Introduction to geography: people, places, and environment
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Upper Saddle River, NJ
Pearson Prentice Hall
2008
|
| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 626 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780132238991 0132238993 |
Staff View
MARC
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137334016311296 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | 1 Introduction to Geography 1
2 Weather and Climate 42
3 Landforms 94
4 Biogeochemical Cycles and the Biosphere 130
5 Population, Population Increase and Migration 164
6 Cultural Geography 214
7 The Geography of Languages and Religions 260
8 The Human Food Supply 312
9 Earth s Resources and Environmental Protection 352
10 Cities and Urbanization 392
11 A World of States 438
12 National Paths to Economic Growth 484
13 Political Regionalization and Globalization 532
Appendix I
iap Scale and Projections 586
Appendix II
The Kdppen Climate Classification System 593
Appendix III
The World Today: A Portrait in Statistics 596
Glossary 600
Index 611
vi
Preface xiv
About the Authors xxi
1 Introduction to
Geography 1
What Is Geography? 2
The Development of Geography 3
Contemporary Approaches in Geography 6
Area Analysis 7 / Spatial Analysis 13 / Physical and
Human Systems 18 / Human-Environmental Interaction 21
Describing Earth 21
The Geographic Grid 21 / Communicating Geographic
Information: Maps 23 / Geographic Information
Technology 30 / GIS: A Type of Database Software 33
/ Integration of Information Technologies 37
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 38
Summary 38 Key Terms 39 Questions for Review and
Discussion 39 Thinking Geographically 40
Suggestions for Further Learning 40 Web Work 41
Focus On
National Standards for the Study of Geography 4
Cartograms 27
The Internet 28
Critical Thinking
Tombouctou 9
Grouping Countries; Naming Groups 12
Parks, Gardens, and Preserves 20
Regional Focus On
Utica, New York 8
2 Weather and Climate 42
Energy and Weather 44
Incoming Solar Radiation 45 / Storage of Heat in Land
and Water 48 / Heat Transfer Between the Atmosphere
and Earth 49 / Heat Exchange and Atmospheric
Circulation 51
Precipitation 52
Condensation 53 / Causes of Precipitation 53
Circulation Patterns 56
Pressure and Winds 57 / Global Atmospheric
Circulation 60 / Seasonal Variations in Global
Circulation 61 / Ocean Circulation Patterns 62 /
Storms: Regional-Scale Circulation Patterns 65 / The
Weather on August 25, 1998 68
Climate 69
Air Temperature 69 / Precipitation 70
Classifying Climate 72
Earth s Climate Regions 74
Humid Low-Latitude Tropical Climates (A) 76 / Dry
Climates (BW and BS) 78 / Warm Midlatitude
Climates (C) 79 / Cold Midlatitude Climates (D) 82 /
Polar Climates (E) 84
Climate Change 86
Climatic Change Over Geologic Time 86 / Possible
Causes of Climatic Variation 87 / Global Warming 89
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 90
Summary 91 Key Terms 91 Questions for Review and
Discussion 92 Thinking Geographically 92
Suggestions for Further Learning 92 Web Work 93
Focus On
El Nino/La Nina 64
Tornadoes 65
Critical Thinking
Climates in Urban Areas 52
Global Warming and Hurricanes 67
3 Landforms 94
Plate Tectonics 97
Earth s Moving Crust 98 / Types of Boundaries Between
Plates 102 / Rock Formation 102
Slopes and Streams 105
Weathering 105 / Moving Weathered Material 106
Ice, Wind, and Waves T15
Glaciers 115 / Impact of Past Glaciations 116 /
Effects of Wind on Landforms 120 / Coastal Erosion 120
VII
viii Contents
The Dynamic Earth 124
Rates of Landform Change 124 / Environmental
Hazards 125
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 126
Summary 127 Key Terms 127 Questions for Review
and Discussion 128 Thinking Geographically 128
Suggestions for Further Learning 128 Web Work 129
Critical Thinking
Wealth and Natural Hazards 109
Regional Focus On
Hurricane Katrina: Vulnerability in an Unstable
Environment 112
4 Biogeochemical Cycles and
the Biosphere 130
The Biogeochemical Cycles 132
The Hydrologic Cycle 133 / Water Budgets 134 /
Vegetation and the Hydrologic Cycle 138
Carbon, Oxygen, and Nutrient Flows in the
Biosphere 139
The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles 139 /
Deforestation 140
Soil 142
Soil Formation 142 / Soil Horizons 143 / Thousands of
Soils 145 / Climate, Vegetation, Soil and the
Landscape 146 / Soil Problems 147 / Soil Fertility:
Natural and Synthetic 148
Ecosystems 149
Ecosystem Processes 150 / Biodiversity 152
Biomes: Global Patterns in the Biosphere 153
Forest Biomes 153 / Savanna, Scrubland, and Open
Woodland Biomes 156 / Midlatitude Grassland
