
The Place of Clay Mineral Species in Soils and
Alterites
. 321
Introduction
. 321
8.1
Where Clay Mineral Types Occur in
Alterites
and Soils
. 321
8.1.1
The
2:1
Minerals
. 322
8.1.2
Kaolinite
and Kaolinite/Smectite Mixed Layer Minerals
. 325
8.1.3
Gibbsite
. 325
8.1.4
Iron Oxyhydroxides
. 326
8.1.5
Imogolite and Allophane
. 326
8.1.6
Chlorites
. 327
8.1.7
Palygorskite, Sepiolite
. 327
8.2
Clay Minerals Present in Soils as a Response to Climate
. 328
8.2.1
Physical Factors and Their Effect on Alteration and
Soil Clay Mineral
Facies
. 328
8.2.2
Weathering Trend (Water
-
Silicate Chemical Trends)
. 330
8.3
The Impact of Plant Regime on Clay Minerals in Sons
. 334
8.3.1
Reactivity of Clay Minerals in Ecosystems
. 334
8.3.2
Convergence of Soil Clay Mineralogies
. 337
8.3.3
Effect of Chemical
Translocation
by Plants on
Clay Mineral Stabilities
. 338
8.3.4
Equilibrium and Disequilibrium of Soil Clays
. 343
8.4
The Structure of Alteration and Clay Formation
. 344
8.4.1
Water/Rock Interaction
. 344
8.4.2
Source Rock and Clays
. 345
8.4.3
Plant/Soil Interaction
. 345
8.4.4
Clay Transport
. 346
8.4.5
Kinetics of Clay Change in the Soil Zone
. 347
8.4.6
Minerals Present and Their Change in the
Soil/Plant Interaction Zone
. 347
8.4.7
Conclusions
. 349
8.5
Perspectives for Clay Mineral Science in Surface Environments:
Challenges for the Future
. 349
8.5.1
Soils and Crops
. 349
8.5.2
Soils as a Natural Safety Net for Modern Society
. 351
Suggested Reading
. 351
Annexes
. 353
Annexi -Polytypes
. 353
Definition
. 353
An Example: The Mica or Iffite Polytypes
. 353
References
. 355
XII Contents
Annex 2 -
Mixed Layer Minerals
. 357
Conditions of Interstratification
. 357
Random Stacking Sequence (Ro)
. 357
Ordered Stacking Sequences (Ri)
. 357
References
. 360
Annex
3 -
Cation Exchange Capacity
. 361
The Chemical Reaction of Cation Exchange
. 361
Deviation from Ideality
. 362
The Variable Charges
. 363
References
. 364
Annex
4 -
Hydroxy-lnterlayered Minerals (HIMs)
. 365
The XRD Properties of Hydroxy-lnterlayered Minerals
. 365
The Incorporation of
AI Ions
in the Interlayer Region of HIMs
. 365
The Crystallochemical Composition of HIMs
. 371
The Mixed Layer Model
. 372
Conclusion
. 373
References
. 373
Annex
5 -
Phase Diagrams Applied to Clay Mineral Assemblages
. 375
Fundamentals
. 375
Clay Minerals: The Stable Phases at Surface of the Earth
. 377
References
. 378
Annex
6 -
Kinetics
. 381
Fundamentals
. 381
The Fick's Laws
. 382
Suggested Reading
. 384
References
. 385
Subject Index
.403 |
| adam_txt |
Contents
Introduction
. 1
1
Fundamentals of Clay Mineral Crystal Structure and
Physicochemical Properties
.3
Introduction
.3
ід
The Common Structure of Phyllosilicates
.3
1.1.1 From Atomic Sheets to Layers
.4
1.1.2
Negatively Charged Layers
.8
1.1.3
The Different Layer-to-Layer Chemical Bonds
.10
1.2
Polytypes and Mixed Layer Minerals
.11
1.2.1
Layers of Identical Composition: Polytypes
.11
1.2.2
Layers of Different Composition: Mixed Layer Minerals
.13
1.3
Crystallites
-
Particles
-
Aggregates
.15
1.3.1
Crystallites: The Limit of the Mineralogical Definition
.15
1.3.2
Particles and Aggregates
.16
1.4
The Principal Clay Mineral Species
.17
1.4.1
The Cation Substitutions
.17
1.4.2
The Principal Mineral Species of the
1:1
Phyllosilicate Group
.19
1.4.3
Principal Mineral Species of the
2:1
Phyllosilicates Group
without Interlayer Sheet
.20
1.4.4
The
2:1
Phyllosilicates with an Interlayer Ion Sheet (Micas)
.21
1.4.5
Phyllosilicates with a Brucite-type Interlayer Sheet
(2:1:1) .23
1.4.6
The Fibrous Clay Minerals: Sepiolite and Palygorskite
.25
1.5
Typical Properties of Intermediate Charge Clay Minerals
.26
1.5.1 Hydration
and Swelling
.26
1.5.2
The Crystallite Outer Surfaces
.28
1.5.3
The Ion Exchange Capacity
.30
1.6
Particularities of Clay Minerals: Size and Continuity
.34
1.6.1
Clay Minerals are always Small
.34
1.6.2
The Reduced Number of Layers in the Stacks
Typical of Clay Minerals
.37
1.6.3
From Order-Disorder to Crystal Defects
.38
1.6.4
Composition Heterogeneity at the Scale of a Single Layer
.41
1.7
How Do Clay Minerals Grow?
