Adjudicatory authority in private international law: a comparative study
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Leiden [u.a.]
Nijhoff
2007
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| Series: | The Hague Academy of International Law monographs
5 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXV, 382 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789004158818 |
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| adam_text | Adjudicatory Authority in
Private International Law
A Comparative Study
Arthur T.
von Mehren
Completed with the assistance of Dr.
Eckart Gottschalk
This book is a revised and expanded version of the General Course delivered by the author
at the Hague Academy of International Law in
1996.
It contains three parts that discuss
theory and practice of adjudicatory authority in private international law in comparative
perspective focusing on the United States, Germany and the European Union. The first
part examines the foundations and emergence of jurisdictional theory elaborating on the
types of adjudicatory authority and the design of jurisdictional provisions. Part two covers
basic themes and pervasive issues reflecting, inter alia, on the actor
se quitar
forum
rei
principle, choice of forum agreements, forum
non conveniens,
antisuit injunctions and the
Us pendens doctrine
.
The last part explores the role of international instruments for achiev¬
ing convergence and harmonization. It analyzes the design of judgments conventions and
in particular the efforts of the Hague Conference on Private International Law to foster
worldwide harmonization. The volume was completed with the assistance of Dr.
Eckart
Gottschalk.
Dr.
Gottschalk
is an Associate with CMS
Hasche
Sigle in
Hamburg specializing on cor¬
porate law. Before he started practicing, he served as a Joseph Story Research Fellow at
Harvard Law School,
2005-2006.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TO THE FIRST EDITION XVII
TABLE OF CASES XIX AUSTRALIA XIX CANADA XIX EUROPEAN UNION COURTS XIX
FRANCE XX GERMANY XX UNITED KINGDOM XXI UNITED STATES XXII FEDERAL
COURTS XXII STATE COURTS XXV PROLOGUE I A. INTRODUCTORY 1 B. THE
PROVINCE OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND OF CONFLICT OF LAWS 1 C. THE
CONTEMPORARY SCENE 3 1. INTRODUCTORY 3 2. THE JURIDICAL CHARACTER OF
RULES AND PRINCIPLES OF LAW APPLICABLE TO EXTRAMURAL CONTROVERSIES AND
SITUATIONS 4 3. THE EUROPEAN UNION 5 PARTI THE FOUNDATIONS AND EMERGENCE
OF JURISDICTIONAL THEORY N CHAPTER I ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY: REASONS FOR
ITS EXISTENCE AND ITS PRINCIPAL TYPES 13 A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 13 1.
THE STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES OF THE GERMAN AND AMERICAN FEDERAL SYSTEMS 14
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. THE EARLY HISTORY OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
AND CONFLICT OF LAWS 15 (A) INTRODUCTION 15 (B) THE DECLINE AND FALL OF
THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST 15 3. GENERAL THEORIES REGARDING
GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY 17 (A) THE PRINCIPAL THEORETICAL ACCOUNTS 18 (B)
THE RELEVANCE OF THESE ACCOUNTS FOR CLAIMS OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY
OVER MULTISTATE TRANSACTIONS AND CONTROVERSIES 19 B. APPROPRIATE
TERMINOLOGY FOR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: BASIC CATEGORIES OF ADJUDICATORY
AUTHORITY 21 1. THE INSULARITY OF TRADITIONAL TERMINOLOGIES 21 2. THE
INADEQUACIES OF TRADITIONAL TERMINOLOGIES FOR COMPARATIVE AND
THEORETICAL DISCOURSES 24 3. TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS FOR COMPARATIVE
AND THEORETICAL PURPOSES: HEREIN OF GENERAL JURISDICTION,
CATEGORY-SPECIFIC JURISDICTION, AND SPECIFIC JURISDICTION 24 C. THE
APPROPRIATE LINK OF JURISDICTION AND CHOICE-OF-LAW 28 1. INTRODUCTORY 28
(A) IN GENERAL 28 (B) QUALIFICATIONS OF THE SEPARATENESS PRINCIPLE 30
(I) DIVORCE 30 (II) WORKERS COMPENSATION 37 (III) WHERE SERIOUS
CHOICE-OF-LAW DIFFICULTIES, NOT NORMALLY ENCOUNTERED, ARISE 41 2.
RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS ABROAD 42 D. FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING
THE ASSERTION OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY 46 1. AN INHERENT RIGHT AND DUTY
TO DISPENSE JUSTICE 46 2. A LEGAL ORDER S INTEREST IN DEVELOPMENT OF
CERTAIN AREAS OF LAW 47 3. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 48 CHAPTER II THE
DESIGN OF JURISDICTIONAL PROVISIONS 51 A. BASIC POLICIES AND TENSIONS 51
B. CONNECTING FACTORS: THEIR DESIGN AND SYSTEMIC IMPORTANCE 52 1. THE
PARADIGMS: ADMINISTRABILITY AND PREDICTABILITY; LITIGATIONAL
CONVENIENCE, FAIRNESS, AND JUSTICE 52 2. THE TENSIONS BETWEEN THE
PARADIGMS 53 C. THE DESIGNERS OF JURISDICTIONAL PROVISIONS 55 1. IN
GENERAL 55 2. IN THE UNITED STATES 55 3. IN GERMANY 56 D. DESIGNING
JURISDICTIONAL RULES AND NORMS 57 1. THE UNITED STATES 57 (A)