Biome 157 / Desert Biome 158 / Tundra Biome
159 / Natural and Human Effects on the Biosphere 159
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 161
Summary 161 Key Terms 161 Questions for
Review and Discussion 162 Thinking Geographically
162 Suggestions for Further Learning 162 Web
Work 163
Focus On
Potential and Actual Evapotranspiration 136
Geography, Geographic Information Systems,
and the Global Carbon Budget 141
Critical Thinking
Human-Dominated Systems 157
Fire and Forest Management in the Western
United States 159
5 Population, Population
Increase, and Migration 164
The Distribution and Density of Human
Settlement 166
Population Density 167
World Population Growth 171
Population Projections 172 / Rates of Population
Increase Vary 173 / The Age Structure of the
Population 174 / The Demographic Transition 176 /
Is the Demographic Transition Model Still Relevant
Today? 180 / Changes in World Death Rates 183 /
Is Earth Overpopulated? 186
Other Significant Demographic
Patterns 187
Sex Ratios in National Populations 187 / The Aging
Human Population 188
Migration 190
Prehistoric Human Migrations 191 / The Migrations of
Peoples Since 1500 193
Migration Today 200
Refugees 200 / The Impact of International
Migration 201 / Migration to Europe 202 / Migrations
of Asians 204 / Migration to the United States and
Canada 204
Contents IX
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 210
Summary 210 Key Terms 211 Questions for Review
and Discussion 211 Thinking Geographically 212
Suggestions for Further Learning 212 Web Work 213
Focus On
National Censuses 172
U.S. Census Bureau Categories 205
Critical Thinking
Americans Health 185
How Will You Retire? 189
Will We Have Race-Based Medicine? 192
The East-West Exchange of Disease 194
Is Immigration a Substitute for Education? 208
6 Cultural Geography 214
Cultural Evolution Contrasts With Cultural
Diffusion 217
Theories of Cultural Evolution 217 / Cultures and
Environments 219 / Cultural Diffusion 220
Identity and Behavioral Geography 226
Grouping Humans by Culture, Race, Ethnicity, and
Identity 226 / Behavioral Geography 227
Culture Realms 229
Problems in Defining Great Culture Regions 229 / Visual
Clues to Culture Realms 231 / Forces That Stabilize the
Pattern of Culture Realms 234 / Trade and Cultural
Diffusion 235 / World Trade and Cultural Diffusion
Today 237 / The Acceleration of Diffusion 238 / The
Challenge of Change 239
The Global Diffusion of European
Culture 241
Europe s Voyages of Contact 241 / Economic Growth
Increased Europe s Power 241 / Cultural
Imperialism 246 / Westernization Today 249 /
America s Role 250
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 255
Summary 257 Key Terms 257 Questions for Review
and Discussion 258 Thinking Geographically 258
Suggestions for Further Learning 258 Web Work 259
Focus On
The Diffusion of Anglo-American Religious Folk
Songs 224
Regionalism in the United States 233
Critical Thinking
Is Latin America a Region? How Did It Get Its
Name? 230
Can Cultures Be Preserved? 240
The Diffusion of News 250
Who s Listening? 251
Regional Focus On
LAHIC 223
7 The Geography of
Languages and
Religions 260
Defining Languages and Language
Regions 262
Linguistic Geography 263 / The World s Major
Languages 264
Contents
The Development and Diffusion of
Languages 266
The Indo-European Language Family 266 / Other
Language Families 267 / The Geography of
Writing 268 / Toponymy: Language on the
Landscape 270
Linguistic Differentiation in the
Modern World 271
National Languages 271
The Teachings, Origin, and Diffusion of the
World s Major Religions 278
Judaism 279 / Christianity 282 / Islam 288 /
Hinduism and Sikhism 292 / Buddhism 293 /
Other Eastern Religions 294 / Animism and
Shamanism 295
The Political and Social Impact of the
Geography of Religion 295
Religion and Politics 295 / Indirect Religious Influences
on Government 300 / Religion and Dietary Habits 345
/ Religion and Economics 345 / Religions, Science,
and the Environment 306
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 308
Summary 308 Key Terms 309 Questions for
Review and Discussion 309 Thinking
Geographically 310 Suggestions for Further
Learning 310 Web Work 311
Focus On
Fundamentalism and Terrorism 281
Israel and U.S. Foreign Policy 284
Are We Seeing an Islamic Reformation? 298
Turmoil in Pakistan 304
Critical Thinking
Competitive Expansion and Shrinkage 272
Holidays 289
Liberation Theology 301
Regional Focus On
Language in the New State of East Timor 274
Religious Tensions on the Indian Subcontinent 302
8 The Human Food Supply 312
Food Supplies Over the Past 200 Years 314
New Crops and Cropland 315 / Transportation and