.46
1.7.1
Phyllosilicate Growth Principles
.46
VIII Contents
1.7.2
Speculative
Interpretation
of Growth Processes
-
Crystal Morphology Relations
.50
1.7.3
Nucleation Processes in Clay-Bearing Rocks
.53
1.8
Summary: Clay Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks
.56
1.8.1
The
2:1
Clay Structure and Its Importance in Soils
.56
1.8.2
The Illitic Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks
.57
1.8.3
Expandable Minerals (Smectites
-
Vermiculites)
.61
1.8.4
Hydroxy Interlayered Minerals
.62
1.8.5
Mixed Layer Minerals in Soils
.67
1.8.6
Kaolinite
and Kaolinite/Smectite Mixed Layer Minerals (K/S)
.68
1.8.7
Allophane and Imogolite
.69
1.8.8
The Non-Phyllosilicate Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks
.71
1.8.9
Stability of Clay Minerals Formed under
Weathering Conditions
.73
Suggested Reading
.73
2
Basics for the Study of Soil and Weathered Rock
Geochemical Systems
.75
Introduction
.75
2.1
Definition of the Systems
.76
2.1.1
The Size of the Systems under Consideration
.76
2.1.2
The Solutions in Systems of Different Size
.87
2.2
The Physicochemical Forces Acting in the Systems
.91
2.2.1
Basic Definitions
.91
2.2.2
The Chemical Potential
.94
2.2.3
A Particular Chemical Potential: The
pH .99
2.2.4
The Oxidation-Reduction Potential
(Redox)
. 105
2.3
Mineral Reactions in Alteration Systems
. 108
2.3.1
Conditions at Equilibrium
. 108
2.3.2
Kinetics of Alteration Reactions
. 110
Suggested Reading
.
Ill
3
The Development of Soils and Weathering Profile
. 113
Introduction
. 113
3.1
Physical Description of Soils and Weathering Profiles
. 114
3.1.1
The Development of Weathering Profiles
. 114
3.1.2
The Development of Soils
. 118
3.1.3
Conclusion in a YES or NO Question Series
. 122
3.2
Dynamics of the Alteration Process under Temperate Conditions:
An Investigation Comparing Soil and Rock Alteration in Profiles
. 123
3.2.1
Alteration in Temperate Climates
. 123
3.2.2
Kinetics of Alteration Processes
. 125
3.2.3
Kinetics of Soil Formation
. 127
3.3
The Inter-Relation of the Dynamics of the
Alteration-Soil Profile Sequence
. 132
3.3.1
Overview of Soil and Weathering Mineralogy
. 132
3.3.2
The Mineralogy of Soil Horizons
. 134
Contents
IX
3.3.3 Mineralogical and Chemical
Differences between
Alteration
and Sou Zones.
135
3.4
What Are the Clay Mineral Assemblages?