INTRODUCTORY: THE INFLUENCE OF FEDERALISM 57 (B) LEGISLATIVE REACTIONS
TO THE INTERNATIONAL SHOE DECISION 57 (I) STATE LEGISLATION 57 TABLE OF
CONTENTS VII (II) TREATIES AND FEDERAL LEGISLATION 59 A. IN GENERAL 59
B. THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND FEDERAL LEGISLATION 60 2.
GERMANY 64 (A) INTRODUCTORY 64 (B) THE GERMAN CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
(1877): EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE DESIGN 65 (I) THE ORIGINAL DESIGN 65
(II) THE GRADUAL INCREASE IN THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COURTS 67 3. THE
BRUSSELS AND LUGANO CONVENTIONS AND THE BRUSSELS REGULATION 68 (A)
INTRODUCTORY: THE INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 68 (B) THE EMERGENCE
OF A EUROPEAN LEGAL REGIME FOR JURISDICTION AND THE RECOGNITION AND
ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 70 (I) THE BRUSSELS AND LUGANO
CONVENTIONS 70 (II) COMMUNITARIZATION OF THE CONFLICT OF LAWS: THE
BRUSSELS REGULATION 72 (C) THE PHILOSOPHY OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 74
CHAPTER III THE EMERGENCE OF JURISDICTIONAL THEORY IN THE UNITED STATES
AND GERMANY 79 A. THE UNITED STATES 79 1. THE CONSTITUTIONAL BASES FOR
JUDICIAL CONTROL OVER EXERCISES OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY 79 (A) THE
FULL FAITH AND CREDIT CLAUSE 80 (B) THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE 83 (I) THE
BACKGROUND 83 (II) THE FIRST STEPS TOWARDS CONSTITUTIONAL CONTROL OF
STATE- COURT EXERCISES OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY: PENNOYERV. NEFF(I8 7
7) 85 2. THE REIGN OF THE POWER THEORY: 1877-1945 86 (A) THE THEORY IN
OPERATION 86 (B) POWER-THEORY METAPHYSICS 92 (I) THE PRESENCE OF
INTANGIBLES 92 (II) THE PRESENCE OF LEGAL PERSONS 93 3. THE PASSAGE
FROM A POWER TO A LITIGATIONAL-JUSTICE THEORY OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY
95 4. THE LITIGATIONAL-JUSTICE THEORY: INTERNATIONAL SHOE (1945) AND
BEYOND 97 (A) THE TENSION BETWEEN POWER AND LITIGATIONAL-JUSTICE
THEORIES 100 (B) CONFRONTATION?: SHAFFER V. HEITNER (1977) 102 5. CAN
CLAIMS OF GENERAL AND CATEGORY-SPECIFIC JURISDICTION PASS CONSTITUTIONAL
MUSTER IN TERMS OF THEIR TYPICAL EFFECTS? 105 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.
CO-EXISTENCE: BURNHAM V. SUPERIOR COURT OF CALIFORNIA (1990) 107 7.
AMBIGUITIES AND UNCERTAINTIES IN AMERICAN JURISDICTIONAL THEORY AND
PRACTICE AS THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BEGINS 112 (A) THE CONTEMPORARY
ROLE AND SCOPE OF POWER AND LITIGATIONAL- FAIRNESS THEORIES 112 (B) THE
RESPECTIVE IMPORTANCE OF STATE AND PARTY CONCERNS 113 (C) THE COMPLEX,
DIVERSE, ELUSIVE, AND CHANGING NATURE OF CONNECTING FACTORS RESTING ON
CONVENIENCE, FAIRNESS, AND JUSTICE 115 B. GERMANY 117 1. THE CODE OF
CIVIL PROCEDURE (ZIVILPROZEFTORDNUNG) (1877) 118 2. THE EMERGENCE OF
GENERAL THEORY 119 (A) THE FIRST EFFORTS 119 (B) PIONEERING WORKS 123
(C) NEUHAUS 124 3. THE CONTEMPORARY SCENE 128 (A) HELDRICH 128 (B)
SCHRODER 129 (C) KROPHOLLER 130 (D) GEIMER 131 4. CONSTITUTIONAL CONTROL
AND THE EMERGENCE OF COMPREHENSIVE THEORY: PFEIFFER S CONTRIBUTION
(1995) 133 (A) PFEIFFER S SYSTEM 133 (B) THE APPROPRIATE TREATMENT FOR
JURISDICTIONAL PURPOSES OF PLAINTIFFS AND DEFENDANTS 135 (C) THE
RELEVANCE OF (MINIMUM) CONTACTS 137 (D) APPLICATION OF PFEIFFER S THEORY
139 THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE GERMAN COURTS 142 (A) THE PRINCIPAL
DECISIONS 142 (I) UNCOUPLING ADJUDICATORY JURISDICTION AND VENUE: BGH 14
JUNE 1965 142 (II) RESTRICTING THE SCOPE OF ZPO §23: BGH 2 JULY 1991 145
(III) DICTUM OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT RESPECTING ZPO §23: BVERFG 12
APRIL 1983 147 (IV) UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF ZPO §6O6B, NO. 1: BVERFG 3
DECEMBER 1985 148 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CASE LAW 149 5- (B) PART 2
BASIC THEMES AND PERVASIVE ISSUES CHAPTER IV THE ACTOR SEQUITUR FORUM
REI PRINCIPLE: ARE DEFENDANTS JURISDICTIONALLY PREFERRED? SHOULD THEY
BE? A. INTRODUCTORY B. THE PRINCIPLE S STANDING IN PRACTICE 151 153 153
154 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX 1. DO CONTEMPORARY LEGAL SYSTEMS CLAIM TO
PRACTISE THE PRINCIPLE? 154 2. IS THE ACTOR SEQUITUR PRINCIPLE
CONSISTENT WITH THE PRINCIPAL THEORIES OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY? 158
(A) RELATIONAL THEORIES 158 (B) POWER THEORIES 161 (C) CONVENIENCE,
FAIRNESS, AND JUSTICE THEORIES 162 3. DO PLAINTIFFS OR DEFENDANTS
FORUMS PREDOMINATE IN CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE? 163 C. THE ALLOCATION OF
LITIGATIONAL RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES BETWEEN PLAINTIFFS AND DEFENDANTS
165 1. WHAT MAKES A FORUM MORE ATTRACTIVE TO ONE PARTY THAN TO THE
OTHER? 166 2. SHOULD PLAINTIFFS OR DEFENDANTS BE PREFERRED FOR
JURISDICTIONAL PURPOSES? 167 (A) PREFERRING PLAINTIFFS ON GROUNDS OF
CORRECTIVE JUSTICE AND TO ENSURE PROCEDURAL ECONOMY AND SIMPLICITY 168
(B) PREFERRING PLAINTIFFS IN ORDER TO EQUALIZE LITIGATIONAL CAPACITY 171
CHAPTER V CONSENT AND ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY: CONSEQUENCES OF SPLITTING
CAUSES OF ACTION, PARTICIPATING AS A LITIGANT, AND CHOICE OF FORUM
AGREEMENTS 175 A. INTRODUCTORY 175 1. GENERAL REMARKS 175 2. THE TWO
PARADIGMATIC SITUATIONS 176 B. THE EXTENT OF PARTY CONTROL OVER THE
PRECLUSIVE EFFECTS OF LITIGATING: HEREIN OF SPLITTING 177 1.
INTRODUCTORY 177 2. THE MAXIMUM PRECLUSIVE EFFECT OF AN ADJUDICATION 178
(A) AMERICAN LAW 178 (I) AT COMMON LAW AND UNDER FIELD S CODE 178 (II)
UNDER THE FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE AND COMPARABLE STATE SYSTEMS
179 (B) GERMAN LAW 180 3. CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE 182 (A) AMERICAN LAW 182
(B) GERMAN LAW 185 C. ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY GROUNDED ON PARTICIPATION
IN COURT PROCEEDINGS AS A LITIGANT 187 1. IN GENERAL 187 2.