Storage 316 / The Green Revolution 319 / Other
Technological Advances 319
Agriculture Today 319
Subsistence Farming Contrasts With Commercial
Farming 320 / Types of Agriculture 320 / What
Determines Agricultural Productivity? 326
Livestock Around the World 328
The Direct and Indirect Consumption of Grain 329 /
Problems Associated With Animal Production 330 /
Dairy Farming and Principle of Value Added 331
Food Supplies in the Future 331
New Crops Offer New Potential 333 / The Scientific
Revolution in Agriculture Continues 334 / Resistance to
Biotechnology 336 / Global Warming 338
World Distribution of Food Supplies and
Production 338
Problems in Increasing Food Production 339 / The Rich
Countries Subsidize Production and Export of Food 344 /
Why Do Some Rich Countries Subsidize Agriculture? 344
The Harvest of Fish 346
Traditional Fishing 347 / Modern Fishing 347
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 349
Summary 349 Key Terms 349 Questions for Review
and Discussion 350 Thinking Geographically 350
Suggestions for Further Learning 350 Web Work 351
Contents xi
Focus On
How Farmers Decide the Ways in Which to Use
Their Land: Von Thunen s Isolated City
Model 332
Good-bye to the Banana? 337
The U.S. Federal Agricultural Improvement and
Reform Act of 1996 346
Critical Thinking
Continuing Crop Redistribution 336
9 Earth s Resources and
Environmental Protection 352
What Is a Natural Resource? 354
Characteristics of Resources 355 / Substitutability 357 /
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 358
Mineral and Energy Resources 358
Mineral Resources 358 / Variations in Mineral Use 358 /
Depletion and Substitution 360 / Disposal and Recy-
cling of Solid Waste 361 / Energy Resources 363 /
Energy from Fossil Fuels 364 / Nuclear and Renewable
Energy Resources 370
Air and Water Resources 375
Air Pollution 376 / Water Pollution 379 / Reducing Air
and Water Pollution 382
Forests 384
Forests as Fiber Resources 385 / Other Important Forest
Uses 386 / Balancing Competing Interests 387
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 388
Summary 388 Key Terms 389 Questions for Review
and Discussion 389 Thinking Geographically 389
Suggestions for Further Learning 389 Web Work 390
Focus On
Peak Oil 371
Meat Production and Water Pollution 383
Critical Thinking
Should We Raise the Price of Automobile
Fuels? 370
10 Cities and Urbanization 392
Urban Functions 396
The Three Sectors of an Economy 397 / The Economic
Bases of Cities 398
The Locations of Cities 399
Central Place Theory 400 / Urban Hierarchies 400 /
The Patterns of Urban Hierarchies 401
World Urbanization 402
Early Urban Societies 402 / Urbanization Today 403 /
Government Policies to Reduce the Pull of Urban Life 404
/ Improving Rural Life 405 / The Economic Vitality of
Cities 405
The Internal Geography of Cities 406
Models of Urban Form 406 / The Western Tradition of
Urban and Regional Planning 409 / Other Urban Mod-
els in Diverse Cultures 411
Cities and Suburbs in the United
States 414
The Growth of Suburbs 414 / The Social Costs of
Suburbs 417 / Suburbs at Century s End 422 /
Developments in the Central City 424 / Efforts to
Redistribute Jobs and Housing 429 / Governing
Metropolitan Regions 431
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 434
Summary 435 Key Terms 435 Questions for Review
and Discussion 435 Thinking Geographically 436
Suggestions for Further Learning 436 Web Work 436
Critical Thinking
The Question of Public Places on Private
Property 421
Regional Focus On
Metropolitan Portland, Oregon 433
XII
Contents
11 A World of States 438
The Development of the Nation-State
Idea 441
The Idea of the Nation 441 / The Nation-State 441 /
The European Nation-States 444 / The Formation of
States Outside Europe 445
Efforts to Achieve a World Map of Nation-
States 450
(1) Redrawing the World Political Map 460 / (2) Mass
Expulsions or Genocide 451 / (3) Forging National
Identities 453 / Democracies and False
Democracies 460
How States Demarcate and Organize
Territory 461
The Shapes of States 462 / International Borders 462 /
U.S. Border Security and Internal Security 464 / Territorial
Subdivision and Systems of Representation 465 / How to
Design Representative Districts 471
Measuring and Mapping Individual
Rights 477
Sexism 477 / The World Geography of Education 478 /
The World Geography of Freedom 479
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 479
Summary 481 Key Terms 481 Questions for
Review and Discussion 481 Thinking Geographically
482 Suggestions for Further Learning 482 Web
Work 482
Focus On
Geopolitics 451
Critical Thinking
Can a Country Insulate Its Borders and Isolate Its