. 137
3.4.1
Formation of Different Clay Mineral Phases in A Horizon
. 137
3.4.2
General Schema of Alteration Zone and Soil Relations
. 140
3.4.3
Overview of Alteration in the Soil Zone
in Temperate Climates
. 142
Suggested Reading
. 142
4
Clay Mineral Formation in Weathered Rocks:
Water-Rock Interaction
. 143
Introduction
. 143
4.1
Weathered Rock Profiles in Temperate Climates
. 144
4.1.1
Weathering at the Landscape Scale
. 144
4.1.2
The Parent Rock Control on Weathering Profiles
. 147
4.1.3
The Climate Control on Weathering Profiles
. 152
4.1.4
From Macro- to Microscopic Scale
. 155
4.2
The Internal Destabilization of Primary Minerals
(Primary Plasmic Microsystems)
. 156
4.2.1
Porosity-Permeability and Microsystems in Crystalline Rocks
. 156
4.2.2
Petrography of Contact Microsystems
. 163
4.2.3
Petrography of the Primary Plasmic Microsystems
. 167
4.3
Mineral Reactions in the Secondary Plasmic Microsystems
. 193
4.3.1
Petrography of the Secondary Plasmic Microsystems
. 194
4.3.2
Clays Forming in Secondary Plasmic Microsystems
. 196
4.4
The Ultimate Weathering Stages
. 203
4.4.1
The
Fissurai
Microsystems: Cutans
. 203
4.4.2
Accumulations (Absolute and Residual)
. 207
4.5
The Weathering of Porous Sedimentary Rocks
. 214
4.5.1
Glauconitic Sandstones
. 214
4.5.2
Weathering of Marls
. 217
4.6
Possible Models for Weathering Processes
. 219
4.6.1
From Heterogeneity to Homogeneity
. 219
4.6.2
Mass Balance and Weathering Rates
. 222
4.6.3
From Qualitative to Quantitative Models
. 225
4-7
Summary of the Water/Rock Interaction Clay-Forming Processes
. 237
Suggested Reading
. 239
5
Plants and Soil Clay Minerals
. 241
Introduction
. 241
5.1
Dynamics of Clay Reactions in the Sou (Plant/Clay Interaction) Zone
of the A Horizon
. 241
5.1.1
Disequilibrium in Plant-Soil Zone Clays
. 241
5.1.2
Dynamics of Clay Reactions in the Soils
. 242
5.2
Clay Mineral Types in the Plant-Soil Interaction Zone
. 247
5.2.1
Illite
. 247
5.2.2
Kaolinite
. 248
χ
Contents
5.2.3 Oxides
and Oxyhydroxides
. 249
5.2.4
Mixed Layer Minerals
. 249
5.3
Soil Clay Mineral Assemblages by Ecological Type
. 255
5.3.1
Prairie Soils
. 256
5.3.2
Forest Soils
. 261
5.4
Chemical Control in Soil Horzion by Plant Action
. 265
5.4.1
Silica
. 266
5.4.2
Potassium
. 267
5.4.3
Element Loss and Element Gain
. 270
5.5
Agricultural Influences
. 272
5.5.1
Prairie Soil Clay Mineralogy in Agriculture
. 272
5.5.2
Effector Fertilizer on Clay Minerals
. 278
5.5.3
Plants and Soil Clay Minerals:
Some Thoughts for Further Consideration
. 281
Suggested Reading
. 281
6
Clays and Climate
-
Clay Assemblages Formed under
Extreme Humidity Conditions
.283
Introduction
. 283
6.1
Impact of High Rainfall on Clay Mineralogy
. 283
6.1.1
Soil Development as a Function of Rainfall
. 283
6.1.2
Very High Rainfall
. 285
6.2
Rainfall and Vitreous Rocks
(Andosols)
. 288
6.2.1
Andosol
Characteristics
. 288
6.2.2
Weathering Processes Affecting Vitreous Rocks under
Constantly Humid Conditions
. 290
6.2.3
Mineralogy and
Hydration
State of
Andosols
. 293
6.3
Weathering Trends as a Function of Time
. 294
6.3.1
Weathering Trends as a Function of Time under
Tropical Conditions
. 294
6.3.2
Weathering Trends in Semi-Arid and Arid Climates
. 295
6.3.3
Summary
. 298
Suggested Reading
. 299
7
Physical Disequilibrium and Transportation of Soil Material
. 301
Introduction
. 301
7.1
Slope Effects and Physical Disequilibrium
. 301
7.1.1
High Slopes in Mountains
. 301
7.1.2
Moderate Slopes
. 302
7.1.3
WindandWater
. 303
7.1.4
Movement of Coarse Grained Material
. 306
7.2
Fine Grained Material
. 306
7.2.1
Wind Transport and Loess
. 307
7.2.2
Reaction Rates due to Plant/Loess Interaction
. 308
7.2.3
River Transport and Salt Marsh Sediments
. 312
7.3
Catena Movement of Fine Grained Material on Slopes
. 314
Contents
XI
7.3.1
Topographically Controlled Soil Sequences
. 314
7.3.2
Slope and Smectite Genesis (Catenas)
. 314
7.4
Summary
. 318
Suggested Reading
. 319
8
The Place of Clay Mineral Species in Soils and
Alterites
. 321
Introduction
. 321
8.1
Where Clay Mineral Types Occur in
Alterites
and Soils
. 321
8.1.1
The
2:1
Minerals
. 322
8.1.2
Kaolinite
and Kaolinite/Smectite Mixed Layer Minerals
. 325
8.1.3
Gibbsite
. 325
8.1.4
Iron Oxyhydroxides
. 326
8.1.5
Imogolite and Allophane
. 326
8.1.6
Chlorites
. 327
8.1.7
Palygorskite, Sepiolite
. 327
8.2
Clay Minerals Present in Soils as a Response to Climate
. 328
8.2.1
Physical Factors and Their Effect on Alteration and
Soil Clay Mineral
Facies
. 328
8.2.2
Weathering Trend (Water