PARTICIPATION WITHOUT OBJECTION AS A DEFENDANT 188 (A) INTRODUCTORY 188
(B) AMERICAN THEORY AND PRACTICE 188 (C) GERMAN THEORY AND PRACTICE 190
(D) THE BRUSSELS CONVENTION AND REGULATION 192 X TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.
PARTICIPATION IN THE ROLE OF PLAINTIFF 194 (A) AMERICAN THEORY AND
PRACTICE 194 (I) THE TRADITIONAL POSITION 194 (II) THE PRESENT STANDING
OF THE RULE IN ADAM V. SAENGER 195 A. THE RESTATEMENTS SECOND OF
CONFLICT OF LAWS AND OF JUDGMENTS 195 B. IS THE RULE IN ADAM V. SAENGER
STILL CONSTITUTIONAL? 198 (B) GERMAN THEORY AND PRACTICE 199 (I)
INTRODUCTORY 199 (II) THE GERMAN CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE (ZPO) 202 (C)
THE BRUSSELS CONVENTION AND REGULATION 204 D. PARTY AGREEMENT RESPECTING
THE EXERCISE OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY: PROROGATION AND DEROGATION 207
1. INTRODUCTORY 207 (A) PLAN AND PRIVATE AUTONOMY: IN GENERAL 207 (B)
PLAN, PRIVATE AUTONOMY, AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION 208 2. PROROGATION AND
DEROGATION 210 (A) PRINCIPAL ISSUES 211 (I) THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
GENERAL LAW OF CONTRACT FOR FORUM-SELECTION CLAUSES 211 (II) CAN PARTIES
BY AGREEMENT DISPLACE OR MODIFY OFFICIAL DISPUTE-RESOLUTION PROCESSES?
212 (B) STIPULATIONS FOR NON-EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION: PROROGATION CLAUSES
212 (C) STIPULATIONS FOR EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION: DEROGATION CLAUSES 213
(I) AMERICAN LAW 214 (II) GERMAN LAW 220 A. INTRODUCTORY 220 B.
CIRCUMSTANCES THAT LED TO THE 1974 REFORM ACT 221 C. THE 1974 REFORM ACT
222 (III) THE BRUSSELS CONVENTION AND REGULATION 225 A. THE ORIGINAL
CONVENTION 225 B. THE 1978 AMENDMENTS 226 C. THE 1989 AMENDMENTS 227 D.
THE BRUSSELS REGULATION 228 E. PARTY STIPULATIONS FOR A PRIVATE
DISPUTE-RESOLUTION PROCESS OF THEIR OWN DESIGN: ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS
229 1. FRANCE 229 2. PRUSSIA AND THE GERMAN REICH 231 (A) BOOK X OF THE
ZIVILPROZEFIORDNUNG (1877) 232 (I) IN GENERAL 232 (II) THE ARBITRATION
LAW OF BOOK X 233 (B) THE REFORM ACT OF 1998 234 3. COMMON-LAW
JURISDICTIONS 237 (A) ENGLAND 237 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI (B) UNITED STATES
240 (I) A GENERAL VIEW 240 (II) THE FEDERALIZATION OF AMERICAN
ARBITRATION LAW 246 A. THE ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING 248 B. THE EROSION OF
THE CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE ON WHICH THE ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING RESTED: THE
SIGNIFICANCE OIERIER.R. V. TOMPKINS 249 C. THE POST-ERIE CHANGE IN THE
UNDERSTANDING OF THE FAA 251 D. THE SOUTHLAND DECISION (1984): CONCEPTS,
HISTORY, AND POLICY IN TENSION 254 4. SUPRANATIONAL ARBITRATION LAW: THE
NEW YORK CONVENTION OF 1958 256 CHAPTER VI FORUM SHOPPING AND
FINE-TUNING: HEREIN OF FORUM NON CONVENIENS, ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS, AND
US PENDENS 261 A. FORUM CHOICE BY THE MOVING PARTY AND THE LEVEL
PLAYING-FIELD PRINCIPLE 262 1. THE SIGNIFICANCE FOR PROCEDURAL JUSTICE
OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LEGAL SYSTEMS 263 2. FORUM SHOPPING 264 3. THE
ROLE OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW AND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 265 (A)
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 265 (B) DECISIONAL HARMONY AND FORUM SHOPPING
266 4. THE INSTRUMENTS OF JUDICIAL FINE-TUNING 267 (A) FORUM NON
CONVENIENS STAYS 267 (B) ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS 268 (C) OVERLAPPING AND
CONFLICTING PROCEEDINGS: LIS PENDENS 268 B. FORUM NON CONVENIENS:
CONTEMPORARY THEORY AND PRACTICE 269 1. CIVIL-LAW JURISDICTIONS 269 2.
COMMON-LAW JURISDICTIONS 270 (A) THE UNITED STATES 272 (B) ENGLAND 274
(C) CONTEMPORARY EVALUATIONS OF THE DOCTRINE 277 C. ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS
279 1. CIVIL-LAW JURISDICTIONS 279 2. COMMON-LAW JURISDICTIONS 281 (A)
ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND 281 (I) INTRODUCTORY 281 (II) A LANDMARK DECISION:
AIRBUS INDUSTRIES G.I.E. V. PATEL AND OTHERS 283 A. THE LITIGATION 283
B. THE COMITY REQUIREMENT 284 C. COMITY IN ALTERNATIVE FORUM CASES 285
XII TABLE OF CONTENTS (B) THE UNITED STATES 286 (I) RECOGNITION OF
SISTER-STATE INJUNCTIONS 288 (II) RETALIATORY ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS 289
D. AVOIDING DUPLICATIVE LITIGATION: THE LIS PENDENS DOCTRINE AS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO JUDICIAL FINE-TUNING 292 1. IN GENERAL 292 (A) IN LOCAL
LITIGATION 292 (B) IN MULTISTATE AND INTERNATIONAL LITIGATION 293 2.
