Assisted dying and legal change:
"This book examines the impact of the choice of diverse legal routes towards legalization on the subsequent assisted dying regimes in operation. This examination suggests that greater caution is needed before relying on the experience of one jurisdiction when discussing proposals for regulation...
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Univ. Press
2007
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | "This book examines the impact of the choice of diverse legal routes towards legalization on the subsequent assisted dying regimes in operation. This examination suggests that greater caution is needed before relying on the experience of one jurisdiction when discussing proposals for regulation of assisted dying in others. The book seeks to demonstrate the need to explore the legal environment in which assisted dying is performed or proposed in order to evaluate the relevance of a particular legal experience to other jurisdictions."--BOOK JACKET. |
| Physical Description: | XXXII, 217 S. |
| ISBN: | 0199212872 |
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| 520 | 1 | |a "This book examines the impact of the choice of diverse legal routes towards legalization on the subsequent assisted dying regimes in operation. This examination suggests that greater caution is needed before relying on the experience of one jurisdiction when discussing proposals for regulation of assisted dying in others. The book seeks to demonstrate the need to explore the legal environment in which assisted dying is performed or proposed in order to evaluate the relevance of a particular legal experience to other jurisdictions."--BOOK JACKET. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Aide au suicide - Droit | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Droit à la mort - Droit | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Euthanasie - Droit | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Assisted suicide |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Euthanasia |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Euthanasia |x legislation & jurisprudence | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Right to Die |x legislation & jurisprudence | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Right to die |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Suicide, Assisted |x legislation & jurisprudence | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137305822199808 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Summary Table of Contents
Table of Cases xvii
Table of Statutory Material xxii
List of Abbreviations xxix
1 Introduction 1
I. The Background to the Legalization Debate 3
II. Definitions 4
III. Criminal Prohibitions 6
2 Rights to Assisted Dying 12
I. Introduction 12
II. Rights in the Assisted Suicide Debate 16
3 The Effects of Rights 43
I. Introduction 43
II. Failure to Provide Solutions to Complex Social Problems 45
III. Questioning the Underlying Assumptions 65
IV. Conclusion 74
4 Duties and Necessity 76
I. The Dutch Defence of Necessity 76
II. Necessity at Common Law 83
III. Explaining the Different Roads Taken 94
IV. Conclusion 108
5 Compassion 109
I. Introduction 109
II. CCNE Opinion Number 63 109
III. The Unavailability of Other Mechanisms of Legal Change 114
IV. Conclusion 117
6 Comparing die Mechanisms of Legal Change 118
I. Introduction 118
II. Rights as the Mechanism of Legal Change 118
III. Necessity as the Mechanism of Legal Change 124
x Summary Table of Contents ,
IV. Compassion as the Mechanism of Legal Change 137
V. Summarizing the Boundaries 138
VI. Legislative Change 149
VII. Conclusion 158
7 The Slippery Slope 159
I. Introduction 159
II. The Logical Slippery Slope Argument 164
III. The Empirical Slippery Slope Argument 169
IV. Conclusion 186
Select Bibliography 189
Index 213
Detailed Table of Contents
Table of Cases xvii
Table of Statutory Material xxii
List of Abbreviations xxix
1. Introduction 1
I. The Background to the Legalization Debate 3
II. Definitions 4
A. Euthanasia 4
B. Assisted suicide 5
C. Assisted dying 6
D. Other medical behaviour that (potentially) shortens life 6
III. Criminal Prohibitions 6
A. Euthanasia 6
1. Murder 6
2. Consensual homicide 7
3. Compassionate homicide 8
B. Assisted suicide 8
1. Complete prohibitions 8
2. Limited prohibitions 9
3. Absence of prohibition 9
2. Rights to Assisted Dying 12
I. Introduction 12
A. Individual cases 12
B. Constitutional challenges to criminal prohibitions on assisted suicide 14
C. The rights debate over assisted suicide 15
II. Rights in the Assisted Suicide Debate 16
A. Right to suicide or right to assisted suicide? 16
B. Different types of rights to suicide or assisted suicide 17
C. Rights based arguments in favour of assisted suicide 20
1. Right to liberty 20
2. Right to autonomy or self determination 22
3. Right to privacy 26
4. Right to dignity 27
5. Right to equality 29
a. Using the legality of suicide 29
b. Using the right to refuse life saving or life sustaining treatment 30
6. Right to freedom of conscience and religion 31
7. Right to property 34
xii Detailed Table of Contents
D. Rights based arguments against assisted suicide 35
1. Right to life 35
2. Right to equality or equal protection 37
a. The impact of legalization on marginalized groups 37
b. The form of legalization 39
3. Right to property 40
4. Right to autonomy 41
3. The Effects of Rights 43
I. Introduction 43
II. Failure to Provide Solutions to Complex Social Problems 45
A. Problems with rights discourse generally 45
1. The indeterminacy critique 45
a. Conflicts between competing rights 46
b. Conflicts between rights and their limiting features 47
c Levels of generality 47
d. Definitional vagueness 49
2. The critique of suppression and distortion 51
a. Focus on the self 52
b. Equality rights 52
c. Transformation of duties 53
3. The critique of rights discourse as simplistic and conclusory 55
4. The absolutist critique 56
a. Absolutist claims on both sides of the debate 57
b. The difficulty of limiting rights 57
5. The critique of rights discourse as uncompromising 60
a. The right to equality 61
b. Devaluation of opposing rights or interests 61
B. Problems with rights discourse associated with personal rights 62
1. Lack of articulation of basis of personal rights 63
2. The problem of the slippery slope 65
III. Questioning the Underlying Assumptions 65
A. The individualist critique 66
B. Applying the individualist critique to assisted suicide 68
1. Focus on community 68
2. The problem of isolation 70
3. Compromise between individual and community 73
IV. Conclusion 74
4. Duties and Necessity 76
I. The Dutch Defence of Necessity 76
A. The Criminal Code provisions 77
B. The conflict of duties 78
C. Codification 81
Detailed Table of Contents xiii
II. Necessity at Common Law 83
A. England: cannibals and conjoined twins 84
B. Canada: non voluntary euthanasia of a disabled child 88
C. The elements ofthe defence of necessity explored 91
1. Proportionality 91
a. Justification or excuse? 91
b. Classification of necessity in the presence of a proportionality
requirement 91
2. Reasonableness 92
a. No reasonable alternative 93
b. Imminent peril or inevitable evil 93
c. Personal limitation 94
III. Explaining the Different Roads Taken 94
A. Why has the common law defence of necessity
excluded euthanasia? 95
1. Alternatives to the use of necessity at common law 95
2. The role of consensus 97
a. An example of the importance of consensus: existential suffering 99
b. The democracy problem 101
B. Why did the Dutch not use constitutionally entrenched rights
as the mechanism of legalization? 102
1. Legal and strategic arguments 103
2. Cultural arguments 105
3. The role of other arguments in the Dutch debate 105
a. Autonomy 106
b. Respect for life 107
IV. Conclusion 108
5. Compassion 109
I. Introduction 109
II. CCNE Opinion Number 63 109
A. Incorporating the CCNE s proposal into the criminal law 110
B. The basis ofthe CCNE s proposal 111
C. Future developments 113
III. The Unavailability of Other Mechanisms of Legal Change 114
A. A right to assisted dying in France? 114
B. The defence of necessity in France 116
IV. Conclusion 117
6. Comparing the Mechanisms of Legal Change 118
I. Introduction 118
II. Rights as the Mechanism of Legal Change 118
A. The dissenting reasons of McEachem C.J.B.C. in Rodriguez 119
B. The dissenting reasons of Lamer C.J.C. in Rodriguez 121
xiv Detailed Table of Contents
C. The Second Circuit Decision in Quill v. Vacco 122
D. The En Bane Ninth Circuit Decision in Compassion in
Dying v. Washington 124
III. Necessity as the Mechanism of Legal Change 124
A. (Active voluntary) euthanasia or termination of life on request 124
1. The patient s request 125
2. Unbearable and hopeless suffering 126
3. No reasonable alternative 126
4. The doctor patient relationship 127
B. Non voluntary euthanasia or termination of life without request 127
1. The neonate cases 129
2. Proxy consent 132
3. Incompetent persons generally 133
4. No reasonable alternative 135
C. Conclusion 136
IV. Compassion as the Mechanism of Legal Change 137
V. Summarizing the Boundaries 138
A. Request 139
1. Jurisdictions which accept proxy exercise of the incompetent
person s rights 143
2. Jurisdictions which do not accept proxy exercise of the
incompetent persons rights 144
3. Concerns about proxy decision making 144
B. Terminal illness 145
1. Ifnecessity or compassion are the mechanisms of legal change 145
2. If rights are the mechanism of legal change 146
C. Suffering and the no reasonable alternative requirement 146