People? 459
Nonterritorial Systems of Representation 472
Garzav. County of Los Angeles 475
Regional Focus On
Civil War in Sri Lanka 447
Nigeria 456
T 2 National Paths to Economic
Growth 484
Analyzing and Comparing Countries
Economies 486
Measures of Gross Product and Their Limitations 487 /
Gross Product and the Environment 489 / The Gross
National Product and the Quality of Life 490 /
Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Societies 491 /
Why Some Countries Are Rich and Some Countries Are
Poor 496
The Geography of Manufacturing 499
Locational Determinants for Manufacturing Today 500 /
Locational Determinants Migrate 502 / Manufacturing
in the United States 503 / The Economy of Japan 503
/ Technology and the Future Geography of
Manufacturing 504
National Economic-Geographic
Policies 505
Political Economy 505 / Variations in Wealth Within
States 508 / How Do Governments Distribute Economic
Activities? 510 / National Transportation
Infrastructures 511
National Trade Policies 516
The Import-Substitution Method of Growth 516
Export-Led Economic Growth 516
Where Is the Third World? 519
The Formation of the Global Economy 521
Transnational Investment and Production 521 / The
International Tertiary Sector 523 / The Geography of
Foreign Direct Investment 525 / The Globalization of
Finance 526 / Tourism 527 / International Regulation
of the Global Economy 528
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 528
Summary 529 Key Terms 530 Questions for Review
and Discussion 530 Thinking Geographically 530
Suggestions for Further Learning 531 Web Work 531
Focus On
Socks and Politics 516
The Great Race 520
Contents xiii
Regional Focus On
Vietnam 504
South Korea 508
India s New Roads 513
13 Political Regionalization
and Globalization 532
The Collapse of Empires 535
British Empire to Commonwealth 535 / The French
Empire 536 / The Successor States of the Ottoman
Empire 537 / The Russian Empire, Revolution, and
Reorganization 537 / The Empire of the United States 541
New Unions of States 542
The European Union: Nations Knitting a Region
Together 542 / The Formation of a North American
Trade Bloc 549 / Expanding Western Hemispheric Free
Trade 556 / Other Regional International Groups 556
Global Government 557
The United Nations 557 / Nongovernmental
Organizations and Terrorist Organizations 559 / Is
National Sovereignty Inviolable? 560 / The Axis of
Evil 561 / Human Rights 567 / Jurisdiction O /er
Earth s Open Spaces 567
Protecting the Global Environment 573
Development, Pollution, and the Quality of Life 576 / -
International Equity in Environmental Management 579
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 582
Summary 583 Key Terms 583 Questions for Review
and Discussion 583 Thinking Geographically 583
Suggestions for Further Learning 584 Web Work 584
Focus On
What Is Canadian Music? 550
Food Safety and International Food Trade 551
Is the United States the World s Policeman? 564
Regulation of Whaling 573
Water Privatization 577
Malaria and DDT 581
Critical Thinking
Geographical Indicators 548
Intellectual Property and Globalization in the
Drug Industry 552
Regional Focus On
Afghanistan, the Taliban, and Al Qaeda 562
/ti
Appendix I
Map Scale and Projections 586
Appendix II
The Koppen Climate
Classification System 593
Appendix III
The World Today: A Portrait in
Statistics 596
Glossary 600
Index 611
|
| adam_txt |
1 Introduction to Geography 1
2 Weather and Climate 42
3 Landforms 94
4 Biogeochemical Cycles and the Biosphere 130
5 Population, Population Increase and Migration 164
6 Cultural Geography 214
7 The Geography of Languages and Religions 260
8 The Human Food Supply 312
9 Earth's Resources and Environmental Protection 352
10 Cities and Urbanization 392
11 A World of States 438
12 National Paths to Economic Growth 484
13 Political Regionalization and Globalization 532
Appendix I
iap Scale and Projections 586
Appendix II
The Kdppen Climate Classification System 593
Appendix III
The World Today: A Portrait in Statistics 596
Glossary 600
Index 611
vi
Preface xiv
About the Authors xxi
1 Introduction to
Geography 1
What Is Geography? 2
The Development of Geography 3
Contemporary Approaches in Geography 6
Area Analysis 7 / Spatial Analysis 13 / Physical and
Human Systems 18 / Human-Environmental Interaction 21
Describing Earth 21
The Geographic Grid 21 / Communicating Geographic
Information: Maps 23 / Geographic Information
Technology 30 / GIS: A Type of Database Software 33
/ Integration of Information Technologies 37
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 38
Summary 38 Key Terms 39 Questions for Review and