CIVIL-LAW JURISDICTIONS 294 3. COMMON-LAW JURISDICTIONS 295 (A) SCOTLAND
AND ENGLAND 295 (B) THE UNITED STATES 296 4. THE BRUSSELS CONVENTION AND
REGULATION 298 (A) IN GENERAL 298 (B) THE GASSER CASE 301 5. THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF TEMPORAL PRIORITY FOR NEGATIVE DECLARATORY JUDGMENTS 304
(A) THE AVAILABILITY OF DECLARATORY RELIEF 304 (I) WHEN SHOULD
DECLARATORY RELIEF BE AVAILABLE IN PRINCIPLE? 304 (II) WHEN IS SUCH
RELIEF AVAILABLE IN PRACTICE? 305 (B) TACTICAL FORUM SHOPPING BY NATURAL
DEFENDANTS IN INTERNATIONAL SITUATIONS 308 (I) FRENCH AND GERMAN
PRACTICES 308 (II) COMMON-LAW PRACTICES 309 (C) SHOULD LIS PENDENS
PROTECTION BE ACCORDED TO ACTIONS FOR NEGATIVE DECLARATORY JUDGMENTS?
311 (I) THE POSITIONS OF NATIONAL LEGAL ORDERS 311 (II) THE EUROPEAN
UNION S POSITION 312 A. THE APPLICABILITY ISSUE IS POSED: GUBISCH 312 B.
THE COURT OF JUSTICE TREATS COERCIVE AND NEGATIVE DECLARATORY ACTIONS
ALIKE: TATRY 314 C. CRITIQUE OF THE TATRY SOLUTION 315 6.
COMPARATIVE REMARKS 317 E. FINE-TUNING IN AN EVOLVING EUROPEAN UNION 318
1. IN GENERAL 318 (A) THE UNION S EVOLUTION 319 (B) THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE TWO UNION COURTS AND THE NATIONAL COURTS OF UNION MEMBERS
322 2. THE 1968 CONVENTION S RAISON D ETRE: ENSURING A TRUE INTERNAL
MARKET 324 3. THE BRUSSELS INSTRUMENTS APPROACH TO JUDICIAL
FINE-TUNING 325 4. FINE-TUNING UNDER THE FORUM S LOCAL LAW IN MATTERS
THAT TRENCH ON A BRUSSELS INSTRUMENT 328 (A) FORUM NON CONVENIENS 329
(I) INTRODUCTORY 329 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII (II) THE ENGLISH VIEW 330 A.
IN RE HARRODS 330 B. OWUSU V. JACKSON 333 (III) THE VIEW OF THE EUROPEAN
COURT OF JUSTICE 335 (IV) DO THE BRUSSELS INSTRUMENTS FORBID IN ALL OR
SOME SITUATIONS THE COURTS OF MEMBER STATES GRANTING/ORWJW NON
CONVENIENS STAYS? 338 (B) ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS 341 (I) INTRODUCTORY 341
(II) TURNER V. GROVIT AND OTHERS 341 (III) ARE ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS
COMPATIBLE WITH THE BRUSSELS INSTRUMENTS? 346 F. JUDICIAL FINE-TUNING:
COMPARATIVE REFLECTIONS 348 PART 3 EPILOGUE 351 CHAPTER VII CONVERGENCE
AND COMPROMISE IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL
INSTRUMENTS 353 A. INTRODUCTORY 353 1. LEGAL CULTURES AND THEIR
INTERPENETRATION 353 2. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND GLOBALIZATION 354 B.
THE TASK OF ACHIEVING CONVERGENCE AND HARMONIZATION 355 1. THE DESIGN OF
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS: SINGLE, MIXED, AND DOUBLE CONVENTIONS 355 2.
REGIONAL HARMONIZATION: THE BRUSSELS CONVENTION 357 3. WORLDWIDE
HARMONIZATION: THE PROPOSED HAGUE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL
JURISDICTION AND FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 358 (A) THE PROJECT S INITIAL STAGE
358 (I) THE UNITED STATES PROPOSAL FOR A MIXED CONVENTION 358 (II) THE
SPECIAL COMMISSION S PREFERENCE FOR A DOUBLE CONVENTION 359 (B) MATTERS
FOR WHICH THE SPECIAL COMMISSION ACHIEVED A MEASURE OF HARMONIZATION OR
STRUCK A MEANINGFUL COMPROMISE 361 (I) FORUM NON CONVENIENS 361 (II)
LISPENDENS 363 (III) DAMAGE AWARDS 364 C. THE TEACHINGS OF THE HAGUE
EXPERIENCE 365 1. THE CHANGING SCENE 366 2. EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE
CONVERGENCE AND TO STRIKE COMPROMISES: THE FIRST STAGE (JUNE 2001) OF
THE NINETEENTH DIPLOMATIC SESSION 367 (A) A SCALED-DOWN OR A
COMPREHENSIVE CONVENTION? 368 (B) THE DIFFICULTY OF AGREEING ON THE
BASES OF JURISDICTION TO BE PROHIBITED 369 (C) A STEP BACK: THE HAGUE
CONVENTION ON CHOICE OF COURT AGREEMENTS 370 (I) ONE GROUND OF
JURISDICTION 371 (II) UNREGULATED BASES OF JURISDICTION AND EXCLUDED
MATTERS 371 (III) FORUM NON CONVENIENS AND US PENDENS 372 (IV)
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT 373 3. UNIVERSAL CONVENTIONS IN MATTERS OF
PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY PROSPECTS 374 D. THE
FUTURE 376 INDEX 377
|
| adam_txt |
Adjudicatory Authority in
Private International Law
A Comparative Study
Arthur T.
von Mehren
Completed with the assistance of Dr.
Eckart Gottschalk
This book is a revised and expanded version of the General Course delivered by the author
at the Hague Academy of International Law in
1996.
It contains three parts that discuss
theory and practice of adjudicatory authority in private international law in comparative
perspective focusing on the United States, Germany and the European Union. The first
part examines the foundations and emergence of jurisdictional theory elaborating on the
types of adjudicatory authority and the design of jurisdictional provisions. Part two covers
basic themes and pervasive issues reflecting, inter alia, on the actor
se quitar
forum
rei
principle, choice of forum agreements, forum
non conveniens,
antisuit injunctions and the
Us pendens doctrine
.
The last part explores the role of international instruments for achiev¬
ing convergence and harmonization. It analyzes the design of judgments conventions and
in particular the efforts of the Hague Conference on Private International Law to foster
worldwide harmonization. The volume was completed with the assistance of Dr.
Eckart
Gottschalk.
Dr.