D. Assisted suicide or assisted dying? 147
E. Prospective approval 147
F. Restriction to doctors 148
G. Moving forward 149
VI. Legislative Change 149
A. Oregon 150
1. A brief history 150
2. An examination of the Oregon provisions 152
B. Belgium 153
1. A brief history 153
2. An examination of the Belgian provisions 154
C. The Northern Territory of Australia 157
VII. Conclusion 158
7. The Slippery Slope 159
I. Introduction 159
A. The legal significance of the slippery slope argument 161
B. Terminology 163
Detailed Table of Contents xv
II. The Logical Slippery Slope Argument 164
A. Two versions 164
1. An argument from consistency 164
2. A sorites type argument 165
B. The legal context 166
1. Necessity and compassion as mechanisms of legal change 167
2. Rights as the mechanism of legal change 167
3. Conclusion on the logical arguments in a legal context 167
III. The Empirical Slippery Slope Argument 169
A. The causal argument 171
1. A post legalization increase in non voluntary euthanasia 172
2. An increase caused by legalization 173
B. The comparative argument 175
1. Comparative evidence 175
a. Survey prevalence evidence 176
b. Beyond non voluntary euthanasia prevalence rates 177
2. Difficulties associated with the comparative evidence 180
a. Lack of reliable data 180
b. Effect of the topic 180
3. Drawing inferences from the comparative data 182
a. The problem of the baseline 182
b. Comparing jurisdictions which have legalized with those
which have not 183
4. Beyond the rates of non voluntary euthanasia 185
IV. Conclusion 186
Select Bibliography 189
Individual Jurisdictions 189
Australia 189
Belgium 189
Canada 191
England and Wales 191
Europe 192
France 193
Germany 195
Netherlands 195
Law 195
Practice 198
Critics 200
Proponents 202
Ethics 202
New Zealand 202
Oregon 202
Switzerland 203
U.S.A 203
xvi Detailed Table of Contents
Compassion 205
Common Law Defence of Necessity 205
Comparative Works 206
Ethics and Sociology 207
Palliative Care 208
Rights 209
Slippery Slopes 210
Index 213
Table of Cases
AUSTRALIA
Rogers v. Whitaker (1992) 175 C.L.R.479 (H.C. Aust.) 3
BELGIUM
Courde Cassation, 13 May 1987, R.C.J.B., 1989,588 154
CANADA
Andrews v. Law Society cf British Columbia [1989] 1 S.C.R. 143 63
BowVaUey Husky (Bermuda) Ltd. u Saint John Shipbuilding Ltd. [1997] 3S.C.R. 1210 168
Ciarlariello v. Schacter [1993] 2 S.C.R. 119 3
Cuerrier[1998] 2 S.C.R. 371 168
delaRochalApt. 1993 (Ont. Gen. Div.) 96
Dctislev. Canada (DeputyAttorney General) [1999] 2 S.C.R. 989 19
Haigv. Canada [1993] 2 S.C.R. 995 19
Hibbert [1995] 2 S.C.R. 973 89
Hynes [2001] 3S.C.R. 623 168
Kmdleru Canada [1991] 2 S.C.R. 779 63
Kirkham (1998) 17 Crim. Rep. (5th) 250 (Sask. Q.B.) 89
Latimer (1995) 126 D.L.R. (4th) 203 (Sask. CA) 88,89,94,96
Latimer [1997] 1 S.C.R. 217 88,89,94
Latimer( 99S) 131 C.C.C. (3d) 191 (Sask. CA) 88,89,94
Latimer[2001] 1 S.C.R. 3 7,14,84,87,88,89,90,93,94
Law v. Canada (Ministerof EmploymentandImmigration) [1999] 1 S.C.R. 497 63
Malette v. Shulman (1990) 72 O.R. (2d) 417 (Ont. CA) 3,140
Mataya 24 Aug. 1992 (Ont. Ct. of Justice) 96
Morgentaler [1976] 1 S.C.R. 616 93,94,101
Morgentaler [1988] 1 S.C.R. 30 31,33,63,119,147
Morrison (1998) 174 N.S.R. (2d) 201 (N.S.S.C.) 7,14,96,97,135
Myers 23 Dec. 1994, C.R. 110506 (N.S.S.C.) 96
NancyB. u HSteLDieudeQuebec(1992) 86D.LR. (4th) 385 (Qu S.S.C.) 3
Native Women s Association cf Canada v. Canada [1994] 3S.C.R. 627 19
Oakes [1986] 1 S.C.R. 103 63
Perka [1984] 2S.C.R. 232 84,89,90,92,93,94,101
KeEve[ 9S6 2S.C.R. 388 142
Res. 94(2) of the Motor Vehicle Act of British Columbia [1985] 2 S.CR. 486 63
Rodriguez v. British Columbia (Attorney General) (1993) 76 B.C.L.R. (2d)
145 (B.C.C.A.) 33,119,122
Rodriguezv. British Qtlumbia (Attorney General) [1993] 3S.C.R. 519 3,8,14,20,23,26,
29,30,48,49,95,98,99,121,122,161,162
Satituro [1991] 3S.C.R. 654 168
Seaboyer{ 99 ] 2S.C.R. 577 168
Watkins v. Oiafion [1989] 2S.CR. 750 168
WmnipcgCkiU and Family Servucs(Northux5tArta)v. G.(D.F.) [1997) 3S.CR. 925 168
xviii Table of Cases
COLOMBIA
In re Articulo 326delddigo Penal (ReArticle 326of the PenalCode), Decision C 239 of 1997
(Constitutional Ct.) 8
ENGLAND AND WALES
Adams(Bodkin)[1957]Crim.L.R.365(CentralCrim.Ct.) 14,95
AiredaleNHSTrustv. BW [1993] AC. 789 3,6,95,142
y4«*«r(1993) 12 B.M.L.R. 1 (LeicesterCrown Ct.) 7
Attorney General u Able [1984] 1 All E.R. 277 (Q.B.) 9
Bourne [1939] 1 K.B. 687, [1938] 3 All E.R. 615 (CCA.) 85,86,94,102
Chard, The Times, 23 Sept. 1993 (Central Crim. Ct.) 9
Conway [1989] 3 All E.R. 1025 (CA.) 85
Cox(1992) 12B.M.L.R. 38 (Winchester Crown Ct.) 5,6,7,14,95,97
Dudley andStephens(1884) 14Q.B.D. 273 (Q.B.) 84,85,86
Hales k Pent (1562) 75 Eng. Rep. 387 (C.B.) .41
Howe [1987] AC. 417 85,86
Jones [2004] 3 W.L.R. 1362 (C A) 92
Pommell [1995] Cr. App. R. 607 (CA) 85,92
Re A (Children) (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation) [2001]
Fam. 147 (CA) 86,87,88,91,92,93,94,95,102,142
Re F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation) [1990] 2 AC. 1 88,92,93,141,143
ReM.B. (Medical Treatment) [1997] 2 F.L.R. 426 (CA) 3
ReZ(LocalAuthority: Duty) [2005] 1 W.L.R. 959 (H.C.) 9
Rodger[l99fi 1 Cr.App. R, 143 (CA) 85
Shayler [2001] 1 W.LR. 2206 (CA.) 91,92
Sidaway u Boardof Governors of Bethlem RoyalHospital [19 5] AC. 871 3
Southward London Borough Council u Williams [1971] Ch.734(CA) 101
R. (on the application of Pretty) v. D.PP. [2001] E.WH.C. Admin. 788 15,48,58
R. (on the application of Pretty) a D.PP. [2002] 1 AC. 800 6,15,20,48,49,95,
99,147,163
EUROPE
Pretty v. U.K. (2002) 35 E.H.R.R. 1 (Eur. Ct. H.R.) 4,15,20,23,24,25,26,30,
34,48,95,97,114,170,183
R. v. U.K. (1983) 6 E.H.R.R. 140 (Eur. Comm. H.R.) 15
Zoon v. the Netherlands, Application No. 29202/95,14 Jan. 1998 (Eur. Comm. H.R.) 104
FRANCE
Assoc. Defense contre limitation au suicide c. Moreau, Tribunal de Grande Instance, Paris, 16th
Chamber, 11 Apr. 1995, (1996)J.C.P. G. II [22729] 10
B., CA, Angers, 1st Chamber, 4 Mar. 1947, (1947) 1 Gaz. PaL 168, (1948) Dalloz29S 115
A, CA, Nancy, Special Chamber, 3 Dec 1982, (1984) 1 Gaz. Pal. 132 115
C, T, CA, Paris, 1 lth Chamber, 18Jan. 2001, no. 2001 137734, (2001) 84 Droitpenal 12... .10
C, T, Courde Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 13 Nov. 2001, no. 01 81.418, (2002)
J.C.P. IV105 10
Copillet, Courde Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 23 June 1838, (1838) 1 Sirey 625 7
Dinain, Courde Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 21 Aug. 1851, (1851) 5 AJ? 237 7
£pouxM., Tribunal de Grande Instance, Paris, 23 Jan. 1985, (1985) DaUoz Juris. 418 10
Table of Cases xix
Gamier, Conseil d fitat, 29 July 1994, no. 146.978, (1995) 31(1)
Rev. Dr. Sanit.Soc.57 115,116
Gatineau, Cour de Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 3 Jan. 1973, (1973)
Dallozl.R. 13, (1973) DaUozJur. 220 114
L. etADMD, Tribunal de Grande Instance, Paris, 25 Jan. 1984, (1984) Dalloz Juris. 486 10
Le Bonniec, Cour de Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 26 Apr. 1988,
Bull crim. no. 178, (1990) Dalloz Juris. 479 10
Leseurrec. Dr. Couturier et SA. AbeilleAssurances, CA, Paris, 12 Jan. 1996,
(16July 1996) Gaz.Pal.4O7 115
Mme. D., Cour de Cassation, 1st Civil Chamber, 11 Oct. 1988, (1989)/C.i? G. II [21358] 115
Mme. X, Conseil d fitat, 26 Oct. 2001, no. 198546, (15 Jan. 2002)
11 PetitesAffiches 18 115,116
Mme. X, Court of Administrative Appeal, Paris, 9 June 1998, nos. 95 PA03104 95 PA0365,
(1999) Dalloz Juris. 277 115
P., CA, Toulouse, 9 Aug. 1973, (1974) DaUoz452 7
Roubignac, Cour de Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 2 July 1835, (1935) 1 SinyS6l 7
Vignalou, Cour de Cassation, 1st Civil Chamber, 7 Nov. 1961, Bull. I, no. 508,401 115
X, Tribunal de Grande Instance, Paris, 16th Correctional Chamber, 20 Nov. 1985,
(1986) Dalloz369 10
GERMANY
Wittig, Federal Supreme Court, 4 July 1984, BGHSt 32,367 11
IRELAND
North Western Health Boardv. W.(H.) [2001] I.E.S.C. 90 (S.C.) 3
Re A Ward of Court (withholding medical treatment) (No. 2) [1996] 21.R. 79 (S.C.) 3
Ryan v. Attorney Geneml[1965] I.R.294 (S.C.) 3
NETHERLANDS
AdmiraaU District Court, The Hague, N.J. 1985, no. 709 79
Brongersma, Court of Appeals, Amsterdam, 6 Dec. 2001, Tijdschrifi voor
Gezondheidsrecht 2002, no. 17 99,100,101
Brongersma, District Court, Haarlem, 30 Oct. 2000, Tijdschrifivoor
Gezondheidsrecht200 , no. 21 99,101
Brongersma, Supreme Court, 24 Dec 2002, N.J. 2003, no. 167 99,100,101,106
Chabot, Supreme Court, 21 June 1994, N.J. 1994, no. 656 80,81,106,126,145
District Court, Almelo, 28 Jan. 1997 134
District Court, Haarlem, Tijdschrifi voor Gezondheidsrecht1994, no. 48 126,127
District Court, Rotterdam, 7 Dec 1992 80
Kadijk, Court of Appeals, Leeuwarden, 4 Apr. 1996, Tydschrifi voor Gezondheidsrecht
1996, no. 35 104,129,130,131,132,
133,135,136,173
Kadijk, District Court, Groningen, 13 Nov. 1995 104,131,132,133,135,136,173
# , Supreme Court, 21 Oct. 1986, N.J. 1987,no. 607 79,81,99,106,108
Postma, District Court, Leeuwarden, 21 Feb. 1973, N.J. 1973, no. 183 79
Prins, Court of Appeals, Amsterdam, 7 Nov. 1995, N.J. 1996, no. 113 129,131,132,
133,135,173
Awb, District Court, Alkmaar, 26 Apr. 1995, N.J. 1995, no. 602 130,131,132,173
xx Table of Cases
Wwfe»n, Court of Appeals, The Hague, 10 June 11 Sept. 1986, NJ. 1987, no. 608 126
Schoonheim, Supreme Court, 27 Nov. 1984, NJ. 1985, no. 106 78,79,92,99, 106,126
Van Oijen, Supreme Court, 9 Nov. 2004, NJ. 2005, no. 217 82,134,136
Vencken, Court of Appeals, Den Bosch, 29 July 2005 135
Vencken, District Court, Breda, Nov. 2004 135
NEW ZEALAND
AucklandArea Health Board v. Attorney General [ 993] 1 N.Z.L.R. 235 (H.C.) 95
U.S.A.