Discussion 39 Thinking Geographically 40
Suggestions for Further Learning 40 Web Work 41
Focus On
National Standards for the Study of Geography 4
Cartograms 27
The Internet 28
Critical Thinking
Tombouctou 9
Grouping Countries; Naming Groups 12
Parks, Gardens, and Preserves 20
Regional Focus On
Utica, New York 8
2 Weather and Climate 42
Energy and Weather 44
Incoming Solar Radiation 45 / Storage of Heat in Land
and Water 48 / Heat Transfer Between the Atmosphere
and Earth 49 / Heat Exchange and Atmospheric
Circulation 51
Precipitation 52
Condensation 53 / Causes of Precipitation 53
Circulation Patterns 56
Pressure and Winds 57 / Global Atmospheric
Circulation 60 / Seasonal Variations in Global
Circulation 61 / Ocean Circulation Patterns 62 /
Storms: Regional-Scale Circulation Patterns 65 / The
Weather on August 25, 1998 68
Climate 69
Air Temperature 69 / Precipitation 70
Classifying Climate 72
Earth's Climate Regions 74
Humid Low-Latitude Tropical Climates (A) 76 / Dry
Climates (BW and BS) 78 / Warm Midlatitude
Climates (C) 79 / Cold Midlatitude Climates (D) 82 /
Polar Climates (E) 84
Climate Change 86
Climatic Change Over Geologic Time 86 / Possible
Causes of Climatic Variation 87 / Global Warming 89
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 90
Summary 91 Key Terms 91 Questions for Review and
Discussion 92 Thinking Geographically 92
Suggestions for Further Learning 92 Web Work 93
Focus On
El Nino/La Nina 64
Tornadoes 65
Critical Thinking
Climates in Urban Areas 52
Global Warming and Hurricanes 67
3 Landforms 94
Plate Tectonics 97
Earth's Moving Crust 98 / Types of Boundaries Between
Plates 102 / Rock Formation 102
Slopes and Streams 105
Weathering 105 / Moving Weathered Material 106
Ice, Wind, and Waves T15
Glaciers 115 / Impact of Past Glaciations 116 /
Effects of Wind on Landforms 120 / Coastal Erosion 120
VII
viii Contents
The Dynamic Earth 124
Rates of Landform Change 124 / Environmental
Hazards 125
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 126
Summary 127 Key Terms 127 Questions for Review
and Discussion 128 Thinking Geographically 128
Suggestions for Further Learning 128 Web Work 129
Critical Thinking
Wealth and Natural Hazards 109
Regional Focus On
Hurricane Katrina: Vulnerability in an Unstable
Environment 112
4 Biogeochemical Cycles and
the Biosphere 130
The Biogeochemical Cycles 132
The Hydrologic Cycle 133 / Water Budgets 134 /
Vegetation and the Hydrologic Cycle 138
Carbon, Oxygen, and Nutrient Flows in the
Biosphere 139
The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles 139 /
Deforestation 140
Soil 142
Soil Formation 142 / Soil Horizons 143 / Thousands of
Soils 145 / Climate, Vegetation, Soil and the
Landscape 146 / Soil Problems 147 / Soil Fertility:
Natural and Synthetic 148
Ecosystems 149
Ecosystem Processes 150 / Biodiversity 152
Biomes: Global Patterns in the Biosphere 153
Forest Biomes 153 / Savanna, Scrubland, and Open
Woodland Biomes 156 / Midlatitude Grassland
Biome 157 / Desert Biome 158 / Tundra Biome
159 / Natural and Human Effects on the Biosphere 159
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 161
Summary 161 Key Terms 161 Questions for
Review and Discussion 162 Thinking Geographically
162 Suggestions for Further Learning 162 Web
Work 163
Focus On
Potential and Actual Evapotranspiration 136
Geography, Geographic Information Systems,
and the Global Carbon Budget 141
Critical Thinking
Human-Dominated Systems 157
Fire and Forest Management in the Western
United States 159
5 Population, Population
Increase, and Migration 164
The Distribution and Density of Human
Settlement 166
Population Density 167
World Population Growth 171
Population Projections 172 / Rates of Population
Increase Vary 173 / The Age Structure of the
Population 174 / The Demographic Transition 176 /
Is the Demographic Transition Model Still Relevant
Today? 180 / Changes in World Death Rates 183 /
Is Earth Overpopulated? 186
Other Significant Demographic
Patterns 187
Sex Ratios in National Populations 187 / The Aging
Human Population 188
Migration 190
Prehistoric Human Migrations 191 / The Migrations of
Peoples Since 1500 193
Migration Today 200
Refugees 200 / The Impact of International
Migration 201 / Migration to Europe 202 / Migrations
of Asians 204 / Migration to the United States and
Canada 204
Contents IX
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 210
Summary 210 Key Terms 211 Questions for Review
and Discussion 211 Thinking Geographically 212
Suggestions for Further Learning 212 Web Work 213
Focus On
National Censuses 172
U.S. Census Bureau Categories 205
Critical Thinking
Americans'Health 185
How Will You Retire? 189