Gottschalk
is an Associate with CMS
Hasche
Sigle in
Hamburg specializing on cor¬
porate law. Before he started practicing, he served as a Joseph Story Research Fellow at
Harvard Law School,
2005-2006.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TO THE FIRST EDITION XVII
TABLE OF CASES XIX AUSTRALIA XIX CANADA XIX EUROPEAN UNION COURTS XIX
FRANCE XX GERMANY XX UNITED KINGDOM XXI UNITED STATES XXII FEDERAL
COURTS XXII STATE COURTS XXV PROLOGUE I A. INTRODUCTORY 1 B. THE
PROVINCE OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND OF CONFLICT OF LAWS 1 C. THE
CONTEMPORARY SCENE 3 1. INTRODUCTORY 3 2. THE JURIDICAL CHARACTER OF
RULES AND PRINCIPLES OF LAW APPLICABLE TO EXTRAMURAL CONTROVERSIES AND
SITUATIONS 4 3. THE EUROPEAN UNION 5 PARTI THE FOUNDATIONS AND EMERGENCE
OF JURISDICTIONAL THEORY N CHAPTER I ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY: REASONS FOR
ITS EXISTENCE AND ITS PRINCIPAL TYPES 13 A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 13 1.
THE STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES OF THE GERMAN AND AMERICAN FEDERAL SYSTEMS 14
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. THE EARLY HISTORY OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
AND CONFLICT OF LAWS 15 (A) INTRODUCTION 15 (B) THE DECLINE AND FALL OF
THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST 15 3. GENERAL THEORIES REGARDING
GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY 17 (A) THE PRINCIPAL THEORETICAL ACCOUNTS 18 (B)
THE RELEVANCE OF THESE ACCOUNTS FOR CLAIMS OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY
OVER MULTISTATE TRANSACTIONS AND CONTROVERSIES 19 B. APPROPRIATE
TERMINOLOGY FOR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: BASIC CATEGORIES OF ADJUDICATORY
AUTHORITY 21 1. THE INSULARITY OF TRADITIONAL TERMINOLOGIES 21 2. THE
INADEQUACIES OF TRADITIONAL TERMINOLOGIES FOR COMPARATIVE AND
THEORETICAL DISCOURSES 24 3. TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS FOR COMPARATIVE
AND THEORETICAL PURPOSES: HEREIN OF GENERAL JURISDICTION,
CATEGORY-SPECIFIC JURISDICTION, AND SPECIFIC JURISDICTION 24 C. THE
APPROPRIATE LINK OF JURISDICTION AND CHOICE-OF-LAW 28 1. INTRODUCTORY 28
(A) IN GENERAL 28 (B) QUALIFICATIONS OF THE SEPARATENESS PRINCIPLE 30
(I) DIVORCE 30 (II) WORKERS' COMPENSATION 37 (III) WHERE SERIOUS
CHOICE-OF-LAW DIFFICULTIES, NOT NORMALLY ENCOUNTERED, ARISE 41 2.
RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS ABROAD 42 D. FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING
THE ASSERTION OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY 46 1. AN INHERENT RIGHT AND DUTY
TO DISPENSE JUSTICE 46 2. A LEGAL ORDER'S INTEREST IN DEVELOPMENT OF
CERTAIN AREAS OF LAW 47 3. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 48 CHAPTER II THE
DESIGN OF JURISDICTIONAL PROVISIONS 51 A. BASIC POLICIES AND TENSIONS 51
B. CONNECTING FACTORS: THEIR DESIGN AND SYSTEMIC IMPORTANCE 52 1. THE
PARADIGMS: ADMINISTRABILITY AND PREDICTABILITY; LITIGATIONAL
CONVENIENCE, FAIRNESS, AND JUSTICE 52 2. THE TENSIONS BETWEEN THE
PARADIGMS 53 C. THE DESIGNERS OF JURISDICTIONAL PROVISIONS 55 1. IN
GENERAL 55 2. IN THE UNITED STATES 55 3. IN GERMANY 56 D. DESIGNING
JURISDICTIONAL RULES AND NORMS 57 1. THE UNITED STATES 57 (A)
INTRODUCTORY: THE INFLUENCE OF FEDERALISM 57 (B) LEGISLATIVE REACTIONS
TO THE INTERNATIONAL SHOE DECISION 57 (I) STATE LEGISLATION 57 TABLE OF
CONTENTS VII (II) TREATIES AND FEDERAL LEGISLATION 59 A. IN GENERAL 59
B. THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND FEDERAL LEGISLATION 60 2.
GERMANY 64 (A) INTRODUCTORY 64 (B) THE GERMAN CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
(1877): EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE DESIGN 65 (I) THE ORIGINAL DESIGN 65
(II) THE GRADUAL INCREASE IN THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COURTS 67 3. THE
BRUSSELS AND LUGANO CONVENTIONS AND THE BRUSSELS REGULATION 68 (A)
INTRODUCTORY: THE INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 68 (B) THE EMERGENCE
OF A EUROPEAN LEGAL REGIME FOR JURISDICTION AND THE RECOGNITION AND
ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 70 (I) THE BRUSSELS AND LUGANO
CONVENTIONS 70 (II) "COMMUNITARIZATION" OF THE CONFLICT OF LAWS: THE
BRUSSELS REGULATION 72 (C) THE PHILOSOPHY OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 74
CHAPTER III THE EMERGENCE OF JURISDICTIONAL THEORY IN THE UNITED STATES
AND GERMANY 79 A. THE UNITED STATES 79 1. THE CONSTITUTIONAL BASES FOR
JUDICIAL CONTROL OVER EXERCISES OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY 79 (A) THE
FULL FAITH AND CREDIT CLAUSE 80 (B) THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE 83 (I) THE
BACKGROUND 83 (II) THE FIRST STEPS TOWARDS CONSTITUTIONAL CONTROL OF
STATE- COURT EXERCISES OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY: PENNOYERV. NEFF(I8 7
7) 85 2. THE REIGN OF THE POWER THEORY: 1877-1945 86 (A) THE THEORY IN
OPERATION 86 (B) POWER-THEORY "METAPHYSICS" 92 (I) THE "PRESENCE" OF
INTANGIBLES 92 (II) THE "PRESENCE" OF LEGAL PERSONS 93 3. THE PASSAGE
FROM A POWER TO A LITIGATIONAL-JUSTICE THEORY OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY
95 4. THE LITIGATIONAL-JUSTICE THEORY: INTERNATIONAL SHOE (1945) AND
BEYOND 97 (A) THE TENSION BETWEEN POWER AND LITIGATIONAL-JUSTICE
THEORIES 100 (B) CONFRONTATION?: SHAFFER V. HEITNER (1977) 102 5. CAN
CLAIMS OF GENERAL AND CATEGORY-SPECIFIC JURISDICTION PASS CONSTITUTIONAL
MUSTER IN TERMS OF THEIR TYPICAL EFFECTS? 105 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.
CO-EXISTENCE: BURNHAM V. SUPERIOR COURT OF CALIFORNIA (1990) 107 7.