Barttingv. Superior Court (1984) 163 Cal. App. 3d 186 (Cal. CA) 59
Bouviav. Superior Court (Glenchur) (1986) 179 Cal. App. 3d 1127 (Cal. CA) 23,26,57,59
Bowers u Hardwick (1986) 478 U.S. 186 64
Brophy v. New England Sinai Hosp., Inc. (1986) 497 N.E.2d 626 (Mass. S J.C.) 21
Compassion inDyingv. Washington (1994) 850 F. Supp. 1454 (W.D. Wash.) 9,20,27,
31,49,51,123
CompassioninDyingv. Washington (1995) 49 E3d586 (9thCir.) 27,31,37,38,39,
58,113,123,124,163
Compassion in Dying v. Washington (1996) 79 F.3d 790 (9th Cir. en bane) 15,32,33,38,51,
60,72,95,124,143,147,149
Conroy (1985) 486 A.2d 1209 (N.J.S.C.) 58,59,142
ConservatorshipafWendland (2001) 26 Cal. 4th 519 (Cal. S.C.) 143
Cruzan v. Director, Mo. Dep tofHealth (1990) 497 U.S. 261 3,9,26,27,31,33,59,142,143
Cruzan v. Harmon (1988) 760 S.W.2d 408 (Missouri S.C.) 142
DeShaneyu Winnebago County Dep t of Social Servs. (1989) 489 U.S. 189 19
Donaldson v. VandeKamp (1992) 4 Cal. Rptr. 2d 59 (Cal. C A) 15
Fosmire v. Nicoleau (1990) 75 N.Y. 2d 218 (N.Y.CA) 59
Furman v. Georgia (1971) 408 U.S. 238 46
Gargerv. New Jersey (1976) 429 U.S. 922 59
Gonzales v. Oregon (2006) 126S.Q. 904 (U.S.S.C.) 152
Hobbins v. Attorney Gen. (1993) No. 93 306 178 CZ, 1993 WL 276833 (Mich. Cir. Ct.) 12
Hobbinsv. Attorney General (1994) 518 N.W.2d 487 (Mich. C A.) 12,23
Hobbins v.Kelley (1995) 514 U.S. 1083 13
In nAM.B. (2001) 248 Mich. App. 144 (Mich. CA.) 142
In re Caulk (1984) 480 A.2d 93 (N.H.S.C.) 21
Inn Christopher I. (2003) 131 Cal.Rptr.2d 122 (Cal. CA) 142
In re Guardianship of L.W. (1992) 167 Wis. 2d53 (Wis. S.C.) 143
InreKI. (1999) 735 A.2d448 (D.C.CA) 142,143
In n Martin (1995) 450 Mich. 204 (Mich. S.C.) 142
In re Quintan (1976) 355 A.2d647 (N.J.S.C.) 59,123,143
Inre Quintan (1976) 429 U.S. 922 58
In re Storar (1981) 420 N.E.2d 64 (N.Y.CA) 142
Kansas u Naramore (1998) 965 P.2d 211 (Kansas CA) 95
Kevorkian (1993) No. 93 11482,1993 WL 603212 (Mich. Cir. Ct.) 12
Kevorkian (1994) 527 N.W.2d 714 (Mich. S.C.) 9, 13,15,16,17,
47,49,51,58,59
Kevorkian (1995) 534 N.W. 2d 172 (Mich. S.C.) 13
Kevorkian (1996) 549 N.W. 2d 566 (Mich. S.C.) 13
Kevorkian v. Michigan (1996) 519 U^. 928 13
Table of Cases xxi
Kevorkian v. Thompson (1997) 947 F. Supp. 1152 (E.D. Mich.) 13
Krischerv. Mclver( 997) 697 So. 2d97 (Fla. S.C) 15,58,159
Lav. Harcleroad(1997) 522 U.S. 927 40,151
Leev. Oregon (1995) 891 F.Supp. 1429 (D. Or.) 40,151
Lav. Oregon (1997) 107F.3d 1382 (9thCir.) 40,151
Martin (1946) 37S.E.2d 43 (Va. S.CA) 36
Matter ofConservatorship ofTorres (1984) 357 N.W.2d 332 (Minn. S.C.) 143
Matter of Edna M.F. (1997) 210 Wis. 2d 557 (Wis. S.C.) 142
McKay v. Bergstedt(1990) 801 P.2d617 (Nev. S.C.) 39,46,59
NorwoodHosp. v. Munoz( 99 ) 564N.E.2d 1017 (Mass. S.J.C.) 35
Oregon v. Ashcroft (2004) 368 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir.) 152
PlannedParenthoodof Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992) 505 U.S. 833 31,32,34
Preterm Cleveland* Voinovich (1993) 627 N.E. 2d 570 (OhioCA.) 32
Preterm Cleveland v. Voinovich, No. 92CVHO1 528,1992 Ohio Misc. LEXIS 1
(Franklin Cty. C.E) 32
Public Health Trust v. Wons(l989) 541 So. 2d 96 (Fla. S.C.) 35
QuUlu Koppell(l994) 870 F. Supp. 78 (S.D.N.Y.) 13,14,20,30,97
Quillv. Vacco (1996) 80 F.3d716 (2ndCir.) 12,15, 17,31, 122,123,144,163
Roberts(1920) 211 Mich. 187 (Mich. S.C.) 84
Roe v. Wade (1973) 410 U.S. 113 61
Sampson v. Alaska (2001) 31 P.3d 88 (Alaska S.C.) 15
Schiavo ex reL Schindler v. Schiavo (2005) 403 F.3d 1289 (11 th Cir.) 142
Superintendent ofBelchenown State Sch. v. Saikewicz (1977) 370N.E.2d417
(Mass. S.J.C.) 59,141
Thornburgh v. American Coll. ofObst. Gyn. (1986) 476 U.S. 747 34
United States v. Holmes(1842) F.Cas. 360, No. 15383 (C.C.E.D. Pa.) 85
Vacco v. QuiU( 997) 521 U.S. 793 15,18,74,95,122,135,162,163,165
Washington v. Glucksberg( 997) 521 U.S. 702 15,17,18,27,34,58,60,69,70,74,
95,124,135,143,162,163,165,171
Websterv. Reproductive Health Services (1989) 492 U.S. 490 31
Woodsu Com. (2004) l42S.W.3d24(Ky.S.C.) 143
Youngerv. Hanis{ 97 ) 401 U.S. 37 !3
Table of Statutory Material
INTERNATIONAL
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 103,129
United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights, GA Res. 217,
U.N. Doc. A/811 (1948), Art. 16.3 66
United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights, GA. Res. 217,
U.N. Doc. A/811 (1948), Arts. 22 25 20
AUSTRALIA
Federal
Euthanasia Laws Act 1997 (Cth.) 8,102
Euthanasia Laws Act 1997 (Cth.), Sched. 1 157
State
Crimes Art 1900 (A.C.T.), s. 17 9
Crimes Art 1900 (N.S.W.), s. 31C 9
Crimes Act 1958 (Vic), s. 6B(2) 9
Criminal Code (N.Terr.), s. 26(3) 6
Criminal Code (N.Terr.), s. 168 9
Criminal Code (Qld.), s. 311 9
Criminal Code (Tas.), s. 53(a) 6
Criminal Code (Tas.), s. 163 9
Criminal Code (WA), s. 261 6
Criminal Code (WA), s. 288 9
Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA.),s. 13A(5) 9
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.) 8,102
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 3 157
Rights of the Terminally 111 Act 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 4 157
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.),s. 7(l)(b) 157
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 7(l)(c) 157
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 7(l)(d) 157
Rights of the Terminally 111 Act 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 7(l)(h) 157
Rights ofthe Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 7(l)(i) 158
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 7(l)(n) 158
Rights ofthe Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 8(1) 157
AUSTRIA
Penal Act, s. 139b 9
BELGIUM
Act on Euthanasia of 28 May2002 153
An on Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 2 5,154
1 English translations can be found at (2003) 10 Eur. ]. Health L 329; (2002) 9(2 3) Ethical
Perspectives 182; Appendix I in Paul Schotsmans Tom Meulenbergs, eds., Euthanasia andPalliative Care
in the Low Countries (Leuven: Peeters, 2005) 245 and wwwJculeuven acDe/cbmer/viewpicphp?LAN=
E TABLE=DOCS ID=23, accessed24 Jury 2006.