-
Silicate Chemical Trends)
. 330
8.3
The Impact of Plant Regime on Clay Minerals in Sons
. 334
8.3.1
Reactivity of Clay Minerals in Ecosystems
. 334
8.3.2
Convergence of Soil Clay Mineralogies
. 337
8.3.3
Effect of Chemical
Translocation
by Plants on
Clay Mineral Stabilities
. 338
8.3.4
Equilibrium and Disequilibrium of Soil Clays
. 343
8.4
The Structure of Alteration and Clay Formation
. 344
8.4.1
Water/Rock Interaction
. 344
8.4.2
Source Rock and Clays
. 345
8.4.3
Plant/Soil Interaction
. 345
8.4.4
Clay Transport
. 346
8.4.5
Kinetics of Clay Change in the Soil Zone
. 347
8.4.6
Minerals Present and Their Change in the
Soil/Plant Interaction Zone
. 347
8.4.7
Conclusions
. 349
8.5
Perspectives for Clay Mineral Science in Surface Environments:
Challenges for the Future
. 349
8.5.1
Soils and Crops
. 349
8.5.2
Soils as a Natural Safety Net for Modern Society
. 351
Suggested Reading
. 351
Annexes
. 353
Annexi -Polytypes
. 353
Definition
. 353
An Example: The Mica or Iffite Polytypes
. 353
References
. 355
XII Contents
Annex 2 -
Mixed Layer Minerals
. 357
Conditions of Interstratification
. 357
Random Stacking Sequence (Ro)
. 357
Ordered Stacking Sequences (Ri)
. 357
References
. 360
Annex
3 -
Cation Exchange Capacity
. 361
The Chemical Reaction of Cation Exchange
. 361
Deviation from Ideality
. 362
The Variable Charges
. 363
References
. 364
Annex
4 -
Hydroxy-lnterlayered Minerals (HIMs)
. 365
The XRD Properties of Hydroxy-lnterlayered Minerals
. 365
The Incorporation of
AI Ions
in the Interlayer Region of HIMs
. 365
The Crystallochemical Composition of HIMs
. 371
The Mixed Layer Model
. 372
Conclusion
. 373
References
. 373
Annex
5 -
Phase Diagrams Applied to Clay Mineral Assemblages
. 375
Fundamentals
. 375
Clay Minerals: The Stable Phases at Surface of the Earth
. 377
References
. 378
Annex
6 -
Kinetics
. 381
Fundamentals
. 381
The Fick's Laws
. 382
Suggested Reading
. 384
References
. 385
Subject Index
.403 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:41:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T09:30:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540756337 9783540756330 |
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| spelling | Velde, Bruce Verfasser (DE-588)120623013 aut The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks with 23 tables Bruce Velde ; Alain Meunier Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2008 XII, 406 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 gnd rswk-swf Bodenbildung (DE-588)4146131-9 gnd rswk-swf Verwitterung (DE-588)4063385-8 gnd rswk-swf Bodenbildung (DE-588)4146131-9 s Verwitterung (DE-588)4063385-8 s Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 s DE-604 Meunier, Alain Verfasser aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-540-75634-7 text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3002275&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016294345&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Velde, Bruce Meunier, Alain The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks with 23 tables Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 gnd Bodenbildung (DE-588)4146131-9 gnd Verwitterung (DE-588)4063385-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4185687-9 (DE-588)4146131-9 (DE-588)4063385-8 |
| title | The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks with 23 tables |
| title_auth | The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks with 23 tables |
| title_exact_search | The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks with 23 tables |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks with 23 tables |
| title_full | The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks with 23 tables Bruce Velde ; Alain Meunier |
| title_fullStr | The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks with 23 tables Bruce Velde ; Alain Meunier |
| title_full_unstemmed | The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks with 23 tables Bruce Velde ; Alain Meunier |
| title_short | The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks |
| title_sort | the origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks with 23 tables |
| title_sub | with 23 tables |
| topic | Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 gnd Bodenbildung (DE-588)4146131-9 gnd Verwitterung (DE-588)4063385-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tonmineral Bodenbildung Verwitterung |
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