AMBIGUITIES AND UNCERTAINTIES IN AMERICAN JURISDICTIONAL THEORY AND
PRACTICE AS THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BEGINS 112 (A) THE CONTEMPORARY
ROLE AND SCOPE OF POWER AND LITIGATIONAL- FAIRNESS THEORIES 112 (B) THE
RESPECTIVE IMPORTANCE OF STATE AND PARTY CONCERNS 113 (C) THE COMPLEX,
DIVERSE, ELUSIVE, AND CHANGING NATURE OF CONNECTING FACTORS RESTING ON
CONVENIENCE, FAIRNESS, AND JUSTICE 115 B. GERMANY 117 1. THE CODE OF
CIVIL PROCEDURE (ZIVILPROZEFTORDNUNG) (1877) 118 2. THE EMERGENCE OF
GENERAL THEORY 119 (A) THE FIRST EFFORTS 119 (B) PIONEERING WORKS 123
(C) NEUHAUS 124 3. THE CONTEMPORARY SCENE 128 (A) HELDRICH 128 (B)
SCHRODER 129 (C) KROPHOLLER 130 (D) GEIMER 131 4. CONSTITUTIONAL CONTROL
AND THE EMERGENCE OF COMPREHENSIVE THEORY: PFEIFFER'S CONTRIBUTION
(1995) 133 (A) PFEIFFER'S SYSTEM 133 (B) THE APPROPRIATE TREATMENT FOR
JURISDICTIONAL PURPOSES OF PLAINTIFFS AND DEFENDANTS 135 (C) THE
RELEVANCE OF (MINIMUM) CONTACTS 137 (D) APPLICATION OF PFEIFFER'S THEORY
139 THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE GERMAN COURTS 142 (A) THE PRINCIPAL
DECISIONS 142 (I) UNCOUPLING ADJUDICATORY JURISDICTION AND VENUE: BGH 14
JUNE 1965 142 (II) RESTRICTING THE SCOPE OF ZPO §23: BGH 2 JULY 1991 145
(III) DICTUM OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT RESPECTING ZPO §23: BVERFG 12
APRIL 1983 147 (IV) UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF ZPO §6O6B, NO. 1: BVERFG 3
DECEMBER 1985 148 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CASE LAW 149 5- (B) PART 2
BASIC THEMES AND PERVASIVE ISSUES CHAPTER IV THE ACTOR SEQUITUR FORUM
REI PRINCIPLE: ARE DEFENDANTS JURISDICTIONALLY PREFERRED? SHOULD THEY
BE? A. INTRODUCTORY B. THE PRINCIPLE'S STANDING IN PRACTICE 151 153 153
154 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX 1. DO CONTEMPORARY LEGAL SYSTEMS CLAIM TO
PRACTISE THE PRINCIPLE? 154 2. IS THE ACTOR SEQUITUR PRINCIPLE
CONSISTENT WITH THE PRINCIPAL THEORIES OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY? 158
(A) RELATIONAL THEORIES 158 (B) POWER THEORIES 161 (C) CONVENIENCE,
FAIRNESS, AND JUSTICE THEORIES 162 3. DO PLAINTIFFS' OR DEFENDANTS'
FORUMS PREDOMINATE IN CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE? 163 C. THE ALLOCATION OF
LITIGATIONAL RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES BETWEEN PLAINTIFFS AND DEFENDANTS
165 1. WHAT MAKES A FORUM MORE ATTRACTIVE TO ONE PARTY THAN TO THE
OTHER? 166 2. SHOULD PLAINTIFFS OR DEFENDANTS BE PREFERRED FOR
JURISDICTIONAL PURPOSES? 167 (A) PREFERRING PLAINTIFFS ON GROUNDS OF
CORRECTIVE JUSTICE AND TO ENSURE PROCEDURAL ECONOMY AND SIMPLICITY 168
(B) PREFERRING PLAINTIFFS IN ORDER TO EQUALIZE LITIGATIONAL CAPACITY 171
CHAPTER V CONSENT AND ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY: CONSEQUENCES OF SPLITTING
CAUSES OF ACTION, PARTICIPATING AS A LITIGANT, AND CHOICE OF FORUM
AGREEMENTS 175 A. INTRODUCTORY 175 1. GENERAL REMARKS 175 2. THE TWO
PARADIGMATIC SITUATIONS 176 B. THE EXTENT OF PARTY CONTROL OVER THE
PRECLUSIVE EFFECTS OF LITIGATING: HEREIN OF "SPLITTING" 177 1.
INTRODUCTORY 177 2. THE MAXIMUM PRECLUSIVE EFFECT OF AN ADJUDICATION 178
(A) AMERICAN LAW 178 (I) AT COMMON LAW AND UNDER FIELD'S CODE 178 (II)
UNDER THE FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE AND COMPARABLE STATE SYSTEMS
179 (B) GERMAN LAW 180 3. CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE 182 (A) AMERICAN LAW 182
(B) GERMAN LAW 185 C. ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY GROUNDED ON PARTICIPATION
IN COURT PROCEEDINGS AS A LITIGANT 187 1. IN GENERAL 187 2.
PARTICIPATION WITHOUT OBJECTION AS A DEFENDANT 188 (A) INTRODUCTORY 188
(B) AMERICAN THEORY AND PRACTICE 188 (C) GERMAN THEORY AND PRACTICE 190
(D) THE BRUSSELS CONVENTION AND REGULATION 192 X TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.
PARTICIPATION IN THE ROLE OF PLAINTIFF 194 (A) AMERICAN THEORY AND
PRACTICE 194 (I) THE TRADITIONAL POSITION 194 (II) THE PRESENT STANDING
OF THE RULE IN ADAM V. SAENGER 195 A. THE RESTATEMENTS SECOND OF
CONFLICT OF LAWS AND OF JUDGMENTS 195 B. IS THE RULE IN ADAM V. SAENGER
STILL CONSTITUTIONAL? 198 (B) GERMAN THEORY AND PRACTICE 199 (I)
INTRODUCTORY 199 (II) THE GERMAN CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE (ZPO) 202 (C)
THE BRUSSELS CONVENTION AND REGULATION 204 D. PARTY AGREEMENT RESPECTING
THE EXERCISE OF ADJUDICATORY AUTHORITY: PROROGATION AND DEROGATION 207
1. INTRODUCTORY 207 (A) PLAN AND PRIVATE AUTONOMY: IN GENERAL 207 (B)
PLAN, PRIVATE AUTONOMY, AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION 208 2. PROROGATION AND
DEROGATION 210 (A) PRINCIPAL ISSUES 211 (I) THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
GENERAL LAW OF CONTRACT FOR FORUM-SELECTION CLAUSES 211 (II) CAN PARTIES
BY AGREEMENT DISPLACE OR MODIFY OFFICIAL DISPUTE-RESOLUTION PROCESSES?