Table of Statutory Material xxiii
Acton Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 3§1 155,156
Act on Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 3§2(1) 155
Act on Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 3§2(2) 156
Act on Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 3§3 156
Act on Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 4 155
Acton Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 4§2 156
Law concerning the rights of the patient of 22 Aug. 2002 182
Law concerning the rights of the patient of 22 Aug. 2002, Art. 8 4
Penal Code, Art. 394 6
Penal Code, Art. 397 7
Penal Code, Art. 422bis 154
CANADA
Constitutional
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 1 121
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 2(a) 53
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 2(b) 19
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 7 14,23,119
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 12 14
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 15 14,90
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, ss. 16 29 66
Federal
Criminal Code R.S. 1985, c C 46, s. 14 6
Criminal Code R.S. 1985, c C 46, s. 241 9
Criminal Code R.S. 1985, c. C 46, s. 245 7
Provincial
Advance Health Care Directives Act (Nfld.) S.N.L. 1995, c. A 4.1 140,141
Advance Health Care Directives Act (Nfld.) S.N.L. 1995, c. A 4.1, s. 5(1) 140
Advance Health Care Directives Act (Nfld.) S.N.L 1995,cA 4.1,s. 10 141
Advance Health Care Directives Act (Nfld.) S.N.L. 1995, c A 4.1, s. 12(1) 142
Civil Code of Quel ecS.Q. 1991, c 64, s. 10 140
Civil Code of Qu ecS.Q. 1991, c 64, s. 12 142
Civil Code of Quebec S.Q. 1991, c 64, s. 15 141
Consent to Treatment and Health Care Directives Act (P.E.I.) R.S.P.E.I.
1998, c. C 17.2, s. 11 141
Consent to Treatment and Health Care Directives Act (EE.I.) R.S.P.E.I.
1998, c C 17.2, s. 13 142
Consent to Treatment and Health Care Directives Act (P.E.I.) R.S.P.E.I.
1998, c C 17.2, s. 17(2) 140
Consent to Treatment and Health Care Directives Act (P.E.I.) R.S.P.E.I.
1998, c C 17.2, s. 20 140,141
Health Act (Yuk.) R.S.Y. 2002, c. 106, s. 45(l)(a) 141
Health Act (Yuk.) R.S.Y. 2002, c. 106, s. 45(l)(b) 141
HealthAct (Yuk.) R.S.Y. 2002, c 106, s.45(l)(c) (f) 141
Health Act (Yuk.) R.S.Y. 2002, c. 106, ss. 45(5), (6) 142
Health Care (Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act (B.C.) R.S.B.C. 1996,
c 181,s. 12.1 140
Health Care Consent Act (Ont.) S.0.1996,c.2,Sch.A,s. 20 141
Health Care Consent Act (Ont.) S.0.1996, c 2, Sch. A, s. 21 142
Health Care Consent Act (Ont.) S.0.1996,c.2,Sch.A,s.26 140
xxiv Table of Statutory Material
Health Care Directives Act (Man.) S.M. 1992, c. 33, C.C.S.M. c H 27 140
Health Care Directives Act (Man.) S.M. 1992, c. 33, C.C.S.M.
c. H 27, ss. 5,7,13(1), (3) 140
Health Care Directives Act (Man.) S.M. 1992, c. 33, C.C.S.M.
c H 27, s. 13(2), (4) 142
Health Care Directives and Substitute Health Care Decision Maker Act (Sask.) S.S. 1997,
c H 0.001, s. 5 140
Health Care Directives and Substitute Health Care Decision Maker Act (Sask.) S.S. 1997,
c H 0.001, s. 5(3) 141
Health Care Directives and Substitute Health Care Decision Maker Act (Sask.) S.S. 1997,
c H 0.001, s. 12 142
Health Care Directives and Substitute Health Care Decision Maker Act (Sask.) S.S. 1997,
c H 0.001, ss. 15 16 141
Medical Consent Act(N.S.) R.S.N.S. 1989,c. 279 141
Personal Directives Act (Alta.) R.S.A. 2000, c P 6 140
Personal Directives Act (Alta.) R.S A 2000, c P 6, s. 14(2) 140
Personal Directives Act (Alta.) R.S A. 2000, c P 6, s. 14(3) 142
Representation Agreement Act (B.C.) R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 405 140
Representation Agreement Act (B.C.) R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 405, s. 7(2.1) 142
Representation Agreement Act (B.C.) R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 405, s. 16 142
Substitute Decisions Act (Ont.) S.O. 1992, c. 30, ss. 46 53 141
Substitute Decisions Act (Ont.) S.O. 1992, c 30, ss. 55 61 141
Substitute DecisionsAct (Ont.) S.O. 1992, c. 30, ss. 66(3), 67 142
COLOMBIA
Penal Code 2000, Art. 106 8
Penal Code 2000, Art. 107 9
CROATIA
Penal Code, Art. 94 7
Penal Code, Art. 96 9
DENMARK
Patients Rights Act of 1 July 1998 No. 482, §§6,7 4
Penal Code, Art. 239 7
Penal Code, Arc 240 9
ENGLAND AND WALES
Infant life Preservation Act 1929,s. 1(1) 86
Mental Capacity Act 2005, s. 4 142,143
Mental Capacity Act 2005, ss. 9 14,22 23 140
Mental Capacity Act 2005, ss. 16 20 141
Mental Capacity Act 2005, ss. 24 26 140
Mental Capacity Act 2005, s. 27(l)(a) 144
Offences Against the Person Act 1861, s. 58 .86
SuicideAct 1961, s. 2(1) 9
TabU of Statutory Material xxv
EUROPE
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 2 14,104,136
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 3 14,20
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 6 104
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 8 14
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 9 14,53
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 14 14
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 36 § 2 25
European Social Charter, 529 U.N.T.S. 89 (1965), Arts. 1 16,1 17 66
FRANCE
Civil Code, Art. 16(3) 114
Code of Medical Ethics, Art. 36 114
Codeof Penal Procedure, Art. 40 112
Lawno. 2005 370 of 22 Apr. 2005 on the rights of patients and the end of life 113,114
Penal Code, Art. 122 7 117
Penal Code, Art. 221 1 6
Penal Code, Art. 221 3 7
Penal Code, Art. 221 5 7
Penal Code, Art. 223 6 10,117
Penal Code, Art. 223 13 10
Penal Code, Art. 223 14 10
Public Health Code, Art. LI 111 4 114,116
GERMANY
Penal Code, Art. 35 117
Penal Code, Arts. 211 213 8
Penal Code, Art. 216 7
Penal Code, Art. 323 11
IRELAND
Criminal Law (Suicide) Act 1993, s. 2(2) 9
ITALY
Penal Code, Art. 579 7
Penal Code, Art. 580 9
NETHERLANDS
Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands of 24 August 1815, Stb. 45, Ch. I 103
Constitution ofthe Kingdom of the Netherlands of24 August 1815, Stb. 45, Art 120 103
Burial and Cremation Act 1991 (Law on Disposal of Corpses) 82,128
Burial and Cremation Act 1991 (Law on Disposal of Corpses), s. 7 82
Burial and Cremation Act 1991 (Law on Disposal of Corpses), s. 7(2) 82
Burial and Cremation Act 1991 (Law on Disposal of Corpses), s. 10 128,130
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 23 7 ^
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 40 7~
xxvi Table of Statutory Material
Criminal Code 1886,Art. 228(1) 82,134
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 289 129
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 293 77,81,107,
132,133,167
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 293(1) 7,82
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 293(2) 7,82,125
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 294 9,77,167
Judicial Organization Act 1827, Art. 99 101
Law on Contracts for Medical Care 105
Law on Contracts for Medical Care, Art. 450(1) 4
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures)
Act 20012 2,36,77,78,81,82,104,128
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001, Ch. II 77
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001, s. l(b) 5
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001, s. 2 82
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 2(1) 81, 82,128
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s.2(l)(a) 125
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 2(l)(b) 126,146
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 2(l)(d) 126,146
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 2(l)(e) 82
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
ss. 3 19 83
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 20A 7,82,125
Termination of life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 20B 9
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 21A 82
NEW ZEALAND
CrimesAct 1961,s. 63 6
Crimes Act 1961, s. 179 9
PORTUGAL
Criminal Code, Art. 134 7
Criminal Code, Art. 135 9
SPAIN
Penal Code 1995,Art. 143(2) 9
Penal Code 1995, Art. 143(4) 7
2 English translations can be found at (2001) 8 Eur. J. Health L. 183 and as an appendix to
Jurriaan de Haan, The New Dutch Law on Euthanasia (2002) 10 Med. L Rev. 57,68 75.
Table of Statutory Material xxvii
SWITZERLAND
Penal Code, Arts. 65 64 8
Penal Code, An. 111 . . . . . . . . . . .»
Penal Code, Art. 114 j
Penal Code, Art. 115 9,150
U.S.A.