Will We Have Race-Based Medicine? 192
The East-West Exchange of Disease 194
Is Immigration a Substitute for Education? 208
6 Cultural Geography 214
Cultural Evolution Contrasts With Cultural
Diffusion 217
Theories of Cultural Evolution 217 / Cultures and
Environments 219 / Cultural Diffusion 220
Identity and Behavioral Geography 226
Grouping Humans by Culture, Race, Ethnicity, and
Identity 226 / Behavioral Geography 227
Culture Realms 229
Problems in Defining Great Culture Regions 229 / Visual
Clues to Culture Realms 231 / Forces That Stabilize the
Pattern of Culture Realms 234 / Trade and Cultural
Diffusion 235 / World Trade and Cultural Diffusion
Today 237 / The Acceleration of Diffusion 238 / The
Challenge of Change 239
The Global Diffusion of European
Culture 241
Europe's Voyages of Contact 241 / Economic Growth
Increased Europe's Power 241 / Cultural
Imperialism 246 / Westernization Today 249 /
America's Role 250
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 255
Summary 257 Key Terms 257 Questions for Review
and Discussion 258 Thinking Geographically 258
Suggestions for Further Learning 258 Web Work 259
Focus On
The Diffusion of Anglo-American Religious Folk
Songs 224
Regionalism in the United States 233
Critical Thinking
Is Latin America a Region? How Did It Get Its
Name? 230
Can Cultures Be Preserved? 240
The Diffusion of "News" 250
Who's Listening? 251
Regional Focus On
LAHIC 223
7 The Geography of
Languages and
Religions 260
Defining Languages and Language
Regions 262
Linguistic Geography 263 / The World's Major
Languages 264
Contents
The Development and Diffusion of
Languages 266
The Indo-European Language Family 266 / Other
Language Families 267 / The Geography of
Writing 268 / Toponymy: Language on the
Landscape 270
Linguistic Differentiation in the
Modern World 271
National Languages 271
The Teachings, Origin, and Diffusion of the
World's Major Religions 278
Judaism 279 / Christianity 282 / Islam 288 /
Hinduism and Sikhism 292 / Buddhism 293 /
Other Eastern Religions 294 / Animism and
Shamanism 295
The Political and Social Impact of the
Geography of Religion 295
Religion and Politics 295 / Indirect Religious Influences
on Government 300 / Religion and Dietary Habits 345
/ Religion and Economics 345 / Religions, Science,
and the Environment 306
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 308
Summary 308 Key Terms 309 Questions for
Review and Discussion 309 Thinking
Geographically 310 Suggestions for Further
Learning 310 Web Work 311
Focus On
Fundamentalism and Terrorism 281
Israel and U.S. Foreign Policy 284
Are We Seeing an Islamic Reformation? 298
Turmoil in Pakistan 304
Critical Thinking
Competitive Expansion and Shrinkage 272
Holidays 289
Liberation Theology 301
Regional Focus On
Language in the New State of East Timor 274
Religious Tensions on the Indian Subcontinent 302
8 The Human Food Supply 312
Food Supplies Over the Past 200 Years 314
New Crops and Cropland 315 / Transportation and
Storage 316 / The Green Revolution 319 / Other
Technological Advances 319
Agriculture Today 319
Subsistence Farming Contrasts With Commercial
Farming 320 / Types of Agriculture 320 / What
Determines Agricultural Productivity? 326
Livestock Around the World 328
The Direct and Indirect Consumption of Grain 329 /
Problems Associated With Animal Production 330 /
Dairy Farming and Principle of Value Added 331
Food Supplies in the Future 331
New Crops Offer New Potential 333 / The Scientific
Revolution in Agriculture Continues 334 / Resistance to
Biotechnology 336 / Global Warming 338
World Distribution of Food Supplies and
Production 338
Problems in Increasing Food Production 339 / The Rich
Countries Subsidize Production and Export of Food 344 /
Why Do Some Rich Countries Subsidize Agriculture? 344
The Harvest of Fish 346
Traditional Fishing 347 / Modern Fishing 347
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 349
Summary 349 Key Terms 349 Questions for Review
and Discussion 350 Thinking Geographically 350
Suggestions for Further Learning 350 Web Work 351
Contents xi
Focus On
How Farmers Decide the Ways in Which to Use
Their Land: Von Thunen's "Isolated City"
Model 332
Good-bye to the Banana? 337
The U.S. Federal Agricultural Improvement and
Reform Act of 1996 346
Critical Thinking
Continuing Crop Redistribution 336
9 Earth's Resources and
Environmental Protection 352
What Is a Natural Resource? 354
Characteristics of Resources 355 / Substitutability 357 /
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 358
Mineral and Energy Resources 358
Mineral Resources 358 / Variations in Mineral Use 358 /
Depletion and Substitution 360 / Disposal and Recy-