212 (B) STIPULATIONS FOR NON-EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION: PROROGATION CLAUSES
212 (C) STIPULATIONS FOR EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION: DEROGATION CLAUSES 213
(I) AMERICAN LAW 214 (II) GERMAN LAW 220 A. INTRODUCTORY 220 B.
CIRCUMSTANCES THAT LED TO THE 1974 REFORM ACT 221 C. THE 1974 REFORM ACT
222 (III) THE BRUSSELS CONVENTION AND REGULATION 225 A. THE ORIGINAL
CONVENTION 225 B. THE 1978 AMENDMENTS 226 C. THE 1989 AMENDMENTS 227 D.
THE BRUSSELS REGULATION 228 E. PARTY STIPULATIONS FOR A PRIVATE
DISPUTE-RESOLUTION PROCESS OF THEIR OWN DESIGN: ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS
229 1. FRANCE 229 2. PRUSSIA AND THE GERMAN REICH 231 (A) BOOK X OF THE
ZIVILPROZEFIORDNUNG (1877) 232 (I) IN GENERAL 232 (II) THE ARBITRATION
LAW OF BOOK X 233 (B) THE REFORM ACT OF 1998 234 3. COMMON-LAW
JURISDICTIONS 237 (A) ENGLAND 237 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI (B) UNITED STATES
240 (I) A GENERAL VIEW 240 (II) THE "FEDERALIZATION" OF AMERICAN
ARBITRATION LAW 246 A. THE ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING 248 B. THE EROSION OF
THE CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE ON WHICH THE ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING RESTED: THE
SIGNIFICANCE OIERIER.R. V. TOMPKINS 249 C. THE POST-ERIE CHANGE IN THE
UNDERSTANDING OF THE FAA 251 D. THE SOUTHLAND DECISION (1984): CONCEPTS,
HISTORY, AND POLICY IN TENSION 254 4. SUPRANATIONAL ARBITRATION LAW: THE
NEW YORK CONVENTION OF 1958 256 CHAPTER VI FORUM SHOPPING AND
FINE-TUNING: HEREIN OF FORUM NON CONVENIENS, ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS, AND
US PENDENS 261 A. FORUM CHOICE BY THE MOVING PARTY AND THE LEVEL
PLAYING-FIELD PRINCIPLE 262 1. THE SIGNIFICANCE FOR PROCEDURAL JUSTICE
OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LEGAL SYSTEMS 263 2. FORUM SHOPPING 264 3. THE
ROLE OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW AND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 265 (A)
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 265 (B) "DECISIONAL HARMONY" AND FORUM SHOPPING
266 4. THE INSTRUMENTS OF JUDICIAL FINE-TUNING 267 (A) FORUM NON
CONVENIENS STAYS 267 (B) ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS 268 (C) OVERLAPPING AND
CONFLICTING PROCEEDINGS: LIS PENDENS 268 B. FORUM NON CONVENIENS:
CONTEMPORARY THEORY AND PRACTICE 269 1. CIVIL-LAW JURISDICTIONS 269 2.
COMMON-LAW JURISDICTIONS 270 (A) THE UNITED STATES 272 (B) ENGLAND 274
(C) CONTEMPORARY EVALUATIONS OF THE DOCTRINE 277 C. ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS
279 1. CIVIL-LAW JURISDICTIONS 279 2. COMMON-LAW JURISDICTIONS 281 (A)
ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND 281 (I) INTRODUCTORY 281 (II) A LANDMARK DECISION:
AIRBUS INDUSTRIES G.I.E. V. PATEL AND OTHERS 283 A. THE LITIGATION 283
B. THE COMITY REQUIREMENT 284 C. COMITY IN ALTERNATIVE FORUM CASES 285
XII TABLE OF CONTENTS (B) THE UNITED STATES 286 (I) RECOGNITION OF
SISTER-STATE INJUNCTIONS 288 (II) RETALIATORY ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS 289
D. AVOIDING DUPLICATIVE LITIGATION: THE LIS PENDENS DOCTRINE AS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO JUDICIAL FINE-TUNING 292 1. IN GENERAL 292 (A) IN LOCAL
LITIGATION 292 (B) IN MULTISTATE AND INTERNATIONAL LITIGATION 293 2.
CIVIL-LAW JURISDICTIONS 294 3. COMMON-LAW JURISDICTIONS 295 (A) SCOTLAND
AND ENGLAND 295 (B) THE UNITED STATES 296 4. THE BRUSSELS CONVENTION AND
REGULATION 298 (A) IN GENERAL 298 (B) THE GASSER CASE 301 5. THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF TEMPORAL PRIORITY FOR NEGATIVE DECLARATORY JUDGMENTS 304
(A) THE AVAILABILITY OF DECLARATORY RELIEF 304 (I) WHEN SHOULD
DECLARATORY RELIEF BE AVAILABLE IN PRINCIPLE? 304 (II) WHEN IS SUCH
RELIEF AVAILABLE IN PRACTICE? 305 (B) TACTICAL FORUM SHOPPING BY NATURAL
DEFENDANTS IN INTERNATIONAL SITUATIONS 308 (I) FRENCH AND GERMAN
PRACTICES 308 (II) COMMON-LAW PRACTICES 309 (C) SHOULD LIS PENDENS
PROTECTION BE ACCORDED TO ACTIONS FOR NEGATIVE DECLARATORY JUDGMENTS?
311 (I) THE POSITIONS OF NATIONAL LEGAL ORDERS 311 (II) THE EUROPEAN
UNION'S POSITION 312 A. THE APPLICABILITY ISSUE IS POSED: GUBISCH 312 B.
THE COURT OF JUSTICE TREATS COERCIVE AND NEGATIVE DECLARATORY ACTIONS
ALIKE: "TATRY" 314 C. CRITIQUE OF THE "TATRY" SOLUTION 315 6.
COMPARATIVE REMARKS 317 E. FINE-TUNING IN AN EVOLVING EUROPEAN UNION 318
1. IN GENERAL 318 (A) THE UNION'S EVOLUTION 319 (B) THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE TWO UNION COURTS AND THE NATIONAL COURTS OF UNION MEMBERS
322 2. THE 1968 CONVENTION'S RAISON D'ETRE: ENSURING "A TRUE INTERNAL
MARKET" 324 3. THE BRUSSELS INSTRUMENTS' APPROACH TO JUDICIAL
"FINE-TUNING" 325 4. FINE-TUNING UNDER THE FORUM'S LOCAL LAW IN MATTERS
THAT TRENCH ON A BRUSSELS INSTRUMENT 328 (A) FORUM NON CONVENIENS 329
(I) INTRODUCTORY 329 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII (II) THE ENGLISH VIEW 330 A.