Constitutional
Constitution, Art. Ill 151
Constitution, First Amendment 53
Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment 19,23,27,30,31,58,
122,123,124,142,151
Federal
Assisted Suicide Funding Restriction Act of 1997,42 U.S.C. §§ 14401 14408 (2000) 9,19,152
Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.CA § 801 et seq 151
Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.CA § 824(a)(4) 152
Model Penal Code § 3.02 91
Model Penal Code § 210.5(2) 9
Pain Relief Promotion Act of 2000, S. 2607, §201(a)(l), 106th Cong 151
Patient Self Determination Act, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990,
Pub. L. No. 101 508,4206,4751,104 Stat. § 1388,1388 115,1388 204
(codified at 42 USC § 1395cc(f) (Medicare), 1396a(w) (Medicaid) (1994)) 140
State
Death with Dignity Act, Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996) 5,9,150
Death with Dignity Act, Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996), § 1.01(3) 152
Death with Dignity Act Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996), § 1.01(12) 152
Death with Dignity Act, Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996), § 2.01 152
Death with Dignity Act, Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996), § 2.02 152
Death with Dignity Act, Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996), § 3.03 152
Mich. Comp. Laws § 752.1027 (1993) 12
Minn. Stat. § 144.651 143
Ohio Constitution, Art. I, § 7 32
Oregon Constitution, Art. IV, s. 1 151
Wash. Laws, ch. 98, § 10 (1992) 150
Wash. Rev. Code § 70.122.100 (1994) 150
URUGUAY
Penal Code, Art. 37 7
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Summary Table of Contents
Table of Cases xvii
Table of Statutory Material xxii
List of Abbreviations xxix
1 Introduction 1
I. The Background to the Legalization Debate 3
II. Definitions 4
III. Criminal Prohibitions 6
2 Rights to Assisted Dying 12
I. Introduction 12
II. Rights in the Assisted Suicide Debate 16
3 The Effects of Rights 43
I. Introduction 43
II. Failure to Provide Solutions to Complex Social Problems 45
III. Questioning the Underlying Assumptions 65
IV. Conclusion 74
4 Duties and Necessity 76
I. The Dutch Defence of Necessity 76
II. Necessity at Common Law 83
III. Explaining the Different Roads Taken 94
IV. Conclusion 108
5 Compassion 109
I. Introduction 109
II. CCNE Opinion Number 63 109
III. The Unavailability of Other Mechanisms of Legal Change 114
IV. Conclusion 117
6 Comparing die Mechanisms of Legal Change 118
I. Introduction 118
II. Rights as the Mechanism of Legal Change 118
III. Necessity as the Mechanism of Legal Change 124
x Summary Table of Contents ,
IV. Compassion as the Mechanism of Legal Change 137
V. Summarizing the Boundaries 138
VI. Legislative Change 149
VII. Conclusion 158
7 The Slippery Slope 159
I. Introduction 159
II. The Logical Slippery Slope Argument 164
III. The Empirical Slippery Slope Argument 169
IV. Conclusion 186
Select Bibliography 189
Index 213
Detailed Table of Contents
Table of Cases xvii
Table of Statutory Material xxii
List of Abbreviations xxix
1. Introduction 1
I. The Background to the Legalization Debate 3
II. Definitions 4
A. Euthanasia 4
B. Assisted suicide 5
C. Assisted dying 6
D. Other medical behaviour that (potentially) shortens life 6
III. Criminal Prohibitions 6
A. Euthanasia 6
1. Murder 6
2. Consensual homicide 7
3. Compassionate homicide 8
B. Assisted suicide 8
1. Complete prohibitions 8
2. Limited prohibitions 9
3. Absence of prohibition 9
2. Rights to Assisted Dying 12
I. Introduction 12
A. Individual cases 12
B. Constitutional challenges to criminal prohibitions on assisted suicide 14
C. The rights debate over assisted suicide 15
II. Rights in the Assisted Suicide Debate 16
A. Right to suicide or right to assisted suicide? 16
B. Different types of rights to suicide or assisted suicide 17
C. Rights based arguments in favour of assisted suicide 20
1. Right to liberty 20
2. Right to autonomy or self determination 22
3. Right to privacy 26
4. Right to dignity 27
5. Right to equality 29
a. Using the legality of suicide 29
b. Using the right to refuse life saving or life sustaining treatment 30
6. Right to freedom of conscience and religion 31
7. Right to property 34
xii Detailed Table of Contents
D. Rights based arguments against assisted suicide 35
1. Right to life 35
2. Right to equality or equal protection 37
a. The impact of legalization on marginalized groups 37
b. The form of legalization 39
3. Right to property 40
4. Right to autonomy 41
3. The Effects of Rights 43
I. Introduction 43
II. Failure to Provide Solutions to Complex Social Problems 45
A. Problems with rights discourse generally 45
1. The indeterminacy critique 45
a. Conflicts between competing rights 46
b. Conflicts between rights and their limiting features 47
c Levels of generality 47
d. Definitional vagueness 49
2. The critique of suppression and distortion 51
a. Focus on the self 52
b. Equality rights 52
c. Transformation of duties 53
3. The critique of rights discourse as simplistic and conclusory 55
4. The absolutist critique 56
a. Absolutist claims on both sides of the debate 57
b. The difficulty of limiting rights 57
5. The critique of rights discourse as uncompromising 60
a. The right to equality 61
b. Devaluation of opposing rights or interests 61
B. Problems with rights discourse associated with personal rights 62
1. Lack of articulation of basis of personal rights 63
2. The problem of the slippery slope 65
III. Questioning the Underlying Assumptions 65
A. The individualist critique 66
B. Applying the individualist critique to assisted suicide 68
1. Focus on community 68
2. The problem of isolation 70
3. Compromise between individual and community 73
IV. Conclusion 74
4. Duties and Necessity 76
I. The Dutch Defence of Necessity 76
A. The Criminal Code provisions 77
B. The conflict of duties 78
C. Codification 81
Detailed Table of Contents xiii
II. Necessity at Common Law 83
A. England: cannibals and conjoined twins 84
B. Canada: non voluntary euthanasia of a disabled child 88
C. The elements ofthe defence of necessity explored 91
1. Proportionality 91
a. Justification or excuse? 91
b. Classification of necessity in the presence of a proportionality
requirement 91
2. Reasonableness 92
a. No reasonable alternative 93
b. Imminent peril or inevitable evil 93
c. Personal limitation 94
III. Explaining the Different Roads Taken 94
A. Why has the common law defence of necessity
excluded euthanasia? 95
1. Alternatives to the use of necessity at common law 95
2. The role of consensus 97
a. An example of the importance of consensus: existential suffering 99
b. The democracy problem 101
B. Why did the Dutch not use constitutionally entrenched rights
as the mechanism of legalization? 102
1. Legal and strategic arguments 103
2. Cultural arguments 105
3. The role of other arguments in the Dutch debate 105
a. Autonomy 106
b. Respect for life 107
IV. Conclusion 108
5. Compassion 109
I. Introduction 109
II. CCNE Opinion Number 63 109
A. Incorporating the CCNE's proposal into the criminal law 110
B. The basis ofthe CCNE's proposal 111
C. Future developments 113
III. The Unavailability of Other Mechanisms of Legal Change 114
A. A right to assisted dying in France? 114
B. The defence of necessity in France 116
IV. Conclusion 117
6. Comparing the Mechanisms of Legal Change 118
I. Introduction 118
II. Rights as the Mechanism of Legal Change 118
A. The dissenting reasons of McEachem C.J.B.C. in Rodriguez 119
B. The dissenting reasons of Lamer C.J.C. in Rodriguez 121
xiv Detailed Table of Contents
C. The Second Circuit Decision in Quill v. Vacco 122
D. The En Bane Ninth Circuit Decision in Compassion in
Dying v. Washington 124
III. Necessity as the Mechanism of Legal Change 124
A. (Active voluntary) euthanasia or termination of life on request 124
1. The patient s request 125
2. Unbearable and hopeless suffering 126
3. No reasonable alternative 126
4. The doctor patient relationship 127
B. Non voluntary euthanasia or termination of life without request 127
1. The neonate cases 129
2. Proxy consent 132
3. Incompetent persons generally 133
4. No reasonable alternative 135
C. Conclusion 136
IV. Compassion as the Mechanism of Legal Change 137
V. Summarizing the Boundaries 138
A. Request 139
1. Jurisdictions which accept proxy exercise of the incompetent
person's rights 143
2. Jurisdictions which do not accept proxy exercise of the
incompetent persons rights 144
3. Concerns about proxy decision making 144
B. Terminal illness 145
1. Ifnecessity or compassion are the mechanisms of legal change 145
2. If rights are the mechanism of legal change 146
C. Suffering and the 'no reasonable alternative' requirement 146
D. Assisted suicide or assisted dying? 147
E. Prospective approval 147
F. Restriction to doctors 148
G. Moving forward 149
VI. Legislative Change 149
A. Oregon 150
1. A brief history 150
2. An examination of the Oregon provisions 152
B. Belgium 153
1. A brief history 153
2. An examination of the Belgian provisions 154
C. The Northern Territory of Australia 157
VII. Conclusion 158
7. The Slippery Slope 159
I. Introduction 159