cling of Solid Waste 361 / Energy Resources 363 /
Energy from Fossil Fuels 364 / Nuclear and Renewable
Energy Resources 370
Air and Water Resources 375
Air Pollution 376 / Water Pollution 379 / Reducing Air
and Water Pollution 382
Forests 384
Forests as Fiber Resources 385 / Other Important Forest
Uses 386 / Balancing Competing Interests 387
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 388
Summary 388 Key Terms 389 Questions for Review
and Discussion 389 Thinking Geographically 389
Suggestions for Further Learning 389 Web Work 390
Focus On
"Peak Oil" 371
Meat Production and Water Pollution 383
Critical Thinking
Should We Raise the Price of Automobile
Fuels? 370
10 Cities and Urbanization 392
Urban Functions 396
The Three Sectors of an Economy 397 / The Economic
Bases of Cities 398
The Locations of Cities 399
Central Place Theory 400 / Urban Hierarchies 400 /
The Patterns of Urban Hierarchies 401
World Urbanization 402
Early Urban Societies 402 / Urbanization Today 403 /
Government Policies to Reduce the Pull of Urban Life 404
/ Improving Rural Life 405 / The Economic Vitality of
Cities 405
The Internal Geography of Cities 406
Models of Urban Form 406 / The Western Tradition of
Urban and Regional Planning 409 / Other Urban Mod-
els in Diverse Cultures 411
Cities and Suburbs in the United
States 414
The Growth of Suburbs 414 / The Social Costs of
Suburbs 417 / Suburbs at Century's End 422 /
Developments in the Central City 424 / Efforts to
Redistribute Jobs and Housing 429 / Governing
Metropolitan Regions 431
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 434
Summary 435 Key Terms 435 Questions for Review
and Discussion 435 Thinking Geographically 436
Suggestions for Further Learning 436 Web Work 436
Critical Thinking
The Question of Public Places on Private
Property 421
Regional Focus On
Metropolitan Portland, Oregon 433
XII
Contents
11 A World of States 438
The Development of the Nation-State
Idea 441
The Idea of the Nation 441 / The Nation-State 441 /
The European Nation-States 444 / The Formation of
States Outside Europe 445
Efforts to Achieve a World Map of Nation-
States 450
(1) Redrawing the World Political Map 460 / (2) Mass
Expulsions or Genocide 451 / (3) Forging National
Identities 453 / Democracies and False
Democracies 460
How States Demarcate and Organize
Territory 461
The Shapes of States 462 / International Borders 462 /
U.S. Border Security and Internal Security 464 / Territorial
Subdivision and Systems of Representation 465 / How to
Design Representative Districts 471
Measuring and Mapping Individual
Rights 477
Sexism 477 / The World Geography of Education 478 /
The World Geography of Freedom 479
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 479
Summary 481 Key Terms 481 Questions for
Review and Discussion 481 Thinking Geographically
482 Suggestions for Further Learning 482 Web
Work 482
Focus On
Geopolitics 451
Critical Thinking
Can a Country Insulate Its Borders and Isolate Its
People? 459
Nonterritorial Systems of Representation 472
Garzav. County of Los Angeles 475
Regional Focus On
Civil War in Sri Lanka 447
Nigeria 456
T 2 National Paths to Economic
Growth 484
Analyzing and Comparing Countries'
Economies 486
Measures of Gross Product and Their Limitations 487 /
Gross Product and the Environment 489 / The Gross
National Product and the Quality of Life 490 /
Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Societies 491 /
Why Some Countries Are Rich and Some Countries Are
Poor 496
The Geography of Manufacturing 499
Locational Determinants for Manufacturing Today 500 /
Locational Determinants Migrate 502 / Manufacturing
in the United States 503 / The Economy of Japan 503
/ Technology and the Future Geography of
Manufacturing 504
National Economic-Geographic
Policies 505
Political Economy 505 / Variations in Wealth Within
States 508 / How Do Governments Distribute Economic
Activities? 510 / National Transportation
Infrastructures 511
National Trade Policies 516
The Import-Substitution Method of Growth 516
Export-Led Economic Growth 516
Where Is the Third World? 519
The Formation of the Global Economy 521
Transnational Investment and Production 521 / The
International Tertiary Sector 523 / The Geography of
Foreign Direct Investment 525 / The Globalization of
Finance 526 / Tourism 527 / International Regulation
of the Global Economy 528
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the
Future 528
Summary 529 Key Terms 530 Questions for Review
and Discussion 530 Thinking Geographically 530
Suggestions for Further Learning 531 Web Work 531
Focus On
Socks and Politics 516
The Great Race 520
Contents xiii