IN RE HARRODS 330 B. OWUSU V. JACKSON 333 (III) THE VIEW OF THE EUROPEAN
COURT OF JUSTICE 335 (IV) DO THE BRUSSELS INSTRUMENTS FORBID IN ALL OR
SOME SITUATIONS THE COURTS OF MEMBER STATES GRANTING/ORWJW NON
CONVENIENS STAYS? 338 (B) ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS 341 (I) INTRODUCTORY 341
(II) TURNER V. GROVIT AND OTHERS 341 (III) ARE ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS
COMPATIBLE WITH THE BRUSSELS INSTRUMENTS? 346 F. JUDICIAL FINE-TUNING:
COMPARATIVE REFLECTIONS 348 PART 3 EPILOGUE 351 CHAPTER VII CONVERGENCE
AND COMPROMISE IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL
INSTRUMENTS 353 A. INTRODUCTORY 353 1. LEGAL CULTURES AND THEIR
INTERPENETRATION 353 2. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND GLOBALIZATION 354 B.
THE TASK OF ACHIEVING CONVERGENCE AND HARMONIZATION 355 1. THE DESIGN OF
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS: SINGLE, MIXED, AND DOUBLE CONVENTIONS 355 2.
REGIONAL HARMONIZATION: THE BRUSSELS CONVENTION 357 3. WORLDWIDE
HARMONIZATION: THE PROPOSED HAGUE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL
JURISDICTION AND FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 358 (A) THE PROJECT'S INITIAL STAGE
358 (I) THE UNITED STATES PROPOSAL FOR A MIXED CONVENTION 358 (II) THE
SPECIAL COMMISSION'S PREFERENCE FOR A DOUBLE CONVENTION 359 (B) MATTERS
FOR WHICH THE SPECIAL COMMISSION ACHIEVED A MEASURE OF HARMONIZATION OR
STRUCK A MEANINGFUL COMPROMISE 361 (I) FORUM NON CONVENIENS 361 (II)
LISPENDENS 363 (III) DAMAGE AWARDS 364 C. THE TEACHINGS OF THE HAGUE
EXPERIENCE 365 1. THE CHANGING SCENE 366 2. EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE
CONVERGENCE AND TO STRIKE COMPROMISES: THE FIRST STAGE (JUNE 2001) OF
THE NINETEENTH DIPLOMATIC SESSION 367 (A) A SCALED-DOWN OR A
COMPREHENSIVE CONVENTION? 368 (B) THE DIFFICULTY OF AGREEING ON THE
BASES OF JURISDICTION TO BE PROHIBITED 369 (C) A STEP BACK: THE HAGUE
CONVENTION ON CHOICE OF COURT AGREEMENTS 370 (I) ONE GROUND OF
JURISDICTION 371 (II) UNREGULATED BASES OF JURISDICTION AND EXCLUDED
MATTERS 371 (III) FORUM NON CONVENIENS AND US PENDENS 372 (IV)
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT 373 3. UNIVERSAL CONVENTIONS IN MATTERS OF
PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY PROSPECTS 374 D. THE
FUTURE 376 INDEX 377 |
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| geographic | Deutschland swd USA swd Europa |
| geographic_facet | Deutschland USA Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV023058848 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:27:56Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:10:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789004158818 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016262109 |
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| series | The Hague Academy of International Law monographs |
| series2 | The Hague Academy of International Law monographs |
| spelling | Von Mehren, Arthur Taylor 1922-2006 Verfasser (DE-588)120797410 aut Adjudicatory authority in private international law a comparative study by Arthur T. von Mehren. Completed with the assistance of Eckart Gottschalk Leiden [u.a.] Nijhoff 2007 XXV, 382 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Hague Academy of International Law monographs 5 Conflict of laws / Jurisdiction Administrative procedure Forum Shopping swd Internationales Privatrecht swd Rechtsvergleich swd Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit swd Urteil swd Conflict of laws Jurisdiction Conflict of laws Jurisdiction Europe Forum shopping Jurisdiction (International law) Deutschland swd USA swd Europa Gottschalk, Eckart Sonstige oth The Hague Academy of International Law monographs 5 (DE-604)BV021685744 5 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016262109&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016262109&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Von Mehren, Arthur Taylor 1922-2006 Adjudicatory authority in private international law a comparative study The Hague Academy of International Law monographs Conflict of laws / Jurisdiction Administrative procedure Forum Shopping swd Internationales Privatrecht swd Rechtsvergleich swd Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit swd Urteil swd Conflict of laws Jurisdiction Conflict of laws Jurisdiction Europe Forum shopping Jurisdiction (International law) |
| title | Adjudicatory authority in private international law a comparative study |
| title_auth | Adjudicatory authority in private international law a comparative study |
| title_exact_search | Adjudicatory authority in private international law a comparative study |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Adjudicatory authority in private international law a comparative study |
| title_full | Adjudicatory authority in private international law a comparative study by Arthur T. von Mehren. Completed with the assistance of Eckart Gottschalk |
| title_fullStr | Adjudicatory authority in private international law a comparative study by Arthur T. von Mehren. Completed with the assistance of Eckart Gottschalk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adjudicatory authority in private international law a comparative study by Arthur T. von Mehren. Completed with the assistance of Eckart Gottschalk |
| title_short | Adjudicatory authority in private international law |
| title_sort | adjudicatory authority in private international law a comparative study |
| title_sub | a comparative study |
| topic | Conflict of laws / Jurisdiction Administrative procedure Forum Shopping swd Internationales Privatrecht swd Rechtsvergleich swd Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit swd Urteil swd Conflict of laws Jurisdiction Conflict of laws Jurisdiction Europe Forum shopping Jurisdiction (International law) |
| topic_facet | Conflict of laws / Jurisdiction Administrative procedure Forum Shopping Internationales Privatrecht Rechtsvergleich Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit Urteil Conflict of laws Jurisdiction Conflict of laws Jurisdiction Europe Forum shopping Jurisdiction (International law) Deutschland USA Europa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016262109&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016262109&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV021685744 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vonmehrenarthurtaylor adjudicatoryauthorityinprivateinternationallawacomparativestudy AT gottschalkeckart adjudicatoryauthorityinprivateinternationallawacomparativestudy |