A. The legal significance of the slippery slope argument 161
B. Terminology 163
Detailed Table of Contents xv
II. The Logical Slippery Slope Argument 164
A. Two versions 164
1. An argument from consistency 164
2. A sorites type argument 165
B. The legal context 166
1. Necessity and compassion as mechanisms of legal change 167
2. Rights as the mechanism of legal change 167
3. Conclusion on the logical arguments in a legal context 167
III. The Empirical Slippery Slope Argument 169
A. The causal argument 171
1. A post legalization increase in non voluntary euthanasia 172
2. An increase caused by legalization 173
B. The comparative argument 175
1. Comparative evidence 175
a. Survey prevalence evidence 176
b. Beyond non voluntary euthanasia prevalence rates 177
2. Difficulties associated with the comparative evidence 180
a. Lack of reliable data 180
b. Effect of the topic 180
3. Drawing inferences from the comparative data 182
a. The problem of the baseline 182
b. Comparing jurisdictions which have legalized with those
which have not 183
4. Beyond the rates of non voluntary euthanasia 185
IV. Conclusion 186
Select Bibliography 189
Individual Jurisdictions 189
Australia 189
Belgium 189
Canada 191
England and Wales 191
Europe 192
France 193
Germany 195
Netherlands 195
Law 195
Practice 198
Critics 200
Proponents 202
Ethics 202
New Zealand 202
Oregon 202
Switzerland 203
U.S.A 203
xvi Detailed Table of Contents
Compassion 205
Common Law Defence of Necessity 205
Comparative Works 206
Ethics and Sociology 207
Palliative Care 208
Rights 209
Slippery Slopes 210
Index 213
Table of Cases
AUSTRALIA
Rogers v. Whitaker (1992) 175 C.L.R.479 (H.C. Aust.) 3
BELGIUM
Courde Cassation, 13 May 1987, R.C.J.B., 1989,588 154
CANADA
Andrews v. Law Society cf British Columbia [1989] 1 S.C.R. 143 63
BowVaUey Husky (Bermuda) Ltd. u Saint John Shipbuilding Ltd. [1997] 3S.C.R. 1210 168
Ciarlariello v. Schacter [1993] 2 S.C.R. 119 3
Cuerrier[1998] 2 S.C.R. 371 168
delaRochalApt. 1993 (Ont. Gen. Div.) 96
Dctislev. Canada (DeputyAttorney General) [1999] 2 S.C.R. 989 19
Haigv. Canada [1993] 2 S.C.R. 995 19
Hibbert [1995] 2 S.C.R. 973 89
Hynes [2001] 3S.C.R. 623 168
Kmdleru Canada [1991] 2 S.C.R. 779 63
Kirkham (1998) 17 Crim. Rep. (5th) 250 (Sask. Q.B.) 89
Latimer (1995) 126 D.L.R. (4th) 203 (Sask. CA) 88,89,94,96
Latimer [1997] 1 S.C.R. 217 88,89,94
Latimer(\99S) 131 C.C.C. (3d) 191 (Sask. CA) 88,89,94
Latimer[2001] 1 S.C.R. 3 7,14,84,87,88,89,90,93,94
Law v. Canada (Ministerof EmploymentandImmigration) [1999] 1 S.C.R. 497 63
Malette v. Shulman (1990) 72 O.R. (2d) 417 (Ont. CA) 3,140
Mataya 24 Aug. 1992 (Ont. Ct. of Justice) 96
Morgentaler [1976] 1 S.C.R. 616 93,94,101
Morgentaler [1988] 1 S.C.R. 30 31,33,63,119,147
Morrison (1998) 174 N.S.R. (2d) 201 (N.S.S.C.) 7,14,96,97,135
Myers 23 Dec. 1994, C.R. 110506 (N.S.S.C.) 96
NancyB. u HSteLDieudeQuebec(1992) 86D.LR. (4th) 385 (Qu S.S.C.) 3
Native Women's Association cf Canada v. Canada [1994] 3S.C.R. 627 19
Oakes [1986] 1 S.C.R. 103 63
Perka [1984] 2S.C.R. 232 84,89,90,92,93,94,101
KeEve[\9S6\ 2S.C.R. 388 142
Res. 94(2) of the Motor Vehicle Act of British Columbia [1985] 2 S.CR. 486 63
Rodriguez v. British Columbia (Attorney General) (1993) 76 B.C.L.R. (2d)
145 (B.C.C.A.) 33,119,122
Rodriguezv. British Qtlumbia (Attorney General) [1993] 3S.C.R. 519 3,8,14,20,23,26,
29,30,48,49,95,98,99,121,122,161,162
Satituro [1991] 3S.C.R. 654 168
Seaboyer{\99\] 2S.C.R. 577 168
Watkins v. Oiafion [1989] 2S.CR. 750 168
WmnipcgCkiU and Family Servucs(Northux5tArta)v. G.(D.F.) [1997) 3S.CR. 925 168
xviii Table of Cases
COLOMBIA
In re Articulo 326delddigo Penal (ReArticle 326of the PenalCode), Decision C 239 of 1997
(Constitutional Ct.) 8
ENGLAND AND WALES
Adams(Bodkin)[1957]Crim.L.R.365(CentralCrim.Ct.) 14,95
AiredaleNHSTrustv. BW [1993] AC. 789 3,6,95,142
y4«*«r(1993) 12 B.M.L.R. 1 (LeicesterCrown Ct.) 7
Attorney General u Able [1984] 1 All E.R. 277 (Q.B.) 9
Bourne [1939] 1 K.B. 687, [1938] 3 All E.R. 615 (CCA.) 85,86,94,102
Chard, The Times, 23 Sept. 1993 (Central Crim. Ct.) 9
Conway [1989] 3 All E.R. 1025 (CA.) 85
Cox(1992) 12B.M.L.R. 38 (Winchester Crown Ct.) 5,6,7,14,95,97
Dudley andStephens(1884) 14Q.B.D. 273 (Q.B.) 84,85,86
Hales k Pent (1562) 75 Eng. Rep. 387 (C.B.) .41
Howe [1987] AC. 417 85,86
Jones [2004] 3 W.L.R. 1362 (C A) 92
Pommell [1995] Cr. App. R. 607 (CA) 85,92
Re A (Children) (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation) [2001]
Fam. 147 (CA) 86,87,88,91,92,93,94,95,102,142
Re F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation) [1990] 2 AC. 1 88,92,93,141,143
ReM.B. (Medical Treatment) [1997] 2 F.L.R. 426 (CA) 3
ReZ(LocalAuthority: Duty) [2005] 1 W.L.R. 959 (H.C.) 9
Rodger[l99fi\ 1 Cr.App. R, 143 (CA) 85
Shayler [2001] 1 W.LR. 2206 (CA.) 91,92
Sidaway u Boardof 'Governors of Bethlem RoyalHospital [19 5] AC. 871 3
Southward London Borough Council u Williams [1971] Ch.734(CA) 101
R. (on the application of Pretty) v. D.PP. [2001] E.WH.C. Admin. 788 15,48,58
R. (on the application of Pretty) a D.PP. [2002] 1 AC. 800 6,15,20,48,49,95,
99,147,163
EUROPE
Pretty v. U.K. (2002) 35 E.H.R.R. 1 (Eur. Ct. H.R.) 4,15,20,23,24,25,26,30,
34,48,95,97,114,170,183
R. v. U.K. (1983) 6 E.H.R.R. 140 (Eur. Comm. H.R.) 15
Zoon v. the Netherlands, Application No. 29202/95,14 Jan. 1998 (Eur. Comm. H.R.) 104
FRANCE
Assoc. Defense contre limitation au suicide c. Moreau, Tribunal de Grande Instance, Paris, 16th
Chamber, 11 Apr. 1995, (1996)J.C.P. G. II [22729] 10
B., CA, Angers, 1st Chamber, 4 Mar. 1947, (1947) 1 Gaz. PaL 168, (1948) Dalloz29S 115
A, CA, Nancy, Special Chamber, 3 Dec 1982, (1984) 1 Gaz. Pal. 132 115
C, T, CA, Paris, 1 lth Chamber, 18Jan. 2001, no. 2001 137734, (2001) 84 Droitpenal 12. .10
C, T, Courde Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 13 Nov. 2001, no. 01 81.418, (2002)
J.C.P. IV105 10
Copillet, Courde Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 23 June 1838, (1838) 1 Sirey 625 7
Dinain, Courde Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 21 Aug. 1851, (1851) 5 AJ? 237 7
£pouxM., Tribunal de Grande Instance, Paris, 23 Jan. 1985, (1985) DaUoz Juris. 418 10
Table of Cases xix
Gamier, Conseil d'fitat, 29 July 1994, no. 146.978, (1995) 31(1)
Rev. Dr. Sanit.Soc.57 115,116
Gatineau, Cour de Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 3 Jan. 1973, (1973)
Dallozl.R. 13, (1973) DaUozJur. 220 114
L. etADMD, Tribunal de Grande Instance, Paris, 25 Jan. 1984, (1984) Dalloz Juris. 486 10
Le Bonniec, Cour de Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 26 Apr. 1988,
Bull crim. no. 178, (1990) Dalloz Juris. 479 10
Leseurrec. Dr. Couturier et SA. AbeilleAssurances, CA, Paris, 12 Jan. 1996,
(16July 1996) Gaz.Pal.4O7 115
Mme. D., Cour de Cassation, 1st Civil Chamber, 11 Oct. 1988, (1989)/C.i? G. II [21358] 115
Mme. X, Conseil d'fitat, 26 Oct. 2001, no. 198546, (15 Jan. 2002)
11 PetitesAffiches 18 115,116
Mme. X, Court of Administrative Appeal, Paris, 9 June 1998, nos. 95 PA03104 95 PA0365,
(1999) Dalloz Juris. 277 115
P., CA, Toulouse, 9 Aug. 1973, (1974) DaUoz452 7
Roubignac, Cour de Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 2 July 1835, (1935) 1 SinyS6l 7
Vignalou, Cour de Cassation, 1st Civil Chamber, 7 Nov. 1961, Bull. I, no. 508,401 115
X, Tribunal de Grande Instance, Paris, 16th Correctional Chamber, 20 Nov. 1985,
(1986) Dalloz369 10
GERMANY
Wittig, Federal Supreme Court, 4 July 1984, BGHSt 32,367 11
IRELAND
North Western Health Boardv. W.(H.) [2001] I.E.S.C. 90 (S.C.) 3
Re A Ward of Court (withholding medical treatment) (No. 2) [1996] 21.R. 79 (S.C.) 3
Ryan v. Attorney Geneml[1965] I.R.294 (S.C.) 3
NETHERLANDS
AdmiraaU District Court, The Hague, N.J. 1985, no. 709 79
Brongersma, Court of Appeals, Amsterdam, 6 Dec. 2001, Tijdschrifi voor
Gezondheidsrecht 2002, no. 17 99,100,101
Brongersma, District Court, Haarlem, 30 Oct. 2000, Tijdschrifivoor
Gezondheidsrecht200\, no. 21 99,101
Brongersma, Supreme Court, 24 Dec 2002, N.J. 2003, no. 167 99,100,101,106
Chabot, Supreme Court, 21 June 1994, N.J. 1994, no. 656 80,81,106,126,145
District Court, Almelo, 28 Jan. 1997 134
District Court, Haarlem, Tijdschrifi voor Gezondheidsrecht1994, no. 48 126,127
District Court, Rotterdam, 7 Dec 1992 80
Kadijk, Court of Appeals, Leeuwarden, 4 Apr. 1996, Tydschrifi voor Gezondheidsrecht
1996, no. 35 104,129,130,131,132,
133,135,136,173
Kadijk, District Court, Groningen, 13 Nov. 1995 104,131,132,133,135,136,173
# , Supreme Court, 21 Oct. 1986, N.J. 1987,no. 607 79,81,99,106,108
Postma, District Court, Leeuwarden, 21 Feb. 1973, N.J. 1973, no. 183 79
Prins, Court of Appeals, Amsterdam, 7 Nov. 1995, N.J. 1996, no. 113 129,131,132,
133,135,173
Awb, District Court, Alkmaar, 26 Apr. 1995, N.J. 1995, no. 602 130,131,132,173
xx Table of Cases
Wwfe»n, Court of Appeals, The Hague, 10 June 11 Sept. 1986, NJ. 1987, no. 608 126
Schoonheim, Supreme Court, 27 Nov. 1984, NJ. 1985, no. 106 78,79,92,99, 106,126
Van Oijen, Supreme Court, 9 Nov. 2004, NJ. 2005, no. 217 82,134,136
Vencken, Court of Appeals, Den Bosch, 29 July 2005 135
Vencken, District Court, Breda, Nov. 2004 135
NEW ZEALAND
AucklandArea Health Board v. Attorney General [\993] 1 N.Z.L.R. 235 (H.C.) 95
U.S.A.