Regional Focus On
Vietnam 504
South Korea 508
India's New Roads 513
13 Political Regionalization
and Globalization 532
The Collapse of Empires 535
British Empire to Commonwealth 535 / The French
Empire 536 / The Successor States of the Ottoman
Empire 537 / The Russian Empire, Revolution, and
Reorganization 537 / The Empire of the United States 541
New Unions of States 542
The European Union: Nations Knitting a Region
Together 542 / The Formation of a North American
Trade Bloc 549 / Expanding Western Hemispheric Free
Trade 556 / Other Regional International Groups 556
Global Government 557
The United Nations 557 / Nongovernmental
Organizations and Terrorist Organizations 559 / Is
National Sovereignty Inviolable? 560 / The "Axis of
Evil" 561 / Human Rights 567 / Jurisdiction O\/er
Earth's Open Spaces 567
Protecting the Global Environment 573
Development, Pollution, and the Quality of Life 576 / -
International Equity in Environmental Management 579
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future 582
Summary 583 Key Terms 583 Questions for Review
and Discussion 583 Thinking Geographically 583
Suggestions for Further Learning 584 Web Work 584
Focus On
What Is Canadian Music? 550
Food Safety and International Food Trade 551
Is the United States the World's Policeman? 564
Regulation of Whaling 573
Water Privatization 577
Malaria and DDT 581
Critical Thinking
Geographical Indicators 548
Intellectual Property and Globalization in the
Drug Industry 552
Regional Focus On
Afghanistan, the Taliban, and Al Qaeda 562
/ti
Appendix I
Map Scale and Projections 586
Appendix II
The Koppen Climate
Classification System 593
Appendix III
The World Today: A Portrait in
Statistics 596
Glossary 600
Index 611 |
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| callnumber-raw | G128 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)212905584 (DE-599)BVBBV023084604 |
| dewey-full | 910 |
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| dewey-raw | 910 |
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| dewey-sort | 3910 |
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| discipline | Geographie |
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| spelling | Bergman, Edward F. Verfasser aut Introduction to geography people, places, and environment Edward F. Bergman ; William H. Renwick Geography 4. ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall 2008 XXI, 626 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Coğrafya Geografie Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 gnd rswk-swf Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd rswk-swf Lehrmittel (DE-588)4074111-4 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 s Lehrmittel (DE-588)4074111-4 s 2\p DE-604 Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 s 3\p DE-604 Renwick, William H. Verfasser aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip078/2007001872.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016287575&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Bergman, Edward F. Renwick, William H. Introduction to geography people, places, and environment Coğrafya Geografie Geography Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 gnd Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd Lehrmittel (DE-588)4074111-4 gnd |
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| title | Introduction to geography people, places, and environment |
| title_alt | Geography |
| title_auth | Introduction to geography people, places, and environment |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to geography people, places, and environment |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Introduction to geography people, places, and environment |
| title_full | Introduction to geography people, places, and environment Edward F. Bergman ; William H. Renwick |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to geography people, places, and environment Edward F. Bergman ; William H. Renwick |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to geography people, places, and environment Edward F. Bergman ; William H. Renwick |
| title_short | Introduction to geography |
| title_sort | introduction to geography people places and environment |
| title_sub | people, places, and environment |
| topic | Coğrafya Geografie Geography Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 gnd Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd Lehrmittel (DE-588)4074111-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Coğrafya Geografie Geography Anthropogeografie Lehrmittel Einführung |
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