Barttingv. Superior Court (1984) 163 Cal. App. 3d 186 (Cal. CA) 59
Bouviav. Superior Court (Glenchur) (1986) 179 Cal. App. 3d 1127 (Cal. CA) 23,26,57,59
Bowers u Hardwick (1986) 478 U.S. 186 64
Brophy v. New England Sinai Hosp., Inc. (1986) 497 N.E.2d 626 (Mass. S J.C.) 21
Compassion inDyingv. Washington (1994) 850 F. Supp. 1454 (W.D. Wash.) 9,20,27,
31,49,51,123
CompassioninDyingv. Washington (1995) 49 E3d586 (9thCir.) 27,31,37,38,39,
58,113,123,124,163
Compassion in Dying v. Washington (1996) 79 F.3d 790 (9th Cir. en bane) 15,32,33,38,51,
60,72,95,124,143,147,149
Conroy (1985) 486 A.2d 1209 (N.J.S.C.) 58,59,142
ConservatorshipafWendland (2001) 26 Cal. 4th 519 (Cal. S.C.) 143
Cruzan v. Director, Mo. Dep'tofHealth (1990) 497 U.S. 261 3,9,26,27,31,33,59,142,143
Cruzan v. Harmon (1988) 760 S.W.2d 408 (Missouri S.C.) 142
DeShaneyu Winnebago County Dep't of Social Servs. (1989) 489 U.S. 189 19
Donaldson v. VandeKamp (1992) 4 Cal. Rptr. 2d 59 (Cal. C A) 15
Fosmire v. Nicoleau (1990) 75 N.Y. 2d 218 (N.Y.CA) 59
Furman v. Georgia (1971) 408 U.S. 238 46
Gargerv. New Jersey (1976) 429 U.S. 922 59
Gonzales v. Oregon (2006) 126S.Q. 904 (U.S.S.C.) 152
Hobbins v. Attorney Gen. (1993) No. 93 306 178 CZ, 1993 WL 276833 (Mich. Cir. Ct.) 12
Hobbinsv. Attorney General (1994) 518 N.W.2d 487 (Mich. C A.) 12,23
Hobbins v.Kelley (1995) 514 U.S. 1083 13
In nAM.B. (2001) 248 Mich. App. 144 (Mich. CA.) 142
In re Caulk (1984) 480 A.2d 93 (N.H.S.C.) 21
Inn Christopher I. (2003) 131 Cal.Rptr.2d 122 (Cal. CA) 142
In re Guardianship of"L.W. (1992) 167 Wis. 2d53 (Wis. S.C.) 143
InreKI. (1999) 735 A.2d448 (D.C.CA) 142,143
In n Martin (1995) 450 Mich. 204 (Mich. S.C.) 142
In re Quintan (1976) 355 A.2d647 (N.J.S.C.) 59,123,143
Inre Quintan (1976) 429 U.S. 922 58
In re Storar (1981) 420 N.E.2d 64 (N.Y.CA) 142
Kansas u Naramore (1998) 965 P.2d 211 (Kansas CA) 95
Kevorkian (1993) No. 93 11482,1993 WL 603212 (Mich. Cir. Ct.) 12
Kevorkian (1994) 527 N.W.2d 714 (Mich. S.C.) 9, 13,15,16,17,
47,49,51,58,59
Kevorkian (1995) 534 N.W. 2d 172 (Mich. S.C.) 13
Kevorkian (1996) 549 N.W. 2d 566 (Mich. S.C.) 13
Kevorkian v. Michigan (1996) 519 U^. 928 13
Table of Cases xxi
Kevorkian v. Thompson (1997) 947 F. Supp. 1152 (E.D. Mich.) 13
Krischerv. Mclver(\997) 697 So. 2d97 (Fla. S.C) 15,58,159
Lav. Harcleroad(1997) 522 U.S. 927 40,151
Leev. Oregon (1995) 891 F.Supp. 1429 (D. Or.) 40,151
Lav. Oregon (1997) 107F.3d 1382 (9thCir.) 40,151
Martin (1946) 37S.E.2d 43 (Va. S.CA) 36
Matter ofConservatorship ofTorres (1984) 357 N.W.2d 332 (Minn. S.C.) 143
Matter of Edna M.F. (1997) 210 Wis. 2d 557 (Wis. S.C.) 142
McKay v. Bergstedt(1990) 801 P.2d617 (Nev. S.C.) 39,46,59
NorwoodHosp. v. Munoz(\99\) 564N.E.2d 1017 (Mass. S.J.C.) 35
Oregon v. Ashcroft (2004) 368 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir.) 152
PlannedParenthoodof Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992) 505 U.S. 833 31,32,34
Preterm Cleveland* Voinovich (1993) 627 N.E. 2d 570 (OhioCA.) 32
Preterm Cleveland v. Voinovich, No. 92CVHO1 528,1992 Ohio Misc. LEXIS 1
(Franklin Cty. C.E) 32
Public Health Trust v. Wons(l989) 541 So. 2d 96 (Fla. S.C.) 35
QuUlu Koppell(l994) 870 F. Supp. 78 (S.D.N.Y.) 13,14,20,30,97
Quillv. Vacco (1996) 80 F.3d716 (2ndCir.) 12,15, 17,31, 122,123,144,163
Roberts(1920) 211 Mich. 187 (Mich. S.C.) 84
Roe v. Wade (1973) 410 U.S. 113 61
Sampson v. Alaska (2001) 31 P.3d 88 (Alaska S.C.) 15
Schiavo ex reL Schindler v. Schiavo (2005) 403 F.3d 1289 (11 th Cir.) 142
Superintendent ofBelchenown State Sch. v. Saikewicz (1977) 370N.E.2d417
(Mass. S.J.C.) 59,141
Thornburgh v. American Coll. ofObst. Gyn. (1986) 476 U.S. 747 34
United States v. Holmes(1842) F.Cas. 360, No. 15383 (C.C.E.D. Pa.) 85
Vacco v. QuiU(\997) 521 U.S. 793 15,18,74,95,122,135,162,163,165
Washington v. Glucksberg(\997) 521 U.S. 702 15,17,18,27,34,58,60,69,70,74,
95,124,135,143,162,163,165,171
Websterv. Reproductive Health Services (1989) 492 U.S. 490 31
Woodsu Com. (2004) l42S.W.3d24(Ky.S.C.) 143
Youngerv. Hanis{\97\) 401 U.S. 37 !3
Table of Statutory Material
INTERNATIONAL
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 103,129
United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights, GA Res. 217,
U.N. Doc. A/811 (1948), Art. 16.3 66
United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights, GA. Res. 217,
U.N. Doc. A/811 (1948), Arts. 22 25 20
AUSTRALIA
Federal
Euthanasia Laws Act 1997 (Cth.) 8,102
Euthanasia Laws Act 1997 (Cth.), Sched. 1 157
State
Crimes Art 1900 (A.C.T.), s. 17 9
Crimes Art 1900 (N.S.W.), s. 31C 9
Crimes Act 1958 (Vic), s. 6B(2) 9
Criminal Code (N.Terr.), s. 26(3) 6
Criminal Code (N.Terr.), s. 168 9
Criminal Code (Qld.), s. 311 9
Criminal Code (Tas.), s. 53(a) 6
Criminal Code (Tas.), s. 163 9
Criminal Code (WA), s. 261 6
Criminal Code (WA), s. 288 9
Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA.),s. 13A(5) 9
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.) 8,102
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 3 157
Rights of the Terminally 111 Act 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 4 157
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.),s. 7(l)(b) 157
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 7(l)(c) 157
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 7(l)(d) 157
Rights of the Terminally 111 Act 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 7(l)(h) 157
Rights ofthe Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 7(l)(i) 158
Rights of the Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 7(l)(n) 158
Rights ofthe Terminally 111 Art 1995 (N.Terr.), s. 8(1) 157
AUSTRIA
Penal Act, s. 139b 9
BELGIUM
Act on Euthanasia of 28 May2002' 153
An on Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 2 5,154
1 English translations can be found at (2003) 10 Eur. ]. Health L 329; (2002) 9(2 3) Ethical
Perspectives 182; Appendix I in Paul Schotsmans Tom Meulenbergs, eds., Euthanasia andPalliative Care
in the Low Countries (Leuven: Peeters, 2005) 245 and wwwJculeuven acDe/cbmer/viewpicphp?LAN=
E TABLE=DOCS ID=23, accessed24 Jury 2006.
Table of Statutory Material xxiii
Acton Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 3§1 155,156
Act on Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 3§2(1) 155
Act on Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 3§2(2) 156
Act on Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 3§3 156
Act on Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 4 155
Acton Euthanasia of 28 May 2002, s. 4§2 156
Law concerning the rights of the patient of 22 Aug. 2002 182
Law concerning the rights of the patient of 22 Aug. 2002, Art. 8 4
Penal Code, Art. 394 6
Penal Code, Art. 397 7
Penal Code, Art. 422bis 154
CANADA
Constitutional
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 1 121
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 2(a) 53
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 2(b) 19
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 7 14,23,119
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 12 14
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 15 14,90
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, ss. 16 29 66
Federal
Criminal Code R.S. 1985, c C 46, s. 14 6
Criminal Code R.S. 1985, c C 46, s. 241 9
Criminal Code R.S. 1985, c. C 46, s. 245 7
Provincial
Advance Health Care Directives Act (Nfld.) S.N.L. 1995, c. A 4.1 140,141
Advance Health Care Directives Act (Nfld.) S.N.L. 1995, c. A 4.1, s. 5(1) 140
Advance Health Care Directives Act (Nfld.) S.N.L 1995,cA 4.1,s. 10 141
Advance Health Care Directives Act (Nfld.) S.N.L. 1995, c A 4.1, s. 12(1) 142
Civil Code of Quel ecS.Q. 1991, c 64, s. 10 140
Civil Code of Qu ecS.Q. 1991, c 64, s. 12 142
Civil Code of Quebec S.Q. 1991, c 64, s. 15 141
Consent to Treatment and Health Care Directives Act (P.E.I.) R.S.P.E.I.
1998, c. C 17.2, s. 11 141
Consent to Treatment and Health Care Directives Act (EE.I.) R.S.P.E.I.
1998, c C 17.2, s. 13 142
Consent to Treatment and Health Care Directives Act (P.E.I.) R.S.P.E.I.
1998, c C 17.2, s. 17(2) 140
Consent to Treatment and Health Care Directives Act (P.E.I.) R.S.P.E.I.
1998, c C 17.2, s. 20 140,141
Health Act (Yuk.) R.S.Y. 2002, c. 106, s. 45(l)(a) 141
Health Act (Yuk.) R.S.Y. 2002, c. 106, s. 45(l)(b) 141
HealthAct (Yuk.) R.S.Y. 2002, c 106, s.45(l)(c) (f) 141
Health Act (Yuk.) R.S.Y. 2002, c. 106, ss. 45(5), (6) 142
Health Care (Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act (B.C.) R.S.B.C. 1996,
c 181,s. 12.1 140
Health Care Consent Act (Ont.) S.0.1996,c.2,Sch.A,s. 20 141
Health Care Consent Act (Ont.) S.0.1996, c 2, Sch. A, s. 21 142
Health Care Consent Act (Ont.) S.0.1996,c.2,Sch.A,s.26 140
xxiv Table of Statutory Material
Health Care Directives Act (Man.) S.M. 1992, c. 33, C.C.S.M. c H 27 140
Health Care Directives Act (Man.) S.M. 1992, c. 33, C.C.S.M.
c. H 27, ss. 5,7,13(1), (3) 140
Health Care Directives Act (Man.) S.M. 1992, c. 33, C.C.S.M.
c H 27, s. 13(2), (4) 142
Health Care Directives and Substitute Health Care Decision Maker Act (Sask.) S.S. 1997,
c H 0.001, s. 5 140
Health Care Directives and Substitute Health Care Decision Maker Act (Sask.) S.S. 1997,
c H 0.001, s. 5(3) 141
Health Care Directives and Substitute Health Care Decision Maker Act (Sask.) S.S. 1997,
c H 0.001, s. 12 142
Health Care Directives and Substitute Health Care Decision Maker Act (Sask.) S.S. 1997,
c H 0.001, ss. 15 16 141
Medical Consent Act(N.S.) R.S.N.S. 1989,c. 279 141
Personal Directives Act (Alta.) R.S.A. 2000, c P 6 140
Personal Directives Act (Alta.) R.S A 2000, c P 6, s. 14(2) 140
Personal Directives Act (Alta.) R.S A. 2000, c P 6, s. 14(3) 142
Representation Agreement Act (B.C.) R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 405 140
Representation Agreement Act (B.C.) R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 405, s. 7(2.1) 142
Representation Agreement Act (B.C.) R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 405, s. 16 142
Substitute Decisions Act (Ont.) S.O. 1992, c. 30, ss. 46 53 141
Substitute Decisions Act (Ont.) S.O. 1992, c 30, ss. 55 61 141
Substitute DecisionsAct (Ont.) S.O. 1992, c. 30, ss. 66(3), 67 142
COLOMBIA
Penal Code 2000, Art. 106 8
Penal Code 2000, Art. 107 9
CROATIA
Penal Code, Art. 94 7
Penal Code, Art. 96 9
DENMARK
Patients'Rights Act of 1 July 1998 No. 482, §§6,7 4
Penal Code, Art. 239 7
Penal Code, Arc 240 9
ENGLAND AND WALES
Infant life Preservation Act 1929,s. 1(1) 86
Mental Capacity Act 2005, s. 4 142,143
Mental Capacity Act 2005, ss. 9 14,22 23 140
Mental Capacity Act 2005, ss. 16 20 141
Mental Capacity Act 2005, ss. 24 26 140
Mental Capacity Act 2005, s. 27(l)(a) 144
Offences Against the Person Act 1861, s. 58 .86
SuicideAct 1961, s. 2(1) 9
TabU of Statutory Material xxv
EUROPE
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 2 14,104,136
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 3 14,20
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 6 104
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 8 14
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 9 14,53
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 14 14
European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 36 § 2 25
European Social Charter, 529 U.N.T.S. 89 (1965), Arts. 1 16,1 17 66
FRANCE
Civil Code, Art. 16(3) 114
Code of Medical Ethics, Art. 36 114
Codeof Penal Procedure, Art. 40 112
Lawno. 2005 370 of 22 Apr. 2005 on the rights of patients and the end of life 113,114
Penal Code, Art. 122 7 117
Penal Code, Art. 221 1 6
Penal Code, Art. 221 3 7
Penal Code, Art. 221 5 7
Penal Code, Art. 223 6 10,117
Penal Code, Art. 223 13 10
Penal Code, Art. 223 14 10
Public Health Code, Art. LI 111 4 114,116
GERMANY
Penal Code, Art. 35 117
Penal Code, Arts. 211 213 8
Penal Code, Art. 216 7
Penal Code, Art. 323 11
IRELAND
Criminal Law (Suicide) Act 1993, s. 2(2) 9
ITALY
Penal Code, Art. 579 7
Penal Code, Art. 580 9
NETHERLANDS
Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands of 24 August 1815, Stb. 45, Ch. I 103
Constitution ofthe Kingdom of the Netherlands of24 August 1815, Stb. 45, Art 120 103
Burial and Cremation Act 1991 (Law on Disposal of Corpses) 82,128
Burial and Cremation Act 1991 (Law on Disposal of Corpses), s. 7 82
Burial and Cremation Act 1991 (Law on Disposal of Corpses), s. 7(2) 82
Burial and Cremation Act 1991 (Law on Disposal of Corpses), s. 10 128,130
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 23 7'^
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 40 7~
xxvi Table of Statutory Material
Criminal Code 1886,Art. 228(1) 82,134
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 289 129
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 293 77,81,107,
132,133,167
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 293(1) 7,82
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 293(2) 7,82,125
Criminal Code 1886, Art. 294 9,77,167
Judicial Organization Act 1827, Art. 99 101
Law on Contracts for Medical Care 105
Law on Contracts for Medical Care, Art. 450(1) 4
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures)
Act 20012 2,36,77,78,81,82,104,128
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001, Ch. II 77
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001, s. l(b) 5
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001, s. 2 82
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 2(1) 81, 82,128
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s.2(l)(a) 125
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 2(l)(b) 126,146
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 2(l)(d) 126,146
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 2(l)(e) 82
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
ss. 3 19 83
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 20A 7,82,125
Termination of life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 20B 9
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2001,
s. 21A 82
NEW ZEALAND
CrimesAct 1961,s. 63 6
Crimes Act 1961, s. 179 9
PORTUGAL
Criminal Code, Art. 134 7
Criminal Code, Art. 135 9
SPAIN
Penal Code 1995,Art. 143(2) 9
Penal Code 1995, Art. 143(4) 7
2 English translations can be found at (2001) 8 Eur. J. Health L. 183 and as an appendix to
Jurriaan de Haan, "The New Dutch Law on Euthanasia (2002) 10 Med. L Rev. 57,68 75.
Table of Statutory Material xxvii
SWITZERLAND
Penal Code, Arts. 65 64 8
Penal Code, An. 111 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.»
Penal Code, Art. 114 \'j
Penal Code, Art. 115 9,150
U.S.A.
Constitutional
Constitution, Art. Ill 151
Constitution, First Amendment 53
Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment 19,23,27,30,31,58,
122,123,124,142,151
Federal
Assisted Suicide Funding Restriction Act of 1997,42 U.S.C. §§ 14401 14408 (2000) 9,19,152
Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.CA § 801 et seq 151
Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.CA § 824(a)(4) 152
Model Penal Code § 3.02 91
Model Penal Code § 210.5(2) 9
Pain Relief Promotion Act of 2000, S. 2607, §201(a)(l), 106th Cong 151
Patient Self Determination Act, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990,
Pub. L. No. 101 508,4206,4751,104 Stat. § 1388,1388 115,1388 204
(codified at 42 USC § 1395cc(f) (Medicare), 1396a(w) (Medicaid) (1994)) 140
State
Death with Dignity Act, Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996) 5,9,150
Death with Dignity Act, Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996), § 1.01(3) 152
Death with Dignity Act Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996), § 1.01(12) 152
Death with Dignity Act, Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996), § 2.01 152
Death with Dignity Act, Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996), § 2.02 152
Death with Dignity Act, Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 § 127.995 (1996), § 3.03 152
Mich. Comp. Laws § 752.1027 (1993) 12
Minn. Stat. § 144.651 143
Ohio Constitution, Art. I, § 7 32
Oregon Constitution, Art. IV, s. 1 151
Wash. Laws, ch. 98, § 10 (1992) 150
Wash. Rev. Code § 70.122.100 (1994) 150
URUGUAY
Penal Code, Art. 37 7 |
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| author | Lewis, Penney |
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| id | DE-604.BV023065547 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:30:33Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:10:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0199212872 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016268751 |
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| physical | XXXII, 217 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| spelling | Lewis, Penney Verfasser aut Assisted dying and legal change Penney Lewis 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Univ. Press 2007 XXXII, 217 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This book examines the impact of the choice of diverse legal routes towards legalization on the subsequent assisted dying regimes in operation. This examination suggests that greater caution is needed before relying on the experience of one jurisdiction when discussing proposals for regulation of assisted dying in others. The book seeks to demonstrate the need to explore the legal environment in which assisted dying is performed or proposed in order to evaluate the relevance of a particular legal experience to other jurisdictions."--BOOK JACKET. Aide au suicide - Droit Droit à la mort - Droit Euthanasie - Droit Recht Assisted suicide Law and legislation Euthanasia Law and legislation Euthanasia legislation & jurisprudence Right to Die legislation & jurisprudence Right to die Law and legislation Suicide, Assisted legislation & jurisprudence HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016268751&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lewis, Penney Assisted dying and legal change Aide au suicide - Droit Droit à la mort - Droit Euthanasie - Droit Recht Assisted suicide Law and legislation Euthanasia Law and legislation Euthanasia legislation & jurisprudence Right to Die legislation & jurisprudence Right to die Law and legislation Suicide, Assisted legislation & jurisprudence |
| title | Assisted dying and legal change |
| title_auth | Assisted dying and legal change |
| title_exact_search | Assisted dying and legal change |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Assisted dying and legal change |
| title_full | Assisted dying and legal change Penney Lewis |
| title_fullStr | Assisted dying and legal change Penney Lewis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assisted dying and legal change Penney Lewis |
| title_short | Assisted dying and legal change |
| title_sort | assisted dying and legal change |
| topic | Aide au suicide - Droit Droit à la mort - Droit Euthanasie - Droit Recht Assisted suicide Law and legislation Euthanasia Law and legislation Euthanasia legislation & jurisprudence Right to Die legislation & jurisprudence Right to die Law and legislation Suicide, Assisted legislation & jurisprudence |
| topic_facet | Aide au suicide - Droit Droit à la mort - Droit Euthanasie - Droit Recht Assisted suicide Law and legislation Euthanasia Law and legislation Euthanasia legislation & jurisprudence Right to Die legislation & jurisprudence Right to die Law and legislation Suicide, Assisted legislation & jurisprudence |
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